# Traditional Indian Medicine: Current Research and Applications

## Introduction

Traditional Indian medicine, primarily known as Ayurveda, represents one of the world's oldest healing systems.

According to medical experts from the Mayo Clinic, Ayurveda originated in India more than 4,000 years ago and is based on the theory that disease results from imbalance in the body's life force or "prana.

" This traditional system determines the balance of life force through three physical qualities called "doshas": vata, pitta, and kapha.

Most individuals have a dominant dosha, with the specific balance between these three doshas being unique to each person.

Ayurvedic practitioners assess patients through comprehensive methods including questioning about symptoms and lifestyle, observing general appearance (including eyes, tongue, and skin), and examining pulse, urine, and stool.

This holistic approach aims to restore balance rather than merely treating symptoms.

## Modern Research Approaches in Traditional Medicine

While the provided context documents contain limited specific information about current research in Indian herbal medicine, they highlight important trends in traditional medicine research that are applicable to Ayurveda.

Modern research in traditional medicine systems, including Ayurveda, is increasingly focusing on:

1.

**Digitalization and Big Data**: As noted in discussions about Chinese medicine modernization, digital technologies and big data analytics are becoming essential tools for integrating traditional medicine with modern healthcare.

These approaches help collect and analyze clinical experiences from renowned practitioners, organize ancient medical knowledge, and identify effective treatment patterns.

**Integration with Biotechnology**: Modern biotechnological methods are being applied to traditional herbal formulations to understand their mechanisms of action, identify active compounds, and standardize preparations.

**Evidence-Based Research**: There is

# Traditional Indian Medicine: Current Research and Applications

## Introduction

Traditional Indian medicine, primarily known as Ayurveda, represents one of the world's oldest healing systems.

Title:

Content: The Ayurveda
by Denise Millstine, MD, Mayo Clinic
It has been reviewed in 1445.
Ayurveda is the traditional medical system in India, which originated more than 4,000 years ago.
It is based on a theory that the disease is caused by an imbalance in the body's life force, or prana.
This life-force balance is determined by the balance between the three physical traits called doshas: vata, pitta, and kapha. Most people have a dominant doshas, and the specific balance between the three doshas is unique to each person. (See also Overview of Integrative, Complementary, and Alternative Medicine.)).
Practitioners evaluate people through
• Interrogate them about symptoms, behavior and lifestyle
• Monitor their overall appearance, including eyes, tongue, and skin
• Taking a heartbeat and checking urine and feces
After determining the balance between douches, practitioners design a treatment specific to each person.
Ayurveda uses diet, herbs, massage, meditation, yoga, and internal cleaning (therapeutic cleansing). Cleansing usually involves injecting fluid into the rectum to induce bowel movement or defecation (enema), or washing the nose with water (nasal washing) to restore balance within the body and with nature.
Medical Uses of Ayurveda
Ayurveda has been studied, including in allergic rhinitis, mental health disorders, neurological conditions, pain, arthritis, and diabetes.
As in other studies of entire medical systems, high-quality research is difficult.
Possible side effects of Ayurveda
Some of the plant combinations used in Ayurveda are contaminated with heavy metals (especially lead, mercury and arsenic) so that they can cause heavy metal poisoning.
FOR MORE INFORMATION
The following source in English can be helpful.
Please note that the MSD Guide is not responsible for the content of this source.
1.
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH): Ayurvedic Medicine
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What is the traditional Indian medical system called?

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Traditional Indian medicine Ayurvedic treatment.

According to medical experts from the Mayo Clinic, Ayurveda originated in India more than 4,000 years ago and is based on the theory that disease results from imbalance in the body's life force or "prana.

What is the traditional Indian medical system called?

" This traditional system determines the balance of life force through three physical qualities called "doshas": vata, pitta, and kapha.

Most individuals have a dominant dosha, with the specific balance between these three doshas being unique to each person.

Ayurvedic practitioners assess patients through comprehensive methods including questioning about symptoms and lifestyle, observing general appearance (including eyes, tongue, and skin), and examining pulse, urine, and stool.

This holistic approach aims to restore balance rather than merely treating symptoms.

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Content: Catégories

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What does traditional Indian medicine generally treat?

## Modern Research Approaches in Traditional Medicine

While the provided context documents contain limited specific information about current research in Indian herbal medicine, they highlight important trends in traditional medicine research that are applicable to Ayurveda.

Title:

Content: Health · Life
Inheriting Traditional Chinese Medicine, Innovation, and Development (Health New Journey ⑥)
This reporter is a bear.
December 06, 2022 07: 43 Source: People 's Daily Overseas Edition
On November 3, in the Chinese class of Chairman Mao Zedong Middle School in Windhoek, the capital of Namibia, the 14th batch of Chinese medical aid team used silver needles and fire cans as teaching aids to massage and exercise, allowing students to experience traditional Chinese medical culture in a relaxed and enjoyable learning.
The picture shows a Chinese medical team doctor explaining the human acupoint model to the students.
Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Chen Cheng
The report of the 20th National Congress of the Party proposed to promote the innovation and development of traditional Chinese medicine.
In this regard, Han Jingyan, director of the Department of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine of Peking University Medical Department, believes that this has pointed the direction for the development of Chinese medicine.
"Traditional Chinese medicine is a medical system summed up in the process of adapting our people to nature for a long time.
In the course of thousands of years of clinical practice, the theory and methods of preventing and treating diseases have obvious clinical advantages in preventing and treating major diseases, chronic diseases and new infectious diseases, especially those that are difficult to treat.
Han Jingyan, chairman of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee, said in an interview with Xinhua that the traditional theories and methods of traditional Chinese medicine will help promote the healthy development of the cause of traditional Chinese medicine.
Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC), the cause of Chinese medicine has developed steadily, and the combination of Chinese medicine and modern science and technology has become closer.
The inheritance, development and innovation of traditional Chinese medicine have ushered in new opportunities due to the integration of modern science and technology.
Science Heritage
Adhere to multidisciplinary cross-integration
Chinese medicine is a treasure of Chinese civilization.
In the past ten years, China has attached great importance to solving the relationship between inheriting the essence of traditional Chinese medicine and maintaining the correct innovation.
The first is to carry out in-depth carding and excavation of the essence of classical medical books.
It has published a collection of 416 important ancient medical books, and actively promoted the photocopying and publishing of the Chinese Medical Collections. Good basis.
The second is to accelerate the academic activity of traditional Chinese medicine.
The experience of more than 200 old Chinese medicine practitioners and pharmacists, including masters of Chinese medicine, has been systematically collated and studied, making full use of modern science and technology, and digitized and visualized records have been realized, so that the clinical experience, academic ideas and traditional skills of a large number of old Chinese medicine practitioners and pharmacists have been preserved completely.
It has continuously promoted the research of academic schools, established the knowledge bases of various theories and academic schools, and established the evaluation system of contemporary academic schools of Chinese medicine.
It has studied and formulated the Regulations on the Protection of Traditional Chinese Medicine Knowledge, promoted the construction of a database and protection system for traditional Chinese medicine knowledge, and further improved the protection system for traditional Chinese medicine knowledge.
It is important to understand and promote the scientific connotation of traditional Chinese medicine theory and clinical use value, and to improve the curative effect. "Han Jingyan In terms of government investment, scientific and technological investment and fund investment, we should increase the research on the material basis and mechanism of action of classic famous parties and the approval of new drugs, and increase the investment in the scientific connotation of the core theory of traditional Chinese medicine.
In this process, Han Jingyan reminded that if you just blindly create new words and new concepts in the field of traditional Chinese medicine, it will violate the purpose of inheritance, which needs to be overcome.
"Inheritance, we should inherit scientifically, remove dross, and pass on the experience of a number of excellent traditional Chinese medicine practitioners such as clinical and effective classical prescriptions and national medical masters and famous Chinese medicine practitioners."
Chen Xiangmei, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and president of the Chinese Society for Integrating Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, said that only in this way can traditional Chinese medicine and modern medicine be integrated and passed on scientifically and effectively.
Chen Xiangmei said that traditional Chinese medicine is characterized by syndrome differentiation and individualization, and if the development of traditional Chinese medicine is promoted in accordance with the evidence-based medicine of Western medicine, it is not completely scientific.
Advancing innovation
Building a New Paradigm Unique to China
Innovation has injected new vitality into the development of traditional Chinese medicine.
According to Li Yu, director of the Science and Technology Department of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chinese medicine has made important progress in treating a series of major diseases such as ischemic stroke, non-small cell lung cancer, diabetes mellitus and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Academician Chen Zhu team revealed the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine arsenic treatment of acute premature myeloid leukemia, the patient's five-year disease-free survival rate rose to more than 90%, and won the Scheberry Award.
The team of academician Chen Xiangmei revealed a new mechanism for the progress of IgA nephropathy, and the combination of Chinese and Western medicine reduced the prevalence of uremia caused by IgA nephropathy by 10.5%, and improved the curative effect by 20%, and won the first prize of national scientific and technological progress.
Liu Baoyan's research team confirmed that acupuncture has significant advantages in treating female stress incontinence, and the research results have been widely recognized internationally, which has promoted acupuncture to the world.
In the field of basic theory research of traditional Chinese medicine, through the support of the 973 Project, a number of major theoretical problems of traditional Chinese medicine such as meridian specificity have been answered, and new disciplines such as traditional Chinese medicine network medicine and traditional Chinese medicine physiology have been promoted, and the theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine has been enriched and improved.
The research results of a number of rare and endangered medicinal materials such as artificial musk provide good support for the sustainable utilization of traditional Chinese medicine resources.
Han Jingyan said that the innovation of traditional Chinese medicine is mainly to clarify the clinical effect of traditional Chinese medicine in the prevention and treatment of major diseases, chronic diseases and new infectious diseases, reveal the scientific connotation of the core theory of traditional Chinese medicine, and reveal the material basis and mechanism of compound traditional Chinese medicine.
“The human body and the disease are complex, and a single component of a drug is not enough to regulate complex systems and networks.
Han Jingyan said that the innovative mode of traditional western medicine (single component acts on a single target) is not enough to solve the problem of preventing and treating major diseases, chronic diseases and new infectious diseases.
Han Jingyan believes that the innovation of traditional Chinese medicine requires multidisciplinary and organized integrated research based on dynamic visualization, clinical, animal and cell samples, big data and bioinformatics analysis, structural pharmacology analysis of the roles of active ingredients and target proteins, and molecular biology verification.
“The innovation and development of TCM requires policy support, government funding support, top-level design of expert teams, and participation of enterprises, which can gather national strength to carry out organized and multidisciplinary integrated research, and need to establish corresponding institutions and platforms, such as national key laboratories and national TCM innovation centers, ” Han Jingyan said.
Recently, the Ministry of Science and Technology and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine jointly issued the "14th Five-Year Plan" for TCM Science and Technology Innovation. The state will continue to strengthen the construction of TCM science and technology support platform.
Driving development
Take the road of combining Chinese and Western medicine
To develop traditional Chinese medicine, we should pay attention to using modern science to interpret the principles of traditional Chinese medicine and take the road of integrating traditional Chinese medicine with western medicine.
So, how should we further promote the integration of Chinese and Western medicine?
Where is the main grip?
Han Jingyan said that the development of modern science and modern medicine has only more than 200 years of history - like from the source of the Yangtze River to the Three Gorges Dam, Chinese medicine has more than 2000 years of history - like from the source of the Yangtze River to the mouth of the Yangtze River, and these two medicines are quite a long way from the sea.
On the one hand, the modern research of TCM plays an important role in the development of TCM.
"Digital, informatization, biotechnology is the necessary way to combine traditional Chinese medicine and modern medicine." Chen Xiangmei said, now is the era of big data, how to use big data to drive the development of traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine, is this generation of Chinese medicine and western medicine should complete the mission.
First of all, many famous Chinese medicine and Chinese medicine masters have valuable clinical experience, which has been accumulated over several generations, and should be collected to dig out more effective diagnosis and treatment plans, especially in difficult diseases, chronic diseases, emergencies, etc., which can be left to future generations with scientific and valuable wealth.
Second, in the field of traditional Chinese medicine, real and reliable big data is needed to provide scientific evidence for the treatment of diseases, so that medical personnel around the world can share China's long-standing traditional Chinese medicine medical technology.
In addition, the development of pharmacy, the development of new drugs should be driven by big data, such as the continuous optimization of Zhang Zhongjing's classic prescription, and the continuous accumulation of data in clinical practice, which is combined with biotechnology such as information technology, gene diagnosis and proteomics.
“In the future, we need to strengthen the research on the principle and effectiveness evaluation of Chinese medicine efficacy substances, and promote the integration of Chinese medicine and western medicine out of the new paradigm of scientific diagnosis and treatment. ”
On the other hand, in Han Jingyan's view, traditional Chinese medicine contains cognition that modern medicine has not yet seen, such as blood stasis, sputum, qi deficiency, qi stagnation, cold evil, heat evil, etc., and the cracking of these theoretical scientific connotations can promote the progress of medicine.
Blood stasis is the state of blood stasis and internal bleeding, and it is difficult to detect the state of blood circulation in blood vessels by blood test.
TCM can diagnose blood stasis through the stasis points and stasis spots of the tongue.
After blood vessels are blocked, the supply of gas (oxygen and valley fine) is insufficient, the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the myocardial mitochondria is reduced, and the myocardial fibrous rupture is one of the causes of myocardial injury.
Clinical use of cardiac drugs to treat, however, cardiac drugs consume energy, causing an increase in mortality.
The traditional Chinese medicine can improve the content of ATP synthase and ATP in myocardial mitochondria, restore the myocardial structure, improve the heart function and play a role in treating the root causes.
When the ATP of microvascular endothelial cells is reduced, the gap between the endothelial cells is opened, which leads to the leakage of plasma albumin and liquid, causing periangioedema of the microvascular.
The medicine can restore the ATP content of vascular endothelial cells, repair the gap of vascular endothelial cells, prevent liquid leakage, and renew the traditional concept of treating edema without treating the blood vessel wall and only regulating osmotic pressure.
Therefore, "the combination of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine can be from the theory of qi and blood stasis and the theory of blood circulation and blood circulation to remove stasis as the starting point, with modern science and technology to clarify the principle of traditional Chinese medicine, and clearly explain the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine effect." Han Jingyan said.
(Editor: Sun Hongli, Yang Di)
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**Integration with Biotechnology**: Modern biotechnological methods are being applied to traditional herbal formulations to understand their mechanisms of action, identify active compounds, and standardize preparations.

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Title:

Content: Health · Life
Reporter 's hand note: let excellent traditions be read and understood - approaching Chinese medicine youth "inheritors"
May 5, 2024 08: 55 Source: Xinhua Net
“Using traditional Chinese medicine to save people has brought me a great sense of accomplishment. ” Liu Lu, chief physician of the headache clinic of the Beijing Acupuncture Center affiliated to the Capital Medical University, was heartened by helping a small patient who had a chronic migraine to relieve his pain and return to campus.
Migraine is a frequent attack of the nervous system disease.
Liu Lu followed a number of famous doctors to learn, and introduced "headache diary" and other methods to help many patients regain their health.
In 2003, Liu Lu, who was preparing for the college entrance examination, learned from the news that TCM had successfully treated SARS patients and effectively reduced the fatality rate, and decided to apply for the Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
Later, she went out with her tutor to witness the process of Chinese medicine saving the lives of patients with multiple sclerosis, making her more determined career choice.
Over the years, Liu Lu felt the desire of patients for suitable technology of simple traditional Chinese medicine, and also found the lack of health awareness in urban suburbs and rural areas.
She used her spare time to push popular science articles on Chinese medicine and health care to the patient population, went to the hospital's public name to do popular science video live, and studied and promoted treatment plans for dominant diseases.
"TCM people should be more active in science." Although visits, training and scientific research have made Liu Lu very busy, but she is happy in it. "Young people want to be a good TCM, they must sink their hearts to see more patients and practice more."
There are many young people like Liu Lu who dedicate their youth to ancient Chinese medicine.
In the Office of Academic Development of Wangjing Hospital of the Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Director Wei Xu showed reporters a folder filled with the latest literature in the field of traditional Chinese medicine.
Wei Xu, who has been invited to review dozens of periodicals abroad, maintains the habit of studying literature every week. "More and more papers are being studied in the medical field, and Chinese medicine is receiving worldwide attention.
"We should really find technologies or programs that reflect the original advantages of traditional Chinese medicine, and apply modern science and technology to further reveal the principles of traditional Chinese medicine," Wei said.
In recent years, focusing on the common bone and joint degenerative diseases of the elderly, Wei Xu as a core team member under the guidance of Zhu Liguo, academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, has achieved a series of achievements in the diagnosis and treatment of evidence-based evidence, and won a number of honors such as the second prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award.
"Under the guidance of the basic theory of TCM, we will continue to discover new problems and accumulate in one field, and will be able to explain and clarify the efficacy of more traditional Chinese medicine treatment methods, so that more people can benefit." Wei Xu joined the research project of grassroots bone health plan development strategy led by academician Zhu.
“Promote TCM to the world and contribute to human health and well-being. ” In 2013, Liang Lina, director of the Eye Function Laboratory of the Eye Hospital of the Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, made a report in the United States and Norway to promote the good efficacy of TCM in the treatment of macular degeneration and retinal degeneration diseases.
Liang Lina said that local patients have been visiting the Eye Hospital of the Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine for many years.
The China-Norway Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, which features traditional Chinese medicine ophthalmology, was also established.
The Eye Hospital of the Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine has set up a team of young experts to train Norwegian acupuncturists and Western doctors.
"Use modern science to talk about the principles of traditional Chinese medicine, in order to let more people love this' national treasure '." Eye function laboratory doctoral student Xu Kai eyes light, firmly hot. (Reporter Tian Xiaohang)
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Rituals on graves and lost gilding.
St. Petersburg museum workers about the growth of vandalism
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Valentin Egorshin / Fontanka.ru
The Museum of Urban Sculpture is sounding the alarm: in St. Petersburg, the level of vandalism is growing.
Experts ask citizens and tourists to save the budget money and stop picking priests sphinxes.
And yet not to remove the gilding from the monuments, because to sell it still will not work.
The sphinxes from the Egyptian bridge were returned from restoration only in December 2022.
The restoration work lasted more than three months.
The sculptures were cleaned, treated from corrosion, gilded parts and painted in the color of oxidized bronze.
All the splendor cost almost 5 million rubles.
For restoration, by the way, the price is not surprising.
As Nadezhda Efremova, a senior researcher at the Museum of Urban Sculpture and curator of the collection of monuments, explained to Fontanka, in such matters, in any case, we are talking about millions.
Repeat the whole process was planned no earlier than ten years later, but in June, damage was noticed on one of the sphinxes.
The cover moved away from the sculpture exactly near the fifth point.
The Museum of Urban Sculpture concluded that the character of the chip is mechanical: “We will not take it to say what exactly they (damage. – Approx. ed.) were inflicted.
A shoe, a hand, anything.
Unfortunately, the pedestals are low, there is a lot of transport and people there.
These sphinxes are among the most “affected. ”
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The victim was promised to patch up before the end of the summer - this is the deadline for the end of the restoration season.
For this, you will most likely have to request additional funding.
As it usually happens in state organizations, the budget in the Museum of Urban Sculpture is drawn up immediately for a year in advance.
The hole on the cover of the monument, as the photographer of “Fontanka ” was convinced, meanwhile, is expanding.
By August, it will certainly increase in size.
By the way, the neighbor of the sphinx on the other bank of the Fontanka also had time to suffer: he had chips closer to his back.
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“By the middle of this year, we are almost at the point of just 2022 in terms of the number of acts of vandalism.
Last year there were 32 of them, this year there are already 22, ” the press service of the museum says.
The statistics included cases with graffiti, traces of paint, scratches and other damage to the paint layer.
The curator of the collection Nadezhda Efremova laments that in St. Petersburg there is no longer that reverent attitude to the monuments, which helped to preserve them to the present day: “The war began on June 22 [1941], and on June 25 the museum has already received a directive on the urgent shelter of monuments in the city.
All employees of the museum received instructions where to go to get the necessary building materials.
And the Bronze Horseman?
Since the time of Alexander I, the legend has been preserved that as long as he stands in his place, no enemy soldiers will enter the city.
During the historical excursion, the employee recalls Klodt ’ s horses on the Anichkov Bridge: “For many citizens, the end of the war was marked by the fact that on June 2, 1945, the horses returned to the Anichkov Bridge.
Then people finally realized that the war was over. ”
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In December 2022, not only the sphinxes from the Egyptian bridge were returned from the restoration, but also the lions that stand on the Admiralty Embankment.
From the side of this can not be seen, but the back of one of them after six months has already been pierced.
“They give the impression of such powerful lions, but in fact they are very fragile.
Inside the lions are hollow and have no supports.
Pushed copper, from which they are made, in thickness from 3 to 5 millimeters.
Almost like a piece of paper, ” explains Nadezhda Efremova.
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The damage was discovered after the "Scarlet Sails".
Experts believe that the lion could have been pierced by accident.
For example, a bottle or some other object.
But graffiti, for example, can not be written off on the will of chance.
Most often, inscriptions appear on pedestals that are easy to reach.
Special anti-vandal coatings do not always save: the matter is in the characteristics of the material.
The pedestal of the same Klodt horses is made of forged granite, which is distinguished by small notches.
As a result, the paint is clogged in the pores of the stone and can be removed only with a special compressor and after many hours of work.
It is no coincidence that the disappearance of gold.
According to experts, it is cleaned in the hope of reselling.
Disappointment awaits the vandals immediately: “Gold leaf is thinner than a human hair.
It turns into chips, rubbish.
For what?
Completely senseless act.
The naked surface is not protected, so the monument is again waiting for restoration.
We don't have much choice.
We have to do something — or watch the monuments being destroyed before our eyes. ”
A separate pain of museum workers is rubbing the protruding parts of the sculptures “for luck ”.
Rubbed to shine noses and shoes are both thinning of the metal, and the loss of author ’ s study.
The curator of the collection explains that such a sign eventually leads to the destruction of monuments: “The most reliable protection of metal is natural patina (a coating that is formed under the influence of the natural environment and is able to protect the author ’ s metal. – Approx. ed.).
When it is removed, acid rain, guano, and other contaminants fall on this bright area.
And the metal itself can not protect itself, the surface begins to corrode, corrosion processes develop. ”
Such monuments are also restored, but on the sculptures especially beloved by tourists, the artificial patina can disappear in a few hours.
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Rubbed for luck sculptures are found even in protected areas.
For example, in the Necropolis of Masters of Arts, which is also part of the Museum of Urban Sculpture.
Especially visitors love the leg of an angel at the burial of Pyotr Tchaikovsky.
Head of the department of memorial sculpture Daria Zaleshina says that rubbing the leg began only in 2019.
This is probably due to a new urban legend.
Share
Fans of mysticism here in general and pulls: the jewelry on some tombstone thrown, the photo with burned eyes will leave.
As the guardian of the necropolis suggests, all these artifacts are associated with certain rituals.
The trend for magic emerged after the series “Battle of psychics ”, filmed in the museum secretly.
However, the findings, although terrible, do not harm the exhibits.
At least nothing needs to be restored.
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I think he ’ s from Carolina — he grew up in Carolina and then moved to Los Angeles.
He did some good work with MOTIONLESS IN WHITE and ICE NINE KILLS and PAPA ROACH, a bunch of projects that I really liked, here are some of his works.
And I contacted him.
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New video of MEGADETH 24
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IRON MAIDEN vocalist: "Oh, you fucking coxaker!"
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MANOWAR guitarist jailed for pedophilia 19
Guitarist Slayer about his new project 11
TIM 'RIPPER' OWENS: “I didn ’ t even get a call! ”
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MAX CAVALERA said that his wife is not to blame for the collapse of the class.
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New video SLIPKNOT 10
EXODUS guitarist on SLAYER: "There was still a lot of music in the band"
New video by OZZY OSBOURNE feat.
TONY IOMMI 8
Phrase, group name
Groups in style
Date: from to
all group news
Disturbed
July 24, 2022:
DISTURBED changed producer
July 18, 2022:
DISTURBED perform a new song
July 16, 2022:
New DISTURBED video
July 8, 2022:
DISTURBED vocalist is proud of his member
June 3, 2022:
DISTURBED promises a surprise
26 May 2022:
DISTURBED vocalist talks about new album
25 May 2022:
Video of the full performance of DISTURBED
6 May 2022:
DISTURBED vocalist: “The government shouldn ’ t dictate to us what we can do with our body and what we can ’ t do. ”
23 Apr 2022:
DISTURBED drummer: "People will be pleasantly surprised by the new material"
15 Apr 2022:
The new album DISTURBED will appear “soon ”
13 Apr 2022:
DISTURBED finish recording
11 Apr 2022:
DISTURBED singer criticized for superficiality of judgments
28 Feb 2022:
DAVID DRAIMAN believes that DISTURBED would not have existed without PANTERA
18 Feb 2022:
DISTURBED singer criticizes Trevor Noah
16 Feb 2022:
DISTURBED singer: “Hostility to Israel grows year by year ”
12 Feb 2022:
DISTURBED leader: “Streaming saved the industry, leave it alone! ”
25 Jan 2022:
DISTURBED vocalist on the importance of voice
Jan 18, 2022:
DISTURBED vocalist: “Those who compare vaccination and the Holocaust, I cordially invite you to go to yuh ”
Jan 16, 2022:
DISTURBED vocalist: “We gravitate towards more aggressive material ”
10 Jan 2022:
DISTURBED singer: “Jews in New York are attacked daily! ”
27 Dec 2021:
DISTURBED vocalist about new material
1 Dec 2021:
DISTURBED vocalist can not recover because of what happened on ASTROWORLD
Nov 24, 2021:
DISTURBED vocalist: “What we learned from ASTROWORLD ”
Nov 23, 2021:
DISTURBED don 't want an album, they want two
Nov 19, 2021:
DISTURBED vocalist: “We started writing and it ’ s great! ”
Nov 18, 2021:
DISTURBED has released coffee
today
DISTURBED changed producer
DISTURBED guitarist Dan Donegan was asked if they were working on a new record with Kevin Churko:
“We were actually working with Drew Fulk, a producer from Los Angeles.
I think he ’ s from Carolina — he grew up in Carolina and then moved to Los Angeles.
He did some good work with MOTIONLESS IN WHITE and ICE NINE KILLS and PAPA ROACH, a bunch of projects that I really liked, here are some of his works.
And I contacted him.
I met him — I think it was December, I went there to meet him — and I just felt some chemistry just by being around him, and we went into the studio.
He came to Nashville - we ended up recording in Nashville - and [it was] a wonderful experience. "
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# Ocean Acidification Impact on Marine Life: A Report for the Cuttlefish Climate Justice Club

## Introduction

Ocean acidification is a critical but often overlooked aspect of climate change that poses significant threats to marine ecosystems worldwide.

While coral bleaching has received considerable attention, ocean acidification affects a wide range of marine life, including cephalopods like our school mascot, the cuttlefish.

This report provides comprehensive information on ocean acidification and its impacts on marine life to support your awareness-raising activities during Spirit Week.

## What is Ocean Acidification?

Ocean acidification occurs when seawater absorbs atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂), triggering chemical reactions that increase the water's acidity.

According to research, the ocean's acidity has increased by an average of 26% since pre-industrial times.

At current rates, scientists predict a 100-150% increase in acidity by the end of the century, with severe consequences for marine life.

## Causes of Ocean Acidification

The primary driver of ocean acidification is the increased concentration of atmospheric CO₂ from human activities such as:
- Burning fossil fuels
- Deforestation
- Industrial processes

As CO₂ accumulates in the atmosphere, the oceans absorb approximately 30% of these emissions.

This absorption changes the chemical composition of seawater, reducing pH levels and making the water more acidic.

## Impact on Shell-Forming Organisms (Including Cephalopods)

Ocean acidification particularly affects marine organisms that rely on calcium carbonate to build shells and skeletons.

This includes many mollusks, crustaceans, and corals.

While the documents don't specifically mention cephalopods, we can infer potential impacts based on how acidification affects similar marine life:

- **Shell and Skeleton Formation**: Increased acidity reduces the availability of carbonate ions, making it more difficult for organisms to build and maintain their calcium car

# Ocean Acidification Impact on Marine Life: A Report for the Cuttlefish Climate Justice Club

## Introduction

Ocean acidification is a critical but often overlooked aspect of climate change that poses significant threats to marine ecosystems worldwide.

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Content: There were 1,623 press releases posted in the last 24 hours and 399,351 in the last 365 days.

Taphonomy and aleoecology of lycoptera: a case study from the lower jehol group in Western Liaoning, Northeastern China

Taphonomy and aleoecology of lycoptera: a case study from the lower jehol group in Western Liaoning, Northeastern China

Published 27 June 2024 Science Leave a Comment
Tags: biogeochemistry, biological response, fish, laboratory, morphology, North Pacific, paleo

Taphonomy and paleoecology (biological behavior) of the Early Cretaceous fish fossils are poorly described. This study reports for the first time a detailed taphonomical and paleoecological study on Lycoptera in the Mesozoic strata of western Liaoning Province, NE China. The XRD analysis shows that gismondine is the dominant clay minerals that could have contributed to the preservation of Lycoptera fossils and microbial mat fragments in the fossil-bearing horizon. Gismondine may have formed under volcanism-related hydrothermal regime that was transformed from crystal and lithic fragments. The μ-XRF imaging analysis shows a dominant chemical composition of Al, Si, P, S, Rh, K, Ca, Ti, C, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, among which P, Ca, C and S are enriched in the fish skeleton in comparison to the matrix. This suggests a dominant apatite composition for the fish skeleton. Hydrothermal influence did not smear off these organic signals probably because of protection of gismondine. The coexistance of C and S with Ni is assumed to represent recovered primary productivity following volcanic explosions and toxic gas emissions. The head of juvenile fish stays close to the body of adult fish. Pending further discoveries, such phenomenon is interpreted to suggest that adult fish actively protected juvenile fish in the presence of environmental pressures such as anoxia and deterioration of water quality induced by volcanism. Ocean acidification and hypoxia in association with volcanism created a harmful environment causing mass extinction of fish. The adult Lycoptera protected their juveniles by its body at the moment before death. Such biological behavior will be increasingly reported given the wide occurrence of Lycoptera in Mesozoic strata.

Lam Z., Cao R., Zhang S., 2024. Taphonomy and aleoecology of lycoptera: a case study from the lower jehol group in Western Liaoning, Northeastern China. Journal of Earth Science 35(3): 737 -746. Article (subscription required).

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In cooperation with the Foundation for the Advancement of Science and the Atomic Energy Agency
« Research » conducted a study on the impact of « acidification » on shrimp
The Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), in cooperation with the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KFAS) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), completed a study project to investigate the impact of ocean acidification and ocean surface warming on the growth and abundance of local shrimp.
In turn, the head of the project, researcher Lamia Muslim at the Center for Environmental and Life Sciences Research at the Institute, said that there are many animals that contain in their skeleton or shell calcium carbonate, and changes in the pH of water can negatively affect these organisms, especially in the early stages of their life. The sea and some phytoplankton species, but that does not mean that this is a positive thing because the increased growth of these organisms can disrupt the food chain, biodiversity and ecosystem mechanisms and construction.
She added that the presence of large amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leads to the occurrence of global warming and the rise of the surface of the oceans by between one and three degrees Celsius, and the rise of the water level to an amount ranging from 0.18 to 0.79 meters, which in turn leads to acidification and warming of the surface of the oceans, and therefore to change the chemistry of the ocean and threaten marine ecosystems.
She pointed out that the shrimp mothers were collected from Kuwaiti territorial waters during the breeding season to obtain eggs and shrimp larvae in sufficient numbers to conduct experiments on all stages of shrimp age, as the study experiments were conducted in the laboratories of the Institute in a controlled system simulating the expected climate changes in the future.
The results of the study confirmed that the warming of the surface of the oceans could have a greater impact than ocean acidification on the early life stages of shrimp larvae, as shrimp larvae exposed to high temperatures showed accelerated growth rates to reach the sizes of older shrimp, but with lower survival rates, it is very likely that lower survival and growth rates under future climate scenarios may lead to the emergence of smaller shrimp larvae. These larvae will undergo multiple molting processes over their life cycle making them vulnerable; furthermore, the study results suggest additional effects of combined exposure to ocean surface warming and acidification on egg-hatching success, survival, and shrimp larval development.
Al-Musallam said: “The study is fully consistent across the entire life cycle of the M Nair shrimp, where high mortality of larvae at low pH and high water temperature indicates a possible collapse of this species of crustacean under conditions of increased ocean acidification and future warming of the ocean surface, which also leads to a significant reduction in shrimp stocks in the Arabian Gulf due to overfishing or reduced larval growth due to climate change. ”
For his part, dr.
Dr. Saifuddin Iqbaluddin, from the Center for Environmental and Life Sciences Research, said experts regularly measure water temperature and pH levels and look at how marine life might respond to these changes in the coming decades.
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Content: Sun. Nov 20th, 2022

This is a small proportion in view of conservatively projected $step one

Because the within , more than twenty four mil km2, or 17 %, off seas around national legislation (to two hundred nautical kilometers of shore) have been included in safe areas, over doubling in the the quantity since 2010

On average, one.dos percent regarding federal search finances are spent on water research between 2013 and you can 2017, having amounts anywhere between 0.02 per cent so you’re able to nine.5 %. 5 trillion contribution of the ocean towards the all over the world economy inside 2010.

Of a lot Says enjoys ratified or acceded into United nations Meeting on feeld review Rules of your Ocean (168 events) as well as using plans (150 people toward Agreement regarding the utilization of Area XI of your Us Seminar on the Rules of one’s Water and 91 functions towards United nations Fish Stocks Arrangement). Numerous Claims features followed these products thanks to court, policy and you may institutional buildings, but further advances becomes necessary in a number of developing places, particularly the least set up regions.

Waters and you can fisheries went on to help with the global population’s monetary, public and you can environment means whenever you are distress unsustainable exhaustion, environment destruction and you may carbon dioxide saturation and you may acidification. Current jobs to guard trick marine surroundings and you can quick-measure fishers and you may buy sea technology commonly yet , fulfilling the new immediate need to include that it huge, sensitive capital.

The ocean assimilates up to 23 % of your own yearly pollutants from anthropogenic carbon dioxide toward surroundings, helping to alleviate the impacts regarding weather change on the planet, although not, ultimately causing a bringing down pH and you can acidification of one’s water. A separate water acidification analysis portal suggests an increase in variability into the pH plus the acidity of one’s waters of the 10 to 31 per cent in the period 2015–2019.

The brand new sustainability off globally fishery info continues to decline, regardless if at the a diminished rates, with the ratio regarding fish stocks within biologically alternative account from the 65.8 % when you look at the 2017, down out of 90 per cent when you look at the 1974 and you may 0.8 fee area less than 2015 profile.

The new expansion away from protected elements having marine biodiversity and you can established rules and you may treaties that prompt in control entry to ocean resources are still insufficient to fight new undesireable effects regarding overfishing, increasing ocean acidification due to weather changes and you may worsening seaside eutrophication

Because the within , how many parties to the Arrangement towards Port State Procedures to get rid of, Deter and you can Eliminate Unlawful, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing – the original joining in the world agreement you to particularly needs illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing – risen to 66 (like the Eu) away from 58 in the earlier year, and you will nearly 70 % out of nations stated rating at the top of the fresh implementation thereof.

The share of alternative marine grab fisheries remained steady at around the globe height, with regional adaptation, representing the biggest contribution with the GDP within the Pacific brief isle development States and you will the very least build countries, averaging 1.55 and 1.15 percent, correspondingly, in 2011 to help you 2017.

Once the vast amounts of somebody count on oceans due to their livelihood and you may dinner source as well as on the fresh new transboundary characteristics regarding waters, improved jobs and you can interventions are needed to cut and you can sustainably have fun with water information at all profile.

  • Water acidification is caused by new consumption off atmospheric Carbon-dioxide of the the sea, and this change this new chemical substances constitution of one’s seawater. Long-label observations from ocean acidification for the past thirty years has found the typical increase from acidity regarding 26 per cent given that pre-commercial times, and also at which rates, a rise off a hundred to help you 150 % try predicted from the the termination of the newest century, having really serious effects to possess marine life.
https://atlanticfinancialmanagement.co.uk/

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How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

How does elevated water acidity affect fish ability to survive?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

How does elevated water acidity affect fish ability to survive?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

How does elevated water acidity affect fish ability to survive?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

While coral bleaching has received considerable attention, ocean acidification affects a wide range of marine life, including cephalopods like our school mascot, the cuttlefish.

Title:

Content: Our Burning Planet

UNCOMFORTABLY NUMB: ANALYSIS

Our antidepressants in the water are making the fish come undone

(Photos: Unsplash / Sebastian Pena Lambarri | Myriam Zilles | Danilo Alvesd)

An item appeared in the international news media last Friday that was next-level apocalyptic. More than a hundred fish species off the Florida coast had been found with heavy traces of human pharmaceuticals in their blood, most of which were antidepressants. The fish, of course, were exhibiting some strange and dangerous behaviours. Question is, will there be a wake-up call in here for us?

  • ‘It is not half so important to know as to feel.’ — Rachel Carson.

It’s a cliché these days to observe that the news can be a hazard to our collective mental health. The prospects for the ignition of World War 3 in Eastern Europe, new variants and outbreaks of a pandemic that we thought was over, increasingly shrill warnings of the collapse of our biomes and the attendant unravelling of modern civilisation — none of these stories, which are now standard fare across most of our major media platforms, encourage what is colloquially referred to as “balance”. Still, through our enforced numbness, some stories shout louder at us than others.

One such story was buried deep below the headlines in The Guardian last Friday, 29 April.

“Fish on drugs,” the item stated, before explaining that “a cocktail of medications” appears to be “contaminating [the] ocean food chain”.

Really?

Yup, really.

A click-through to the story proper (and who, in their daily doom-scrolling, could refuse the dystopian promise of such a lead?) revealed that a three-year study had confirmed “widespread traces of a total of 58 medications including heart drugs, opioids, antidepressants and antifungals in increasingly rare bonefish and their prey”.

As it turns out, with nearly five billion medications prescribed annually in the United States alone — and the average American on a regimen of 12 prescriptions per year — human wastewater has been playing havoc with fish species off the coast of Florida.

The full report, commissioned by the state’s Bonefish and Tarpon Trust, concluded that more than half of the bonefish sampled had drugs in them at levels “above which we expect negative effects”.

Apparently, one of the bonefish tested positive for 17 pharmaceuticals, “eight of them antidepressants that were up to 300 times above the human therapeutic level”.

And while the study had found an average of 11 pharmaceuticals in all of the 125 fish species upon which the bonefish feed, the truly alarming part came when The Guardian zoned out into the broader context.

“In 2013,” noted the reporter, “scientists from Umea University in Sweden… found that wild perch were less fearful and more antisocial when exposed to anti-anxiety medications, which could affect feeding and breeding.

“A 2016 study by the same university found salmon exposed to this medication swam faster and had riskier behaviour.

“Crayfishes’ exposure to antidepressants has been linked to altered behaviour, increasing their boldness and the time they spent foraging, potentially making them more vulnerable to predators.”

So this, it seems likely, is another way in which we are killing our precious marine world. Aside from the anthropogenic climate change that is directly implicated in the mass coral bleaching of the Great Barrier Reef, the vast international fishing fleets that are eradicating the Pacific’s bluefin tuna and the deep-sea mining that threatens to wipe out entire oceanic ecosystems, we appear to be inducing chemical imbalances in the world’s underwater inhabitants.

How, then, should we continue to attend to our own imbalances, whether we choose to engage with the daily news or not?

At the risk of venturing into the esoteric, what the “fish on drugs” story demonstrates, before anything, is that nothing is separate. Our external environments, as human beings in the first apocalyptic stirrings of the Anthropocene, are a sublimely accurate reflection of our collective internal environments.

The truth, if we care to look beyond ourselves, if our personal anxieties and griefs and despairs are to be placed within the framework of the most profound planetary laws — for instance, what is in one is in the whole — is that our medications aren’t working for us.

Because, as scary as this truth may be, it’s not just the fish off the Florida coast (and God-alone-knows where else) that are being short-changed of their evolutionary safeguards — it’s apparently our own species too.

For a number of years, scientists across a range of disciplines have been trying to figure out why the graphs on certain mental disorders have continued to trend flat, when the available pharmaceutical treatments have never been so plentiful.

We all seem to know that the pandemic triggered a sharp spike in the data, with the World Health Organization confirming that the global prevalence of anxiety and depression had risen a staggering 25% in the first year, but what’s less well-known is that even before Covid hit, we were scratching our heads in wonder at the stats.

In November 2019, in a peer-reviewed paper published in the American Journal of Biological Anthropology that had been funded by a grant from the US’ National Science Foundation, researchers Kristen Syme and Edward Hagen submitted their findings under the following header: “Mental health is biological health: Why tackling ‘diseases of the mind’ is an imperative for biological anthropology in the 21st century.”

In the first paragraph of the introduction, with all the necessary citations, they stated the case bluntly: “During the 20th century, the biomedical sciences rapidly reduced the global burden of infectious disease, leading to dramatic increases in life expectancy (Murray et al., 2015). In the 21st century, chronic, non-infectious diseases have emerged as major contributors to the global disease burden (Benziger, Roth, & Moran, 2016), with mental disorders playing a substantial role (Whiteford et al., 2013).

“The causes of most mental disorders, however, remain a mystery, and there has been little progress in reducing the prevalence of any of them.”

From within an evolutionary framework — which is to say, the framework of ancestral human biology as opposed to contemporary biomedical psychiatry — what Syme and Hagen were arguing for was an entirely new lens on mental disorders.

It wasn’t their intention, as it certainly isn’t the intention of the author of this piece, to suggest that all psychiatric drugs should be outlawed, or even that many of the drugs haven’t together saved millions of lives (which they clearly and obviously have), but it was their stated mission to shift our gaze to the bigger picture.

For Syme and Hagen, who set out first and foremost to convince their peers in the field of biological anthropology that a) there was “a genuine and widely recognised theoretical crisis in mental health research” and b) that these peers were perfectly placed to fill in the gaps, the vast perspective of evolutionary time offered the most sensible way through.

In the second part of their paper, after laying out the problem in painstaking detail, they suggested a “provisional evolutionary schema for conceptualising mental disorders” that sliced the subject matter into four groups.

This schema, as noted, “identifies one group as relatively rare disorders of development that are probably caused by genetic variants, one widespread group that comprises aversive but probably adaptive responses to adversity and therefore are likely not disorders at all, one group that is probably due to senescence, and one group that might be caused by mismatches between ancestral and modern environments”.

Without getting further into the terminological weeds, it was the second group that, for a brief moment, elevated their research into the media’s mainstream.

Under the title, “Researchers Doubt that Certain Mental Disorders are Disorders At All,” Forbes magazine reported that Syme and Hagen had provided compelling evidence “to think of depression or PTSD as responses to adversity rather than chemical imbalances”.

Given that medical science has never been able to prove that anxiety, post-traumatic stress or depression are inherited conditions, the report noted, there appeared to be a distinct collective upside to this new evolutionary lens — “adversity is something we can overcome, whereas a mental disorder is something to be managed”.

And in terms of the placebo effect, it turned out, this conclusion wasn’t nearly as radical as the casual observer may have thought.

In November 2018, the New York Times Magazine ran a front page feature entitled, “What if The Placebo Effect Isn’t a Trick?” For around 5,000 carefully crafted and referenced words, the author made the case, based on a quarter-century of hard evidence, that you could give patients a sugar pill, and those patients — “especially if they have one of the chronic, stress-related conditions that register the strongest placebo effects and if the treatment is delivered by someone in whom they have confidence” — would get better.

What were some examples of these so-called conditions? According to the New York Times, the labels included depression and PTSD.

But before we get to suggesting what this all might mean for our over-prescribed fish, it’s important to note that there has lately been a great deal of hand-wringing within the halls of psychiatry itself.

In late March 2022, The Nation magazine weighed in with the investigative feature, “Breaking Off My Chemical Romance”, arguing that “we deserve a fuller picture of both the benefits and dangers of antidepressants.” The feature zoned in on one of the most “hardcore” forms of antidepressants, known in the trade as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SSRIs.

What if we realised that numbing ourselves wasn’t working; not for us and not for the fish?

Expanding from the individual case of an Australian psychiatry student who had been diagnosed with narcolepsy a few months after signing up for an SSRI — and who had later been prescribed both Ritalin and Ambien to help him stay focused during the day and fall asleep at night — the article went on to detail how the attempt to quit such drug cocktails had “basically ruined” countless thousands of lives.

“The theory that antidepressants correct a chemical imbalance of neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine is not a proven fact,” The Nation noted.

“Their basic functioning has not been definitively established. The story we all know is more marketing than science. And the incentive to find out whether they are indeed the best way to treat depression does not exist.

“In a world where so much scientific research is conducted by pharmaceutical companies and the entities they back, if drugs are making a profit, there’s little reason to question them.”

Still, as implied, the article quoted a solid cross-section of working psychiatrists who had recently come up with a lot of reasons to question them, not least of which was the fact that “several of the antidepressants still fell below the threshold of clinically significant improvement over a placebo”.

Importantly, and to reaffirm what was stated above, the point of this op-ed is not to argue that all psychiatric drugs are “bad”.

As The Nation made clear: “The strongest evidence for the beneficial effects of antidepressants applies to people with the most severe depression.”

The point, rather, from a writer who has fought his own battles with these drugs, is that psychiatrists — by their own overworked and overburdened admission — find it too easy to prescribe the drugs in even the mildest of cases, simply because the pressure from the pharmaceutical industry is too strong and entrenched.

So now we have oceans where fish breeding and feeding patterns, established over tens of millions of years, are hopelessly out of whack.

To ingest the “hope” back in, it seems, at least in this one emerging corner of our horrifying planetary predicament, would require recasting the dominant narrative into a form more in tune with the latest scientific research. And that, in turn, would require removing the label of “mental disorder” and replacing it with “adaptive response to trauma”.

In the context of the daily news headlines, how much of a stretch would that be? What if we chose, individually and collectively, to first notice the effect we were having on our fragile natural world — then to own it, then to imbibe it?

What if we realised that numbing ourselves wasn’t working; not for us and not for the fish?

What if we finally got that nothing had ever been separate?

What if we decided tomorrow morning to turn around and face the trauma — because that was the only way that it could, and perhaps would, be overcome? DM/OBP

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How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

This report provides comprehensive information on ocean acidification and its impacts on marine life to support your awareness-raising activities during Spirit Week.

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

## What is Ocean Acidification?

Ocean acidification occurs when seawater absorbs atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂), triggering chemical reactions that increase the water's acidity.

What is the main cause of ocean acidification?

water absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

What is the main cause of ocean acidification?

water absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

According to research, the ocean's acidity has increased by an average of 26% since pre-industrial times.

At current rates, scientists predict a 100-150% increase in acidity by the end of the century, with severe consequences for marine life.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

## Causes of Ocean Acidification

The primary driver of ocean acidification is the increased concentration of atmospheric CO₂ from human activities such as:
- Burning fossil fuels
- Deforestation
- Industrial processes

As CO₂ accumulates in the atmosphere, the oceans absorb approximately 30% of these emissions.

What is the main cause of ocean acidification?

water absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

This absorption changes the chemical composition of seawater, reducing pH levels and making the water more acidic.

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

What is the main cause of ocean acidification?

water absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

What is the main cause of ocean acidification?

water absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

## Impact on Shell-Forming Organisms (Including Cephalopods)

Ocean acidification particularly affects marine organisms that rely on calcium carbonate to build shells and skeletons.

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

What do shellfish use to build their shells?

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

What do shellfish use to build their shells?

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

What do shellfish use to build their shells?

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

This includes many mollusks, crustaceans, and corals.

While the documents don't specifically mention cephalopods, we can infer potential impacts based on how acidification affects similar marine life:

- **Shell and Skeleton Formation**: Increased acidity reduces the availability of carbonate ions, making it more difficult for organisms to build and maintain their calcium car

Title:

Content: A recent study by North Carolina State University sheds light on why some freshwater insects suffer in salt water.
The research suggests that a lack of metabolic responses to increased salinity could be a contributing factor.
Salinity refers to the concentration of salts in the aquatic environment, exceeding only sodium.
Freshwater habitats are becoming saltier due to various factors such as road salt, agricultural runoff, coal and natural gas extraction, drought, and sea-level rise.
These changes in salinity affect the diversity of organisms, including freshwater insects that act as indicators of ecosystem health.
Aquatic animals, including insects and crustaceans, must maintain a water-salt balance within their bodies, a process called osmotic regulation.
Ideally, these animals will thrive in an environment where their external salinity levels correspond to their internal levels, reducing the energy needed for osmotic regulation.
However, the study found that high salinity is often associated with increased ion absorption rates in freshwater insects, leading to delayed growth or death.
The researchers hypothesized that freshwater insects devote a lot of energy to osmotic regulation in saltier environments, causing them to struggle to grow or thrive.
To test this hypothesis, the researchers measured the metabolic rates of crustaceans, insects and snails in different salinity conditions.
They found that while the metabolic rates of crustaceans and snails increased in attenuated environments, the metabolic rates of insects remained constant regardless of salinity.
In addition, the team found that calcium was the main driver of increased metabolism in non-insects with low salinity, as these animals worked harder to transport calcium ions.
On the other hand, insects had a higher calcium ion transport rate in saltier environments, although their metabolic rates did not rise.
This suggests that insects have a lower demand for calcium and may use resources that can be used for growth and development to counter over-absorption of ions in saltier environments.
The study challenges the idea that freshwater insects thrive in environments close to their internal salinity.
Instead, low demand for calcium allows them to grow in diluted environments typically dominated by insects.
Conversely, low calcium appears to put pressure on crustaceans and snails.
Further research will investigate whether these physiological differences stem from the origin of organisms or their use of calcium in exoskeletons and shells.
In conclusion, the study highlights the potential costs of a consistent metabolism of freshwater insects in salt water.
The findings provide a better understanding of how changes in salinity affect aquatic ecosystems and can help guide conservation efforts.
Source: North Carolina State University.
Source: Jimmy K.
Cochran et al., spirometry reveals significant pedigree based differences in the energetics of osmotic regulation in aquatic invertebrates, Journal of Experimental Biology (2023).
DOI: 10.1242 / jeb.246376 [URL not provided]

What do shellfish use to build their shells?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

What do shellfish use to build their shells?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

What do shellfish use to build their shells?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?