# Government Efforts to Prevent Borrowings in State Languages: Laws and Regulations

## Introduction

Language borrowing, the process by which languages adopt words from other languages, is a natural linguistic phenomenon that has occurred throughout human history.

However, in an era of globalization, many governments have become concerned about the influence of English and other dominant languages on their national languages.

This report examines how different governments are attempting to prevent borrowings in their state languages, with a particular focus on legal regulations and policies aimed at controlling this linguistic phenomenon.

## Russia's Legal Framework for Language Protection

Russia has implemented some of the most comprehensive legal measures to protect its state language from foreign borrowings, particularly from English:

### Federal Legislation

In February 2023, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a law "on the inadmissibility of using foreign words and using Russian as the state language in legally established spheres.

" This legislation represents a significant governmental intervention in language use, establishing legal restrictions on the incorporation of foreign words into Russian.

The law prohibits the use of foreign words and expressions when Russian analogs exist.

According to one document, "По закону при наличии аналогов в русском языке недопустимо употреблять иностранные слова и выражения" (By law, if there are analogs in the Russian language, it is unacceptable to use foreign words and expressions).

### Scope of Application

The Russian State Duma has approved specific spheres where Russian language use is mandatory, including:
- Consumer information for goods, works, and services
- Education sector
- State and municipal information systems

Notably, the legislation contains exemptions for certain domains.

An amendment to the Federal Law "On the State Language of the Russian Federation" specifies that the ban on foreign words will not ap

# Government Efforts to Prevent Borrowings in State Languages: Laws and Regulations

## Introduction

Language borrowing, the process by which languages adopt words from other languages, is a natural linguistic phenomenon that has occurred throughout human history.

Title:

Content: In Russia, they are determined to protect the language from excessive saturation with borrowings
The Russian language is one of the most popular in Eurasia, and attempts to abolish our culture have failed.
© Video: TRK "Zvezda" © Photo: TRK "Zvezda"
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Store, Department, Home and other foreign words in the names of shops, cafes and restaurants in Krasnodar soon will not be.
The Cuban capital decided to abandon all foreign names.
The Cuban authorities obliged entrepreneurs to translate business into Russian.
“A sign in a foreign language or using transliteration or a sign in Russian has a big difference.
In part of the fact that 100% of our population can read, understand the sign in Russian.
And many, by ignorance and age, do not even understand what is written on these signs, ” said the chief architect of Krasnodar Artem Salamatin.
So far, the business has been given time until September 1.
But many entrepreneurs are ready to change now.
“Everything will be in Russian.
We will translate the site into Russian.
We'll change everything.
With pleasure, ” entrepreneur Hovhannes Hovhannisyan shared.
Words borrowed from foreign languages became an integral part of Russian many centuries ago.
Massive in our speech, they appeared in different iconic historical periods.
For example, the Mongol invasion.
And after the Patriotic War of 1812 - there were a lot of gallicisms, that is, French words.
Now in conversations predominate borrowing from English.
“We began to use foreign words very actively in areas where such activity had not been observed before.
First of all, it is the public sphere.
Social sphere.
Where actually came a lot of foreign words ”, – said the Chairman of the Association of teachers of literature and Russian language Lyudmila Dudova.
Russia is now determined to protect the language from excessive saturation with borrowings.
President Vladimir Putin recently signed a law “on mandatory observance of the norms of the modern Russian language when using it as a state language. ”
What specific rules are we talking about?
It's not clear yet.
They are compiled by a special government commission.
“The normative dictionary of the Russian language will be a single consistent comprehensive publication, which will be formed on the basis of dictionaries of the Russian language.
Interpretive, spelling, ” explained Deputy Minister of Education of the Russian Federation Tatiana Vasilyeva.
Thus, foreign words should disappear as much as possible from all official documents.
In addition, officials should not use anglicisms and other borrowings during public speeches and generally avoid them in their speech.
“There are so many wonderful and beautiful words in the Russian language.
But why then instead of the word mentor we say coach.
Well, it doesn't sound.
It seems to me that we need to get rid of such words that are imposed, ” said Lyudmila Skakovskaya, Deputy Chairman of the Federation Council Committee on Science, Education and Culture.
This law, according to officials, should protect the Russian language from attacks from abroad, where they have long been trying to abolish all Russian.
But now these sentiments have intensified even more.
The Kiev regime has long declared war on our culture and heritage.
Throughout the country, the monument to Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin is being demolished, because it is he who is considered the creator of the modern literary Russian language.
And it was the language issue that became one of the main reasons for the bloody confrontation in the East of Ukraine in 2014.
Residents of Donbass then did not agree with the nationalists, they did not refuse the Russian language.
“They use the term underdogs.
All these years, when the Maidan happened, they etched Russian in the Donbass, for them it is a symbol of communication.
The Russian world is hysterical.
What connects the Russian world?
The Russian language, ” said political scientist Yuri Svetov.
The fact that our language and culture need protection is also said by the leaders of other neighboring states.
During the autumn meeting of the heads of the CIS countries in Astana, the President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev called on his colleagues to create an organization for the protection of the Russian language.
“Our idea is to create an international organization in the image and likeness of the UN.
Using the positive experience of Francophonie.
The headquarters of which is located in Paris, ” said President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev.
Rossotrudnichestvo recently conducted its own study abroad, which showed that openly Russophobic sentiments are present only among politicians.
But ordinary people continue to willingly learn our language and culture.
According to the United Nations, Russian is spoken by 258 million people worldwide.
It is one of the most popular in Eurasia, and attempts to abolish our culture have failed.
Abroad, Dostoevsky, Pushkin and other Russian classics are also read.
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However, in an era of globalization, many governments have become concerned about the influence of English and other dominant languages on their national languages.

Title:

Content: - A plus A.
Yousef bin Trad Al Saadoun
The depletion and gradual disappearance of languages has become an issue of concern to the world, given its serious consequences for the disappearance of identities and the international cultural diversity of which language is the main base.
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ’ s (UNESCO) publication, “A Decade to Prevent the Disappearance of 3,000 Languages, ” showed that of the 7,000 languages currently spoken in the world, 6,700 are under threat, with 3,000 likely to disappear before the end of the century, with an average of one every two weeks.
The Arabic language is an important pillar of human cultural diversity, it is: the language of the Holy Quran, and one of the richest languages in vocabulary spoken by more than 450 million people.
To consolidate their position among the world ’ s languages, the Arab countries have made efforts on the international scene out of pride in their great language.
On December 18, 1973, the United Nations General Assembly adopted resolution 3190 to adopt Arabic as the official language of the General Assembly and its subsidiary bodies.
She has also established centers to spread her learning across the globe, such as the King Salman International Arabic Language Academy.
Despite the importance of these international efforts, the Arabic language is in dire need of stronger patronage at home.
It faces obstacles and inaction from some of its people, and multiple external arrows that seek to marginalize it and eat away at its functions in Arab societies, thus fearing the threat to its existence.
Some of the manifestations of the suffering experienced by the Arabic language in its homelands:
Teaching curricula in foreign languages (English and French), and attracting international schools, depriving young people of receiving education in their mother tongue.
The intensity of the presentation of programs and films in foreign languages to the Arab public and private media, especially directed at children.
Requirements of proficiency in foreign languages for employment in public and private institutions, and omitting the importance of the requirement of mastering the Arabic language in writing and speaking.
The affliction of some elites, official, social, cultural, media and expatriate families, who exalt all that is Arabic, and boast of using foreign terminology.
The complacency of governments and individuals in protecting the Arabic language by allowing the adoption of foreign languages in: seminars, conferences, lectures, media and advertising, and the adoption of foreign names for shops, companies, events, initiatives and private and public projects.
So much contempt for the mother tongue that foreign terms are written in Arabic letters.
The absence of effective official bodies competent to assume the tasks of protecting the Arabic language, and the absence of deterrent sanctions.
Limited effective community engagement to protect the national language.
Since language is the anchor of the identity of peoples, the cohesion of their unity, the link between the past, the present and the future, without it no nation will realize who it is?
And where did it come from?
It will not be able to clearly define the future of its tracks.
The lessons of history prove that there is no survival for a nation whose people have abandoned their language.
Therefore, the Arab countries must realize that their continuation depends on their adherence to their Arabic language, as the loss of religion, identity and entity is lost, and the languages and cultures of other nations dominate the coming generations and subject them to their subordination and domination.
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, with its wise leadership with determination and zeal for Arab identity, deserves to unite the Arab nation and document their cohesion, through the formulation of an initiative to protect the Arabic language and its adoption at the next Arab summit to be hosted by Riyadh.
It may be appropriate for such an initiative to include the following elements:
1.
Strengthen the tendency of the Arab peoples to respect and defend their national language, and intensify media programs in support of this goal.
2.
Obliging public and private institutions to use the Arabic language in all their dealings, documents and agreements.
3.
Teaching curricula at all levels of education in Arabic, and reducing the spread of international schools in the Arab world.
4.
Expanding the production of programs and films aimed at children in Arabic, and dubbing foreign programs and films in Arabic before their presentation in the local media.
5.
Requirement of fluency in speaking and writing in Arabic when joining public and private jobs.
6.
Establish strong bodies for the protection of the Arabic language, such as anti-corruption bodies, and equip them with legislation that ensures the implementation of deterrent sanctions for all violations committed.
7.
The imposition of the Arabic language as a fixed official language for seminars, conferences and events held on the Arab territories.
8.
Arabization of the names of all shops, companies, events, initiatives and projects in the Arab countries.
9.
Establishing civil society organizations specialized in protecting the Arabic language and supporting their activities.
10.
The one who does not have the loyalty and appreciation of his mother tongue by mastering and speaking it is not good to hope for his homeland and his nation, does not rely on him.
Conclusion:
From the words of the poet Turki bin Hamid:
Our people, do not multiply the vices.
Show me an expansion fissure.
Life is in God & apos; s hands, we will create
The right of the pastor Salah the parish
We take the risk and age, it must be Zayle.
In the wake of danger, we drink sweet fruit.
If only we had passengers.
Otherwise, our homes are ignorant.
No, no, no, no, no, no, no, no
God ’ s Spirit comes to him and gives him a silver.

This report examines how different governments are attempting to prevent borrowings in their state languages, with a particular focus on legal regulations and policies aimed at controlling this linguistic phenomenon.

Title:

Content: Matvienko read a poem about anglicisms in the Federation Council - RIA Novosti, 22.06.2022
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Matvienko read a poem about Anglicisms in the Federation Council
Matvienko read a poem about Anglicisms at a meeting of the Federation Council
© Press Service of the Federation Council of the Russian Federation / Go to photobanPresident of the Federation Council of the Russian Federation Valentina Matvienko
Chairman of the Federation Council of the Russian Federation Valentina Matvienko.
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MOSCOW, June 22 - RIA Novosti.
Speaker of the Federation Council Valentina Matvienko, during the discussion on Anglicisms and foreign borrowings in Russian, read poems on this topic and did it so artistically that she earned friendly applause from senators.
On Wednesday, all senators received a dictionary compiled by Crimean officials that transmits Russian-language substitutes for foreign borrowing.
Matvienko praised its authors and read out the poems included in the handbook.
Konstantinov told how in the Crimea are struggling with the dominance of foreign words
"And we have a workshop here, and you?
And we got a babysitter hypanula the wrong word.
A year of PR parent together with the child on a talk show.
And we have a famous guru in the field of architecture made a selfie for PR, the bow he chose extreme.
Realizing all our trables, in nostalgic sadness we remember how boyfriends were called grooms, instead of casting, our mothers held and not men, and men gave flowers to girls.
The party was a party, the upgrade was an improvement.
Maybe after all we have enough Russians to offend people? "- read Matvienko.
The senators greeted her reading with loud applause.
The speaker also suggested discussing the possibility of fixing at the legislative level a ban on clogging the Russian language with spilled borrowings.
“Cashback ” as it was, and it is, and all this is pronounced at the government level.
Well, there are analogues in the Russian language, why do we clog our beautiful wonderful unique language with such different words?
We need to look at it at the legislative level.
Our responsibility is to preserve the language of Pushkin, the language of which we are proud and to stop these new trends that are absolutely inappropriate, ” Matvienko said.
According to her, both France and other countries do not allow to clog their languages, and in Russia should avoid the use of foreign words that have analogues in Russian.
The task to study the issue was given to the profile committee on science, education and culture.
From Proto-Slavic to Modern: Evolution and Features of the Russian Language
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SPbU Rector Kropachev: the law on the state Russian language does not take into account the differences in its use in different spheres
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The law on the state Russian language does not take into account the differences in its use in various fields - from advertising to legal acts.
Common standards can lead to difficulties in complying with the relevant norms.
This was stated by the rector of St. Petersburg University Nikolai Kropachev during the parliamentary hearings in the Federation Council, reports on Tuesday, November 14, “SenatInform ”.
“Strict requirements for compliance with the single can not be met in different areas.
I hope you will support it, ” Kropachev said.
According to the rector of St. Petersburg State University, Russia needs organizational decisions on the unjustified use of foreign words, but for this it is necessary to create a single normative dictionary.
Kropachev noted that he should exclude contradictions in the interpretation and use of words and expressions.
In February 2023, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a law on the inadmissibility of the use of foreign words and the use of Russian as the state language in the areas established by law.
Earlier, the State Duma approved a list of areas where Russian is mandatory for use.
It includes information for consumers of goods, works and services, as well as the education sector, state and municipal information systems.
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## Russia's Legal Framework for Language Protection

Russia has implemented some of the most comprehensive legal measures to protect its state language from foreign borrowings, particularly from English:

### Federal Legislation

In February 2023, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a law "on the inadmissibility of using foreign words and using Russian as the state language in legally established spheres.

Title:

Content: Communists are asking for clarity
The Deputy of the Moscow City Duma proposes to simplify the language of laws
The Deputy of the Moscow city Duma Elena Yanchuk (CPRF) this week will submit a bill, which proposes to simplify the language of the capital ’ s regulations.
Modern laws, in her opinion, are overloaded with complex turnovers, highly specialized terms and bureaucratic jargon.
This does not allow people whose lives are regulated by these norms to fully understand them and influence the change in their content, Ms. Yanchuk believes.
United Russia says that developments in this direction are already underway, in particular, in the field of replacing foreign analogues of Russian words.
The bill proposes to supplement Article 11 of the law “On legal acts of the city of Moscow ” with a norm on the simplification of their language: the presentation should be“ simple and understandable ”, which means that when writing they should avoid “clerisms, professional jargons, borrowed words and complex syntactic constructions ”.
In the explanatory note, Elena Yanchuk refers to the scientific monograph of 2018 of the Research Institute of Problems of the State Language of St. Petersburg University, which notes that the language of legislative acts is understood by “no more than five percent of the country ’ s residents ”.
According to the MP, the complexity of the presentation of laws “leads to misunderstanding between the government and society ”, and the correction of the situation will contribute to the“ development of civil society ” and “the implementation of fundamental constitutional principles. ”
In particular, Ms. Yanchuk notes that according to the law on legal acts, residents of the capital “are subjects of lawmaking ”, but it is“ difficult without a deep understanding ” of the laws, which makes it necessary to state them “in a simple and understandable language. ”
The Communist also recalls the experience of other countries: in particular, New Zealand, which adopted a similar law last fall, and the United States, which enshrined similar rules in 2010.
To prove the necessity of changing the language of laws, Elena Yanchuk researched several regulations of Moscow with the help of linguists.
They pointed to the accumulation of involved turnover and the frequent use of highly specialized and foreign language terms (for example, “sequestration of expenses ” and“ listing of securities ”).
Ms. Yanchuk emphasizes that her initiative does not imply the introduction of any restrictions for ordinary people and concerns only the unjustified use of foreign words.
“The bill does not set the task of inventing or selecting Russian synonyms for all words borrowed from other languages, of which there are many in our language, ” the explanatory note says.
It should be noted that on December 13, the State Duma adopted in the first reading a bill clarifying the procedure for the use of foreign words at the state level.
The document proposes to oblige officials to observe the “norms of the Russian literary language ”, comparing them and permissible foreign words with reference books to be developed by the government.
Proposals to cleanse the language of laws from unnecessary clerisms are periodically expressed, since this is dictated by the need for an unambiguous understanding of the meaning of the document, the head of the Moscow City Duma Commission on Legislation Alexander Semennikov (United Russia) told Kommersant.
There are developments in this direction, the deputy noted, citing the above-mentioned law “On the state language ” as an example.
“In addition, there is judicial and law enforcement practice of interpretation of terms and verbal blocks, — said Mr. Semennikov. — It is clear that in one day it is impossible to change, because there is a huge array of already adopted laws, set out in a certain style and lexical uniformity.
Simultaneously go from the language, conditionally, "War and Peace" to the syllable of the fairy tale about Alyonushka and brother Ivanushka is unreal. "
However, the bill has not yet been submitted to the city Duma, and to look at what is written and how it is written, “it will be interesting, ” the deputy added.
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Content: The state Duma in the first reading approved the bill on the prohibition of foreign words
On the eve of the State Duma of the Russian Federation in the first reading approved the draft law on the prohibition of excessive use of foreign words in the country.
According to the document published in the electronic database of the lower house of parliament, the measures do not apply to those terms that cannot be replaced by Russian analogues.
It is assumed that such restrictions will increase the scope of use of Russian words and preserve the language of Pushkin, and the original vocabulary will replace the borrowed, including in official documents.
It is also noted that the implementation of the proposals of the bill will improve the overall literacy rate of the population.
It is specified that the list of dictionaries will be determined by the government on the basis of proposals from the commission on the Russian language.
The explanatory note states that the project introduces concepts such as normative dictionaries, normative grammars and normative reference books that fix the norms of the modern Russian literary language.
Earlier, the State Duma, in order to protect the “future of the country from darkness, ” adopted a package of laws banning LGBT propaganda and pedophilia in Russia, as well as demonstrating LGBT information that motivates adolescents to change sex.
Fines are up to 10 million rubles.

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Content: Region
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March 27, 08: 38
In Yaroslavl, the ex-deputy through the court demanded to replace the word “mayor ” with the Russian equivalent
A former deputy in the Yaroslavl region Alexander Simon filed a lawsuit demanding to replace the words “mayor ”,“ city hall ” and “municipality ” with analogues from the Russian language.
This was reported by the press Secretary of the court Olga Kozlova.
"At the moment, the administrative claim has been registered, the materials have been transferred to the judge, but there are no procedural decisions yet," Kozlova said in an interview with RIA Novosti.
The lawsuit is directed to the regional Duma, the municipality and the mayor ’ s office of Yaroslavl, she said.
According to Kozlova, the former deputy of the municipality of Yaroslavl asks to recognize the use of the above-mentioned borrowed words contrary to the law "On the state language of the Russian Federation".
According to the law, if there are analogues in the Russian language, it is unacceptable to use foreign words and expressions.
The ex-deputy cited Russian synonyms, but what exactly — in court did not specify.
The spokeswoman added that the lawsuit could be accepted or returned to the plaintiff.
Earlier, Life wrote that the amendment to the Federal law “On the state language of the Russian Federation ”, which prohibits the use of foreign words, will not apply to the media, advertising and literature, if we are talking about self-expression.
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Content: In Russia began the development of a new dictionary
The Ministry of Education of Russia began the development of a new dictionary of the Russian language
The Ministry of Education of Russia in the framework of the adopted law on the state language began the development of a new dictionary
On Monday, May 15, during a speech at the All-Russian forum of teachers of the Russian language and literature said the head of the department Sergey Kravtsov, writes TASS.
“Today we are preparing a new dictionary, there we have the implementation of the law on the Russian language, which was adopted on the protection of the Russian language.
Within the framework of this law, we must adopt modified dictionaries, we are also completing this work, ” the minister said.
On February 28, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a law on the protection of the Russian language from unreasonable borrowing.
The law restricts the use of foreign words, except for those that have no analogues in the Russian language.
In March, three new words were added to the spelling dictionary of the Russian language of the Institute of Russian Language (IRY) of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS).
It is noted that the dictionary contains normative spelling of more than 200 thousand units of the language.
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Content: Norkin just one joke about the tsar and boyars brought the audience of the “Meeting Place ” to tears
Society
Russian journalist Andrei Norkin periodically amuses the audience of the “Meeting Place ” with various sarcastic stories or anecdotes.
This time he brought the audience to tears with a joke about kings and boyars.
Within the framework of one of the programs, the topic of introducing a ban on the use of borrowed words in speeches of civil servants was touched upon.
According to the initiators of the bill, these measures will help preserve the Russian language and save it from foreign language.
In this regard, Norkin decided to laugh at the absurdity of this initiative.
“The State Duma adopted a law on borrowed words.
In this regard, the term "president" changes to the term "tsar", the term "deputy" changes to the term "boyar", and the term "term" changes to the term "concept", "Norkin said.
Earlier it was reported that deputies of the State Duma prepared a bill that implies criminal liability for repeated violation of the ban on LGBT propaganda.

" This legislation represents a significant governmental intervention in language use, establishing legal restrictions on the incorporation of foreign words into Russian.

Title:

Content: Farewell briefing and fact-checking!
Officials who juggle foreign words in their official speeches and documents without much reason and meaning must learn to be more restrained, otherwise they will have to spend all their salaries on fines.
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The law prohibits the use of foreign words and expressions when Russian analogs exist.

According to one document, "По закону при наличии аналогов в русском языке недопустимо употреблять иностранные слова и выражения" (By law, if there are analogs in the Russian language, it is unacceptable to use foreign words and expressions).

### Scope of Application

The Russian State Duma has approved specific spheres where Russian language use is mandatory, including:
- Consumer information for goods, works, and services
- Education sector
- State and municipal information systems

Notably, the legislation contains exemptions for certain domains.

An amendment to the Federal Law "On the State Language of the Russian Federation" specifies that the ban on foreign words will not ap