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The Problem with Museums | Origins

Are museum collections ethical? How did these institutions end up with their vast array of artifacts and remains from every corner of the globe? Well, chances are there was some definite shadiness involved. Today, Danielle examines this complicated debate and looks closely at the cases of Saartjie Baartman and Chang and Eng Bunker. What do you think? Should objects be repatriated, left on display, or something in between?


# The Elgin Marbles Controversy: A Report for Archaeology Students

## Introduction

The Elgin Marbles controversy represents one of the most prominent and long-standing disputes in the field of archaeology and cultural heritage.

As a future archaeologist, understanding this controversy and its potential resolution is crucial for navigating the ethical complexities of our profession.

This report examines the available information on the Elgin Marbles controversy and places it within the broader context of cultural restitution movements.

## The Elgin Marbles Controversy

According to the provided documents, the Elgin Marbles controversy involves Greece's request for the return of these ancient Greek sculptures from the British Museum.

As noted in Document 39504824-6bfe-4352-82e7-ea5bb33daadd_1071469044, "Greece last year asked the British Museum to return the Elgin Marbles" (埃爾金石雕).

This brief mention indicates that the dispute remains active, with Greece continuing to pursue the repatriation of these significant cultural artifacts.

The Elgin Marbles, also known as the Parthenon Marbles, were removed from the Parthenon in Athens by Lord Elgin in the early 19th century.

Their removal and subsequent housing in the British Museum have been the subject of ongoing controversy, representing a classic case study in the debate over cultural property ownership and the ethics of collecting practices in archaeology.

## Broader Context of Cultural Restitution

While the provided documents offer limited specific information about the Elgin Marbles, they reveal several parallel restitution cases that help contextualize the current landscape of cultural repatriation:

1.

**The Benin Bronzes**: Document 72836102-23df-4f82-b338-56a356463891_60143f894 describes how "thousands of art objects were seized by the British 125 years ago during a raid on the Kingdom of Benin" and how "the West African nation has intensified its efforts to have these cultural items returned.

" Notably, several museums have already returned their collections of Benin Bronzes to Nigeria, including the Horniman Museum, the University of Cambridge, and museums in Germany and the United States.

**Easter Island Moai Statues**: The same document mentions a contemporary campaign demanding the return of Easter Island statues from the British Museum, noting how social media campaigns have brought increased attention to this issue.

**Getty Museum's Restitution**: Document 61d54106-57a4-434f-8763-9ba2d35fb6c9_567242485 describes how the Getty Museum returned "Orpheus and the Sirens" sculptures after determining they were illegally excavated, demonstrating that institutions are increasingly willing to return artifacts when questions about provenance arise.

**Scythian Gold**: Document 070a165e-4689-48a0-b02d-6bd44a0e122d_580431794 mentions the return of Scythian gold to Ukraine, another example of cultural restitution.

## Implications for Future Archaeologists

These cases collectively suggest a growing momentum toward the restitution of cultural artifacts to their countries of origin.

For archaeology students like yourself, this trend highlights several important considerations:

1.

**Ethical Excavation and Reporting**: The cases underscore the importance of ethical excavation practices and transparent reporting of provenance.

As noted in the Getty Museum case, institutions are increasingly responsive to evidence of illegal excavation.

**Respect for Source Cultures**: The various restitution movements reflect a growing recognition of the importance of respecting the cultural contexts from which artifacts originate.

This aligns with your concern about "respecting the cultures where such treasures are found.

"

3.

**Balancing Global Access and Cultural Rights**: The controversy also raises questions about how to balance the benefits of global access to cultural heritage with the rights of source communities to their own cultural patrimony.

## Potential Resolutions

While the provided documents do not detail specific potential resolutions for the Elgin Marbles case, the parallel restitution cases suggest several possible approaches:

1.

**Complete Repatriation**: Following the model of the Benin Bronzes, where multiple museums have returned artifacts to Nigeria.

**Shared Ownership or Loan Agreements**: Some restitution cases have resulted in arrangements where artifacts remain on display but under shared ownership or long-term loan agreements.

**Digital Repatriation**: Creating high-quality digital replicas and making them accessible to source communities while physical artifacts remain in museums.

## Conclusion

The Elgin Marbles controversy sits within a broader global conversation about cultural restitution and the ethics of archaeological collecting.

As a future archaeologist, you will likely encounter similar ethical dilemmas regarding the excavation, reporting, and disposition of cultural artifacts.

The trend toward restitution suggests growing recognition of the importance of respecting source cultures and addressing historical injustices in archaeological practice.

While making your mark in the field through important discoveries is a worthy aspiration, doing so in a way that respects the cultural contexts of your finds will be increasingly important in the evolving ethical landscape of archaeology.

# The Elgin Marbles Controversy: A Report for Archaeology Students

## Introduction

The Elgin Marbles controversy represents one of the most prominent and long-standing disputes in the field of archaeology and cultural heritage.

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Content: British Museum Instagram is "washed" to return Easter Island moai statue
Author: Zhang Zijie
Published: Updated:
The official Instagram of the British Museum has recently been "washed" by a large number of netizens, asking the museum to return a moai statue of Easter Island to Chile.
The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) reported on February 19 that the action was initiated by Chilean Internet personality Mike Milfort, who said in the film that his supporters first washed the Wikipedia "Return Moai" slogan, and then "captured" the British Museum's Instagram comment area.
Chilean President Gabriel Boric, in an interview, also agreed with the idea behind the operation.
Although the British Museum closed the comment function for one of the Instagram posts, but the netizens continue to wash the other posts, there are more than 2100 comments. (Instagram / BritishMuseum)
The Moai statue is estimated to have appeared around 1400 – 1650, and there are still many similar statues on Easter Island, but many have been found in museums around the world, including the British Museum's Hoa Hakananai'a and a smaller one called Hava.
The two statues were given to Queen Victoria in 1869 by a British captain, who donated them to the British Museum.
The Moai statue of the British Museum was brought to Britain in 1869 and donated by Queen Victoria. (Getty Images)
The British Museum has been asked to return the statue to Easter Island. The museum has stressed that it has always had a good and open relationship with its colleagues on Easter Island, and they have visited London many times since 2018.
For this incident, the museum has closed the comment function of one of the posts, saying that it welcomes the debate of all parties, but also needs to strike a balance between security measures.
In addition to the controversy, Greece last year asked the British Museum to return the Elgin Marbles.

As a future archaeologist, understanding this controversy and its potential resolution is crucial for navigating the ethical complexities of our profession.

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Content: © 2024 WKNO FM
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The Problem with Museums | Origins

Are museum collections ethical? How did these institutions end up with their vast array of artifacts and remains from every corner of the globe? Well, chances are there was some definite shadiness involved. Today, Danielle examines this complicated debate and looks closely at the cases of Saartjie Baartman and Chang and Eng Bunker. What do you think? Should objects be repatriated, left on display, or something in between?

This report examines the available information on the Elgin Marbles controversy and places it within the broader context of cultural restitution movements.

## The Elgin Marbles Controversy

According to the provided documents, the Elgin Marbles controversy involves Greece's request for the return of these ancient Greek sculptures from the British Museum.

As noted in Document 39504824-6bfe-4352-82e7-ea5bb33daadd_1071469044, "Greece last year asked the British Museum to return the Elgin Marbles" (埃爾金石雕).

This brief mention indicates that the dispute remains active, with Greece continuing to pursue the repatriation of these significant cultural artifacts.

The Elgin Marbles, also known as the Parthenon Marbles, were removed from the Parthenon in Athens by Lord Elgin in the early 19th century.

Title:

Content: In St. Petersburg, lions were taken away from the Palace Bridge
Sculptures of lions from the pier of the Palace Bridge in St. Petersburg were taken away for restoration
In St. Petersburg, the sculptures of lions, located on the pier of the Palace Bridge, were taken away for restoration.
About it writes “Fontanka ” with reference to the press service of the State Museum of Urban Sculpture (GMSS).
Sculptures from the Admiralty Embankment were dismantled to eliminate the consequences of acts of vandalism, added there.
Together with the sculptures, they also took the cast-iron pedestals on which they stood.
Sculptures of lions made of copper were made at the St. Petersburg Alexander Iron Foundry and installed on the embankment in 1832 on the instructions of Emperor Nicholas I.
Previously, the sculptures were restored in September 2022.
Then the museum said that most of the sculptures suffer because of people climbing on the backs of lions.
Damage is caused to them, since the sculptures do not have a frame, but are made of sheet copper and are not designed for heavy loads.
Previously unknown painted the eyes of the sculpture, located in the Summer Garden of St. Petersburg.
Then suffered a copy of the bust "Petronia Prima, wife of Emperor Vittelia" Antonio Corradini, created in the XVIII century.
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Their removal and subsequent housing in the British Museum have been the subject of ongoing controversy, representing a classic case study in the debate over cultural property ownership and the ethics of collecting practices in archaeology.

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Content: Oman helped Syria to return the stolen temple of the Jews from the British Museum - RIA Novosti, 23.02.2024
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Oman helped Syria recover stolen Jewish temple from British Museum
The Sultanate of Oman helped the Syrian authorities to return the ancient Jewish temple
Mosque in the vicinity of Homs.
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MUSCAT, 23 Feb - RIA Novosti, Julia Troitskaya.
The Sultanate of Oman helped the Syrian authorities to return the ancient Jewish temple, which was stolen from occupied by the Western military territory and stored in the British Museum, said in an interview with RIA Novosti the Secretary General of the National Museum of Oman Jamal bin Hassan al-Mousavi.
“In the context of cooperation in the format of the Troika on the Syrian direction with Russia, we can mention the unique international experience when we received a signal from the Hermitage before the start of the COVID pandemic in 2019 that stolen archaeological treasures from Syria are in the British Museum.
They were smuggled out of Syria and kept in the British Museum.
Since the British side does not recognize official Damascus, and after 2022 also has no contacts with Russia, we have assumed the role of intermediaries...
And after four years of negotiations, we were able to get these items from the British Museum, they were officially handed over to the Muscat National Museum, and at the end of last year we handed these items over to the official Damascus, "al-Mousavi said.
He explained that it was a unique architectural ensemble, multi-ton walls of a Jewish temple, which was located in the north of Syria, "in the territory where NATO troops are now located."
“It was simply dismantled and taken away, stored in the British Museum, but not shown.
We were able to get these items, ” added the Secretary General of the Museum.
"It's amazing!"
Scientists are struggling with one of the main mysteries of Christianity
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## Broader Context of Cultural Restitution

While the provided documents offer limited specific information about the Elgin Marbles, they reveal several parallel restitution cases that help contextualize the current landscape of cultural repatriation:

1.

Title:

Content: “Orpheus and the Sirens” to return to Italy

The J. Paul Getty Museum, one of the largest art museums in the U.S. state of California, is returning several works of art that were illegally sent to Italy.

The world-renowned museum, housed on two campuses: the Getty Center in Los Angeles and Getty Villa in Malibu, said in a news release posted on its website Thursday that it is working with the Italian Ministry of Culture to arrange the return of “Orpheus and the Sirens,” a life-size terracotta sculpture group, in September, followed by other artwork at a later date.

“In accordance with Getty’s policy of returning objects to their country of origin or country of modern discovery when reliable information indicates that they were stolen or illegally excavated, the Museum has removed the objects from public view and is preparing them for transport to Rome in September, where they will join collections to be designated by the Ministry of Culture,” the news release noted.

“Thanks to information provided by Matthew Bogdanos and the Antiquities Trafficking Unit of the Manhattan District Attorney’s Office indicating the illegal excavation of Orpheus and the Sirens, we determined that these objects should be returned,” Timothy Potts, Maria Hummer-Tuttle and Robert Tuttle Director of the Getty Museum, said in the news release.

The museum pointed out that the extreme fragility of Orpheus and the Sirens requires specially tailored equipment and procedures.

The Orpheus group of sculptures is an incredibly important work to the Getty. It has been on view, in a ground floor gallery at the Getty Villa, since it was acquired more than four decades ago, the Los Angeles Times reported.

The other objects that will be returned to Italy at a date to be determined include a second-century AD colossal marble head of a divinity; a second-century AD stone mold for casting pendants; an oil painting entitled Oracle at Delphi, 1881, by Camillo Miola; and a fourth-century BC Etruscan bronze thymiaterion. The first three of these objects were acquired by J. Paul Getty and the Getty Museum in the 1970s; the fourth in 1996. None of these objects have been on public view in recent years, according to the museum. ■

**The Benin Bronzes**: Document 72836102-23df-4f82-b338-56a356463891_60143f894 describes how "thousands of art objects were seized by the British 125 years ago during a raid on the Kingdom of Benin" and how "the West African nation has intensified its efforts to have these cultural items returned.

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Content: Africa
Get the latest Africa news from Sputnik: breaking news, photos, videos, analysis, and features.

Metal in Most Benin Bronzes Originates From Germany, Study Reveals

© AP Photo / Markus SchreiberA Benin Bronze sculpture is presented at the German Foreign Ministry prior to the signing ceremony of a joint declaration between Germany and Nigeria in Berlin, Germany, Friday, July 1, 2022.
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The Benin Bronzes are a collection of several thousand of brass sculptures from the palace of the ruler of the Benin Kingdom (modern-day Nigeria), dating back to at least the 16th century. Until now, research on the origins of the metals used in their casting provided no clear results, but a new study shed light on this scientific mystery.
The initial source of the brass the Benin Bronzes was produced in Germany and likely shipped to western Africa, a recent study published by the journal PlOS One, has revealed.

Insight into Atlantic Trade

At the center of the story are so-called manillas, horseshoe-shaped rings made of brass, which were used as the currency of the Portuguese trade in the 16th and 17th centuries. Historians have repeatedly expressed an assumption that European manillas from Great Britain, Germany or Scandinavia were used for the production of the Benin artifacts. However, they had no empirical evidence.
Now, Tobias Skowronek, a geochemist from the Technical University Georg Agricola, Bochum, Germany, along with his colleagues and co-writers, has provided the first evidence that the brass material came from Europe and could be even the only source of raw materials for the West African foundry industry.
The researchers used documentary sources, as well as geochemical analysis to demonstrate that the source of the early Portuguese manillas and the Benin Bronzes was the same and originated from the German Rhineland.
There were few historical documents and contracts between German brass producers and Portuguese or Spanish merchants. Documentary sources indicated that hundreds of thousands of horseshoe-shaped copper and brass rings were shipped from Europe to West Africa following the beginning of the Portuguese trade in the late 15th century, and scientists have suggested that they were the metallic sources of the Benin Bronzes.
Africa
'Wounds of the Past': Berlin to Return Looted Benin Bronzes to Nigeria
Therefore, Skowronek began to look for the early manillas himself in museums in Europe, Africa and the USA. Eventually, he found what he was looking for: numerous pieces had been discovered in the wrecks of sunken ships off the coasts of Ghana, Portugal and Spain. He was allowed to take samples, and then compared the derived data with those of relevant European ores and those of the Benin Bronzes. It was noted that they had access to a vast base of Benin material with over 700 available chemical analyses.
The study revealed that Germany was the principal source of the manillas used in the West African trade between the 15th and 18th centuries, as the chemical composition of these manillas is similar to the ores of Rhineland.
"Manillas had no purpose in European societies: they were a product specifically produced for the African trade and it is clear from documentary sources that Africans were selective in the products they accepted," the study revealed.
© Photo : PlOS One / Tobias B. Skowronek et al.Examples of sampled manillas from the seven sites.
Examples of sampled manillas from the seven sites.
It also turned out that the lead isotope ratios of the brass rings were the most suitable for determining the origin of the Benin bronzes. Thus, the researchers came to the conclusion that the manillas were actually used to create the Benin artworks.
At the same time, the study underlined that "the difference in trace elemental patterns between manillas and Benin Bronzes does not allow postulating that they have been the only source."

Works of Art Looted by the British

The Benin Bronzes presented in the form of heads, plaques, figurines and other objects "are the most famous ancient works of art in all of West Africa," according to the researcher Skowronek.
Thousands of art objects were seized by the British 125 years ago during a raid on the Kingdom of Benin, in what is now modern-day Nigeria. The artifacts eventually made their way into museums and private collections all over the world, including Germany.
Recently, the West African nation has intensified its efforts to have these cultural items returned. The largest collection of the artifacts is in the British Museum in London. The Horniman Museum, another British museum, and the University of Cambridge, as well as several museums in Germany and the United States have returned their collections of bronzes to Nigeria.
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Content: i morning briefing: Can consumers wield power in the cost of living crisis?

A new campaign is urging people to not pay their bills as houeholds struggle to meet ends meet with the Tory leadership rivals divided on how best to ease the burder on households

Welcome to Monday’s Early Edition from i.

The cost of living crisis is reaching a crescendo, with new predictions of massively inflated energy bills, double-digit inflation and a long recession on the horizon. At the same time, the Government has stalled on action, pointing to the looming Tory leadership race before anything concrete can be done. To make matters worse, Boris Johnson has been away on holiday. Stories of those at the sharp end of the crisis are growing, and now a new campaign is urging people not to pay their bills. Can anything be done? We will take a look, after the headlines.

Today’s news, and why it matters

Temperatures are set to soar from Monday with the mercury peaking at 35°C at the weekend, forecasters have predicted. The heatwave could mean more hosepipe bans for millions of people, and an official drought declared in days. The Met Office has warned there is “very little meaningful rain” on the horizon for parched areas of England.

Some 650 children were strip-searched by the Met Police in just two years, damning figures have revealed. Of those, 19 in every 20 were boys and 58 per cent were described by the officer as being black. The children’s commissioner for England, Dame Rachel de Souza, said she was not convinced that the force was “consistently considering children’s welfare and wellbeing”.

Police have become the “first, last and only resort” to helping patients as the NHS buckles under surging demand, it has been reported. Officers are being asked to cover for services including responding to ambulance calls.

London’s Horniman Museum has announced that it is returning 600-year-old Nigerian artefacts stolen 125 years ago. The museum has agreed to hand over items that include 12 brass plaques looted by the British in 1897 from the Kingdom of Benin. “The evidence is very clear that these objects were acquired through force, and … it is both moral and appropriate to return their ownership to Nigeria,” the chair of the museum said.

Two children stumbled upon a massive cache of weapons while going for a swim in a London river. As James, 15, walked into the water in Bromley, he slipped on what turned out to be “three magazines from a gun”.

The cost of living crisis: What action is being suggested?

  • Refusing to pay: A campaign called “Don’t Pay” is urging the Government to bring down bills to avoid people cancelling their direct debits en masse from 1 October, when bills will shoot up. So far, around 75,000 have reportedly signed up to it, although the organisers say they won’t take action until they have one million people on board. “The only way we will avert this catastrophe is if millions of us refuse to pay these extortionate prices and collectively force them to act in the interests of the people and not the energy industry,” the campaign says.
  • What should you do? Legal and financial experts have issued strong warnings against people refusing to pay, saying they would not be protected from the consequences by “safety in numbers”. Consumers would risk being in breach of their contract with energy companies, could face having their supplies cut off and also it would negatively impact their credit report. “There’s potential personal risk for people that go down this route. If people go down this route, fully informed, absolutely fine. If people aren’t fully informed and induced into doing it, thinking there is going to be safety in numbers, then I fear for them,” one solicitor said.
  • Emergency budget: Former Prime Minister Gordon Brown has called for Boris Johnson, Rishi Sunak and Liz Truss to agree to an emergency budget before the UK hits a “financial timebomb”, or for Parliament to be recalled. “I feel that we’re at a moment when a lot of the gains of the past 30 or 40 years have been lost, when people are being forced into dire poverty in a way that I did not expect would ever happen again in my lifetime,” he wrote in a piece on Sunday.
  • Do Sunak or Truss have any answers? The Tory leadership rivals are divided on how best to tackle the crisis. The Foreign Secretary Liz Truss says she would hold an emergency budget within weeks of taking office, and reduce national insurance with immediate effect. “The way I would do things is in a Conservative way of lowering the tax burden, not giving out handouts.” Rishi Sunak would announce a new round of direct support which could include increased benefits payments, another energy bills discount and further council tax rebates. “The priority for me is to not do things that make it worse and I think putting £40bn plus and borrowed money into an economy that’s seeing an inflation spiral does risk making it worse,” he said. The public, according to a poll out today, don’t seem to be very impressed either way.
  • Is there any help on the way? Yes, explains i‘s Hugo Gye in today’s paper: Financial packages including energy bill rebates and direct payments for benefits payments will continue to pay out over the coming months. And energy will remain at its current level until the start of October. But those already struggling with their living costs will need reassurance that the two contenders for No 10 are focused on delivery, not just bickering, he writes.

Around the world

The US Senate has passed a $750bn (£620bn) healthcare, tax and climate bill, prompting Democrats to react by crying and pumping their fists in the air. The Inflation Reduction Act is a significant victory for President Joe Biden and his party, and includes $369bn (£305bn) for climate action.

Israel and Palestinian Islamic Jihad have agreed to a ceasefire after three days of violence which has left at least 43 people dead. The recent hostilities are the most serious flare-up between Israel and Gaza for more than a year.

The latest state-of-play report by experts suggests that Russian optimism over the conflict in Ukraine is now fading. Michael Day takes a look at whether economic ruin – or the threat of it – will be enough to see Vladimir Putin compromise or even back down over his imperial plans.

“It’s time for a new international convention that accepts that the war on drugs has failed,” Colombia’s new left-wing president has said, as he was sworn into office. Gustavo Petro promised to fight inequality and bring peace, saying the country was getting a “second chance” to tackle violence and poverty.

The shrinking reservoir of Lake Mead in the US has revealed a fourth set of human remains. Neither the identity of the body is known, nor the manner of death. The lake is at its lowest level for more than 80 years, posing a major threat to a water source that is crucial for 25 million people.

Watch out for…

the final day of the Commonwealth Games, with the closing ceremony tipped to give a nod to Peaky Blinders.

Thoughts for the day

Britain is contaminated by Alex Jones’s toxic lies – even our politicians parrot “deep state” conspiracies, says Ian Birrell. Jones’s career may be over after his Sandy Hook defamation trial, but his pernicious influence will live on, he writes.

Nancy Pelosi’s visit hasn’t changed life in Taiwan, we are used to China’s threats, explains Chi Hui Lin.

Long Covid cases are rising, yet presenteeism is still forcing frontline employees to work while they’re sick, writes Beauty Dhlamini. From being pressured by managers to come in, to having to work with colleagues who have tested positive, the global workforce needs safety and adequate resources.

Culture Break

The Edinburgh festival is back! Comedy’s biggest names give us their guide to this year’s hottest shows.

The Big Read

“Ludicrously expensive” childcare costs are forcing stressed parents to take unpaid leave over summer. Desperate parents grappling with summer childcare tell i‘s Aasma Day how it costs more than their mortgage, forcing them to take unpaid leave or attempt to work from home with kids on their lap.

Sport

Erik ten Hag discovers the full horror of his predicament as Brighton slice through United in front of an Old Trafford crowd who feel their club has been stolen from them, writes Kevin Garside.

Something to brighten your day

A sign informing visitors they are in a “romantic zone” and should kiss has sprung up at a beauty spot on the Italian island of Capri. The sign in the commune of Anacapri instructs those by it to kiss on the Belvedere del Sognatore (Dreamer’s Viewing Point). The signs have been also been erected at other scenic spots. Some local officials say the encouragement to kiss is welcome after two years of pandemic social distancing.

" Notably, several museums have already returned their collections of Benin Bronzes to Nigeria, including the Horniman Museum, the University of Cambridge, and museums in Germany and the United States.

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Content: Right now
+ 20 ˚ C
Now in St. Petersburg
+ 20 ˚ C
Cloudy, No precipitation
Feels like 18.
4 m / s, zap
751mm
57%
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Traffic jams
5 / 10
Rituals on graves and lost gilding.
St. Petersburg museum workers about the growth of vandalism
1274
Valentin Egorshin / Fontanka.ru
The Museum of Urban Sculpture is sounding the alarm: in St. Petersburg, the level of vandalism is growing.
Experts ask citizens and tourists to save the budget money and stop picking priests sphinxes.
And yet not to remove the gilding from the monuments, because to sell it still will not work.
The sphinxes from the Egyptian bridge were returned from restoration only in December 2022.
The restoration work lasted more than three months.
The sculptures were cleaned, treated from corrosion, gilded parts and painted in the color of oxidized bronze.
All the splendor cost almost 5 million rubles.
For restoration, by the way, the price is not surprising.
As Nadezhda Efremova, a senior researcher at the Museum of Urban Sculpture and curator of the collection of monuments, explained to Fontanka, in such matters, in any case, we are talking about millions.
Repeat the whole process was planned no earlier than ten years later, but in June, damage was noticed on one of the sphinxes.
The cover moved away from the sculpture exactly near the fifth point.
The Museum of Urban Sculpture concluded that the character of the chip is mechanical: “We will not take it to say what exactly they (damage. – Approx. ed.) were inflicted.
A shoe, a hand, anything.
Unfortunately, the pedestals are low, there is a lot of transport and people there.
These sphinxes are among the most “affected. ”
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The victim was promised to patch up before the end of the summer - this is the deadline for the end of the restoration season.
For this, you will most likely have to request additional funding.
As it usually happens in state organizations, the budget in the Museum of Urban Sculpture is drawn up immediately for a year in advance.
The hole on the cover of the monument, as the photographer of “Fontanka ” was convinced, meanwhile, is expanding.
By August, it will certainly increase in size.
By the way, the neighbor of the sphinx on the other bank of the Fontanka also had time to suffer: he had chips closer to his back.
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“By the middle of this year, we are almost at the point of just 2022 in terms of the number of acts of vandalism.
Last year there were 32 of them, this year there are already 22, ” the press service of the museum says.
The statistics included cases with graffiti, traces of paint, scratches and other damage to the paint layer.
The curator of the collection Nadezhda Efremova laments that in St. Petersburg there is no longer that reverent attitude to the monuments, which helped to preserve them to the present day: “The war began on June 22 [1941], and on June 25 the museum has already received a directive on the urgent shelter of monuments in the city.
All employees of the museum received instructions where to go to get the necessary building materials.
And the Bronze Horseman?
Since the time of Alexander I, the legend has been preserved that as long as he stands in his place, no enemy soldiers will enter the city.
During the historical excursion, the employee recalls Klodt ’ s horses on the Anichkov Bridge: “For many citizens, the end of the war was marked by the fact that on June 2, 1945, the horses returned to the Anichkov Bridge.
Then people finally realized that the war was over. ”
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In December 2022, not only the sphinxes from the Egyptian bridge were returned from the restoration, but also the lions that stand on the Admiralty Embankment.
From the side of this can not be seen, but the back of one of them after six months has already been pierced.
“They give the impression of such powerful lions, but in fact they are very fragile.
Inside the lions are hollow and have no supports.
Pushed copper, from which they are made, in thickness from 3 to 5 millimeters.
Almost like a piece of paper, ” explains Nadezhda Efremova.
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The damage was discovered after the "Scarlet Sails".
Experts believe that the lion could have been pierced by accident.
For example, a bottle or some other object.
But graffiti, for example, can not be written off on the will of chance.
Most often, inscriptions appear on pedestals that are easy to reach.
Special anti-vandal coatings do not always save: the matter is in the characteristics of the material.
The pedestal of the same Klodt horses is made of forged granite, which is distinguished by small notches.
As a result, the paint is clogged in the pores of the stone and can be removed only with a special compressor and after many hours of work.
It is no coincidence that the disappearance of gold.
According to experts, it is cleaned in the hope of reselling.
Disappointment awaits the vandals immediately: “Gold leaf is thinner than a human hair.
It turns into chips, rubbish.
For what?
Completely senseless act.
The naked surface is not protected, so the monument is again waiting for restoration.
We don't have much choice.
We have to do something — or watch the monuments being destroyed before our eyes. ”
A separate pain of museum workers is rubbing the protruding parts of the sculptures “for luck ”.
Rubbed to shine noses and shoes are both thinning of the metal, and the loss of author ’ s study.
The curator of the collection explains that such a sign eventually leads to the destruction of monuments: “The most reliable protection of metal is natural patina (a coating that is formed under the influence of the natural environment and is able to protect the author ’ s metal. – Approx. ed.).
When it is removed, acid rain, guano, and other contaminants fall on this bright area.
And the metal itself can not protect itself, the surface begins to corrode, corrosion processes develop. ”
Such monuments are also restored, but on the sculptures especially beloved by tourists, the artificial patina can disappear in a few hours.
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Rubbed for luck sculptures are found even in protected areas.
For example, in the Necropolis of Masters of Arts, which is also part of the Museum of Urban Sculpture.
Especially visitors love the leg of an angel at the burial of Pyotr Tchaikovsky.
Head of the department of memorial sculpture Daria Zaleshina says that rubbing the leg began only in 2019.
This is probably due to a new urban legend.
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Fans of mysticism here in general and pulls: the jewelry on some tombstone thrown, the photo with burned eyes will leave.
As the guardian of the necropolis suggests, all these artifacts are associated with certain rituals.
The trend for magic emerged after the series “Battle of psychics ”, filmed in the museum secretly.
However, the findings, although terrible, do not harm the exhibits.
At least nothing needs to be restored.
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**Easter Island Moai Statues**: The same document mentions a contemporary campaign demanding the return of Easter Island statues from the British Museum, noting how social media campaigns have brought increased attention to this issue.

**Getty Museum's Restitution**: Document 61d54106-57a4-434f-8763-9ba2d35fb6c9_567242485 describes how the Getty Museum returned "Orpheus and the Sirens" sculptures after determining they were illegally excavated, demonstrating that institutions are increasingly willing to return artifacts when questions about provenance arise.

**Scythian Gold**: Document 070a165e-4689-48a0-b02d-6bd44a0e122d_580431794 mentions the return of Scythian gold to Ukraine, another example of cultural restitution.

Title:

Content: The main thing: Scythian gold returned to Ukraine.
We are talking about 565 items: ancient sculptures, Scythian and Sarmatian jewelry, Chinese lacquer boxes, which are two thousand years old.
In Ukraine returned artifacts from four museums of the Crimea, presented at the exhibition “Crimea: gold and secrets of the Black Sea ” in Amsterdam.
This was announced by the National Museum of History of Ukraine on Monday, November 27.
After almost 10 years of ships, artifacts from four Crimean museums, which were presented at the exhibition “Crimea: Gold and Secrets of the Black Sea ” in Amsterdam, returned to Ukraine.
The Allard Pearson Museum transferred them to the National Museum of the History of Ukraine.
It is there that they will be stored until the de-occupation of the Crimea, ” the statement said.
Currently, experts are examining the condition of the returned items.
We are talking about 565 items, this, in particular, antique sculptures, Scythian and Sarmatian jewelry, Chinese lacquer boxes, which are two thousand years old.
“During legal disputes, our museum was designated as a place of storage of collections of Crimean museums.
This means that, for its part, the museum will make every effort to preserve them and so that citizens and guests of Ukraine could see them, ” said Fyodor Androshchuk, Director General of the National Museum of History of Ukraine.
In turn, the Kiev customs reported that it has already started the registration of Scythian gold.
Right now, a truck with 2694 kg of cultural values, known collectively as Scythian gold, drove into the territory of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, where in the Treasury of the National Museum of Ukraine, Kiev customs officers will make the identification of the treasures, the report says.
In early 2014, a collection of Scythian gold was donated for an exhibition at the Allard Pearson Museum in Amsterdam.
By the time of the exhibition, Crimea had been captured by Russia.
Since then, the rights to Scythian gold have been challenged in court.
We are talking about a collection of unique archaeological treasures: weapons, precious stones, valuable Chinese lacquered boxes, golden jewelry of the Scythians.
One of the precious specimens of the exhibition is an ancient Scythian helmet, which is more than 2,400 years old.
The cost of the entire exhibition is estimated at more than one million euros.
Last week, the Ministry of Culture reported that Scythian gold is returning to Ukraine.
Tags: Ukraine, society, culture, Scythian gold
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## Implications for Future Archaeologists

These cases collectively suggest a growing momentum toward the restitution of cultural artifacts to their countries of origin.

For archaeology students like yourself, this trend highlights several important considerations:

1.

**Ethical Excavation and Reporting**: The cases underscore the importance of ethical excavation practices and transparent reporting of provenance.

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‘Macabre curiosities’: top US medical museum confronts skeletons of its past

Mütter Museum in Philadelphia at centre of ethics dispute over provenance of its collection of skulls, fetuses and body parts

The Mütter Museum in Philadelphia looks like any other respectable establishment in the United States: a trim brick building with an American flag outside.

But behind its doors lies a remarkable medical collection of the dead, diseased and disfigured that has attracted visitors and tourists for decades but is now at the center of a roiling dispute over the ethics of such exhibits in the 21st century.

In common with many other leading art institutions and museums across the US – and the rest of the world – the Mütter is plagued by questions around the provenance and rights of acquisition of its collection of the grotesque.

Earlier this year, the Mütter took down its collection from its website and began an audit of 35,000 objects and specimens in its archive of anomalies and oddities.

Spurred in part by a 1990 law ordering the return of Native American remains, it has set about developing new ethical guidelines for display. Thought with around 50 Native-American crania, the Mutter’s issues are slight compared to the august institution of Harvard, which has 7,000.

The notion of an ethics review alarmed fans of the museum who feared that a new curator would turn the focus of the museum from death and disease and toward health. “A shake-up at the Mütter Museum means it could get way less weird,” worried the Philadelphia Inquirer, calling museum “disturbingly informative” and “uniquely Philadelphian”.

From its founding in 1858 as part of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, the Mütter stands alongside the UK’s National Museum of Health and Medicine, the Hunterian Museum, the Surgeons Hall, UCL Pathology, Bart’s Pathology, and the Vrolik Museum.

Among its collection are unusual or deformed organs, an iron lung and Einstein’s brain. There is the death cast and the conjoined liver of Chang and Eng, the original “Siamese Twins”; the body of a woman known as the “Soap Lady”, whose remains are encased in a fatty, post-death substance known as adipocere; and the skeleton of the 7ft 6in “Kentucky giant”.

But there is also the skull of Francisca Seycora, the “famous Viennese prostitute”; along with 139 crania used by Viennese anatomist Josef Hyrtl to disprove 19th century phrenology theories that intelligence can be measured by the skull’s size and measurements.

Critics of the Mütter ethical overhaul do not dispute that some exhibits, including the Soap Lady (seemingly grave-robbed), Einstein’s brain (he wanted to be cremated) should be removed or overhauled, and that of the New Orleans sex worker Mary Ashbury, an achondroplastic dwarf who died in childbirth along with her infant.

Instead, says paleopathologist Hanna Polasky, who spent three years at the museum, the institution has also focused on human fetuses – something guaranteed to spark fierce debate in the US.

“The museum is quoted as saying they make them uncomfortable, yet we know they were donated with maternal consent,” Polasky says. “The issues that are being dealt with are not the legitimate issues, rather the perceived legitimate issues.”

Mütter Museum director Kate Quinn told the Observer she is not personally uncomfortable with the fetuses and finds the specimens in the museum “fascinating”. But she accepts that visitors’ views are important too, especially in a changing America very different from when the collection began as a way of educating doctors.

“That’s something we need to look into,” Quinn says. “Is that who we want to be and how we want to be perceived? The world has changed so much in the past five years, and every institution, due to the pandemic and social unrest in the US, you have to ask yourself: what is the role of a museum in the world today? Why are we here, why do we exist, and who are we here to serve?”

Medical specimens, Polasky points out, are different from the now-removed Ecuadorian shrunken heads in the “treatment of enemies” cabinet at Oxford’s anthropological Pitt Rivers museum. The Mütter was created not to study other cultures, but instead to teach and advance medical science. Notions of consent, too, are comparatively recent in such a field, though many would argue they are also long overdue.

The Soap Lady, for example, was donated with fraudulent information about her cause of death or the gravesite from which she was exhumed. “The paperwork in a lot of cases does not exist,” says Polasky. “The idea of repatriation is an incredibly attractive idea, but when it comes to human remains there are a lot of legal issues around reburial.”

The issues confronting the Mütter revolve around whether museums should be answerable to scholarship or public sentiment. Quinn said the Mütter is due for review. “Most museums change much more often, and that hasn’t happened here. It’s been set in time, and it’s healthy for any organization to do,” she said.

The ethics review, of course, will get into those issues of consent. “Who gave permission to be here and what were their expectations when they gave up their bodies?” Quinn added. “There are a lot of ethical challenges that will come from this.”

But that may not be good news for the Mütter’s ardent enthusiasts, of whom there are many, especially in Philadelphia, where the museum is often seen as a valued part of local culture.

A pressure group, Protect the Mütter, is concerned that even the iron lung, used to treat polio victims, may be at risk despite that exhibition offering a salient warning to contemporary anti-vaxxers. The displays of syphilitic organs may be useful, too, as that disease appears to be regaining a foothold.

Sam Redman, the author of Bone Rooms, a recent study of how medical museums became storehouses of human remains, has said that beyond their educational role for physicians, the institutions “helped satisfy visceral desires and macabre curiosities”. Open to the public, “medical displays subverted dominant social norms by placing bodies, body parts, or visible pathologies considered too shocking for public display into a more socially acceptable context”.

Redman believes the US is witnessing a tension that has existed within and around medical museums since their founding. “People have always been simultaneously drawn to them and reviled by them in almost equal parts,” he says. But the addition of the internet has made it more public that the acquisition of medical knowledge has not always been ethically clear.

Recently, the biotech company Thermo Fisher Scientific reached a settlement with the family of Henrietta Lacks, a Black woman from Baltimore who had had cervical cancer cells taken from her and used, without consent, for research 70 years ago. The so-called HeLa cells led to numerous scientific discoveries.

But, says Redman, “when these shocking stories come forward, we’re often pushed to confront the question of where does are medical knowledge come from, how have we arrived at it, and what happens to our bodies when we die. These are pretty fundamental human questions. It’s easy to see why the Mütter museum controversy strikes a nerve.”

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As noted in the Getty Museum case, institutions are increasingly responsive to evidence of illegal excavation.

**Respect for Source Cultures**: The various restitution movements reflect a growing recognition of the importance of respecting the cultural contexts from which artifacts originate.

This aligns with your concern about "respecting the cultures where such treasures are found.

"

3.

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Content: Connect with us

Gist

Oba Of Benin Receives Looted Ancestral Stools

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The German government has handed two looted royal stools to Omo N’ Oba N’ Edo, Uku Akpolokpolo, Ewuare II, CFR, the Oba of Benin, symbolizing progress in returning cultural artefacts.

Historical records indicate that the artefacts, including Bronze and wooden Royal stools (Ekete), crafted during the reigns of Oba Eresoyen and Oba Esigie centuries ago, were looted from the Oba’s Palace during the punitive expedition in 1897.

In 2022, the German authorities, on behalf of the Nigerian government, handed them over to the National Commission for Museums and Monuments (NCMM).

The Director-General of the National Commission for Museums and Monuments, Olugbile Holloway, represented the Federal Government as he presented on Saturday, May 18, 2024, at the Oba of Benin’s Palace in Benin City.

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While presenting the artefacts to the Benin throne, Holloway pledged, on behalf of NCMM, to collaborate closely with the Benin Royal Court in enhancing and showcasing Edo culture and heritage.

He revealed that the Benin Bronzes and other artworks are gradually making their way home to Nigeria, saying, “NCMM will join hands with the Royal Court to create a befitting destination for people around the world to come and appreciate these works.

“What you see before us were originally taken away from the Royal family in 1897. We have a stool made of Bronze and a wooden stool. I speak for every member of my team, to say that we remain loyal to the Royal Court. And if there is anything we can do, we will do to support this laudable initiative.

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“This heritage is not just Benin heritage, but Nigeria’s heritage. When we speak of Benin heritage, there is nobody that doesn’t know the great works of ours. I appreciate you, we will always do what we can do with our powers to make His Royal Majesty lineage in memory.

Following the unveiling of the repatriated artefacts, Omo N’ Oba N’ Edo, Uku Akpolokpolo, Ewuare II, CFR, the Oba of Benin, danced joyfully to a traditional Benin rendition, executing dramatic dance steps alongside enthusiastic Chiefs and members of the Royal family, and later offered prayers to the almighty God and his ancestors.

The first-class traditional ruler, who was overwhelmed with joy, appreciated the efforts of the German, Federal, and NCMM leadership.

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In a rare but historic move, the royal father sat on one of the Royal stools (Ekete) and personally presented the Director-General of the National Commission for Museums and Monuments, Olugbile Holloway, with a chunk of white, which symbolizes peace and blessings.

**Balancing Global Access and Cultural Rights**: The controversy also raises questions about how to balance the benefits of global access to cultural heritage with the rights of source communities to their own cultural patrimony.

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The World of Stonehenge review – even the stone axes astound

British Museum, London
This fiercely emotional exhibition venerates the people of ancient Britain, uncovering a mystical landscape of gods and kings

Stonehenge is a place you just have to go and see. An exhibition inspired by it is surely doomed to fail – the mystery killed by cases of broken beakers. But The World of Stonehenge is as magical as a great barrow full of glinting treasure. It hooks you with a wooden trident (two of these are on display) and plunges you into primal waters of the imagination. It is a knockout epic.

It can’t include Stonehenge, of course, but it does have Seahenge. This monument is made of wood and had to be removed from its seashore home to preserve it – so here it returns from the past. Gnarled wooden columns stand in the twilight. You go up to the semicircle and stare closer into their ridged brown surfaces. Maybe you glimpse a face, an eye, a shadowy form. You know these are not just old posts but the embodiment of ancient powers whose names we have forgotten, for now.

Seahenge is the physical and emotional heart of the British Museum’s moving journey to the lost world of European prehistory. It was erected by the shore in Norfolk in 2049BC (according to tree ring analysis), around 500 years after the main construction of Stonehenge. It brings the outdoors inside, and holds you mystified.

But if you are not already in a pretty woozy state by the time you reach this installation, you haven’t paid attention. Even the stone axes astound, arranged in a wall of smooth jade forms whose similarity becomes an asset. In front of the axes are finds from Avalon Marsh. This is not a new folk festival but a bog outside Glastonbury whose name associates it with King Arthur. The ancient wooden track reassembled here helped people keep their feet dry crossing this wetland nearly 6,000 years ago. Also from Avalon Marsh is a rough wooden idol that’s contemporary with Stonehenge. It has “male and female attributes”, says the catalogue: breasts and a phallus.

Was it thrown in the marsh deliberately? Like Arthur getting his sword from the Lady of the Lake, ancient people seem to have seen magic in water and cached gods and weapons there. Seahenge is surely the expression of a reverence for the grey waters of the North Sea.

The centre of the belief system that built Stonehenge, however, was the sun. You meet it right at the start of this exhibition on a standing stone from Italy that has drawings scratched on its front. Human figures and herds of animals scurry about under a huge round flaming sun engraved at the summit of the stone. The sun also glows in gold against a blue bronze sky on the Nebra Sky Disc, from Germany, a stunning map of the night sky made about 3,600 years ago: the Pleiades twinkle between the sun and a crescent moon, apparently showing a juxtaposition that was later used by Babylonian astronomers to calculate leap years. There is also a boat on the Sky Disc – the boat of the sun. This is a reminder that Stonehenge was built when the pyramids were being raised in Egypt. Next to the Great Pyramid at Giza survives the Solar Boat of Khufu, a full-sized ship for him to sail through the sky with the sun god.

It’s customary to look down on the people who created Stonehenge, compared with the ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians: they were after all illiterate. But this exhibition turns that upside down. The world unveiled here is remote but not “primitive”. Stonehenge and other monuments in the British landscape are cleverly, exactly aligned to sunrise on the winter solstice, so people could gather there at the dawn of the shortest day to propitiate the sun to renew their crops. It worked: they had a hearty lifestyle. This is shown by the cosy domesticity of Skara Brae, Orkney, where people lived in snug houses with stone shelf units – it was like The Flintstones.

This is a fiercely emotional exhibition, full of love for the people of the distant past. It even wants us to learn from them. The early agriculturalists who built the henges were communal, sharing feasts at a camp called Durrington Walls near Stonehenge. There are even remains from a party when early farmers and the last hunter-gatherers ate together, the hunters cooking venison they caught, the farmers serving beef from their herd.

Soon after the lintels were placed across the sarsens at Stonehenge, evidence of inequality and power intrudes on the hippy days of collectivism. The landscape around Stonehenge is dotted with barrows where notables were buried with rich grave goods. Trade was on a new scale. So was war. The exhibition culminates in glory and horror, with astonishing evidence of a Europe where combat was king. There are shattered human remains from a German battlefield, stunningly sophisticated Bronze Age armour and a man buried on Salisbury Plain with arrow heads in his spine.

This is up there with the British Museum’s legendary shows on the Terracotta Army and Aztecs. It uncovers a rich and strange world under our own feet. You almost agree with the William Blake prints at the end that Stonehenge is the temple of lost Albion, a better Britain before our dark satanic mills.

## Potential Resolutions

While the provided documents do not detail specific potential resolutions for the Elgin Marbles case, the parallel restitution cases suggest several possible approaches:

1.

**Complete Repatriation**: Following the model of the Benin Bronzes, where multiple museums have returned artifacts to Nigeria.

**Shared Ownership or Loan Agreements**: Some restitution cases have resulted in arrangements where artifacts remain on display but under shared ownership or long-term loan agreements.

**Digital Repatriation**: Creating high-quality digital replicas and making them accessible to source communities while physical artifacts remain in museums.

## Conclusion

The Elgin Marbles controversy sits within a broader global conversation about cultural restitution and the ethics of archaeological collecting.

As a future archaeologist, you will likely encounter similar ethical dilemmas regarding the excavation, reporting, and disposition of cultural artifacts.

The trend toward restitution suggests growing recognition of the importance of respecting source cultures and addressing historical injustices in archaeological practice.

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Content: British Museum ignoring French plea to return gold

French prosecutors have hit out at the British Museum for failing to hand back a gold ingot plundered from a naval vessel that sank in the 18th century.

The restitution claim arose from a criminal investigation in which three people were charged with unlawfully selling on gold bars they allegedly looted from the vessel which sank off the coast of Brittany.

A 74-year-old French diver and two women have been charged with stealing and selling ingots from the wreck of the Prince de Conty.

Two of the alleged plunderers, who were identified from an old appearance on the US Antiques Roadshow, admitted selling five of the Qing dynasty ingots in the United States and also said they had sold some in Britain, Switzerland and

While making your mark in the field through important discoveries is a worthy aspiration, doing so in a way that respects the cultural contexts of your finds will be increasingly important in the evolving ethical landscape of archaeology.


# The Royal Corgi Connection: How Queen Elizabeth II Made Corgis Cultural Icons

## Introduction

Corgis have become one of the most recognizable and beloved dog breeds worldwide, largely thanks to their special connection with Queen Elizabeth II.

This report explores how the Queen's lifelong devotion to these charming dogs transformed them from simple herding dogs into global cultural icons with a unique royal heritage that continues to influence their popularity today.

## The Historical Bond: A Royal Love Story

Queen Elizabeth II's relationship with corgis began in 1933 when she was just seven years old.

Her father, King George VI, introduced her to the breed by gifting her a Pembroke Welsh Corgi, marking the beginning of what would become a lifelong passion.

This early introduction to the breed established a foundation for what would become one of the most enduring associations between royalty and a specific dog breed in history.

On her 18th birthday in 1944, the Queen received another corgi named Susan, who would become particularly significant in royal canine history.

The Queen's affection for Susan was so profound that she even took the dog on her honeymoon with Prince Philip.

When the Queen gave birth to Prince Charles, newspaper columns were filled with advice on "how to prevent Susan from being jealous of the baby prince," demonstrating how integral these dogs were to the royal family's life.

After Susan's death in 1959, the Queen personally designed her tombstone, a testament to the deep bond they shared.

## A Royal Legacy: The Corgi Dynasty

Throughout her 70-year reign, Queen Elizabeth II owned more than 30 corgis, creating a remarkable royal canine dynasty.

What makes this particularly special is that many of these dogs were direct descendants of her beloved Susan.

This carefully maintained lineage continued for decades until 2015, when the last of Susan's descendants, Willow, died at the age of 15.

The Queen's corgis were not merely pets but integral members of t

# The Royal Corgi Connection: How Queen Elizabeth II Made Corgis Cultural Icons

## Introduction

Corgis have become one of the most recognizable and beloved dog breeds worldwide, largely thanks to their special connection with Queen Elizabeth II.

Title:

Content: Mourning corgis, an iconic salute: What you missed from the Queen’s funeral

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Mourning corgis, an iconic salute: What you missed from the Queen’s funeral

By Julia Naughton

Queen Elizabeth II’s final farewell stretched for more than 12 hours with two separate services taking place before she was laid to rest in a private burial at Windsor.

In an event unlike anything ever witnessed in modern history, the day was replete with pageantry and symbolism bringing closure to the monarch’s 70-year reign.

Here’s what you may have missed.

A moving handwritten note

As the Queen’s coffin processed through Westminster Abbey followed by the King, the Prince and Princess of Wales, their children Prince George and Princess Charlotte, and other royal family members, a handwritten note could be seen atop the wreath of flowers.

The black handwriting read: “In loving and devoted memory, Charles R.” Charles R is Charles Rex, the King’s new signature. Rex is Latin for king. The note was edged in black, which follows the mourning rituals of the royal family.

The card is reminiscent of the note left by Princes William and Harry on the coffin of their mother, Diana, in 1997. It read simply: “Mummy.”

Pearls, pearls, pearls

In a tribute to the late Queen, the Princess of Wales and the Duchess of Sussex accessorised with pearl jewellery. Pearls are traditionally worn by royals in mourning because of their quiet elegance.

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Catherine’s Bahrain pearl drop earrings and four-strand pearl and diamond choker were borrowed from the Queen’s jewellery collection, reports British Vogue.

She previously wore the necklace to the Queen and Prince Philip’s diamond wedding anniversary in 2017 and to the funeral of the Duke of Edinburgh in April 2021. In 1982, Princess Diana also borrowed the piece.

Meghan, the Duchess of Sussex’s pearl earrings were a gift from the Queen after her marriage to Prince Harry in 2018.

A spectacular salute

As the procession moved past the Cenotaph in London, King Charles III and his elder son, the Prince of Wales, saluted the UK’s national war memorial – a moment that’s sure to become an iconic image of the day.

In another poignant family moment earlier in the day, Prince George and Princess Charlotte followed the Queen’s coffin alongside their parents and other members of the royal family as it was processed through Westminster Abbey.

The Long Walk like you’ve never seen it

As the hearse made its final journey to Windsor Castle for the committal service at St George’s Chapel, crowds of people filled the Long Walk for as far as the eye could see.

Also watching from afar was the Queen’s favourite pony, Emma. Pipes and drums sounded as the late monarch approached her final resting place.

The loyalest of subjects say goodbye

When the procession arrived in the quadrangle at Windsor, two of the Queen’s corgis, Sandy and Muick, were waiting to say their final goodbye.

After the Queen’s death, it was announced that Sarah, Duchess of York and Prince Andrew would adopt the dogs and live with them at Royal Lodge.

Receive a wrap of our coverage as the world mourns Queen Elizabeth II in our Morning Edition newsletter. Sign up here.

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Content: From her childhood to her platinum jubilee.
100 photos documenting the life of Queen Elizabeth II
Friday ، 09 September 2022 01: 39 PM
Queen Elizabeth II
Written by: Shaima Abdel Moneim
Leave a comment and read the comments of the readers.
As one of the most photographed women in the world, the reign of Queen Elizabeth II, the late Queen of Britain at the age of 96, has been documented through the lens of cameras thousands of various images during her reign of 70 years, in addition to some of the footage from her childhood and youth before ascending the throne. Black mourning after the death of her father, passing through some private footage while walking with her dogs, in addition to footage of her tours in the gardens and coal mines and inspecting the troops.
Highlights of Queen Elizabeth ’ s life include the moment she sat in the old coronation chair inside Westminster Abbey when she was crowned in 1953, as well as the image of Her Majesty broadcasting her first Christmas TV broadcast to the nation in 1957, a move that would resonate every subsequent year of her reign as television technology shifts.
The images also show the queen ’ s love for horses, with many showing them on horseback or at races, while others reflect her relationship with Corgi ’ s dogs, and many photos show the queen with her beloved husband Prince Philip and their children Prince Charles, Princess Anne, Prince Andrew and Prince Edward at various stages of their early lives.
One of the photographs shows Her Majesty and the Duke of Edinburgh on the balcony of Buckingham Palace in 1954, just two years after her reign with five-year-old Prince Charles and three-year-old Princess Anne, as well as Her Majesty the Queen later in her life, when she continued to perform her sacred duties of stoicism and determination during her long reign.
The queen stands next to an oak bush she planted in the garden of a government guest house in Tokyo in 1975.
The Queen on television after broadcasting the nation's first televised birthday in 1957.
Queen Elizabeth cuts off her birthday cake
Queen Elizabeth II
Queen Elizabeth II has officially crowned her son Prince Charles as Prince of Wales.
The Royal Windsor Horse Show released a portrait of the Queen on her 96th birthday in April.
Queen Elizabeth fired the SA 80 rifle in 1993.
Queen's birthday celebrated in the House of Lords during the opening of Parliament on 21 April 1966
Princess Elizabeth and Princess Margaret
French President François Mitterrand and Queen Elizabeth II on May 6, 1994
Queen colonel general in Royal Corps of Engineers looking through Theodolite
The Queen at a garden party at the Royal Hospital in London on June 1, 1967.
Queen during her visit to the Chelsea Flower Show in London on May 24, 1971
Queen Elizabeth II and her Corgi Perry with the English rugby team
Queen Elizabeth II speaks at a state banquet at Windsor Castle in 2008
Queen Elizabeth II speaks with Pope Benedict XVI
Queen Elizabeth II inspects Indian troops' guard of honour at Rashtrapati Bhawan
Queen Elizabeth II holds Prince Andrew during a walk in Balmoral in 1960
Queen Elizabeth II planted a tree at the Newmarket Animal Health Fund on October 29, 2009.
Queen Elizabeth II lays a wreath at the doors of Danplaine Elementary School
Queen Elizabeth II stands as Prince Louis covers his ears on the balcony of Buckingham Palace
Queen Elizabeth II sits in the Regency Room at Buckingham Palace in London on April 20, 2006.
Queen Elizabeth II at Ascot in Berkshire for King George VI
Queen Elizabeth II with Prime Minister Edward Heath and U.S. President Richard Nixon and his wife
Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip of Edinburgh feed Donna the Elephant during their visit to ZSL Whipsnade Zoo
Queen Elizabeth II and Duke of Edinburgh revisit Broadlands in Hampshire to celebrate their diamond wedding anniversary
Queen Elizabeth II
Queen Elizabeth on the Lake
Queen Elizabeth on the wagon.
Queen Elizabeth in her youth.
Queen Elizabeth in Chiapha.
Queen Elizabeth at a young age.
Queen Elizabeth in her childhood.
Queen Elizabeth, her son Charles and his wife
Queen Elizabeth and her son Charles
Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip Read a Magazine
Queen Elizabeth and former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill
Queen Elizabeth and W. D. Barnitson look at a collection of royal photographs
Queen Elizabeth and her husband at a public event.
Queen Elizabeth and her husband are on a journey.
Queen Elizabeth, her husband and grandchildren are on the balcony of the palace.
Queen Elizabeth is in the coal mine.
The Queen takes her seat during the funeral of her husband Prince Philip at St George's Chapel on April 17, 2021.
The Queen speaks to Prime Minister Boris Johnson from Windsor Castle during the COVID-19 crisis on March 25, 2020.
The Queen pays tribute to the Home Guard Regiments during the Color Troops ceremony in London on June 15, 1985.
The Queen sits at a desk in the Regency Room after recording of the Christmas Day broadcast to the Commonwealth in 2016.
Queen to meet new and incoming defence ministers at Windsor Castle on February 16, 2022
The Queen walks among the crowds at the Royal Ascot race meeting on June 1, 1981.
The Queen waits in Balmoral's drawing room before meeting new Conservative leader Liz Truss.
Queen sits with her dogs in Virginia Water to watch contestants
The Queen on a tour of Portsmouth during her tour of Britain's Silver Jubilee on June 29, 1977
Queen at reception and banquet at Charlottenburg Castle in Berlin after her arrival with the Duke of Edinburgh
The Queen attends Balmoral in 1972, the silver anniversary of her marriage.
The Queen in a religious blessing for the marriage of the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall at St George's Church in Windsor
The Queen in a leopard skin coat during the Sundown Park Race Meeting on March 23, 1962.
The Queen and some of her dogs walk the Cross Country course
The Queen with a Jersey cow was presented with her at the country fair at Le Petit Catelet in 1978.
Queen with fashion queen Anna Wintour at London Fashion Week on February 20, 2018
The Queen with the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia in the traditional transport procession at Royal Ascot in 1988
Queen and Princess Anne at Buckingham Palace in 1974 while honoring heroes who saved her from a kidnapping
The Queen and Queen Mother leave the church in a horse-drawn carriage in Sandringham, Norfolk.
The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh during their traditional summer vacation at Balmoral Castle on 26 September 1976.
Queen and Duchess of Cambridge laugh together while watching a children ’ s sporting event at Vernon Park
Angelina Jolie meets Queen Elizabeth
Elizabeth II
Elizabeth with US President Ronald Reagan and his wife Nancy at Buckingham Palace in London on June 14, 1989.
Elizabeth II takes a picture with the 5th Battalion of the Royal Regiment of Scotland.
The Queen has tea with Susan Macaron at her home in Castlemilk, Glasgow, in 1999.
The Queen was seen pointing her finger at Dutch Prime Minister Ruud Lubbers to sit during the G7 leaders' meeting.
The Queen is pictured in black as she returns to Clarence House in London after the death of her father, King George VI.
The Queen takes photographs with her Rollei golden camera while visiting the South Sea islands of Tuvalu
Queen Elizabeth II waves after watching a Spitfire flight from the balcony of Buckingham Palace
Queen Elizabeth in 2011 during a visit to the National Monument Arboretum
Queen Elizabeth II in bright yellow costume during a tour of Muscat during a visit to Oman on March 2, 1979
Queen Elizabeth II enjoying a stroll after visiting the old Government House in Fredericton, New Brunswick
The Queen on the day after her 96th birthday
The Queen stands on the balcony of Buckingham Palace on the last day of her Platinum Jubilee celebrations in early June
Queen attends Chelsea Flower Show in May 2022
South African President Nelson Mandela salutes Queen Elizabeth II
The Queen rests on the hand of her son Prince Andrew during the ceremony commemorating Prince Philip in Westminster Abbey
Queen inspects 1st and 2nd Battalions of Cold Stream Guards in Windsor
Queen and Paddington Bear during Platinum Jubilee celebrations
A rare photo of Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip
The Queen was shown the documents during a visit to the Royal Stamp Society in London on 26 November 2019.
On 2 May 1956, Queen Windsor visited Great Park with Prince Charles to watch the Duke of Edinburgh play polo.
Queen Elizabeth II wears the crown of St. Edward and carries a scepter and a stick after her coronation.
On June 8, 1963, the Queen was seen riding on the side saddle at Trooping the Colour.
On 15 May 1954, the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh with Prince Charles and Princess Anne on the balcony of Buckingham Palace after returning from their Commonwealth tour.
Queen Elizabeth
Queen Elizabeth holds solar
Queen at Queen Vic Pub during her visit to Elstree Studios where soap EastEnders was filmed
Queen Mother, Queen Elizabeth II, Prince William, Prince Harry and the Prince and Princess of Wales after Prince Harry's christening ceremony in 1984
On May 18, 1961, the Queen is seen riding at Windsor Castle with Prince Charles.
Queen Elizabeth II scanned the scene following the fire at Windsor Castle on November 21, 1992.
For the first time in China, the royal couple in the Bedaling Pass on the Great Wall of China.
Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh visit Indian President Zell Singh at his palace in New Delhi on November 17, 1983.
The Queen wears mine clothes.
Her Majesty the Queen arrives at Balmoral Castle to begin her summer vacation on 21 July
Queen lays wreath at Neue Wache memorial
Queen Elizabeth II, Prince Edward, Princess Anne, Prince Andrew, Prince Charles and the Duke of Edinburgh
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Content: Prince William reassures fan that Queen Elizabeth II’s beloved corgis are ‘fine’

As Prince William surprised mourners waiting outside Westminster Hall to pay their respects to Queen Elizabeth II on Saturday, one had a pressing question on her mind: How are the late Queen’s beloved corgis faring?

“I saw them the other day,” the recently anointed Prince of Wales, 40, said in response.

“They’re being looked after fine. They’re two very friendly corgis. They’ve got a good home, they’re being looked after very well.”

The woman looked rather relieved to hear this, offering her condolences to William before he continued down the line.

It’s widely known that Queen Elizabeth harbored a lifelong adoration for the dog breed.

When she died on Sept. 8 at the age of 96, she left two of them behind: Muick and Sandy, along with a cocker spaniel named Lissy. Another one of her much-loved pups, an elderly dachshund-corgi mix named Candy, reportedly passed away just months before the Queen‘s death.

As Prince William alluded, Muick and Sandy have already safely moved in with Prince Andrew and his ex-wife Sarah Ferguson – with whom he still cohabitates – at their shared residence in Windsor. Meanwhile, Lissy is reportedly staying with her trainer, per E!.

As previously reported, it was back in 1933 when Queen Elizabeth II received her first corgi, Dookie. The pooch was gifted to the then-7-year-old by her father, George VI.

The late Queen Elizabeth II owned more than 30 corgis throughout her life, getting her first one in 1933 at age 7.

Getty Images

The late Queen Elizabeth II owned more than 30 corgis throughout her life, getting her first one in 1933 at age 7.

Getty Images

The late Queen Elizabeth II owned more than 30 corgis throughout her life, getting her first one in 1933 at age 7.

Getty Images

The late Queen Elizabeth II owned more than 30 corgis throughout her life, getting her first one in 1933 at age 7.

Bettmann Archive

The late Queen Elizabeth II owned more than 30 corgis throughout her life, getting her first one in 1933 at age 7.

Bettmann Archive

The late Queen Elizabeth II owned more than 30 corgis throughout her life, getting her first one in 1933 at age 7.

Getty Images

The late Queen Elizabeth II owned more than 30 corgis throughout her life, getting her first one in 1933 at age 7.

Getty Images

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Then, on the Queen’s 18th birthday in 1944, her parents gave her another corgi-pup, this one named Susan.

It’s been reported that, of the more than 30 corgis Queen Elizabeth was said to have owned over her lifetime, many were Susan’s descendants. The lineage sadly ended in 2015, however, when her last living progeny, Willow, died at the age of 15.

The Duke and Duchess of York brought Muick – along with another pooch named Fergus who tragically succumbed to a congenital heart defect very shortly thereafter – into the Queen’s life in March of 2021 to cheer her up in light of her late husband Prince Philip’s declining health. The late Duke of Edinburgh died at the age of 99 that April.

From there, Sandy found her way to Buckingham Palace on the occasion of the Queen’s 95th birthday.

She seemed to have no problem fitting right into the royal lifestyle, easily making her way into the monarch’s heart after the loss of her husband.

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Fast food products in California rose 7% before the hourly wage law went into effect, the highest in the United States.
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Queen ’ s 98-Year-Old First Statue Reveals 50 Corgi Testimony
The first memorial statue of the late Queen Elizabeth II was unveiled on the occasion of her 98th birthday. Behind the statue, a statue of the Queen ’ s favorite Corgi was also unveiled, and 50 Corgi were witnessed at the unveiling ceremony.
The British Daily Mail reported that the Queen's memorial statue, modeled after her youthful appearance, is made of bronze, 7 feet (2.13 m) tall, wearing a flowing robe, and is accompanied by three Corgi under her feet, one of which also playfully protrudes from the Queen's skirt.
At the unveiling ceremony, nearly 50 dogs from the Welsh Corgi League were also present, barking with "praise".
Sculptor Hywel Pratley, who created the statue, said the statue would not only be popular with royalty fans, but also attract people to check in.
Elizabeth II had 30 corgi and doggies in her lifetime, and no matter where she went, the dogs were almost inseparable.
During her reign, almost everywhere she went, she was able to take pictures of her staying with her dog.
Her love for Corgi dates back to her childhood when her father, King George VI, bought a Pembrokeshire Welsh Corgi when she was 7 years old.
It is reported that in 1944, on the Queen ’ s 18th birthday, a Corgi named Susan arrived.
The Queen loved Susan so much that she even took her husband Prince Philip with her on their honeymoon.
When the Queen gave birth to Prince Charles, now King Charles, the newspaper columns were filled with advice on how to prevent Susan from becoming jealous of the baby prince. After Susan ’ s death in 1959, the Queen herself designed the gravestone for the dog.
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Content: The head is as if they were twins.
Queen Elizabeth ’ s likeness stuns the world with an ‘ irreversible ’ decision
“As if they were twins. ”
Queen Elizabeth ’ s likeness stuns the world with an ‘ irreversible ’ decision
Queen Elizabeth ’ s doppelganger Mary Reynolds, who embodied the late Queen in several works of art over the past years, has decided to give up her job out of respect for the Queen.
Similar to Queen Elizabeth II
Reynolds (89), best known for portraying the late Queen of Britain at the age of 96, has appeared in several television and film programs for decades as Elizabeth II, including the comedy Bullseye and the 1988 Doctor Who series.
After the death of the Queen, who ruled Britain for 70 years, Mary decided to permanently terminate her job in her decision.
The queen ’ s famous doppelganger said she was lucky to look like Elizabeth, “but her job as a doppelganger ended with her death, ” she said.
Mary of Epping, Essex said she would hang her royal cloaks forever, but she kept them as a memory of a woman who “felt part of the family. ”
“It ’ s a great honor to look like her because I think she ’ s so great.
I mean, it's changed now that she's dead and everything's going to be so weird. "
On the Queen ’ s death, Mary said: “I was watching TV the day before and I felt there was going to be some bad news, which of course came at the end and made you feel very sad. ”
“And then you kind of realize that this is going to be the end for me. ”
The decision to leave her role as Mrs. Reynolds made her “very sad. ”
This is what Mohammed Ramadan did in mourning the death of Queen Elizabeth and sparked controversy
Queen Elizabeth's clothes.
She also revealed that she had “two boxes full of hats and just found a place to put them in and thought: I won ’ t really need them anymore.
Reynolds said she spent many years portraying Queen Elizabeth, which helped her earn some money.
But she said she was happy when people saw her and confused her with the queen.
Reynolds and Queen Elizabeth were only 17 years old when she was first told she looked like the Queen.
Their confusion continued throughout her life, until she became famous in 1988 when she portrayed the Queen in films and television shows.
He added that she would probably keep her own clothes for the Queen but would not wear them even though they "have been a part of my life for a long time".
She said she had two separate wardrobes for her regular and royal clothes, but would wear the Queen ’ s clothes if she was just going to a “special place. ”
Mrs Reynolds added that she had always tried to "behave like a queen and be kind to people and respect them".
She said, “She was a very light person and she was a very loving and friendly person with everyone.
I felt like she was almost part of the family. ”
Queen Elizabeth said: “I spent all these years doing the work and it helped me make some money.
But at the same time it was a pleasure for people to see you and say, “She ’ s the Queen. ”
Queen Elizabeth II's doctor reveals why her health has suddenly collapsed
Bassel Alnajjar
He is an Egyptian writer and editor specializing in political affairs. He is based in Turkey. He studied at Akhbar Al-Youm Academy, Department of Journalism and Media. He holds a Master in Electronic Journalism from the Faculty of Media, Cairo University. He has received several training courses in investigative journalism.
Supervisor of the organization of several training workshops for junior and newly graduated journalists to provide them with the necessary skills to work in the field of journalism and media, and provide the necessary knowledge and skills for the participants and train them on how to prepare press reports, as well as filming news reports and preparing the content of television programs.
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Ed Davey pays tribute to Her Majesty The Queen in Parliament

Ed Davey, Leader of the Liberal Democrats, paid tribute to Her late Majesty Queen Elizabeth II in Parliament

By Liberal Democrats, Sep 09, 2022 3:09

It’s a real pleasure to follow the Right Honourable lady, and can I congratulate her on her lovely, heart-warming speech.

Mr Speaker,

Liberal Democrats join Members from all sides of the House in expressing our deepest condolences on the passing of Her Majesty The Queen.

We are mourning a profound loss.

The Queen was a formidable monarch, who faithfully served our country for all her life and was loved the world over. She represented not only duty and courage, but warmth and compassion. And she was a living reminder of our collective past, of the greatest generation and their sacrifices for our freedom.

For many people – myself included – Her Majesty was an ever-fixed mark in our lives. As the world changed around us and politicians came and went, she was our nation’s constant. In challenging times, she was always a source of calm and comfort.

And she tied our nations together. Embodying an unwavering pride in our country. Showing us that patriotism is not defined by political allegiance. And reminding us of the many things that bind us all together – even when it doesn’t always feel that way.

We saw this so vividly during the Platinum Jubilee celebrations in June. I am proud to represent the oldest Royal Borough in England – Kingston upon Thames – and our Jubilee street parties certainly lived up to that status. It was truly wonderful to see such an outpouring of affection from people across Kingston, from all walks of life. School children who baked jubilee cakes. Neighbours who shared bunting. Choirs who sang hymns of praise.

And it was incredibly fitting, wasn’t it, that after so long kept apart by Covid, it was The Queen and a celebration of Her Majesty’s reign that brought our communities back together so joyfully. Just as the whole country is united today so sadly in grief.

The deep mourning across the country now – just like the celebrations of her Jubilee a few months ago – comes not from a sense of duty, but from genuine and heartfelt affection, love and admiration of Her Majesty. It's not because we were her subjects, but because she was truly our Queen. What she meant to us is perhaps best summed up by a phrase on so many people’s lips over the last twenty-four hours:

“I can’t imagine our country without her.”

For almost everyone in the country, she has been there our whole lives. At times of national grief and national jubilation, she has never not been there for us. So it is hard to accept that she is gone. And hard to see how we go on without her.

But we will. Our great United Kingdom has a great future – because The Queen’s spirit of strength, grace and resolve lives on in her people. One of the greatest privileges of being a Member of this House was the chance to meet Her Majesty. Like when she visited Kingston on the occasion of her Golden Jubilee.

Or when I was deeply privileged to sit next to her at lunch at Windsor Castle. I was initially confused by a silver cylinder beside her place setting. I wondered to myself what treasures it might hold. I had my suspicions when, as dessert was served, her beloved Corgis were let in, and nestled themselves around her feet. And the Queen lifted up the lid of the cylinder, plucked out some digestive biscuits, and began sneaking them to her grateful dogs.

Whenever I met her, I was struck by her warmth, her wisdom, and her humour. And I’m looking forward to hearing similar stories from other Honourable and Right Honourable Members as they give glimpses of the wonderful person beneath the Crown.

Her Majesty will be remembered with honour, as the monarch who guided our country out of the shadow of a terrible war. Who helmed us calmly through troubled waters. And brought us safely into a new millennium.

And she will be remembered so fondly. As the monarch who leapt from a helicopter with James Bond. And showed Paddington where she kept her marmalade sandwiches.

And, for the Royal Family, she will be remembered simply as a beloved mother, grandmother and great-grandmother. Our thoughts, prayers and condolences are with them all as they bear this terrible loss.

After a lifetime of dedicated and tireless service to our country and our Commonwealth, Her Majesty has gone to her eternal rest.

May God rest her soul. And may God save the King.

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This report explores how the Queen's lifelong devotion to these charming dogs transformed them from simple herding dogs into global cultural icons with a unique royal heritage that continues to influence their popularity today.

## The Historical Bond: A Royal Love Story

Queen Elizabeth II's relationship with corgis began in 1933 when she was just seven years old.

Her father, King George VI, introduced her to the breed by gifting her a Pembroke Welsh Corgi, marking the beginning of what would become a lifelong passion.

This early introduction to the breed established a foundation for what would become one of the most enduring associations between royalty and a specific dog breed in history.

On her 18th birthday in 1944, the Queen received another corgi named Susan, who would become particularly significant in royal canine history.

The Queen's affection for Susan was so profound that she even took the dog on her honeymoon with Prince Philip.

When the Queen gave birth to Prince Charles, newspaper columns were filled with advice on "how to prevent Susan from being jealous of the baby prince," demonstrating how integral these dogs were to the royal family's life.

After Susan's death in 1959, the Queen personally designed her tombstone, a testament to the deep bond they shared.

## A Royal Legacy: The Corgi Dynasty

Throughout her 70-year reign, Queen Elizabeth II owned more than 30 corgis, creating a remarkable royal canine dynasty.

What makes this particularly special is that many of these dogs were direct descendants of her beloved Susan.

This carefully maintained lineage continued for decades until 2015, when the last of Susan's descendants, Willow, died at the age of 15.

The Queen's corgis were not merely pets but integral members of t