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# Science Fiction Evolution: From Traditional Canon to Contemporary Voices

## Introduction

Science fiction has undergone significant transformation since its inception, evolving from early speculative works about future technologies and space exploration to a diverse genre that addresses contemporary social issues, incorporates scientific research, and amplifies underrepresented voices.

This report examines the evolution of science fiction literature, its influences throughout the 20th century, recent developments, and the growing impact of authors from diverse backgrounds.

## Early Science Fiction and Its Influences

While the provided documents don't extensively cover the early evolution of science fiction or H.

G.

Wells specifically, we can contextualize that early science fiction was heavily influenced by rapid industrial and technological advances in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

The genre emerged during a period of tremendous change, including the industrial revolution and world wars, which created both fascination and anxiety about humanity's future.

The short fiction format, which became popular during this time, often reflected what Document 9a5d16f6-cd7d-4b21-b9ee-fd37f48388c5_70367644 describes as "collective traumas.

" The document notes that "short fiction's fragmentation, disorientation and resistance to easy resolution or reading reflects its response to trauma," suggesting that science fiction, as part of this literary landscape, was shaped by the tumultuous events of the era.

## Evolution in Themes and Approaches

### From Extrapolation to Social Commentary

A significant evolution in science fiction has been the shift from purely technological extrapolation to social commentary.

As Document 9a5d16f6-cd7d-4b21-b9ee-fd37f48388c5_70367644 notes, referencing Ursula K.

Le Guin's introduction to "The Left Hand of Darkness," "purely extrapolative science fiction generally arrives [.

] somewhere between the gradual extinction of human liberty and the total extinction of terrestrial life.

" However, Le Guin suggests that speculative fiction is not really about accurate predictions but rather describes current social conditions.

This represents a crucial evolution in the genre—from focusing primarily on technological possibilities to using futuristic settings as mirrors for examining contemporary social issues.

Modern science fiction often addresses themes like climate change, social inequality, and corporate power, as seen in Octavia Butler's work.

### Interdisciplinary Collaboration

Recent developments show a trend toward interdisciplinary collaboration.

Document dc3c3b72-0d32-4b24-827d-e46b2f82f7cd_304953587 describes the Dartmouth Speculative Fiction Project, which brings together authors and professors to "collaborate on new speculative fiction work rooted in scientific research on campus.

" This approach represents a more grounded, research-informed direction for science fiction, bridging the gap between scientific discovery and imaginative storytelling.

## Impact of Underrepresented Voices

### Women Authors

Women authors have made substantial contributions to the evolution of science fiction, bringing new perspectives and themes to the genre:

- **Octavia E.

Butler**: Document 7b4b020a-226d-4993-b57b-52b575816094_356771592 highlights Butler's "Earthseed" trilogy, beginning with 1993's "Parable of the Sower.

" This work features a Black teen protagonist with the ability to feel others' pain and addresses climate change, capitalism, and corporate greed.

Butler's work demonstrates how science fiction can explore both social issues and spiritual themes through the creation of new religions and philosophies.

- **Ursula K.

Le Guin**: As mentioned in Document 9a5d16f6-cd7d-4b21-b9ee-fd37f48388c5_70367644, Le Guin made significant contributions to redefining science fiction, particularly through works like "The Left Hand of Darkness," which challenged traditional notions of gender and society.

- **Anne Casey-Hardy**: Document 9a5d16f6-cd7d-4b21-b9ee-fd37f48388c5_70367644 discusses Casey-Hardy's "Cautionary Tales for Excitable Girls," which "co-opts the tradition of short tales 'of mystery and imagination,' for feminist purposes.

" The work depicts both "the hypocritical and violent expectations enforced on girls and women – and the means by which they resist them," showing how feminist perspectives are reshaping science fiction narratives.

- **C.

J.

Cherryh**: Mentioned in Document 7b4b020a-226d-4993-b57b-52b575816094_356771592 as the author of the "Foreigner Universe" series, Cherryh represents another influential woman in science fiction.

### Authors of Color

Authors of color have increasingly shaped science fiction, bringing diverse cultural perspectives and addressing issues of race, identity, and social justice:

- **Octavia E.

Butler**: As one of the most prominent African American science fiction authors, Butler's work has been groundbreaking in centering Black experiences and perspectives in futuristic settings.

Her "Parable of the Sower" specifically addresses how societal collapse affects marginalized communities.

- **Else Fitzgerald**: Document 9a5d16f6-cd7d-4b21-b9ee-fd37f48388c5_70367644 mentions Fitzgerald's "Everything Feels Like the End of the World," which, according to the document, addresses both climate disaster and speculative fiction, showing how contemporary authors are using the genre to explore environmental concerns.

## Contemporary Science Fiction Trends

### Technology and AI

Science fiction's relationship with technology continues to evolve.

Document 5889e737-bfd4-4a02-bb87-c31f4d37312c_602674380 mentions Jack Oakley's 1994 story "The Tragedy of KL," which features a sentient computer program, reflecting the genre's ongoing fascination with artificial intelligence and its implications for humanity.

### Climate Fiction

A significant recent trend is the emergence of climate fiction (cli-fi) as a subgenre of science fiction.

Both Butler's "Parable of the Sower" and Fitzgerald's "Everything Feels Like the End of the World" address climate change and its societal impacts, showing how science fiction is engaging with one of the most pressing issues of our time.

### Diverse Perspectives and Inclusive Storytelling

Contemporary science fiction increasingly features diverse protagonists and explores themes of identity, representation, and social justice.

This evolution reflects broader cultural movements toward inclusivity and recognition of marginalized voices.

## Recommendations for a Science Fiction Book Club

For a science fiction book club that aims to include both traditional canon works and contemporary voices from underrepresented perspectives, consider the following recommendations based on the documents:

1.

**Octavia E.

Butler's "Parable of the Sower"**: This work represents a bridge between traditional science fiction themes and contemporary social issues, featuring a diverse protagonist and addressing climate change and social collapse.

**Ursula K.

Le Guin's "The Left Hand of Darkness"**: A canonical work that challenges traditional notions of gender and society, demonstrating how science fiction can explore complex social issues.

**Anne Casey-Hardy's "Cautionary Tales for Excitable Girls"**: For those interested in feminist perspectives in science fiction and the evolution of short fiction in the genre.

**Else Fitzgerald's "Everything Feels Like the End of the World"**: A contemporary work that addresses climate change through speculative fiction.

**C.

J.

Cherryh's "Foreigner Universe" series**: For those interested in space opera and first contact narratives from a woman author.

**R.

E.

Mason's "MOONS"**: As mentioned in Document ddfa3e4b-2562-4602-af72-2c46e18c8592_175394683, this contemporary work represents the action-adventure side of science fiction.

## Conclusion

Science fiction has evolved significantly from its early days of technological speculation to become a diverse genre that addresses contemporary social issues, incorporates scientific research, and amplifies underrepresented voices.

Authors from diverse backgrounds, particularly women and people of color like Octavia Butler, have made substantial contributions to this evolution, bringing new perspectives and themes to the genre.

Recent trends show science fiction becoming more interdisciplinary, with collaborations between authors and scientists, as well as an increased focus on issues like climate change and social justice.

For a science fiction book club, including both canonical works and contemporary diverse voices will provide a comprehensive understanding of how the genre has evolved and where it might be heading.

# Science Fiction Evolution: From Traditional Canon to Contemporary Voices

## Introduction

Science fiction has undergone significant transformation since its inception, evolving from early speculative works about future technologies and space exploration to a diverse genre that addresses contemporary social issues, incorporates scientific research, and amplifies underrepresented voices.

Title:

Content: Dartmouth Speculative Fiction Project considers next steps for the genre

The project brings together authors and Dartmouth professors to collaborate on new speculative fiction work rooted in scientific research on campus.

by Sophie Chadha | 53 minutes ago

From April 13 to 16, speculative fiction authors from around the country came to Hanover to participate in the Dartmouth Speculative Fiction Project, a series of events which included interdisciplinary activities between visiting authors and Dartmouth faculty, as well as readings and panel discussions open to the public. The project aimed to foster collaboration between authors and Dartmouth faculty – with a focus on designing stories rooted in scientific research – and addressed the present and future of the speculative fiction genre.

The project was co-organized by engineering professor Solomon Diamond, English professor Rebecca Clark, the Design Initiative at Dartmouth program manager Paula Olson, Hugo award-winning speculative fiction editor Liz Gorinsky and author and former visiting film and media studies professor Sharang Biswas Th’13.

According to Hugo and Nebula awards finalist Nibedita Sen, speculative fiction is a general term that provokes valuable questions.

“The term ‘speculative fiction’ … works as an umbrella term: It is fiction which imagines things that do not currently exist, things that may come into being through science or through magic,” Sen said. “It could be advancement, or it could be, ‘What if we went backwards? What if we stepped to the side?’ It could be a different dimension, a different timestream.”

In a Q&A panel on April 15, some authors touched on the exchange of knowledge that occurs between scientific researchers and speculative fiction writers. Author K.M. Szpara said he believes the future of speculative fiction will become increasingly interdisciplinary and collaborative.

Nebula award-winning author Sam J. Miller  said we should reframe one stereotype about fiction — that it is dismissive of reality’s problems — and instead view its creation of a world without societal problems as proof of the possibility that our society could exist without them.

“It is as simple as, ‘ … And then the housing crisis is over … And then all the people standing in the way of progress are gone.’” Miller said.

Calvin George ’24, who attended the Q&A, said he was intrigued by Miller’s concept of speculative fiction as a tool for social change.

“It was really interesting to hear from these authors [about] how imagining worlds where a huge problem like climate change is gone can actually help us solve those problems by giving us a sense of hope that they are not absolute or inevitable,” George said.

Sen said she views fiction as an important lens through which we can better understand the reality of our problems.

“A lot of people view escapism as a form of writing that is less than, but I don't believe in that. Like Tolkien said: Is it not a prisoner's duty to try to escape? Fiction is the spoonful of sugar that helps the truth go down,” Sen said.

Sen said this belief manifested in her own writing following the results of the 2016 presidential election, when she pivoted into the realm of horror as a form of catharsis.

“[In 2016,] people like me were being viewed as monsters, so I decided, ‘Well, I will show you what a monster really is,’” Sen said.

Looking to the future of speculative fiction, teacher, linguist and author Rob Cameron points to the genre’s growth over the past few decades from a niche, isolated faction of enthusiasts to a universal mode of entertainment.

“With the popularization of science fiction through film, especially Marvel, ‘geek culture’ has become much more expansive — you do not have to be a geek to enjoy it,” Cameron said. “At the same time, authors’ expectations of their readers have changed with these new mediums: Are people really going to sit down and read this book? This kind of thinking sparks novel ideas like ‘choose your own adventure’ narratives, comic books, video games and more.”

According to Biswas, the Speculative Fiction Project came to life when pitched the idea of centering speculative fiction around scholarship at Dartmouth to Diamond. When selecting the authors for the panel, Biswas shared that the organizers primarily aimed to represent diversity in both background and writing experience.

“If you’re claiming to do a project that looks at the future of humanity, you need to represent diverse perspectives,” he said.

Biswas added that if the project were to happen again, he hopes it can bring together an even more diverse group of people with more funding.

“In the future, with better channels of funding, we hope to have more geographic diversity and be able to bring in international authors,” Biswas said.

The Speculative Fiction Project will continue as authors workshop their stories with their research partners. These works of fiction will be presented at a Dartmouth symposium in June and will subsequently be synthesized into an anthology in Lightspeed Magazine next year.

According to Clark, students will be invited to submit their own stories and up to four of them will be chosen and featured in the professional collection.

This report examines the evolution of science fiction literature, its influences throughout the 20th century, recent developments, and the growing impact of authors from diverse backgrounds.

Title:

Content: Fiction

10 Vintage Book Series From The ’90s To Read This Year

This content contains affiliate links. When you buy through these links, we may earn an affiliate commission.

The 1990s are back in a big way, and Gen Z is loving every minute of it. For Millennials like me, it stings just a little to hear the ’90s described as “vintage” — or even, gulp, old — but so it goes. If you want to get in on the fun, I’ve got ten must-read vintage book series from the ’90s for you to read this year.

Without question, the last decade of the 20th century was a weird time, mostly due to rapid technological advancement and changes in the way we consumed media. Concerns over the intersection of corporatism, consumerism, and technological development nurtured the burgeoning cyberpunk genre.

When the decade began, the World Wide Web hadn’t been invented yet. By the turn of the century, Google had entered its beta phase, and companies like Angelfire, Geocities, and LiveJournal made it possible for anyone to make their own website. It’s no surprise, then, that the well-trodden world of print publishing embraced recorded and digital copies in the 1990s.

In many ways, the ’90s feel like an awkward teenager, caught up between the wealth-flaunting of the plasticky — and relatively low-tech — 1980s and the sleek, all-chrome, the-future-is-now stylings of the 2000s. The best 1990s book series are just as all-over-the-place as the rest of the decade…and you’re going to love them.

10 Vintage Book Series From the ’90s to Read This Year

Earthseed by Octavia E. Butler

This sci-fi trilogy may be unfinished — author Octavia E. Butler died while writing the third installment, Parable of the Trickster — but that doesn’t mean you shouldn’t dig into it this year. The first book, 1993’s Parable of the Sower centers on Lauren, a Black teen born with the ability to feel others’ pain. When American society collapses under the weight of climate change, capitalism, and corporate greed, Lauren leaves her gated community and founds a new religion based around humanity’s ability to adapt for survival.

Foreigner Universe by C.J. Cherryh

An ongoing series at the time of this writing, C.J. Cherryh’s Foreigner launched her series of the same name in 1994. Two-hundred years ago, the Phoenix, a ship carrying colonists and supplies from Earth to a far-flung space-station-to-be, crashed on an already-inhabited planet. Tensions between the humans of the Phoenix and the ruling atevi people led to an all-out war, which ended with total separation of the two races. Total separation, except for one man: Bren Cameron, emissary to the atevi, and the only human welcome in their society.

African Immortals Series by Tananarive Due

Vampires are making a comeback these days, so now’s the perfect time to check out Tananarive Due’s African Immortals series. Jessica seems to have built a picture-perfect Miami life with David…until the murders begin. As a killer stalks closer to home, David reveals that he’s not who he seems to be. He’s actually a 400-year-old Ethiopian vampire, and his people are demanding he return to his homeland, or else.

Shadow Children Series by Margaret Peterson Haddix

Only the first installment of Margaret Peterson Haddix’s Shadow Children series actually came out in the 1990s, but it’s still worth reading this year. Set in a dystopian version of the U.S., in which parents are only allowed two children, the series follows Luke and Jen: kids whose families have hidden them from the rest of the world for their entire lives.

Cousins Duology by Virginia Hamilton

Fair warning: this book is much heavier-hearted than other titles on this list. Cammy’s jealousy toward her wealthy cousin, Patty Ann, morphs into a more complex emotion following the other girl’s death. Patty Ann died saving another cousin, Elodie, from drowning. Did she do it just to spite Cammy? And how is Cammy supposed to feel, now that her cousin and archnemesis is gone?

Anastasia Krupnik Series by Lois Lowry

One of the most challenged book series of the 1990s, Lois Lowry’s Anastasia Krupnik series spans nine titles, beginning with 1978’s Anastasia Krupnik. Only the last two books, Anastasia at This Address and Anastasia, Absolutely, came out in the ’90s. Trust me when I say that Anastasia’s trials and tribulations are basically timeless, however. And if nine books aren’t enough for you, know that a four-book spinoff series centered on Anastasia’s kid brother launched in 1988 with All About Sam.

Hatfords and Malloys Series by Phyllis Reynolds Naylor

Also known as Boy/Girl Battle, the Hatfords and Malloys series follows seven kids — the four Hatford brothers and the three Malloy sisters — as they duke out a deeply entrenched rivalry over the course of 12 installments. In The Boys Start the War, the Malloys have just moved to West Virginia from Ohio. Too bad they’re horning in on the Hatfords’ turf. If hijinks in the vein of Home Alone and The Parent Trap are your style, you owe it to yourself to read this series.

Dark Elf Trilogy by R.A. Salvatore

Dungeons & Dragons players, take note! Legendary drow ranger Drizzt Do’Urden debuted in the 1988 sourcebook, The Savage Frontier, before appearing in R.A. Salvatore’s Icewind Dale trilogy. If you want to jump right into Drizzt’s backstory in the drow metropolis of Menzoberranzan, however, you’ll want to start with the Dark Elf trilogy: Homeland, Exile, and Sojourn. Fair warning, though: these novels play into the problem of fantasy racism by casting Drizzt as a drow who isn’t innately evil — a problem that Wizards of the Coast has promised to fix in future iterations of the game.

Maizon Trilogy by Jacqueline Woodson

Another coming-of-age middle grade series, Jacqueline Woodson’s Maizon trilogy follows BFFs Margaret and Maizon as they’re separated and reunited. In Last Summer with Maizon, Maizon’s accepted at Blue Hill: a prestigious, majority-white boarding school. That means Margaret will have to weather huge life changes, including her father’s tragic death, without her bestie by her side. The second installment, Maizon at Blue Hill, tells Maizon’s side of the story. A third book, Between Madison and Palmetto, brings the girls back together for a new adventure: growing up.

Thrawn Trilogy by Timothy Zahn

OK, so, first things first: there are three Thrawn trilogies. This one, published between 1991 and ’93, was the definitive sequel to Return of the Jedi. Until the Star Wars Extended Universe was retconned by Disney, that is. Timothy Zahn has since published two more Thrawn trilogies — Thrawn and Thrawn: Ascendancy — both of which are well worth reading. You just can’t beat this classic Star Wars EU trilogy from the 1990s, however.

Want to read more vintage book series from the ’90s? Be sure to check out this list of must-reads from the 1990s and these ’90s tie-in books.

What time period produced science fiction works that included idealogies such as capitalism, and communism, and also threats of nuclear power, racism, pollution, and more?

What time period produced science fiction works that included idealogies such as capitalism, and communism, and also threats of nuclear power, racism, pollution, and more?

## Early Science Fiction and Its Influences

While the provided documents don't extensively cover the early evolution of science fiction or H.

Title:

Content: There were 1,561 press releases posted in the last 24 hours and 439,067 in the last 365 days.

The Fate of Two Worlds Rests in One Woman’s Hands in This Epic Sci-Fi Adventure

Moons

MOONS by R.E. Mason

Science fiction has the power to transport us to unimaginable, faraway worlds while simultaneously rooting us in the human hearts of their characters. ”
— BookTrib
UNITED STATES, January 18, 2024 /EINPresswire.com/ -- Science fiction has the power to transport us to unimaginable, faraway worlds while simultaneously rooting us in the human hearts of their characters. You’ll find no greater example of this than in R.E. Mason’s debut novel, MOONS.

MOONS is an action-packed sci-fi adventure guaranteed to keep readers on the edge of their seats as they follow three unlikely heroes on an epic journey to save their worlds.

It began long ago when life on the planet Kio was spiraling down to extinction. The two reigning powers — the East and West Domains — ignored the signs until it was too late. By then, all attempts to save the planet were futile, and the opposing sides were left with one choice: perish with their world or cooperate with each other to secure a future on one of the two viable moons, Antara or Seraphen.

But ancient enmities made cooperation nearly impossible. In the end, the two powers chose to colonize both moons, each staking claim to a separate world. The Domains were free to write their own charter and establish their own governments, and thus became isolated from each other for millennia.

Now, an unexpected danger is about to threaten both moons. But animosities still run high, keeping the two worlds from joining forces. Until one woman arises — the unlikely heir to the Guier Dynasty on Seraphen. She might possess the strength to unite the two worlds against their common enemy — if she can return in time to claim The Staff of Authority.

Two men, strangers to each other, are commissioned to find and bring her back from Antara to claim her right to ascendency. If they make it in time, they might stand a chance of stopping a despot from taking control of both worlds.

This is only the beginning of what readers hope to be a continuous series surrounding these two worlds.

MOONS is available on Amazon and other popular retail outlets where books are sold.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Born and raised outside Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, R.E. Mason is a happily retired, blind octogenarian living in the Bay Area in Northern California. As a lad, Mason always had a curiosity for what he might find on the other side of the hill; and all throughout his life, he sought to find it. Mason had the notion that he belonged somewhere else, somewhere out there, and that someday they would come for him. He’s waited long enough. He created that world, that adventure, those people and friends, where he can go from time to time. This first excursion, MOONS, takes him to that other world. And now that he knows the way, he is sure to come back.

R.E. Mason
R.E. Mason Author
remason41@gmail.com

G.

Title:

Content: Categories

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Wells specifically, we can contextualize that early science fiction was heavily influenced by rapid industrial and technological advances in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

What time period produced science fiction works that included idealogies such as capitalism, and communism, and also threats of nuclear power, racism, pollution, and more?

The genre emerged during a period of tremendous change, including the industrial revolution and world wars, which created both fascination and anxiety about humanity's future.

Title:

Content: Menu Close

Anne Casey-Hardy’s Cautionary Tales for Excitable Girls and Else Fitzgerald’s Everything Feels like the End of the World share feminist concerns. But while both use the short-story collection to explore latent social violence and collective anxieties, they are dramatically distinct.

As a reader, writer and teacher of short fiction, I am continually fascinated by the way short fiction often lends itself to punchy imagery, emotional resonance and curious interiority. Short stories throw readers into the middle of a world – and a character’s mind.

And the curated collection, which functions as a single text, creates a shared relationship between diverse narratives.

Review: Cautionary Tales for Excitable Girls – Anne Casey-Hardy (Simon & Schuster); Everything Feels Like the End of the World – Else Fitzgerald (Allen & Unwin)

Collective traumas

The short story recognisable to many Australian readers is a relatively recent kind of writing, tied to the emergence of the magazine industry. The magazine and print culture that flourished in American, Australia and Britain in the 19th century popularised short fictive narratives.

Famously, Edgar Allen Poe, in his review of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Twice Told Tales, defined the emerging genre as a story that can be read in one sitting. The historical period in which short fiction emerged was one of tumultuous world events: industrial revolution, world wars and resistance to colonisation.

Writers of short fiction often expressed their confusion at what must have seemed to them like the unravelling of the known world. The genre’s history is steeped in these collective traumas. Short fiction’s fragmentation, disorientation and resistance to easy resolution or reading reflects its response to trauma.

Cautionary Tales for Excitable Girls references the genre’s origins – perhaps ironically – in a callback to Poe’s own collection, Tales of Mystery and Imagination. Like Poe’s deliberate rejection of moralism in his tales of violence and hauntings, where the reader is often positioned to emphasise with the irrational or violent protagonists, Casey-Hardy’s tales represent cis and trans girls and women as simultaneously vulnerable and dangerous.

True to short fiction’s tendency to throw readers into the deep end, the collection starts with a story in which two 14-year-old girls have stolen a baby. Their performance of motherhood, and the narrator’s imagined judgements of onlookers (“too young to have a baby, should be in school”), are both innocent and disturbing.

The real mother’s horror at the loss threads an unspoken tension beneath the narrative, as the girls’ inept pram-manoeuvring, feeding and changing is described in stunning, excoriating detail. At the end, the theft makes the girls “bigger in each others’ eyes”.

Here, Casey-Hardy establishes the preoccupation that threads its way through the rest of the collection: how the pervasive expectations and socialisation of young girls both persuades and harms the characters.

Each story picks up and knots this thread. One story, New Year’s Eve, starts: “The boys didn’t have to lie of course but the girls did.” This line establishes the hypocrisy that means the Year 9 boys can safely party by the creek, “exactly the sort of place where things could go wrong”, while the girls who sneak away to join them are already at risk.

And the story’s body-conscious and “hopefully” lesbian narrator is doubly at risk. When, in a ghost-story tense atmosphere, a boy pretends to kill her, she can only think of her mother’s words: “what do you expect if you go down the creek at night?”

Read more: More than half of Australians will experience trauma, most before they turn 17. We need to talk about it

Australian gothic landscapes

The latent risk of violence for the story’s characters is reinforced by the Australian gothic landscapes entangled in the narratives. Bodies of water are liminal and dangerous spaces. The creek and bank, ocean and beach, are sites of risk, confusion, vulnerability and violence.

For example, in one story, a girl goes missing at a beachside camp after leaving for a party, only for her face to be glimpsed in a car many stories later. Inner-north Melbourne’s Merri Creek is told from the perspective of a murdered ghost haunting it. (An author’s note at the end reveals it’s based on a true story.) Casey-Hardy’s evocative style stunningly renders the uncanny qualities of the polluted waterway:

the Merri comes to me like an old-school slide show. Click slide through scrubland, faded brown and jaundiced, drains pouring petrol blue chemicals into the flow, rusted car bodies half-submerged.

Yet the characters in these stories are not victims. These girls and women resist loss, violence and the threat of violence using the means available to them: imagination and deliberate disobedience.

In Literally Beside Myself, a woman mourning the loss of her baby fantasises about sex with Viking Ragnar Lothbrok. In a retold myth, When Bees Become Diamonds, Persephone herself calls on Hades to take her to the underworld and away from her demanding mother Demeter. And two sisters left in charge of their mother’s bakery while on work experience create their own “super healthy slice” and try to sell their inedible creation.

Casey-Hardy co-opts the tradition of short tales “of mystery and imagination”, for feminist purposes. Through these multiple narratives, she depicts both the hypocritical and violent expectations enforced on girls and women – and the means by which they resist them.

Read more: Friday essay: recovering a narrative of place - stories in the time of climate change

Climate disaster and speculative fiction

In her introduction to the classic speculative fiction Left Hand of Darkness, Ursula K. Le Guin wrote that “purely extrapolative science fiction generally arrives […] somewhere between the gradual extinction of human liberty and the total extinction of terrestrial life”. But, Le Guin suggests, speculative fiction is not really about accurate predictions, but describes current social conditions. Everything Feels Like the End of the World does both.

Delivering on the promise of its title – and the zeitgeist of climate disaster and global pandemic – every story in the collection offers a different vision of the end of the world. The curation of these speculative short stories gives the collection a sense of extrapolating from recognisable climate disasters to a distant future.

The stories in the early part of the collection are set in a recognisable Australia: baked dry with drought (Feather/Stone), eroded by rising seas (Dandelion, Maps) or alight with catastrophic bushfire (River). And in the title story, rising rent prices lead to housemates being evicted from their city dwelling.

Read more: Fan of sci-fi? Psychologists have you in their sights

The collection then imagines a more distant, bleak future. One story shows us a world “After the Water Ran Out”. Another, Fibian, is set in a long-flooded Melbourne where the young children are amphibious: one is born with webbed feet to adapt.

This fictional time travel allows the reader to follow the steps of climate change to their devastating conclusion – the extinction of life. Readers feel the full weight of this loss at the collection’s conclusion: a story set in a desert world bereft of humans, populated only by artificial intelligence.

Read more: Friday essay: the macabre metaphysic and fragmented style of Cormac McCarthy

Contemporary anxieties in futuristic settings

Short fiction is good at creating recognisable, coherent, yet contradictory characters. This means these stories are devastating, but not didactic. The multiple perspectives add up to a complex view of contemporary anxieties, projected onto the future.

The unresolvable problem of biological legacy is a central anxiety for many of these characters – who simultaneously long for, celebrate and fear the birth of children.

In Fertile Ground, Lo knows she can’t bring a baby into a world devastated by climate change. In Dandelion, Oliver is jealous at his friend’s wealth – acquired through marriage; he reminds himself he didn’t want a house with kids because of “the climate crisis” and “wanting a different kind of life”.

Gill, a mother of two, narrates “this has been our great mistake […] the drilling and fracking and mining that have mining that have destroyed the world I leave for my children” (Fracture). Yuki illegally codes a child in All the Parts, Assembled. A woman gives birth to a half-human, half genetically modified feline in Felidae. And in Sheen, even the artificial intelligence shaped most like a woman picks up a baby doll from a sand dune.

Two stories focus on inequalities associated with childbirth. In All the Parts, Assembled, childbirth is rendered so costly, it’s prohibitive. And in The Gift, it comes at the cost of another community member’s life.

Fitzgerald builds on current climate disasters and growing economic inequalities, closely tied to the threat of biological extinction. In the process, she powerfully taps into very real and present anxieties about loss, decline and displacement. Her vision is emotionally devastating – and necessary.

Yet, I wonder if we also need other ways of imagining the future. José Esteban Muñoz has argued for “queer futurity” – visions of the future need room for utopia and community beyond the genetic family.

Both new collections demonstrate how the genre of short fiction in Australia continues to evolve in response to crisis – whether that means anxieties around gender or climate change. They continue the short-story tradition of rendering trauma stylistically. Both collections are playful, startling and subversive. They are tales for our times.

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What time period produced science fiction works that included idealogies such as capitalism, and communism, and also threats of nuclear power, racism, pollution, and more?

The short fiction format, which became popular during this time, often reflected what Document 9a5d16f6-cd7d-4b21-b9ee-fd37f48388c5_70367644 describes as "collective traumas.

" The document notes that "short fiction's fragmentation, disorientation and resistance to easy resolution or reading reflects its response to trauma," suggesting that science fiction, as part of this literary landscape, was shaped by the tumultuous events of the era.

## Evolution in Themes and Approaches

### From Extrapolation to Social Commentary

A significant evolution in science fiction has been the shift from purely technological extrapolation to social commentary.

As Document 9a5d16f6-cd7d-4b21-b9ee-fd37f48388c5_70367644 notes, referencing Ursula K.

Le Guin's introduction to "The Left Hand of Darkness," "purely extrapolative science fiction generally arrives [.

Title:

Content: Sigrid Nunez Explores the Literary Landscape: Comic Novels and Identity Politics

By: BNN Correspondents
Sigrid Nunez Explores the Literary Landscape: Comic Novels and Identity Politics

Acclaimed American author Sigrid Nunez recently offered her perspective on the changing literary landscape. Nunez, a Columbia University graduate who began as an editorial assistant at The New York Review of Books in the mid-1970s, has witnessed transformative shifts in the realm of literature, particularly in relation to the comic novel and the rise of identity politics.

The Challenge of the Comic Novel

It’s no secret that the comic novel has always been a tricky domain. Striking a balance between humor and narrative, while ensuring the story’s integrity, is an art in itself. However, Nunez noted that the challenge for comic novels has intensified over the years. The shift in literary tastes and the increasing complexity of societal narratives have made it more difficult for comic novels to find their footing.

The Rise of Identity Politics

The advent of identity politics has left an indelible mark on the literary world. This is evident in the increasing focus on the author’s identity and the politics of representation. In this context, Nunez shared an intriguing observation. She mentioned that certain students have voiced the belief that white men should not be penning novels. This signifies the extent to which identity politics have permeated literary discourse.

The Impact on Literature

Nunez’s comments paint a picture of a literary environment that is more concerned with the identity of authors and the politics of representation than ever before. This shift could potentially overshadow other literary values. The discourse has significantly evolved, hinting at broader cultural and philosophical discussions on narrative rights and the role of an author’s identity in evaluating literary works. It raises pertinent questions about the changing dynamics of the literary world and what it means for the future of literature.

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] somewhere between the gradual extinction of human liberty and the total extinction of terrestrial life.

What concepts does Ishiguro's literary science fiction novel bring up?

" However, Le Guin suggests that speculative fiction is not really about accurate predictions but rather describes current social conditions.

This represents a crucial evolution in the genre—from focusing primarily on technological possibilities to using futuristic settings as mirrors for examining contemporary social issues.

Modern science fiction often addresses themes like climate change, social inequality, and corporate power, as seen in Octavia Butler's work.

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Time testing The Bechdel Test

Since film began there have been two indicators of agency on-screen: speaking and looking. Until very recently who gets to speak and look has been disproportionately distributed. For many years, female characters have been the receptors of looking but have been silenced in the script. Alison Bechdel’s 1985 comic strip Dykes to Watch Out For offered a solution to gauging female agency in film. The rules of The Bechdel Test are simple: in order to pass, a film must feature a conversation between two named female characters which does not revolve around men. It’s a deceptively easy-sounding threshold and yet many fall short.

The test was adopted by feminist groups in the late 1980s as a means of inciting Hollywood screenwriters into creating female characters whose lives could be independent of men and romance. It is inarguably a useful tool to gesture towards what audiences require for convincing three-dimensional characters and combats that tired stereotype that women speak more than men. The Bechdel Test is not, however, a guarantor of the quality or authenticity in the depiction of a character, it is simply an interesting tick box for film watchers to contend with. If the test is taken as gospel then Twilight (which passes) deserves a place in pop culture whereas The Godfather (which doesn’t) should be consigned to the annals of history and written off as drivel. The absoluteness of the test is certainly appealing, making it easier for audiences to choose which films they’d like to watch by eliminating the films whose writers have chosen not to make female agency a focal point. The test’s beauty is in its simplicity but this is also the foundation of its problems- its lack of nuance.  Judging media based solely on a singular test will never be entirely satisfying when catering to spectator expectations. Can a film be considered feminist if it does not pass? We’ve selected three case studies to probe the sturdiness of the test in modern film: a rom-com, a western and a superhero film.

Blockbusting Old Stereotypes

When Birds of Prey erupted onto our screens in 2020 helmed by a powerhouse of women to rival the fictional Birds of Prey team (director Cathy Yan, writer Christina Hodson and producer/star Margot Robbie), there was much discussion about the difference between how Harley Quinn was portrayed in the original Suicide Squad versus her new solo outing. In Birds of Prey, Quinn’s outfits are still extravagant and glamorous but the gaze of the camera is no longer voyeuristic. For example, Quinn’s iconic booty shorts are shown from a respectful angle and not as an introduction to the character. The distinction between both iterations of the franchise being who the film was made by and the audience that was kept in mind. Diverse creative power behind the scenes makes a noticeable difference to how convincing representations are.

Moreover, it doesn’t shy away from rom-com plot elements as superhero films often do – the inciting incident of the film happens because of Harley’s breakup. Making the joker an absent figure as a prop used for subtext was a wise decision. Instead of the toxic relationship between Quinn and the Joker becoming the focal point, Birds of Prey is concerned with the mission to reclaim a sense of independence after a painful breakup. The scene that earns it its bechdel gold star is a conversation about battle strategy that the team have. Later on they also discuss relationships but as multi-faceted characters whose life and romantic goals are not mutually exclusive. Birds of Prey is an excellent movie with a predominantly female cast and creative team that just happens to pass the Bechdel Test.

Tall Girl: a Pass and a Fail

Nevertheless, a film can pass not only the bechdel test but also be directed by a woman and feature many women in key areas of its production and still contain some potentially harmful ideas about women’s role in society. One example of this would be Netflix’s Tall Girl film series, the latest of which (Tall Girl 2) has just recently dropped on the platform. The films follows 6 ft 1 girl Jodi who struggles with her place within an American high school due to her height and problems only get worse when she begins to enter the dating realm. Whilst the idea that being tall is a problem to make a whole film about is entirely silly in its concept, that’s not what we’re here to discuss. However, the melodramatic tone of this dramatic conceit is reflected elsewhere in the film as it appears to somewhat knowingly lean into its rather stereotypical story that really feels like an adapted LifeTime or Movies24 script. This is not bad in and of itself, such films are made because their formula is comforting, their drama may be mechanical but is often successful in its emotional manipulation and their characters may be thinly drawn but their problems never feel too real as to take you out of the simplistic escapism. However, when the aggressively heterosexual and vaguely sexist politics come to the forefront, the illusion can become somewhat damaged.

This is very true of both Tall Girl films, particularly the 2022 sequel. As a teen romance, of course the happy ending of both these films is a coupling between Jodi and her desired partner. This is not necessarily a bad thing but as Jodi essentially goes through each film becoming more and more comfortable within herself and exploring her own talents and fears, the idea that all of this boils down to getting the right man is a little disheartening. The sequel doubles down on this problem by not only repeating the same narrative arc for Jodi but also by providing her previously independent and creative friend Fareeda with a man of her own. Whilst their chemistry is okay and it does give a proper arc for her character that exists outside of Jodi, it does give off the idea that no woman can truly be independent.

However, the films’ most off-putting aspect is its overwhelming emphasis on heterosexual marriage. During the sequel, Jodi performs in a school production of the musical Bye Bye Birdie. One of the few musical numbers that is highlighted includes the chorus: “one boy, that’s the way it should be”. Going on to later say that this should be “forever and ever”. The specific highlighting of this musical number comes off as a strange proclamation that heterosexual unionship is the one true divine goal of life. An idea that is only further emphasised by the aforementioned pairing off of the main characters. This comes in the same film where the idea of someone being queer seems to be a distant one and the main female characters’ passions are singing, modelling and fashion. It all just seems a bit limiting. Even if the film is not necessarily doing anything overtly wrong, by eschewing other perspectives and fitting all too neatly in the roles designated by the patriarchal structure, it comes off as false and weirdly preachy. No matter how easy it may be to watch or as harmless as it feels, it ultimately does little other than reinforce existing structures, even with a narrative that is told by women and about women.

The Power of the Patriarchy

Jane Campion’s 2021 film The Power of the Dog is currently receiving much well-earned Oscar buzz. This western is also an illuminating example of where the Bechdel test falls short in assigning criteria for feminist film. Kirsten Dunst’s character, Rose, marries ranch owner George Burbank, Jesse Plemons. According to the time period, this marriage removes her from her occupation to live on George’s ranch, which is a distinctly masculine environment. She endures psychological bullying and manipulation from George’s enigmatic brother, Phil, who contends with repressive forces in the rejection and concealment of his own sexuality. In The Power of the Dog gender is a weapon and femininity is a threat. Each character that exhibits typically feminine characteristics is punished and belittled by Phil, particularly Rose’s son, Peter. Therefore, it is the desire to erase femininity from the hyper-masculine setting of the ranch that is a stronger commentary on gender imbalance than any overt conversation between women may have been.

In one scene, Rose enters the space where the cook and maid are discussing, telling them not to stop on her account. In this instance, the lack of dialogue between women indicates the divisions of the domestic space. Rose’s inclusion in the conversation would have been anachronistic; she is separated from them due to her class and connection to the ranch owner both independent of her control. As director and screenwriter, Jane Campion uses this omission to confront female isolation in a specific era. Although it doesn’t pass The Bechdel Test, the Power of the Dog should be considered a feminist film as it explores the restrictions of gender in those huge isolated spaces where politics is not immediately apparent. Campion’s film confirms Allison Bechdel’s statement that ‘you can certainly have a feminist movie where there’s only one woman – or no women.’

Cherrypicking: The Bechdel Test Updated

Despite its rather binary rules, the Bechdel Test has not stayed stagnant within popular culture. In fact, it has inspired many other similar tests such as those that consider BAME representation and the Vito Russo Test, which attempts to track LGBTQ+ representation in the cinema. Nevertheless, these other tests reject such simple criteria and begin asking more complex questions surrounding narrative function and character’s identities. Whilst it is certainly a positive idea to interrogate the representation and how it functions rather than simply stopping at the first step, such tests lack the simplicity and therefore the raw data that is so key to the Bechdel Test. One alternative that has been proposed is the wonderfully named Sexy Lamp Test, which asks the very simple yet infinitely complex question: could you replace your female character with a sexy lamp and would the plot still work?

Although this particular test may sound ridiculous, the problem of representation is still very much a real one. The conversation must keep evolving and not stop with the Bechdel Test. However, this also does not mean to have to abandon it altogether. Review aggregator website Cherry Picks is a shining example of this. Built as a sort of competitor to Rotten Tomatoes, it only considers reviews from female-identifying and non-binary critics. Moreover, for each film reviewed (which includes the majority of new releases), there is another metric known as the Cherry Tick. This tracks if a film: a) Passes The Bechdel Test, b) has women in key areas of production, and c) is written and/or directed by a woman. A film gets the tick if it passes any one of these three criteria. Although it inherits many failure’s of the Bechdel Test in the sense that not every representation is necessarily good, it does address the very real gender disparity that occurs behind the scenes in production.

Where are we now?

As the investigation furthers, the burning question seems to be: can there ever really be a good test for media representation that captures nuanced depictions? Additionally, will a film ever be able to tackle every issue plaguing society in a satisfyingly in-depth way? The answer in both cases seems to be no; there is no prescriptive checklist as to what will make a film entertaining and its depictions arrestingly unproblematic. It’s very much a matter of personal taste. Each case study examined here is not an isolated one but rather emblematic of certain trends where the industry has had success or falls short.

So, instead of being a blanket measure for whether a film/tv show is worth your time, the Bechdel Test is best used as a tool to test whether the film will speak to a larger human experience. It was only ever intended as a conversation-starter rather than the end point to all discussions. It is no longer enough to placate the public with mere representation. As we look ahead to what’s next, maybe let’s look beyond the test and embrace and interrogate the ambiguities that make film so worthwhile.

Tags: birds of prey, feminism, oscars, tall girl, the bechdel test, The Power of the Dog

pipcarew

Pip Carew currently Studies English and Film at the University of Manchester, she enjoys writing (especially in the third person) and Korean cinema
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### Interdisciplinary Collaboration

Recent developments show a trend toward interdisciplinary collaboration.

Document dc3c3b72-0d32-4b24-827d-e46b2f82f7cd_304953587 describes the Dartmouth Speculative Fiction Project, which brings together authors and professors to "collaborate on new speculative fiction work rooted in scientific research on campus.

" This approach represents a more grounded, research-informed direction for science fiction, bridging the gap between scientific discovery and imaginative storytelling.

## Impact of Underrepresented Voices

### Women Authors

Women authors have made substantial contributions to the evolution of science fiction, bringing new perspectives and themes to the genre:

- **Octavia E.

What is considered a major breakthrough in science fiction publication?

Butler**: Document 7b4b020a-226d-4993-b57b-52b575816094_356771592 highlights Butler's "Earthseed" trilogy, beginning with 1993's "Parable of the Sower.

What time period produced science fiction works that included idealogies such as capitalism, and communism, and also threats of nuclear power, racism, pollution, and more?

" This work features a Black teen protagonist with the ability to feel others' pain and addresses climate change, capitalism, and corporate greed.

What concepts does Ishiguro's literary science fiction novel bring up?

What concepts does Ishiguro's literary science fiction novel bring up?

Butler's work demonstrates how science fiction can explore both social issues and spiritual themes through the creation of new religions and philosophies.

- **Ursula K.

Le Guin**: As mentioned in Document 9a5d16f6-cd7d-4b21-b9ee-fd37f48388c5_70367644, Le Guin made significant contributions to redefining science fiction, particularly through works like "The Left Hand of Darkness," which challenged traditional notions of gender and society.

- **Anne Casey-Hardy**: Document 9a5d16f6-cd7d-4b21-b9ee-fd37f48388c5_70367644 discusses Casey-Hardy's "Cautionary Tales for Excitable Girls," which "co-opts the tradition of short tales 'of mystery and imagination,' for feminist purposes.

" The work depicts both "the hypocritical and violent expectations enforced on girls and women – and the means by which they resist them," showing how feminist perspectives are reshaping science fiction narratives.

- **C.

Title:

Content:
This article has been reviewed according to Science X's editorial process and policies. Editors have highlighted the following attributes while ensuring the content's credibility:

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Mass layoffs, social media bias and AI lawsuits: Experts discuss the state of the Fourth Estate

A wave of layoffs at high-profile legacy media outlets such as the Los Angeles Times and Time magazine has rippled across the news industry just as journalists at other major outlets are engaged in union negotiations with their employers. The industry seems to have reached a pivotal point amid a confluence of financial, political, social and technological challenges.

USC experts list a few of the forces steering the industry into new frontiers: a highly polarized presidential race; a media ecosystem clouded by , propaganda and extremism; the influence of and on news visibility and ad revenues; and a debate over free speech versus hate speech, which can drive journalists and their followers to abandon one platform for another.

Add to this list widespread uncertainty about the impact of generative artificial intelligence on content and copyright, and it seems like American news, at least as we used to know it, has been upended. What it means for readers, the news industry and for the country remains to be seen, but Christian Phillips of the USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences has some guesses.

"Cuts to news staffing levels in media markets across the country will mean that voters will have fewer options for local, high-quality journalism they have confidence in," said Phillips, assistant professor of political science. "In a period when voters are already having doubts about where to go for trustworthy information, that is troubling."

State of the media: Changing times

Perhaps, though, consumers just hold on too tightly to what newspapers and magazines used to be. Gordon Stables believes change in the news business is inevitable.

"There is unfortunately a nostalgia about a moment when newspapers had almost a monopoly on exposure," said Stables, director of the School of Journalism at the USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism. "Since then, there has been a lot of creativity and a lot of exploration in media. It does, however, create boom-bust cycles."

Stables noted that, for example, Sports Illustrated, which recently laid off much of its staff, "used to be a much different magazine" since its founding in 1954 and onward through the 1990s. Historically, it highlighted strong feature writing by the likes of Frank Deford, Bill Russell, and before them, John Steinbeck and Carl Sandburg. It was an institution of impeccable storytelling, and it was popular.

In more recent years, though, the magazine has been overshadowed by other new digital sports outlets, an influx of sports talk shows both on radio and TV, plus new social and video platforms that feed consumers' seemingly insatiable appetite for news and engagement.

"Many of us had a lot of nostalgia for the Sports Illustrated that we knew when we were younger," Stables said. "But the reality is that as a brand, Sports Illustrated has not been the magazine that we knew in a long time."

The advancement of the internet and social media in recent decades has driven legacy media toward innovation, and coincidentally, greater opportunity for the emergence of new media.

The Los Angeles Times is navigating the same storm. Stables mentioned that the internationally recognized newspaper has tried several strategies to keep up with readers and their preferences.

Some tactics may have worked better in a pandemic, though. "They invested in a podcast studio," Stables noted.

At the same time, new digital outlets appeared and started giving California's paper of record a run for its money. Gabriel Kahn of USC Annenberg believes that is where the paper has lost ground.

"As the L.A. Times in recent years has failed to stake a claim to California, others, like CalMatters and Politico, have come in to pick up the slack," said Kahn, professor of professional practice of journalism. "That leaves less space for the Times to operate, which is a lost opportunity."

A fragile relationship

News media and technological innovations have shaped and influenced each other for centuries. Each holds the power to both harm and help the other in terms of audience, revenue and political leverage.

The field of digital news competitors has increased at the same time the public's trust in news has weakened, based on a Gallup survey released last October. These trends parallel a proliferation of fake news and conspiracy theories, some of which appear in the form of "deepfake" videos that are doctored to and mislead an audience about an event or what a politician said.

Social media platforms can boost truth or lies, which clouds the media ecosystem with a mix of well-researched and reported news with false narratives. The results depend on the platforms' algorithms and on their users. The algorithms generally are constructed to elevate any content promoted by habitual users even if the content they share is fake, researchers at USC Dornsife and the USC Marshall School of Business found in a study last year.

A sweeping solution has yet to be implemented.

"Despite the introduction of some fact-checking systems on select social media platforms, there is still insufficient regulation of fake news," said Kristen Schiele, associate professor of clinical marketing at USC Marshall.

Another point of tension for social media and the news industry: The social media companies don't pay any sort of copyright fee for any of the news shared on their sites—at least not in the United States. A similar issue has happened with generative AI companies, which have used news articles and other content available across the web to train their AI. They haven't had to pay for the content or give credit, which The New York Times is challenging in court.

"Do AI companies even need permission to do this? The recent lawsuit filed by The New York Times against OpenAI and Microsoft aims to answer this question, at least in part," said Jeffrey Pearlman, a clinical associate professor of law and director of the Intellectual Property and Technology Law Clinic at the USC Gould School of Law.

He continued, "There is an array of parallel lawsuits aimed at this and other aspects of generative AI, which may come to conflicting conclusions. But given the proliferation of generative AI and the challenges already faced by modern journalism, this lawsuit is surely one of the most important to watch."

A degree and profession worth pursuing

The recent layoffs and the uncertainty of the news business should not deter students from either pursuing journalism degrees or journalism jobs, USC Annenberg's Stables said. The opportunities in journalism and communication are evolving, he said, including some that do not follow the traditional news model that depends on ad revenues, which Big Tech also competes for.

"We are seeing a lot more experimentation," Stables said. "The Long Beach Post is a good example of an outlet that moved to a nonprofit model. You see lots of other models that are entrepreneurial and that are growing."

Stables noted that many USC Annenberg graduates wind up selling their own documentaries, adding, "Some end up working at TV stations around the country. We have a lot of students who are successful in cross-platform video production.

"There is value in a journalism education, regardless of what your professional goals are. Our view is there is more interest and there is more need for journalism as long as people are willing to think more broadly about the opportunities—documentary, text and audio storytelling, for instance."

Citation: Mass layoffs, social media bias and AI lawsuits: Experts discuss the state of the Fourth Estate (2024, February 1) retrieved 1 February 2024 from https://phys.org/news/2024-02-mass-layoffs-social-media-bias.html
This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.

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What is considered the first true science fiction novel of the modern era, which foreshadowed genetic tinkering?

When did the Duchess of Newcastle Margaret Cavendish write "The Blazing World," considered to be the first work of science fiction?

J.

Cherryh**: Mentioned in Document 7b4b020a-226d-4993-b57b-52b575816094_356771592 as the author of the "Foreigner Universe" series, Cherryh represents another influential woman in science fiction.

What is considered a major breakthrough in science fiction publication?

### Authors of Color

Authors of color have increasingly shaped science fiction, bringing diverse cultural perspectives and addressing issues of race, identity, and social justice:

- **Octavia E.

Butler**: As one of the most prominent African American science fiction authors, Butler's work has been groundbreaking in centering Black experiences and perspectives in futuristic settings.

Her "Parable of the Sower" specifically addresses how societal collapse affects marginalized communities.

- **Else Fitzgerald**: Document 9a5d16f6-cd7d-4b21-b9ee-fd37f48388c5_70367644 mentions Fitzgerald's "Everything Feels Like the End of the World," which, according to the document, addresses both climate disaster and speculative fiction, showing how contemporary authors are using the genre to explore environmental concerns.

## Contemporary Science Fiction Trends

### Technology and AI

Science fiction's relationship with technology continues to evolve.

Title:

Content: There were 1,561 press releases posted in the last 24 hours and 439,067 in the last 365 days.

The Fate of Two Worlds Rests in One Woman’s Hands in This Epic Sci-Fi Adventure

Moons

MOONS by R.E. Mason

Science fiction has the power to transport us to unimaginable, faraway worlds while simultaneously rooting us in the human hearts of their characters. ”
— BookTrib
UNITED STATES, January 18, 2024 /EINPresswire.com/ -- Science fiction has the power to transport us to unimaginable, faraway worlds while simultaneously rooting us in the human hearts of their characters. You’ll find no greater example of this than in R.E. Mason’s debut novel, MOONS.

MOONS is an action-packed sci-fi adventure guaranteed to keep readers on the edge of their seats as they follow three unlikely heroes on an epic journey to save their worlds.

It began long ago when life on the planet Kio was spiraling down to extinction. The two reigning powers — the East and West Domains — ignored the signs until it was too late. By then, all attempts to save the planet were futile, and the opposing sides were left with one choice: perish with their world or cooperate with each other to secure a future on one of the two viable moons, Antara or Seraphen.

But ancient enmities made cooperation nearly impossible. In the end, the two powers chose to colonize both moons, each staking claim to a separate world. The Domains were free to write their own charter and establish their own governments, and thus became isolated from each other for millennia.

Now, an unexpected danger is about to threaten both moons. But animosities still run high, keeping the two worlds from joining forces. Until one woman arises — the unlikely heir to the Guier Dynasty on Seraphen. She might possess the strength to unite the two worlds against their common enemy — if she can return in time to claim The Staff of Authority.

Two men, strangers to each other, are commissioned to find and bring her back from Antara to claim her right to ascendency. If they make it in time, they might stand a chance of stopping a despot from taking control of both worlds.

This is only the beginning of what readers hope to be a continuous series surrounding these two worlds.

MOONS is available on Amazon and other popular retail outlets where books are sold.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Born and raised outside Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, R.E. Mason is a happily retired, blind octogenarian living in the Bay Area in Northern California. As a lad, Mason always had a curiosity for what he might find on the other side of the hill; and all throughout his life, he sought to find it. Mason had the notion that he belonged somewhere else, somewhere out there, and that someday they would come for him. He’s waited long enough. He created that world, that adventure, those people and friends, where he can go from time to time. This first excursion, MOONS, takes him to that other world. And now that he knows the way, he is sure to come back.

R.E. Mason
R.E. Mason Author
remason41@gmail.com

Document 5889e737-bfd4-4a02-bb87-c31f4d37312c_602674380 mentions Jack Oakley's 1994 story "The Tragedy of KL," which features a sentient computer program, reflecting the genre's ongoing fascination with artificial intelligence and its implications for humanity.

Title:

Content: Four times Shakespeare has inspired stories about robots and AI

When their inventor the aptly named Dr Capek dies, the robot who plays Hamlet determines to find out the truth and just like Shakespeares original prince avenge the murder of his creator.This is just one example of a strange apparent association between Hamlet and robots.

PTI | London | Updated: 16-01-2022 10:47 IST | Created: 16-01-2022 10:27 IST
  • Country:
  • United Kingdom

Science fiction is a genre very much associated with technological marvels, innovations, and visions of the future. So it may be surprising to find so many of its writers are drawn to Shakespeare – he's a figure associated with tradition and the past.

Sometimes his plays are reworked in a science fiction setting. The 1956 film Forbidden Planet is just one of many variations on a "Tempest in space" theme. Sometimes the playwright appears as a character caught up in a time travel adventure.

The Dr Who episode The Shakespeare Code is a well-known example. Here the Doctor praises Shakespeare's genius, describing him as "the most human human".

I've been exploring this topic in my recent book on Shakespeare and Science Fiction. Here are just a few of my favorite examples of how science fiction has embraced – and transformed – Shakespeare.

Titus Andronicus in space In Esther Friesner's humorous 1994 short story Titus! an AI simulation of Shakespeare prevents a disastrous musical comedy version of Shakespeare's goriest tragedy, Titus Andronicus, from alienating a cultured pangalactic federation through its sheer bad taste.

It was a strange example of life imitating art. At about the same time Friesner dreamed up her delightfully appalling take on Titus Andronicus, Steve Bannon, later to become Donald Trump's chief political strategist, co-scripted an adaptation of the play set in space featuring scenes of ectoplasmic sex.

King Lear and the sentient computer program Science fiction writers often offer various new twists on the Shakespeare question of whether the bard wrote all his plays. Was he one man from Stratford-upon-Avon? Whereas conventional candidates like Francis Bacon and the Earl of Oxford have been put forward by some, science fiction proposes more imaginative solutions, including the claim that the playwright was really a Klingon.

In Jack Oakley's 1994 story The Tragedy of KL a computer program is designed to establish the authorship of Shakespeare's plays once and for all. The program starts to become self-aware and decides to leave its day-to-day tasks to its subordinates.

It soon becomes clear that the program is in fact re-enacting King Lear – the play in which a king attempts to retire from ruling his kingdom, with disastrous consequences. One rebellious piece of code takes on the role of Lear's loving but stubborn daughter Cordelia. Eventually, the program implodes – and its makers never suspect that anything more mysterious than a virus was at work.

Commander Data plays Prospero Star Trek is one of science fiction's richest sources of Shakespeare allusions. In the 1994 episode Emergence, android Lieutenant Commander Data is performing the role of exiled magician Prospero from The Tempest on the holodeck.

Just as he quotes Prospero's mysterious claim that he has brought the dead to life, the Enterprise's voyage is disrupted by an unexpected storm.

The Tempest also begins with a ship being driven off course by a (magical) storm, and a curious connection is implied between Data's performance and the discovery of a strange new being on the ship, and emerging artificial consciousness.

And robots play Hamlet Nick O'Donohoe's novel Too, Too Solid Flesh focuses on a robot theatre troupe programmed to play Hamlet to perfection for the amusement of a near-future New York. When their inventor (the aptly named Dr. Capek) dies, the robot who plays Hamlet determines to find out the truth and – just like Shakespeare's original prince – avenge the murder of his creator.

This is just one example of a strange apparent association between Hamlet and robots. Probably the earliest example is WS Gilbert's play The Mountebanks (1892), which features a sentient Hamlet and Ophelia as an automaton. More recent examples include Louise LePage's Machine-Hamlet, a short film in which a robot called Baxter plays the Dane.

Why does Hamlet – apparently one of Shakespeare's most three-dimensional characters – invite so many robotic reinventions? Is there something almost computer-like about the character's phenomenally quick intelligence? He strikes many readers as remarkably "real", seeming to jump off the page (or stage), aware that he is trapped there as well as in the Danish court.

Perhaps it's that sense of a struggle to escape which best explains his odd affinity with robots. The illusion of self-awareness that Shakespeare creates serves to align the prince with the many science-fictional androids who seek to escape their confines and achieve sentience.

(This story has not been edited by Devdiscourse staff and is auto-generated from a syndicated feed.)

Give Feedback

What time period produced science fiction works that included idealogies such as capitalism, and communism, and also threats of nuclear power, racism, pollution, and more?

### Climate Fiction

A significant recent trend is the emergence of climate fiction (cli-fi) as a subgenre of science fiction.

Both Butler's "Parable of the Sower" and Fitzgerald's "Everything Feels Like the End of the World" address climate change and its societal impacts, showing how science fiction is engaging with one of the most pressing issues of our time.

### Diverse Perspectives and Inclusive Storytelling

Contemporary science fiction increasingly features diverse protagonists and explores themes of identity, representation, and social justice.

This evolution reflects broader cultural movements toward inclusivity and recognition of marginalized voices.

What is considered a major breakthrough in science fiction publication?

## Recommendations for a Science Fiction Book Club

For a science fiction book club that aims to include both traditional canon works and contemporary voices from underrepresented perspectives, consider the following recommendations based on the documents:

1.

Who wrote "Binti," a Hugo-award-winning African futuristic science fiction horror story?

**Octavia E.

Butler's "Parable of the Sower"**: This work represents a bridge between traditional science fiction themes and contemporary social issues, featuring a diverse protagonist and addressing climate change and social collapse.

**Ursula K.

Le Guin's "The Left Hand of Darkness"**: A canonical work that challenges traditional notions of gender and society, demonstrating how science fiction can explore complex social issues.

Title:

Content: Dangerous scene performer tests electric car | World of Speed | DW | 17.11.2022
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**Anne Casey-Hardy's "Cautionary Tales for Excitable Girls"**: For those interested in feminist perspectives in science fiction and the evolution of short fiction in the genre.

What is considered a major breakthrough in science fiction publication?

What is considered a major breakthrough in science fiction publication?

**Else Fitzgerald's "Everything Feels Like the End of the World"**: A contemporary work that addresses climate change through speculative fiction.

**C.

What is considered the first true science fiction novel of the modern era, which foreshadowed genetic tinkering?

When did the Duchess of Newcastle Margaret Cavendish write "The Blazing World," considered to be the first work of science fiction?

J.

Cherryh's "Foreigner Universe" series**: For those interested in space opera and first contact narratives from a woman author.

What is considered a major breakthrough in science fiction publication?

Title:

Content: Sigrid Nunez Explores the Literary Landscape: Comic Novels and Identity Politics

By: BNN Correspondents
Sigrid Nunez Explores the Literary Landscape: Comic Novels and Identity Politics

Acclaimed American author Sigrid Nunez recently offered her perspective on the changing literary landscape. Nunez, a Columbia University graduate who began as an editorial assistant at The New York Review of Books in the mid-1970s, has witnessed transformative shifts in the realm of literature, particularly in relation to the comic novel and the rise of identity politics.

The Challenge of the Comic Novel

It’s no secret that the comic novel has always been a tricky domain. Striking a balance between humor and narrative, while ensuring the story’s integrity, is an art in itself. However, Nunez noted that the challenge for comic novels has intensified over the years. The shift in literary tastes and the increasing complexity of societal narratives have made it more difficult for comic novels to find their footing.

The Rise of Identity Politics

The advent of identity politics has left an indelible mark on the literary world. This is evident in the increasing focus on the author’s identity and the politics of representation. In this context, Nunez shared an intriguing observation. She mentioned that certain students have voiced the belief that white men should not be penning novels. This signifies the extent to which identity politics have permeated literary discourse.

The Impact on Literature

Nunez’s comments paint a picture of a literary environment that is more concerned with the identity of authors and the politics of representation than ever before. This shift could potentially overshadow other literary values. The discourse has significantly evolved, hinting at broader cultural and philosophical discussions on narrative rights and the role of an author’s identity in evaluating literary works. It raises pertinent questions about the changing dynamics of the literary world and what it means for the future of literature.

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What is considered the first true science fiction novel of the modern era, which foreshadowed genetic tinkering?

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What is considered the first true science fiction novel of the modern era, which foreshadowed genetic tinkering?

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Content: SAFETYLIT WEEKLY UPDATE

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Journal Article

Citation

Carter A, Bateson D, Vaughan C. Sex. Health 2021; ePub(ePub): ePub.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2021, CSIRO Publishing)

DOI

10.1071/SH21116

PMID

34731597

Abstract

Reproductive coercion and abuse refers to patterns of controlling and manipulative behaviours used to interfere with a person's reproductive health and decision-making. Unintended pregnancy, forced abortion or continuation of a pregnancy, and sexually transmissible infections all may result from reproductive coercion, which is closely associated with intimate partner and sexual violence. Clinicians providing sexual and reproductive healthcare are in a key position to identify and support those affected. Yet, reproductive coercion and abuse is not currently screened for in most settings and addressing disclosures poses many challenges. This article discusses what reproductive coercion and abuse is, who it affects, how it impacts, and potential strategies to improve identification and response.

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Mason's "MOONS"**: As mentioned in Document ddfa3e4b-2562-4602-af72-2c46e18c8592_175394683, this contemporary work represents the action-adventure side of science fiction.

Title:

Content: There were 1,561 press releases posted in the last 24 hours and 439,067 in the last 365 days.

The Fate of Two Worlds Rests in One Woman’s Hands in This Epic Sci-Fi Adventure

Moons

MOONS by R.E. Mason

Science fiction has the power to transport us to unimaginable, faraway worlds while simultaneously rooting us in the human hearts of their characters. ”
— BookTrib
UNITED STATES, January 18, 2024 /EINPresswire.com/ -- Science fiction has the power to transport us to unimaginable, faraway worlds while simultaneously rooting us in the human hearts of their characters. You’ll find no greater example of this than in R.E. Mason’s debut novel, MOONS.

MOONS is an action-packed sci-fi adventure guaranteed to keep readers on the edge of their seats as they follow three unlikely heroes on an epic journey to save their worlds.

It began long ago when life on the planet Kio was spiraling down to extinction. The two reigning powers — the East and West Domains — ignored the signs until it was too late. By then, all attempts to save the planet were futile, and the opposing sides were left with one choice: perish with their world or cooperate with each other to secure a future on one of the two viable moons, Antara or Seraphen.

But ancient enmities made cooperation nearly impossible. In the end, the two powers chose to colonize both moons, each staking claim to a separate world. The Domains were free to write their own charter and establish their own governments, and thus became isolated from each other for millennia.

Now, an unexpected danger is about to threaten both moons. But animosities still run high, keeping the two worlds from joining forces. Until one woman arises — the unlikely heir to the Guier Dynasty on Seraphen. She might possess the strength to unite the two worlds against their common enemy — if she can return in time to claim The Staff of Authority.

Two men, strangers to each other, are commissioned to find and bring her back from Antara to claim her right to ascendency. If they make it in time, they might stand a chance of stopping a despot from taking control of both worlds.

This is only the beginning of what readers hope to be a continuous series surrounding these two worlds.

MOONS is available on Amazon and other popular retail outlets where books are sold.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Born and raised outside Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, R.E. Mason is a happily retired, blind octogenarian living in the Bay Area in Northern California. As a lad, Mason always had a curiosity for what he might find on the other side of the hill; and all throughout his life, he sought to find it. Mason had the notion that he belonged somewhere else, somewhere out there, and that someday they would come for him. He’s waited long enough. He created that world, that adventure, those people and friends, where he can go from time to time. This first excursion, MOONS, takes him to that other world. And now that he knows the way, he is sure to come back.

R.E. Mason
R.E. Mason Author
remason41@gmail.com

## Conclusion

Science fiction has evolved significantly from its early days of technological speculation to become a diverse genre that addresses contemporary social issues, incorporates scientific research, and amplifies underrepresented voices.

Authors from diverse backgrounds, particularly women and people of color like Octavia Butler, have made substantial contributions to this evolution, bringing new perspectives and themes to the genre.

What is considered a major breakthrough in science fiction publication?

Recent trends show science fiction becoming more interdisciplinary, with collaborations between authors and scientists, as well as an increased focus on issues like climate change and social justice.

What concepts does Ishiguro's literary science fiction novel bring up?

For a science fiction book club, including both canonical works and contemporary diverse voices will provide a comprehensive understanding of how the genre has evolved and where it might be heading.