# Humans, Climate, and the Mammoth's End: A Report on Woolly Mammoth Extinction

## Introduction

The extinction of woolly mammoths represents one of the most significant megafauna disappearances at the end of the last Ice Age.

As students of environmental science, understanding the complex interplay of factors that led to their demise provides valuable insights into extinction processes and human impacts on prehistoric ecosystems.

This report examines the environmental factors and human activities that contributed to the woolly mammoth's extinction approximately 4,000 years ago.

## Environmental Factors in Mammoth Extinction

### Climate Change

Scientists continue to debate the exact causes of mammoth extinction, with climate changes being a primary factor under consideration.

The end of the last Ice Age brought significant environmental transformations that dramatically affected mammoth habitats:

- Warming temperatures led to the retreat of the mammoths' preferred grassland habitats, known as the "mammoth steppe"
- As forests replaced open grasslands, the available food sources for mammoths diminished
- Changing precipitation patterns altered vegetation composition, affecting the mammoths' food supply

Research indicates that without human presence, Earth's climate would have evolved differently, though scientists cannot specify exactly how different it might have been.

### Ecosystem Disruption

The extinction of mammoths and other megafauna had profound effects on ecosystem functioning:

- Christopher Doughty from Northern Arizona University found that with the extinction of large animals, the redistribution of essential elements like phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium decreased by 90%
- Without mammoths and other large herbivores, these elements would have been more evenly distributed, potentially leading to a more productive ecosystem
- The loss of mammoths disrupted seed dispersal patterns and nutrient cycling across vast landscapes

## Human Activities and Mammo

# Humans, Climate, and the Mammoth's End: A Report on Woolly Mammoth Extinction

## Introduction

The extinction of woolly mammoths represents one of the most significant megafauna disappearances at the end of the last Ice Age.

Title:

Content: Woolly Mammoth Bones Unearthed in Austrian Wine Cellar

It wasn’t the first time that ancient artifacts were discovered in one of Kamptal’s wine cellars.

An Austrian winemaker renovating his cellar unearthed a trove of woolly mammoth bones that could expand our understanding of the relationship between humans and the prehistoric beasts.

Andreas Pernerstorfer’s winery is in the notable winemaking and cultural region of Kamptal in northeastern Austria. After stumbling upon the huge bones in the dirt floor, he reported his discovery to Austria’s Federal Monuments Office. The Austrian Archaeological Institute has been excavating the site since March 2024 to a depth of 55 feet below ground and says it’s the first significant paleontology site found in Austria in a century.

The bones are believed to be between 30,000 and 40,000 years old and belonged to at least three woolly mammoths. According to Hannah Parow-Souchon, the paleontologist leading the excavation, the discovery is significant because mammoth bones are rarely found packed together. This could mean they were bunched there by humans, which could indicate they were hunted and slaughtered by humans; the site might be the remains of a Holocene Epoch cookout.

Most archaeologists agree that humans gathered in groups and used spears and other tools to take down woolly mammoths and other megafauna, which would have been immense sources of meat, hides, and bones to use as raw materials for tools. This activity could have contributed to the animals’ extinction

There is some debate whether preying on the massive beasts was a regular practice for Stone Age people, and science is foggy about how a band of simple humans could get the drop on an animal that stood 10 feet tall, weighed as much as six tons, and had fearsome protective tusks. The process would reveal a lot about coordination and planning among Paleolithic people.

Parow-Souchon said in a statement from the Austrian Academy of Sciences that it is possible that humans set a trap for mammoths there. She also said it was the most significant discovery of woolly mammoth remains in more than 100 years; most such sites in Europe have been dug up and hollowed out, with their archaeological value lost over time.

This is not the first such find in Kamptal. About 150 years ago, relics of early human life—including flint artifacts, jewelry fossils, and charcoal—were discovered there in a wine cellar next door.

Title:

Content: Science 2021-11-11T12: 03: 35 + 02: 00
Ukrainian News
Giant armadillos and mammoths.
Scientists have told what the Earth would look like if there were no people on it.
Giant armadillos and mammoths.
Scientists have told what the Earth would look like if there were no people on it.
This is what a glyptodon might look like, an armadillo-like creature that went extinct during the Ice Age.
Photo by Stocktrek Images
Man has greatly changed the landscape of planet Earth since the time of the development of tools.
And the more active the progress, the faster a person changes the face of the world around.
But if there were no humans on the planet, then there would be giant animals that are now extinct.
This conclusion was made by scientists, writes the publication Live science.
The land would belong to giant plants and animals.
Along with megafauna, Neanderthals, the distant ancestors of man, would also live.
Animals would be bigger.
For example, moa birds, similar to ostriches, would still live in New Zealand.
After humans came to the islands, the birds became extinct in 200 years.
According to Seren Faurbi of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, for thousands of years, humans have played a crucial role in the extinction of many giant animals.
Without us, today ’ s Earth would in many ways resemble an African ecosystem teeming with life.
Thus, the animal world of Europe would resemble Africa with its elephants, lions and rhinos.
But instead of African lions, cave lions would live - they are larger.
And in Africa, there would be giant bears and animals similar to armadillos, but the size of a car.
Scientists are still arguing about what led to the extinction of mammoths.
This could be both climate change and human activity.
Christopher Doughty of the University of Northern Arizona studied how representatives of megafauna contributed to the distribution of seeds.
He believes that with the extinction of large animals, the redistribution of elements such as phosphorus, calcium and magnesium decreased by 90%.
Without humans, these elements would have been more evenly distributed, he said, leading to a more productive system.
Without humans, the climate would be different.
But what exactly – scientists can not say exactly.
As reported by Ukrainian News, in Tanzania found the bones of a previously unknown species of titanosaur with a unique coccyx in the shape of a heart.
The deposits in which the bones were found are dated to 100-110 million years old.
On the British Isle of Wight, archaeologists have found two new species of dinosaurs that were predators of large size.
In size, the fossil lizards were no less than a bus and hunted both on land and in water.
They had crocodile-like snouts, sharp teeth, and a whip-like tail.
In addition, scientists have discovered a small crab that was stuck in wood tar 100 million years ago, so perfectly preserved.
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As students of environmental science, understanding the complex interplay of factors that led to their demise provides valuable insights into extinction processes and human impacts on prehistoric ecosystems.

Title:

Content: The sixth mass extinction on Earth begins.
Warning of "devastating" negative effects on humans
2023-09-24 | 04: 45
Alsumaria News - Miscellaneous
In a new study, researchers warn that the sixth mass extinction on Earth has already begun and is accelerating dramatically, noting that the rate of extinction among animals will be significantly higher than it has historically been, adding to similar studies that warned that the Earth is not in good shape.
The new study, published last week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, said the study is important because it sheds more light on how humans affect Earth's trajectory, usually negatively.
According to the study, animal species will be extinct at a rate 35 times faster than historically recognized during the past million years, and the researchers highlighted the role of humans in this phenomenon, noting that animal species that became extinct during the past 500 years would have taken about 18,000 years to extinction in the absence of humans.
But habitat destruction, illegal trade, and climate disruption will likely continue to accelerate the pace of extinction over the next decades.
Gerardo Ceballos, the lead author of the study, says that the mass loss of animal species means the loss of a record of the Earth's evolutionary potential and history, adding that "there is life on this planet thanks to plants and animals, including wild animals and plants, and the ecosystem that forms them."
Ceballos noted that the crops used by humans, the combination of atmospheric gases that make the Earth habitable, and the active compounds used in medicines all depend in one way or another on plants and animals, and that when we lose whole branches of species, “we lose the planet ’ s ability to sustain life in general, and save life in particular. ”
The new research builds on a number of studies that have warned of a mass extinction event in recent years, and scientists have previously warned that up to a million species are threatened with extinction, and that some of them could be lost within a few decades.
A separate study published in the journal Biological Reviews earlier this summer suggested that the current sixth mass extinction event was the first mass extinction “to occur as a direct result of the actions of one species: humans. ”
In June 2023, researchers proposed the start of a new era that reflects the impact of humans on the planet, but not all scientists are convinced that the current loss of wildlife represents a sixth mass extinction event.
Stuart Beam, a professor of conservation at Duke University, told MEE: "We have no idea how to determine the sixth mass extinction event," but he stressed that disagreeing with the sixth extinction hypothesis does not mean denying the fact that the Earth is experiencing loss of wildlife, at a faster pace than in the past millions of years.
While Ceballos says the debate about whether or not the sixth mass extinction will occur “doesn ’ t really matter, ” he said, adding that the Earth is already suffering from a significant loss of biodiversity, climate change, and environmental poisoning — regardless of the label.
It is noteworthy that the Earth has experienced 5 mass extinctions, namely:
The Ordovician Silurian Extinction – 444 million years ago
Late Devonian extinction – 383 to 359 million years ago
Permian – Triassic extinction – 252 million years ago
Extinction of the Jurassic Triassic – 201 million years ago
The Cretaceous and Paleogene Extinction – 66 million years ago
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This report examines the environmental factors and human activities that contributed to the woolly mammoth's extinction approximately 4,000 years ago.

Title:

Content: Climate change, not meteor, caused dinosaur extinction
What wiped out the dinosaurs, was it just a meteor shower as common and famous?
A new study published in the journal Science Advances suggests that the meteorite ’ s fall to Earth was only part of the story, and that climate change caused by massive volcanic eruptions may have paved the way for the eventual extinction of dinosaurs, challenging the traditional narrative that only the meteorite struck the ancient giants.
Volcanic winter
The international team, led by scientists from McGill University who published a press release on the study, looked at volcanic eruptions in the Deccan Terraces, a vast and rugged plateau in western India formed from molten lava.
The eruptions, which left 1 million cubic kilometers of rock, may have played a major role in cooling the global climate some 65 million years ago.
Researchers from all over the world have been involved in this work, ranging from the methods and fragmentation of rocks in the Deccan Terraces to the analysis of samples in England and Sweden.
In the lab, scientists estimated the amount of sulfur and fluorine injected into the atmosphere by massive volcanic eruptions in the 200,000 years before the dinosaurs went extinct.
Remarkably, they found that the release of sulfur could lead to a global drop in temperatures around the world, a phenomenon known as volcanic winters.
Don Baker, a professor in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences at McGill University and co-author of the study, said: “Our research shows that climatic conditions were almost certainly unstable, with frequent volcanic winters that could have lasted decades, before the dinosaurs went extinct.
"This instability would have made life difficult for all plants and animals and paved the way for the dinosaur extinction event."
“Our work helps explain the great extinction event that led to the emergence of mammals and the evolution of our species. ”
NEW TECHNOLOGY
Uncovering clues inside ancient rock samples wasn ’ t easy: a new technique developed at McGill University helped decipher volcanic history, a technique for estimating sulphur and fluorine emissions (a complex mix of chemistry and experiments) that is somewhat similar to cooking pasta.
“Imagine making pasta at home, boiling water, adding salt and then pasta.
Some salt goes from the water to the pasta, but not too much of it. ”
Similarly, some elements become trapped in minerals when they cool down after a volcanic eruption.
Just as you can calculate the salt concentration in the water in which the pasta is cooked by analyzing the salt in the pasta itself, the new technique allowed scientists to measure sulfur and fluorine in rock samples.
With this information, scientists were able to calculate the amount of these gases emitted during the explosions, and their findings represent a step forward in compiling Earth ’ s ancient mysteries and paving the way for a more informed approach to our changing climate.
Source: Websites

Title:

Content: No jokes about overindulging please, but an Austrian winemaker found three enormous mammoths while renovating his wine cellar.

Well, their bones.

Experts have called the find, in Gobelsburg, north west of Vienna, as the most significant of its kind in more than 100 years and an archaeological sensation.

In addition to adding to the catalogue of mammoth bones already discovered, the fact all three animals appear to be on top of each other could suggest they were caught in a trap. This could help answer a question that has long puzzled archaeologists – how did humans hunt these giant creatures?

The stunning find was made by Andreas Pernerstorfer, who discovered what he initially thought was a piece of wood while digging out the cellar. He reported the find to the Federal Monuments Office, which referred him to the Austrian Archaeological Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW).

Around 150 years ago flint artefacts, jewellry fossils and charcoal were all found in an adjacent cellar, which were thought to be around 30,000 to 40,000 years old.

Archaeologists believe the layer of mammoth bones probably belonged to the same site.

They think the ‘significant bone layer’ contains the remains of at least three different mammoths.

‘Such a dense layer of bones is rare,’ said Hannah Parow-Souchon, who is leading the excavation. ‘It is the first time that we have been able to examine something like this in Austria using modern means – a unique opportunity for research.’

Mammoths: the lowdown

Mammoths are an extinct member of the elephantidae family, which includes modern-day elephants.

There were several species of mammoth, the most well-known of which is the woolly mammoth – which was also the smallest.

Mammoths evolved from the African mammoth, before spreading across Eurasia and North America.

The last mammoths, isolated groups of woolly mammoths, are thought to have gone extinct about 4,000 years ago.

However, work is ongoing to try to resurrect the species.

Researchers have long known that people in the Stone Age hunted mammoths, but exactly how they were able to take down the nine-tonne, three metre-high animals is unknown.

Now the team is investigating the site to try to determine did they simply die there, or did they fall into a trap set by locals?

If the answer is B, it will change our understanding of how Stone Age societies operated.

Once the dig is complete, the bones will be sent to the Natural History Museum in Vienna for restoration.

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When did the last population of wooly mammoth become extinct?

When did the last population of wooly mammoth become extinct?

When did the last population of wooly mammoth become extinct?

When did the last population of wooly mammoth become extinct?

## Environmental Factors in Mammoth Extinction

### Climate Change

Scientists continue to debate the exact causes of mammoth extinction, with climate changes being a primary factor under consideration.

What are the causes of the wooly mammoth extinction?

What environmental factors contributed to the wooly mammoth extinction?

What are the causes of the wooly mammoth extinction?

What environmental factors contributed to the wooly mammoth extinction?

What are the causes of the wooly mammoth extinction?

What environmental factors contributed to the wooly mammoth extinction?

The end of the last Ice Age brought significant environmental transformations that dramatically affected mammoth habitats:

- Warming temperatures led to the retreat of the mammoths' preferred grassland habitats, known as the "mammoth steppe"
- As forests replaced open grasslands, the available food sources for mammoths diminished
- Changing precipitation patterns altered vegetation composition, affecting the mammoths' food supply

Research indicates that without human presence, Earth's climate would have evolved differently, though scientists cannot specify exactly how different it might have been.

Title:

Content: You will not miss us!
8,008 followers
Fascinating theories about the extinction of Neanderthals
Neanderthals were a race of people who inhabited the earth several thousand years ago.
They were like us in many ways, but at the same time they were very different.
So why did they die out?
A bit of history
About 12 km east of the German city of Düsseldorf, there is a valley with a small river called Neanderthal.
During the 19th century, the valley served as a limestone quarry.
In 1856, local workers came across bones in one of the caves, thinking it was a bear that had died many years ago.
The workers collected the bones and took them out.
A local school teacher saw them and realized that they did not belong to a bear, but looked like human bones.
The only problem was that they looked unusually thick and had rather strange shapes.
After a series of studies, a major breakthrough occurred in 1864, when Irish geologist William King studied them and published a report stating that the bones were indeed human, but belonged to a different species than modern ones.
He named the species Homo neanderthalensis (Neanderthal man) after the valley where the bones were found.
Further research on this topic shed light on the fact that the Neanderthal, in fact, was a distant relative of the modern race of intelligent man.
They lived in Europe 600,000-350,000 years ago.
Moreover, archaeological studies have shown that this species disappeared somewhere around 30,000 years ago.
Fast Fact
A recent breakthrough in the study of Neanderthals suggests that their large eyes led to extinction.
Because of the large size of the eyes, their brains used more power to process visual images than other functions.
What happened to the Neanderthals?
Since the likely dates when Neanderthals may have gone extinct have been put forward and recognized, there has been a lot of research to find out why these causes occurred.
Numerous hypotheses are still highly controversial.
Coexistence with modern humans
As already mentioned, about 30,000 years ago, Neanderthals died out, perhaps because they did not get along with modern humans.
Modern humans migrated to Europe about 40,000 years ago.
Thus, this hypothesis has solid ground according to some studies.
According to this hypothesis, when modern humans moved to Europe, or rather encroached on these territories, Neanderthals were forced to live in isolation due to the growing interference of intelligent man, in their original habitat.
Thus, their numbers have been declining every year, primarily due to their inability to compete with modern humans.
This theory is highly controversial, as it has no concrete evidence regarding the interaction between Neanderthals and modern humans.
Inability to compete
This theory states that two species cannot coexist in the same ecological environment, and the moment one species gains even the slightest advantage over the other, it will dominate, thereby the weak species will completely die out.
This may have been the case with the Neanderthals when modern humans emerged.
Homo sapiens are taller than Neanderthals, and they walk and run faster.
The ability of modern humans to use spoken language and produce a huge range of sounds gave them an advantage over Neanderthals, who were not able to produce complex words.
One of the main differences between them was that modern man had a more developed brain.
This allowed him to do things much better and with greater ease.
Violence and genocide
Jared Diamond suggested that the extinction of Neanderthals could be the result of acts of mass violence and genocide.
According to him, the scenario is similar to some modern wars.
In addition, some archaeologists and scientists believe that the first Homo sapiens were cannibals.
However, again, like previous theories, this hypothesis is also not based on solid evidence.
Microbes and parasites
The intelligent man came to the world of Neanderthals from other parts of the planet.
During their migration, they may have brought with them certain pathogens, viruses and microorganisms that were completely unknown to the Neanderthal immune system.
It is possible that when these two species came into contact with each other, one of them failed to resist the newly acquired diseases.
Climate Change
Another hypothesis, in relation to the extinction of Neanderthals, refers to a dramatic change in climatic conditions during the last Ice Age, when Europe was a semi-desert with scarce vegetation.
The result of all this is the extinction of many species of plants and animals that were a major part of Neanderthal food.
One theory is that Neanderthals suffered from a decline in food resources, which subsequently led to starvation and extinction.
Another theory states that they did not adapt to the new climatic conditions, therefore, they could not survive the changes.
Partial Extinction
This is a very interesting hypothesis that suggests that they are not quite extinct, in fact, it is possible that Neanderthals and intelligent humans interbred.
According to a 2010 study, "between one and four percent of the DNA of many people alive today comes from Neanderthals."
This means that the complete extinction of Neanderthals seems an extremely unlikely scenario.
However, not a single convincing theory, of all of these above, is not.
In the absence of solid evidence, it is very difficult to determine exactly what happened to Neanderthals.
Research on this topic continues to this day, and if there are no solid leads, the results will always remain unclear.
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According to most recent research, what is the primary cause of wooly mammoth extinction?

How did climate change affect mammoth' habitat?

food sources disappearing
shrank grassland
restricted habitat

What are the causes of the wooly mammoth extinction?

What aspects of climate change contributed to the wooly mammoth extinction?

What environmental factors contributed to the wooly mammoth extinction?

According to most recent research, what is the primary cause of wooly mammoth extinction?

How did climate change affect mammoth' habitat?

food sources disappearing
shrank grassland
restricted habitat

What are the causes of the wooly mammoth extinction?

What aspects of climate change contributed to the wooly mammoth extinction?

What environmental factors contributed to the wooly mammoth extinction?

### Ecosystem Disruption

The extinction of mammoths and other megafauna had profound effects on ecosystem functioning:

- Christopher Doughty from Northern Arizona University found that with the extinction of large animals, the redistribution of essential elements like phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium decreased by 90%
- Without mammoths and other large herbivores, these elements would have been more evenly distributed, potentially leading to a more productive ecosystem
- The loss of mammoths disrupted seed dispersal patterns and nutrient cycling across vast landscapes

## Human Activities and Mammo