# Ocean Acidification Impact on Marine Life: A Report for Climate Justice Club

## Introduction
Ocean acidification is a critical but often overlooked consequence of increased carbon dioxide emissions.

As your climate justice club prepares educational materials during Spirit Week, focusing on our cuttlefish mascot, this report provides information about how ocean acidification affects marine life beyond the well-known coral bleaching.

## What is Ocean Acidification?

Ocean acidification occurs when seawater absorbs atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂), which changes the chemical composition of seawater by lowering its pH.

Key facts from the research:

* The ocean absorbs up to 23% of annual anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions
* Ocean acidity has increased by 26% since pre-industrial times
* Between 2015-2019, variability in ocean pH and acidity increased by 10-30%
* At current emission rates, ocean acidity is predicted to increase by 100-150% by the end of the century

## Impacts on Marine Life

### General Effects on Marine Ecosystems
Ocean acidification affects marine life in numerous ways:
* Marine animals have physiological mechanisms to adapt to environmental changes, but only to a certain extent
* Tropical waters are expected to face the greatest loss of biodiversity
* Polar marine species are particularly vulnerable as warming reduces their available habitat
* Climate change currently affects 45% of marine species at risk of extinction

### Impact on Various Marine Species

#### Marine Mammals
* Humpback whales in the North Pacific are experiencing population declines linked to climate change and food shortages
* Between 2012-2021, humpback whale populations in the North Pacific decreased by 20% (from 33,000 to 26,600)
* A subgroup of whales that winter in Hawaii decreased by 34% during the same period

#### Fish and Fisheries
* The sustainability of global fishery resources continues to decline
* The proportion of fish stocks at biologically sustainable levels was 65.

8% in 2017, down from 90% in 1974
* Ocean acidification combined with warming waters creates additional stress on fish populations

#### General Biodiversity Threats
* Research analyzing data from over 35,000 animal species (including mammals, fish, whales, and plankton) shows increasing vulnerability to temperature changes
* Tropical marine species may have some advantages due to adaptations that allow them to handle warm, low-oxygen waters
* However, climate change is projected to soon surpass other threats (overfishing, pollution, etc.

) as the primary danger to marine life

## Hope for the Future
The research offers some encouraging news:
* Reversing greenhouse gas emissions could reduce extinction risk by more than 70%
* The future impact is not predetermined—it depends heavily on how much CO₂ we continue to emit
* Urgent action to reduce carbon emissions can significantly mitigate harmful effects

## Conclusion
While specific information about how ocean acidification affects cephalopods like cuttlefish and octopuses was not available in the provided sources, we know that ocean acidification represents a serious threat to marine ecosystems worldwide.

As a school with the cuttlefish as a mascot, your club has a unique opportunity to raise awareness about this lesser-known aspect of climate change.

By educating your classmates about ocean acidification's impacts on marine life, you can help inspire action to protect our oceans and all the creatures that depend on them.

---

Sources: The information in this report was compiled from the provided documents, which include scientific studies on ocean acidification, climate change impacts on marine species, and research on biodiversity threats from changing ocean conditions.

# Ocean Acidification Impact on Marine Life: A Report for Climate Justice Club

## Introduction
Ocean acidification is a critical but often overlooked consequence of increased carbon dioxide emissions.

Title:

Content: Can ‘good sounds’ help coral islands recover from bleaching?

Many coral islands like India’s Lakshadweep are inhabited by people

March 25, 2024 05:30 am | Updated 05:30 am IST

Staghorn corals seen in the waters off Man Nai Island, near Rayong province, Thailand, February 28, 2024. | Photo Credit: Reuters

Climate change is the most serious environmental problem facing the world today. One of the main reasons for this is the global warming caused by the extraction of coal and oil, which have been underground for millennia, and burning them for industrial and non-industrial purposes to generate energy. The effects of these activities were exacerbated by other causes of global warming, such as deforestation.

Global warming has many consequences, including rising sea levels and changes in the frequency of extreme weather. Another is the destruction of coral reefs. India’s Lakshadweep islands for instance are islands formed on such reefs.

Coral reefs have started to die

Coral reefs are built by a type of organism that, when it accumulates, forms reefs and islands. They live in large colonies. Corals have a symbiotic relationship with microscopic algae called zooxanthellae, which live in the corals’ tissues. Life becomes tough when the temperature of the water around them rises. When it does, the corals expel the zooxanthellae. An important visual symptom of these effects is that the colour of the coral reef changes, and subsequently they die off in droves. This event is called bleaching.

However, not all coral bleaching events are due to warm water. Ocean acidification – which is when the pH of the water drops as more carbon dioxide dissolves in it – is another well-known cause. More acidic water reduces the availability of calcium minerals that the corals need to build and repair their exoskeletons.

In many parts of the world, coral reefs have started to die due to global warming experienced over the years. The U.S. lost half of its coral reefs in the Caribbean in one year in 2005 due to a large-scale bleaching event after warm waters around the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico expanded southward. When scientists collated satellite data of the region from the previous 20 years, they were able to confirm that the 2005 event exerted more thermal stress than those in the previous 20 years combined.

A source of hope

The Great Barrier Reef in Australia is the largest coral reef in the world. Recently many people there protested strongly against a plan to open a new coal mine because they were worried about the survival of the reef – not because the mine would directly affect the reef but because of the effects of burning fossil fuels at large.

Many coral islands like our Lakshadweep are inhabited by people. The destruction of these coral reefs will naturally affect the people there. A rising sea level due to climate change is another problem for them. Many small island countries like Tuvalu and Vanuatu are facing the threat of submergence and have articulated that at international climate conferences. Their submergence is a certainty now; the only question is when it will happen. Therefore, it is very scary that the coral reefs themselves are being destroyed and, axiomatically, any chance of saving the corals can and does become a source of hope.

It is against this background that about 5,000 scientists gathered in New Orleans, in the U.S., in February this year for the American Geophysical Union’s biennial ‘Ocean Sciences’ meeting. Here, Amy Apprill, a scientist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute in Massachusetts and who studies coral reefs, provided information about a study she had been part of.

The coral polyps

To understand this study, we need to first understand what a coral reef is. Coral reefs are built by an organism called a polyp. A coral group is a colony of a large number of genetically identical polyps. Each polyp is a sac-like animal, usually a few millimeters wide and a few centimeters tall. It has a set of tentacles surrounding a mouth-like opening. Polyps are gregarious: they like to socialise.

Every polyp also sheds an exoskeleton at its bottom and over many generations this discarded substance accumulates to form a large structure up to several metres wide. The polyps organise their lives around this structure. A coral reef is formed when a large number of polyps collects in this way.

Polyps use sound to communicate with each other. Naturally, the sound of a healthy colony will differ from that of an unhealthy colony. Dr. Apprill and her team used this distinction in their new study.

The sound of a health colony

The investigators set about examining whether a degraded reef could be enriched by replaying healthy reef sounds, and increasing the rate at which polyps settled in it. They conducted a series of field studies in the Virgin Islands of the U.S., where they quantified the settlement rates of three species of corals with two different breeding strategies.

They found that in degraded coral reefs, the settlement rate increased when such sounds were played (using a novel underwater speaker system). They also reported that the settlement rate was higher closer to the speaker and reduced as one moved away from the speaker, indicating the impact of the sounds played.

Finally, it would be a mistake to think the researchers have solved the reef settlement problem posed by climate change. Their study was just an experiment. If what they did is tested repeatedly and at least a good fraction of instances are successful, then we can decide that their technique can help in practice. But we still don’t know what problems might arise when this project is implemented on a large scale to save coral reefs. We also need to find out the volume at which the sound has to be played and if there are any other parameters to be controlled.

In sum, the new study is just a pointer, even if also a positive one.

V. Sasi Kumar is a scientist formerly at the Centre for Earth Science Studies, Thiruvananthapuram.

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Title:

Content: Scientists warn of what could lead to a “mass extinction ” of marine life that“ rivals ” the severity of the Great Death!
The Libyan Observatory Newspaper
A new study has revealed that greenhouse gas emissions could lead to mass extinctions of marine life to levels not seen since before the dinosaurs.
Researchers in New Jersey modeled the future extinction risk of marine life in all of the world's oceans under different projected climate scenarios.
If emissions are not curbed, the loss of marine species due to global warming and oxygen depletion could reverse the “Great Death, ” the most serious extinction event on Earth, by about 2100, they say.
The Great Death, known as the deadliest extinction on Earth, saw the loss of 95% of all marine species when it occurred about 250 million years ago.
It can also match other major extinction events in Earth's history, including the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous that killed the dinosaurs 66 million years ago.
According to the researchers, tropical waters will face the greatest loss of biodiversity, while polar species are more at risk of extinction.
On a more positive note, experts say reversing greenhouse gas emissions could reduce the risk of extinction by more than 70 percent.
Lead author Justin Penn, at Princeton University ’ s Department of Earth Sciences, said: “The bright side is that the future is not written in stone.
The scale of the extinction we have discovered depends heavily on the amount of carbon dioxide [CO2] we release going forward.
“There is still enough time to reverse the trajectory of CO2 emissions and prevent the magnitude of warming that could cause this mass extinction. ”
The Great Death marks a period when life on Earth has never been so close to extinction without recovery, either before or after.
When carbon dioxide dissolves in the oceans, it becomes extremely acidic and the level of oxygen in the water drops, killing marine life.
Scientists have long debated theories of the cause of extinction ranging from meteorite impact to volcanoes, which could have caused climatic and environmental changes that make the Earth uninhabitable.
But in the event of the next mass extinction, history will directly blame anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions.
For the study, Ben and co-author Curtis Deutsch, also based at Princeton, combined existing data on marine species with climate change models to predict how changes in habitat conditions will affect their survival.
The experts compared their model to the size of the “Big Five, ” five historical mass extinctions recorded in the fossil record, among them the“ Great Death. ”
The researchers say that with global temperatures rising “as usual, ” marine life is likely to be subjected to a mass extinction that could potentially rival the size and severity of the Great Death.
Since the Great Death is the deadliest extinction event on Earth, the next marine extinction is likely to surpass the other four species.
Among the events, they found a common pattern – as the ocean warms and oxygen availability decreases, there is a clear decline in the abundance of marine life.
Water temperature and oxygen availability are key factors that will change as the climate warms due to human activity.
Warm water is not only a risk factor for species adapted to cold climates; it also contains less oxygen than cold water, slowing ocean circulation further and reducing the supply of oxygen at depth.
Paradoxically, the metabolic rates of the species increase as the water warms, and therefore the demand for oxygen rises as the supply decreases.
“Once the oxygen supply is less than what a species needs, we expect to see significant species losses, ” he said.
Experts say marine animals have physiological mechanisms that allow them to adapt to environmental changes, but only to a certain extent.
The researchers found that polar species are more likely to become extinct globally if climate warming occurs because they will not have suitable habitats to move to.
Tropical marine species are likely to be better off because they have traits that allow them to cope with warm, low-oxygen waters in the tropics.
To determine the relative importance of climate in the occurrence of extinctions, the team also compared future extinction risks from climate warming with data from the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) on current threats to various marine animals.
They found that climate change currently affects 45% of marine species at risk of extinction, but is only the fifth most important stressor after overfishing, transport, urban development and pollution.
However, Ben said climate change could soon overcome all these stressors in importance.
"Extreme warming will lead to climate-induced extinctions, which, towards the end of the century, will compete with all current human pressures combined," he said.
The study, “Avoiding mass extinction of oceans due to climate warming, ” was published in the journal Science.
Source: Daily Mail

Title:

Content: Sun. Nov 20th, 2022

This is a small proportion in view of conservatively projected $step one

Because the within , more than twenty four mil km2, or 17 %, off seas around national legislation (to two hundred nautical kilometers of shore) have been included in safe areas, over doubling in the the quantity since 2010

On average, one.dos percent regarding federal search finances are spent on water research between 2013 and you can 2017, having amounts anywhere between 0.02 per cent so you’re able to nine.5 %. 5 trillion contribution of the ocean towards the all over the world economy inside 2010.

Of a lot Says enjoys ratified or acceded into United nations Meeting on feeld review Rules of your Ocean (168 events) as well as using plans (150 people toward Agreement regarding the utilization of Area XI of your Us Seminar on the Rules of one’s Water and 91 functions towards United nations Fish Stocks Arrangement). Numerous Claims features followed these products thanks to court, policy and you may institutional buildings, but further advances becomes necessary in a number of developing places, particularly the least set up regions.

Waters and you can fisheries went on to help with the global population’s monetary, public and you can environment means whenever you are distress unsustainable exhaustion, environment destruction and you may carbon dioxide saturation and you may acidification. Current jobs to guard trick marine surroundings and you can quick-measure fishers and you may buy sea technology commonly yet , fulfilling the new immediate need to include that it huge, sensitive capital.

The ocean assimilates up to 23 % of your own yearly pollutants from anthropogenic carbon dioxide toward surroundings, helping to alleviate the impacts regarding weather change on the planet, although not, ultimately causing a bringing down pH and you can acidification of one’s water. A separate water acidification analysis portal suggests an increase in variability into the pH plus the acidity of one’s waters of the 10 to 31 per cent in the period 2015–2019.

The brand new sustainability off globally fishery info continues to decline, regardless if at the a diminished rates, with the ratio regarding fish stocks within biologically alternative account from the 65.8 % when you look at the 2017, down out of 90 per cent when you look at the 1974 and you may 0.8 fee area less than 2015 profile.

The new expansion away from protected elements having marine biodiversity and you can established rules and you may treaties that prompt in control entry to ocean resources are still insufficient to fight new undesireable effects regarding overfishing, increasing ocean acidification due to weather changes and you may worsening seaside eutrophication

Because the within , how many parties to the Arrangement towards Port State Procedures to get rid of, Deter and you can Eliminate Unlawful, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing – the original joining in the world agreement you to particularly needs illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing – risen to 66 (like the Eu) away from 58 in the earlier year, and you will nearly 70 % out of nations stated rating at the top of the fresh implementation thereof.

The share of alternative marine grab fisheries remained steady at around the globe height, with regional adaptation, representing the biggest contribution with the GDP within the Pacific brief isle development States and you will the very least build countries, averaging 1.55 and 1.15 percent, correspondingly, in 2011 to help you 2017.

Once the vast amounts of somebody count on oceans due to their livelihood and you may dinner source as well as on the fresh new transboundary characteristics regarding waters, improved jobs and you can interventions are needed to cut and you can sustainably have fun with water information at all profile.

  • Water acidification is caused by new consumption off atmospheric Carbon-dioxide of the the sea, and this change this new chemical substances constitution of one’s seawater. Long-label observations from ocean acidification for the past thirty years has found the typical increase from acidity regarding 26 per cent given that pre-commercial times, and also at which rates, a rise off a hundred to help you 150 % try predicted from the the termination of the newest century, having really serious effects to possess marine life.
https://atlanticfinancialmanagement.co.uk/

By tushar

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

What is the main cause of ocean acidification?

water absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

What is the main cause of ocean acidification?

water absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

What is the main cause of ocean acidification?

water absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

As your climate justice club prepares educational materials during Spirit Week, focusing on our cuttlefish mascot, this report provides information about how ocean acidification affects marine life beyond the well-known coral bleaching.

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

## What is Ocean Acidification?

Title:

Content: There were 1,570 press releases posted in the last 24 hours and 430,907 in the last 365 days.

Spatial variability of aragonite saturation state (Ωarag) in Indonesian coastal waters

Spatial variability of aragonite saturation state (Ωarag) in Indonesian coastal waters

Published 15 February 2024 Science Leave a Comment
Tags: chemistry, field, Indian, South Pacific

Highlights

  • Regional disparities reveal lower Ωarag in Pari, Lombok; higher levels in Selayar, Flores.
  • Salinity impact ranges 24.13%–52.92%, showing a negative sea surface temperature-Ωarag correlation.
  • Climate change projections for 2100 predict substantial Ωarag reduction in Indonesian coastal waters.
  • The susceptibility to ocean acidification suggests coral reefs deteriorate by 2100, except for those in the coastal waters of Selayar Island.

Abstract

The effects of Ocean acidification (OA) on the coastal waters of small islands in Indonesia have yet to be extensively studied. This research aims to investigate the process of OA in the coastal waters of small Indonesian islands and examine how land-sea interactions impact carbonate mineral saturation. We collected seawater samples from seven locations on small islands in Indonesia between 2015 and 2021 to analyze the aragonite saturation state. The result shows that most of Indonesia’s coastal waters are accompanied by supersaturation of aragonite saturation state (Ωarag>1). Selayar Island’s waters had the highest aragonite saturation, averaging 4.96 ± 0.48, while Pari Island’s coastal waters had the lowest, averaging 2.49 ± 0.50. Salinity had the greatest effect on Ωarag in all of the sampling sites, ranging from 24.13% to 52.92%, except Aceh Island, where temperature had a greater impact (34.35%) than salinity (26.99%). By the end of this century, Ωarag is predicted to decline based on projections related to climate change. Small island coastal waters are expected to experience a more substantial decline compared to those near the mainland, ranging from 4.71% to 79.58%. The coastal waters of Weh and Selayar Island are probably going to decline the greatest, while the coastal waters of Sorong (mainland) are probably going to decline the least. All seven sampling locations are expected to observe the decrease. This decline will be observed at all seven sampling locations, with Ωarag values ranging from 1.91 to 3.35.

Afdal, Bengen D. G., Wahyudi A. J., Rastina, Prayitno H. B., Hamzah F. & Koropitan A. F., 2024. Spatial variability of aragonite saturation state (Ωarag) in Indonesian coastal waters. Marine Environmental Research 195: 106377. doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106377. Article (subscription required).

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Ocean acidification occurs when seawater absorbs atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂), which changes the chemical composition of seawater by lowering its pH.

What is the main cause of ocean acidification?

water absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

What is the main cause of ocean acidification?

water absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

What is the main cause of ocean acidification?

water absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

Key facts from the research:

* The ocean absorbs up to 23% of annual anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions
* Ocean acidity has increased by 26% since pre-industrial times
* Between 2015-2019, variability in ocean pH and acidity increased by 10-30%
* At current emission rates, ocean acidity is predicted to increase by 100-150% by the end of the century

## Impacts on Marine Life

### General Effects on Marine Ecosystems
Ocean acidification affects marine life in numerous ways:
* Marine animals have physiological mechanisms to adapt to environmental changes, but only to a certain extent
* Tropical waters are expected to face the greatest loss of biodiversity
* Polar marine species are particularly vulnerable as warming reduces their available habitat
* Climate change currently affects 45% of marine species at risk of extinction

### Impact on Various Marine Species

#### Marine Mammals
* Humpback whales in the North Pacific are experiencing population declines linked to climate change and food shortages
* Between 2012-2021, humpback whale populations in the North Pacific decreased by 20% (from 33,000 to 26,600)
* A subgroup of whales that winter in Hawaii decreased by 34% during the same period

#### Fish and Fisheries
* The sustainability of global fishery resources continues to decline
* The proportion of fish stocks at biologically sustainable levels was 65.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

What is the main cause of ocean acidification?

water absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Which regions are most affected by ocean acidification?

8% in 2017, down from 90% in 1974
* Ocean acidification combined with warming waters creates additional stress on fish populations

#### General Biodiversity Threats
* Research analyzing data from over 35,000 animal species (including mammals, fish, whales, and plankton) shows increasing vulnerability to temperature changes
* Tropical marine species may have some advantages due to adaptations that allow them to handle warm, low-oxygen waters
* However, climate change is projected to soon surpass other threats (overfishing, pollution, etc.

Title:

Content:     The Economic Times daily newspaper is available online now.

    Study warns of abrupt species decline due to climate change

    A new study led by a researcher from University College London (UCL) has revealed that climate change could push species over tipping points, causing significant disruptions to their habitats.

    Published in the journal Nature Ecology & Evolution, the study predicts when and where species across the world are likely to be exposed to dangerously high temperatures.

    The research team, consisting of scientists from UCL, the University of Cape Town, the University of Connecticut, and the University at Buffalo, analyzed data from over 35,000 animal species, including mammals, amphibians, reptiles, birds, corals, fish, whales, and plankton, as well as seagrasses. They also incorporated climate projections up to the year 2100. By examining each species' geographic range, the researchers identified the threshold at which temperatures consistently exceeded historical extremes, spanning from 1850 to 2014.

    Once a species reaches the threshold of thermal exposure, it may not immediately face extinction. However, the study found no evidence suggesting that animals can survive prolonged exposure to higher temperatures. Consequently, many species could experience a sudden loss of habitat as a result of future climate change.

    The researchers noted a consistent trend indicating that numerous animals would cross the thermal exposure threshold for a significant portion of their geographic range within the same decade. Dr. Alex Pigot, the lead author of the study and a researcher at UCL's Centre for Biodiversity & Environment Research, stated that climate change is unlikely to gradually make environments more challenging for animals to survive in. Instead, large portions of their habitats are expected to become uncharacteristically hot within a short span of time.

    Dr. Pigot highlighted the need to identify at-risk species in advance, stating, "Our findings suggest that once we start to notice that a species is suffering under unfamiliar conditions, there may be very little time before most of its range becomes inhospitable, so it's important that we identify in advance which species may be at risk in coming decades."

    The study revealed that the extent of global warming plays a significant role. If the planet warms by 1.5°C, 15% of the studied species will be at risk of experiencing unfamiliarly hot temperatures across at least 30% of their geographic range within a single decade. This figure doubles to 30% of species with 2.5°C of warming.

    Urgent action to reduce carbon emissions is necessary to mitigate the harmful effects of climate change on animals and plants, emphasized Dr. Pigot. The researchers hope that their study will assist in targeting conservation efforts, serving as an early warning system to identify when and where specific animals are most vulnerable.

    Dr. Christopher Trisos, a co-author of the study from the African Climate and Development Initiative at the University of Cape Town, likened the study's findings to a movie, showcasing the changes unfolding over time. He stressed the urgency of directing conservation efforts before it is too late and illustrating the potentially catastrophic consequences of unchecked climate change.

    The researchers also noted that the pattern of abrupt exposure may be an inevitable consequence of living on a spherical planet. The Earth's shape allows for more area in environments that are closer to the higher end of temperature ranges, such as low-lying areas and regions near the equator.

    Previous research by the same lead authors revealed that even if climate change were to be halted and global temperatures peaked and started to decline, the risks to biodiversity could persist for decades. Additionally, a separate analysis, similar to the current study, found that many species facing unfamiliar temperatures would coexist with other animals experiencing similar temperature shocks, posing significant risks to local ecosystem function.

    The study received support from the Royal Society, the Natural Environment Research Council, the National Science Foundation, the African Academy of Sciences.
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What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

) as the primary danger to marine life

## Hope for the Future
The research offers some encouraging news:
* Reversing greenhouse gas emissions could reduce extinction risk by more than 70%
* The future impact is not predetermined—it depends heavily on how much CO₂ we continue to emit
* Urgent action to reduce carbon emissions can significantly mitigate harmful effects

## Conclusion
While specific information about how ocean acidification affects cephalopods like cuttlefish and octopuses was not available in the provided sources, we know that ocean acidification represents a serious threat to marine ecosystems worldwide.

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

As a school with the cuttlefish as a mascot, your club has a unique opportunity to raise awareness about this lesser-known aspect of climate change.

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

By educating your classmates about ocean acidification's impacts on marine life, you can help inspire action to protect our oceans and all the creatures that depend on them.

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

---

Sources: The information in this report was compiled from the provided documents, which include scientific studies on ocean acidification, climate change impacts on marine species, and research on biodiversity threats from changing ocean conditions.

Title:

Content: Study warns of extinction of insects as a result of climate change and its effects on humans
If steps are not taken to protect insects from climate change, the consequences will dramatically reduce our ability to build a sustainable future based on healthy and functional ecosystems.
A team of 70 scientists from 19 different countries painted a bleak picture of the short- and long-term effects of climate change on insects, many of which have been declining for decades.
In their new study, published in the journal Ecological Monographs on November 7, the team warned that if steps were not taken to protect insects from climate change, the consequences would “significantly reduce our ability to build a sustainable future based on healthy and functional ecosystems. ”
One of millions of species.
Insects play a key role in ecosystems by recycling nutrients and feeding other organisms in the food chain, including humans.
In addition, much of the world ’ s food supply depends on pollinators such as bees and butterflies, and healthy ecosystems help control a number of disease-carrying pests and insects.
Scientists have warned that this is only a few ecosystem services that could be compromised by climate change.
Global warming and extreme weather events are already threatening some insects with extinction, and things will get worse if current trends continue, they said, as some insects will have to move to cooler climates to survive, while others will face impacts on their fertility, life cycle and interaction with other species.
In a University of Maryland press release, Anahi Espindola, an assistant professor of entomology at the university and co-author of the new study, explained that "we humans have to realize that we are one species out of millions, and there is no reason to assume that we will never go extinct.
“These changes in insects can affect our species in very radical ways. ”
Cold-blooded beings
Unlike mammals, many insects are exothermic and thermogenic (cold-blooded) organisms, which means they are unable to regulate their body temperature.
Because of their heavy dependence on external conditions, insects may respond to climate change more acutely than other animals.
One way insects deal with climate change is to change their range, or permanently move to places with low temperatures.
According to the study, the ranges of nearly half of all insect species would drop by 50 percent or more if the planet warmed 3.2 degrees Celsius.
If warming is limited to 1.5 ° C (the goal of the Paris Agreement on climate change), the 6% ranges of insects will be affected.
Espindola, who studies the ways species respond to environmental changes over time, has contributed to studies of scale shifts.
Radical changes in the range of species could jeopardize their genetic diversity, potentially hampering their ability to adapt and survive, she said.
Expanding the geographical scope of some disease vectors
On the other hand, climate change may make some insects more prevalent, harming human health and agriculture.
Global warming is expected to expand the geographic range of some vectors such as mosquitoes, as well as pests that feed on crops.
“Many pests are very general, meaning they are able to feed on different types of plants, and these are insects (vectors) that, based on the data, seem to be the least negatively affected by climate change, ” Espindola said.
The team wrote that the impacts of climate change are often exacerbated by other human-induced impacts, such as habitat loss, pollution and the introduction of invasive species, which together make it difficult for insects to adapt to changes in their environment.
There is still room to correct our mistakes.
Although insects are already feeling these effects, it is not too late to take appropriate action, as the study identified steps policymakers and the public can take to protect insects and their habitats.
Scientists recommended “transformative action ” in six areas: phasing out fossil fuels, reducing air pollutants, permanently restoring and protecting ecosystems, strengthening predominantly plant-based diets, moving towards a circular economy, and stabilizing the world ’ s population.
Lead author Geoffrey Harvey of the Dutch Institute of Ecology and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam said: “Insects are cruel little creatures, and we should be relieved that there is still room to correct our mistakes, ” adding that time is running out.
Alongside societal changes, the paper suggested ways in which individuals could help, including managing public, private or urban parks and other green spaces in a more environmentally friendly way, for example, incorporating native plants and avoiding pesticides and significant changes in land use when possible.
Source: Websites

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Humpback whales are threatened by climate change and food shortages
29 Feb 2024
Although threatened by commercial fishing, the effects of climate change are threatening the existence of humpback whales in the northern Pacific, according to a recently published study.
https: / / p.dw.com / p / 4d1FS
A study published in the Royal Society of Science found that the effects of climate change threaten the existence of humpback whales in the North Pacific, although this mammal has always been threatened by commercial fishing, but has been better off in the past.
Between 2012 and 2021, the number of humpback whales in the North Pacific dropped by 20 percent to 26,600 from 33,000, according to the largest data set of large marine mammals studied by 75 scientists.
The number of a subgroup of whales that spent the winter in Hawaii fell by 34 percent.
With other threats such as ship collisions and noise pollution, their future is no longer assured, scientists have warned, calling for greater consideration of climate change in conservation efforts.
Lead author Ted Chesman, a whale biologist and PhD student at Australia ’ s Southern Cross University, said about 7,000 whales had died of starvation.
CLICK - Can Artificial Intelligence Protect Species?
Changes in the marine ecosystem
Although the fluctuation of species numbers is a natural issue, such a large number decline in long-lived species portends a major disturbance of the oceans.
Between 2014 and 2016, the strongest and longest sea heat wave ever recorded swept the Northeast Pacific, leading to changes in the marine ecosystem and in the availability of prey for large whales.
"Not only have whale prey populations declined," Chesman said, but the populations of puffins, sea lions and seals have declined, adding that "the ocean at high temperatures produces less food" due to the decline or migration of phytoplankton that form the basis of the oceanic food chain.
In 2016, the United States began removing the majority of humpback whale populations from its list of endangered species, similar to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), which in 2008 downgraded their status from “endangered ” to“ non-threatened. ”
But climate change seems to be changing the status quo.
In 2022, another study showed that rising ocean temperatures had driven humpback whales away from their traditional breeding grounds.
RB (AFP)
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Content: Climate change is closing the doors to the seas and oceans and their organisms
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# Report on Syria's Traditional Glassblowing

## Introduction

Syria's traditional glassblowing represents an ancient artisanal craft with deep historical roots in Damascus and other regions of the country.

This report provides an overview of this significant cultural heritage practice, its historical development, cultural importance, current status, and recognition by international organizations such as UNESCO.

## History of Syrian Glassblowing

While the provided documents contain limited specific historical information about Syrian glassblowing, the craft is part of Syria's rich artisanal heritage that dates back centuries.

Syria, particularly Damascus, has been a center for traditional crafts throughout history, with glassblowing being one of the specialized skills passed down through generations.

The mention of international interest in Syrian glass manufacturing, such as the Russian glassblowing artist Yuri Lishin visiting Syria specifically to learn about traditional glass production techniques, indicates that Syria has developed distinctive methods and styles in this craft that have gained recognition beyond its borders.

## Cultural Importance

Traditional glassblowing holds significant cultural value in Syria as part of the country's intangible cultural heritage.

Like other traditional Syrian crafts mentioned in the documents—such as the Damascene caftan, hand loom weaving, and silverwork—glassblowing represents centuries of accumulated knowledge, techniques, and artistic expression.

The craft reflects Syrian identity and aesthetic sensibilities, with glass products serving both functional and decorative purposes in Syrian households and cultural practices.

The preservation of traditional crafts like glassblowing is seen as essential to maintaining Syria's cultural diversity and historical continuity.

As noted in the documents, craftspeople often serve as cultural ambassadors, explaining the history and significance of their work to visitors and tourists, thereby co

# Report on Syria's Traditional Glassblowing

## Introduction

Syria's traditional glassblowing represents an ancient artisanal craft with deep historical roots in Damascus and other regions of the country.

Title:

Content: Exhibition of craft products by Syrian and Russian artists in the public park in Aleppo
Halab-Sana
On the grounds of the public park in the city of Aleppo, the activities of the exhibition of craft products were launched today, with the participation of 20 craftsmen and artists from Syria and the Russian Federation.
The exhibition, organized by the Ministry of Industry in cooperation with the Russian Cultural Center in Damascus, the Federation of Artisans in Aleppo and the Syrian Professional Center Association, includes a collection of heritage and artistic works, paintings of Ajami thread, ornaments and handicrafts of wool, orphans, leather, rugs, carpets, bamboo and silver industry.
According to the President of the Union of Artisans in Aleppo, Mohammed Hossam Hallak, in a statement to SANA correspondent, the exhibition aims to highlight the traditional handicrafts and crafts and folklore professions to revive them by training the younger generations and mastering their industry to preserve them.
Mustafa al-Nu, President of the Syrian Professional Center Association, pointed out that the association worked to attract professionals and handicrafts, and provided them with financial grants to encourage them to continue their work, to preserve these crafts from extinction, in addition to training young people wishing to learn these crafts and develop them to suit the times.
The Russian artist Yuri Lishin, famous for the manufacture of blowing on glass, talked about his professionalism for more than 54 years, and his participation in many exhibitions in the world, indicating that his visit to Syria to learn about the glass industry, and participate in workshops on the manufacture of hand glass in Syria.
A number of participants noted the importance of the exhibition, which allows for the marketing of their products, where Zakaria Sultan, who works in the craft of silver and peat breaking, explained that he participates with silver and copper products and accessories made by hand in various forms for swimming pools, steadfastness, image cadres and chandeliers, in addition to grafting copper on wood, calling for providing the necessary support to maintain this profession.
The craftsman Ayman Saeed presented the results of the drawing on wood, which is called Ajami art, and stated that he learned to make this art and plant motifs and painting in Arabic calligraphy in the association, and became a trainer contributing to the revival of heritage, and that the exhibition is an important opportunity to market his products.
Artist Tala Naravyan participated in watercolor, oil and other paintings painted with pencils and charcoal, talking about the Armenian and Arab heritage and the neighborhoods of Aleppo and its citadel, pointing out that she participates to introduce people to the components of the rich Syrian heritage through painting because it constitutes the language of the world.
Samira Misto, who works in the craft of making the ancient traditional macrame, using colored threads and ropes to decorate the Koran, mirrors, clothes and jewelry, pointed out that she is working to develop this profession by adding beads and tree trunks to revive and preserve it.
Qusay Razzouk
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Aleppo Public Park

Title:

Content: Lifestyle
« Mamoun » Syrian old man revives heritage pieces with traditional machines: the lathe is part of my soul
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In one of the still vibrant Syrian cities, the old man sits bent over to make heritage pieces. Amoun, a 70-year-old barber, still revives the heritage of his beloved country in the capital Damascus. Although the war lost him his old shop and workshop, one of his friends honored his hospitality with a small workshop where he makes his simple works to continue the work he used to do since his childhood.
Unique heritage pieces with a hand filled with the veins of old age
He did not despair of his profession and was not hindered by his old age or the war, the old man is still eager to make more heritage pieces, which express the Syrian beauty that still lives amid the war that destroyed many cities, Mamoun Barber works according to his story to Sky News in heritage pieces since his childhood, saying: "The lathe is my soul existed before my birth and my children Bardo my soul, but I love my work and make heritage pieces It ’ s like a coffee grinder and a small hookah, so that whoever takes them knows where to find them easily. ”
As for the pieces themselves, the old man said, they are purely local heritage products, such as Al-Mahbaj and others: “A visitor can buy a piece of these ancient Syrian products, which are deeply rooted in our ancient cultural roots and take them with him. ”
He had his workshop in the war, and his friend gave him his shop.
Before Mamoun moved to Damascus, he had a workshop that included thousands of beautiful heritage pieces, but he lost them in the war. However, he did not give up and decided to resort to his friend, who gave him his shop to make new pieces and display them in exhibitions. In spite of the pain, and in spite of all that trouble, there is no financial reward for the work: “God is your agent, sometimes I have to put it out of my pocket, ” but the lathe is not complete, and yet he makes his piece very professionally.
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Title:

Content: Or Elias...
Embraced the traditional crafts in its small museum Baharat Hanania Damascene
Damascus-Sana
You cannot pass through the Damascene neighborhood of Hanania in Bab Sharqi without being stopped by the time at the gallery of Mrs. Sophia Al-Ashqar “Um Elias ”. The smell of the place leads you voluntarily to stand at the heritage of nearly a hundred years old, looking at the cloth, moving your eyes to the copper and mosaic, and drowning in the place to come the laugh of Umm Elias and take you back to its small museum.
As her sons and residents of Haret Hananiya describe it as a “fortress ”, it is a fortress that stands as the steadfastness of Syrian women through time. Umm Elias does not only tell visitors to her heritage museum about the concept and value of the work, but she sees it embodied in her spirit and in every piece she weaved with her management of the gallery for nearly 70 years, including during the war on Syria. The development of the Syrian kaftan.
The love of the homeland and the authenticity of Umm Elias overshadowed her work many times, and she acted as a guide to the foreign tourist about the history of Syria and the age of each piece she acquired, reminding them that Damascus is the oldest inhabited city in history, and stressing that she did not tire and did not tire of that task, especially when visiting tourist delegations to Haret Hanania and their acquisition of the heritage craft in the gallery.
Mrs. Al-Ashqar talked about how she developed the Damascene kaftan from a traditional folk costume to a modern one that has been mixed for centuries until the present day. Umm Elias, 83, manipulated velvet, silk, agbani and brocade fabrics with her fingers as if she were manipulating her grandchildren, to come up with a piece of kaftan that mimics the fashion of our times and the new taste.
The icon of Haret Hanania moves around the gallery, continuing to talk, and with her warm voice narrates her beginning with the needle and thread since she was ten years old, and like any girl, the first dress she knitted was for her little doll, and developed her passion for cloth and sewing, considering that her father and grandfather have been professionals for a long time. Qar received the third prize in the mosaic industry at the Damascus Exhibition in 1936.
Umm Elias did not spare us time, and despite her fatigue, which seemed clear on the features of her face, love and determination had a stronger presence appeared in the explanation and give the most accurate information. She talked about the visit of senior guests to the gallery of artists, intellectuals and prominent personalities. However, she did not think to move to another area outside Bab Sharqi. Glass, as well as icons, begins to live from 45 years to almost 100 years.
Umm Elias goes back to an ancient time whose effects were evident on a copper table occupied by Damascene hands, through the technique of downloading silver on copper, and is more than eighty years old, in addition to the types of wood such as mosaic, which is famous for her father 's craftsman Haneen Ashqar. With her hands she opens a wooden piece of art created by her father, a mosaic table that includes several levels of toys. Sometimes chess, sometimes Elias's mother turns it into a dice game.
It then moves on to Damascene ornaments, icons and small brides made of cloth to stained glass, which gives the place the spirit of life and confirms that each piece and masterpiece has a cultural significance rooted in the culture of Syria.
So that Umm Elias remains one of the many Syrian women who went through the war, and their heads are nostalgic like the ears of wheat, but they did not break them, and they remain tender and shameless, raising their muses to them whenever their names are mentioned.
Najwa Aida Mariam Hajir
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Umm Elias Museum of Traditional Crafts in the Damascus neighborhood of Hanania

This report provides an overview of this significant cultural heritage practice, its historical development, cultural importance, current status, and recognition by international organizations such as UNESCO.

Title:

Content: Syrian Oud on World Cultural Heritage List
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has inscribed the Syrian oud on its list of intangible world cultural heritage.
The oud represents a distinctive place within modern and contemporary Arabic music.

Title:

Content: Last one.
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Syrian Oud on UNESCO ’ s List of Cultural Heritage
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has inscribed the Syrian oud on its list of intangible cultural heritage for its unique sound and intricately handcrafted curves.
Although the oud machine is present throughout the region, the Syrian oud is known for its pure tones and unique and harmonious sounds.
Tony Tawil, who is one of the makers of the oud, said: "Many composers whose melodies are made on the oud, they do not use a second instrument because the oud plays more than 200 maqām, which gives the mark, half the mark, a quarter of the mark, and half the mark other than the guitar, which gives you the sound and half the sound."
"When we hit the chord, the chord recoil enters the cavity and then comes back out of the holes, the chord must be accurately occupied and the wood is correct and dry until it gives more resonance and the mark comes out pure and there is purity in the chord sound," he said.
But the oud industry was hit hard by the war and economic crisis in the years that followed, with demand for musical instruments declining.
With the oud inscribed on UNESCO ’ s list of intangible cultural heritage, the Syrian Secretariat for Development will cooperate with the International Organization for the Support of Artisans in promoting and selling their products in order to preserve the industry.
Rasha Barhoum, executive assistant of the Living Heritage Program of the Syrian Secretariat for Development, said:
This year the conservation plan will be launched and in the coming years there will certainly be bigger projects. ”
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## History of Syrian Glassblowing

While the provided documents contain limited specific historical information about Syrian glassblowing, the craft is part of Syria's rich artisanal heritage that dates back centuries.

Syria, particularly Damascus, has been a center for traditional crafts throughout history, with glassblowing being one of the specialized skills passed down through generations.

The mention of international interest in Syrian glass manufacturing, such as the Russian glassblowing artist Yuri Lishin visiting Syria specifically to learn about traditional glass production techniques, indicates that Syria has developed distinctive methods and styles in this craft that have gained recognition beyond its borders.

## Cultural Importance

Traditional glassblowing holds significant cultural value in Syria as part of the country's intangible cultural heritage.

Like other traditional Syrian crafts mentioned in the documents—such as the Damascene caftan, hand loom weaving, and silverwork—glassblowing represents centuries of accumulated knowledge, techniques, and artistic expression.

The craft reflects Syrian identity and aesthetic sensibilities, with glass products serving both functional and decorative purposes in Syrian households and cultural practices.

The preservation of traditional crafts like glassblowing is seen as essential to maintaining Syria's cultural diversity and historical continuity.

Title:

Content: Danger of extinction threatens the profession of hand loom in Hama
Hand loom is an ancient Syrian craft that dates back more than five centuries. It simulates history and challenges the finest textile machines in the old neighborhoods of Damascus, Hama, Aleppo and Idlib. It forms the history of the textile industry in Syria and is famous for its elegance, which shows the quality of clothes and its unique exterior appearance.
The craft went through many stopovers for several reasons, despite its heritage and despite its long history, foremost of which is the absence of its market, and the lack of trained and skilled manpower.
In the province of Hama alone there were more than 3500 looms and many types remain today only 3, the owners challenge modernity and development to continue their profession and the manufacture of handmade textiles, one of the ancient heritage industries.
“The sound of loom no longer fills places, ” said Mohsen al-Dabik, a 65-year-old craftsman from the city of Hama, to“ Arm News ” during his talk about his profession, which began to disappear according to his opinion.
Fifty years spent by this man 60 behind his nose weaving “Barnas and multi-purpose towels, including Al-Araisiyah ”, is a craft inherited from his father, who worked in it since 1940, and says“ This craft has gone through many stops for many reasons despite its long history, foremost of which is the absence of its market, and the lack of skilled trained manpower, especially since the ancients and youth of new generations Stay away from the practice of this traditional craft, because of the lack of revenue on the one hand, and the lack of places to discharge these products on the other, which caused the cessation of dozens of looms used in the textile industry. ”
For his part, the craftsman Abdul Karim Akash talked about the weaving profession and the manufacture of handmade carpets, a heritage profession that dates back more than two thousand years, arrived to us from Iran, Iraq and Syria from the agricultural countries where the most important crops in our industry, the most important of which is cotton and animal wool. This field since 1968, and since childhood, I started to graduate in this profession to the extent that I reached the industry of the largest rug in the world. I have received many honors and I am working and will teach generations this profession in a final attempt to preserve what remains of the heritage of parents and grandparents.
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As noted in the documents, craftspeople often serve as cultural ambassadors, explaining the history and significance of their work to visitors and tourists, thereby co