# Germany's Nuclear Energy Phase-Out: A Comprehensive Report

## Introduction

Germany's decision to phase out nuclear energy represents one of the most significant energy policy shifts in modern European history.

This move, which culminates in the complete shutdown of nuclear power plants by the end of 2022, has puzzled many observers given the global push toward carbon neutrality and the urgent need to address climate change.

This report examines the historical context, current challenges, and future implications of Germany's nuclear exit strategy.

## Historical Context and Policy Evolution

### Early Anti-Nuclear Movement
Germany's relationship with nuclear energy has been complex and contentious.

The anti-nuclear movement began in the 1970s, laying the groundwork for what would become a defining feature of German energy policy.

This movement eventually gave rise to one of the world's most influential Green parties.

### Political Shifts
In 2001, Chancellor Gerhard Schröder's government announced Germany would gradually phase out

# Germany's Nuclear Energy Phase-Out: A Comprehensive Report

## Introduction

Germany's decision to phase out nuclear energy represents one of the most significant energy policy shifts in modern European history.

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Content: World Vision: France and Germany seek to develop EU participation to follow
March 05, 2023 00: 04
Eastern Network Television
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The EU does not regulate the distribution of energy production methods in member countries, and member countries have to make their own plans.
After the Fukushima nuclear plant accident in Japan, France maintained nuclear power generation, while Germany abandoned nuclear development to develop green energy.
In terms of nuclear power, the French Senate approved the construction of 6 to 14 additional nuclear power plants and increased nuclear power to 50% of total energy consumption, in addition to the crisis of natural gas and oil supply shortage caused by sanctions against Russia, the other is that France has not yet developed a high level of green energy, and France will only gradually increase renewable energy after the energy crisis is resolved.
In particular, France has made extraordinary progress in nuclear power production research in recent years, and the research of nuclear power facilities from large to small has been very successful, which is a good guarantee of stable electricity supply, production and employment.
Germany currently relies on lignite and natural gas for 45% of its electricity generation, renewables for 43.9% and nuclear for only 6%.
France relies on fossil fuels for 8.6% of its electricity generation, renewable energy for 24.5%, and nuclear energy for nearly 70%.
Although the Russian-Ukrainian war has strained Germany's current power supply and wants to extend the operation of the nuclear power plant, which was originally scheduled to close in December 2022, it is expected that the nuclear power facilities will be gradually closed, and even increased lignite power generation is now even under popular opposition.
Although France and Germany have developed nuclear energy and green energy respectively, their stability has not been overcome. When the sun is not strong, the wind is insufficient or the nuclear power plant maintenance, especially the demand for electricity in winter is very high, the production will be in short supply, and wind and solar power can not be stored.
Since Germany has also been buying French nuclear power to maintain a sufficient supply, energy experts have ironed that Germany can only allow France to maintain its nuclear facilities on sunny days.
If you look at the figures above, it is clear that Germany is still heavily dependent on fossil fuels, and whether French or German households are generally dependent on coal and oil for heating, the cost of switching to electric heating is enormous.
In terms of capital operation, wind and solar power are mostly dependent on private funds, and the power generated by the facilities can be resold. The responsibility of the government is to acquire and redistribute.
However, even in Germany, there are wind and solar power production needs to be imported into the country's affordable components, and some politicians are worried about relying on China's supply chain for development.
And France in increasing the development of nuclear power plants, there is also the treatment of nuclear waste, but also from the past packaging left in the sea, to now reasonably buried underground, both due to the technical complexity and huge investment, completely dependent on the national lead.
It seems that France will face great challenges in 2050 and Germany in 2045 to become carbon neutral.
However, the efforts and cooperation of the two countries are a reference for the development of the EU member states.
Ph.D., Freie Universität Berlin

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Content: Home / News / World /  Germany quits nuclear power; shuts final 3 plants
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Germany has shut its final three nuclear plants, marking the end of the country's end of nuclear era that has spanned more than 60 years.

Nuclear power has long been contentious in Germany.

The move has come as Germany's eyes achieve its green goal. Steffi Lemke, Germany’s Federal Minister for the Environment and Consumer Protection and a Green Party member, "The position of the German government is clear: nuclear power is not green. Nor is it sustainable".

Closure of three nuclear plant's history:

Germany shut three plants-- Emsland, Isar 2, and Neckarwestheim, representing the culmination of a plan set in motion more than 20 years ago.

During the 1970s, a strong anti-nuclear movement emerged in Germany. The movement gave birth to the green party, which is now part of governing coalition.

However, it was in the 2000s the German government pledged to phase out nuclear power and start shutting down plants.

But in 2009, a new government came to power and it seemed brief as if nuclear would get a reprieve as a bridging technology to help the country move to renewable energy.

Then Fukushima happened. In 2011, an earthquake and tsunami caused three reactors of the Fukushima Daiichi power plant to melt down.

Three days later then-Chancellor Angela Merkel who was previously pro-nuclear, announced Germany would accelerate a nuclear phase-out, with older plants shuttered immediately.

Russia's invasion of Ukraine provided another plot twist.

Germany isn’t the only country committed to walking away from nuclear — Italy gave up the technology in 1990, and Lithuania recently struck a deal to dismantle its Soviet-era reactors, which have sat idle for over a decade. But in many advanced economies, nuclear is experiencing a resurgence.

On Sunday, Finland will start regular power production at Europe’s newest and biggest reactor. The 1,600-megawatt Olkiluoto-3 unit that faced years of delays had been planned to enter commercial production on Monday. France is planning to build at least six new reactors by 2050 as well as experiment with smaller, modular ones. The UK has similar ambitions. And even in Japan, after a decade of paralysis following the nuclear accident in Fukushima, the public is warming up to the use of nuclear power. The Japanese government wants to restart reactors that have sat idle since the disaster and to extend the lifespan of existing units.

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Content: Germany ’ s last three nuclear power plants may be delayed
In light of the potential energy crisis in Europe in the winter, officials revealed that Germany intends to delay the decommissioning of the last three nuclear plants in the country, although it will only temporarily prolong the life of the plants, but it marks the first time that Germany has deviated from the energy policy introduced in the millennium and has so far been enshrined by almost all parties.
The Wall Street Journal (WSJ) quoted senior officials as saying that German Chancellor Olaf Scholz has not yet formally adopted the proposal to delay the discharge, and if it is decided to do so, there are technical and legal issues, including passing through parliament.
The cabinet is currently discussing some details, and while it will have to wait for the results of the energy demand assessment in the coming weeks to come to a conclusion, officials have revealed that everything is almost a foregone conclusion.
The last three nuclear plants in Germany were due to be decommissioned on December 31, and the government reportedly believes that a temporary delay would require two conditions: Germany is likely to suffer from a natural gas shortage and there are no safety concerns about keeping nuclear reactors in operation.
The shift in German policy underscores the shock of Russia ’ s invasion of Ukraine to European political circles, especially Germany, which has been closely tied to Russia ’ s economy and has long relied on Russian gas supplies.
After the Russian invasion of Ukraine, he began to increase military spending, send weapons to Ukraine, break years of pacifism, supply arms to conflict zones, the latest energy policy shift, and involve the almost sacred issue of “nuclear abolition ” in German politics.
The German economy ministry, which dominates energy policy, declined to comment on the report, saying only that it all depends on the outcome of an assessment of Germany ’ s energy needs.
The remaining three nuclear power plants account for about 6% of Germany's electricity generation, and if they continue to supply power, they will not have to use natural gas or coal-fired power to fill the gap, allowing some areas to continue to have natural gas.
In some parts of Germany, huge coal-fired power plants have resumed operations in response to a potential power outage from a Russian supply cut in June, disrupting Germany ’ s progress so far in reducing carbon and fighting air pollution.
The German government has drawn up two executive orders on how to reduce natural gas and energy consumption over the next two years.
Energy authorities estimate that Germany will need to reduce its use of natural gas by 20% in order to avoid a shortage of natural gas this winter and next.
It is unclear when the German authorities may extend the discharge period, with some officials offering a few months, but the ruling Liberal Democrats believe it should be extended to 2024.
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How did the German model achieve an unbearable energy transition war across the sea?
【 By Fu Guanqi 】
Environmental awareness, green energy production has always been regarded as the world's superior Germany, but because of a Ukrainian-Russian war, let the bright achievements behind the unfinished business, exposed to the world.
Is this general review of energy security, ignited by war, a crisis or a turning point for Germany, which rose from the ashes of World War II? Can Germany break through the status quo and turn into a new model for a sustainable economy in the future?
Or is it a death on the road to transformation? How can Taiwan find its future direction from this “energy transition war ”?
Just after Christmas, for many Dodd families, the most wanted Christmas gift may be a heat pump to make the whole family better through the winter.
Unlike the tens of millions of domestic heating systems in Germany that still use natural gas or oil as fuel, heat pumps are powered by electricity, which can be seen as "reverse air conditioning", which has a higher thermal conversion efficiency and symbolizes energy access at a lower price.
The energy crisis caused by the Russo-Ukrainian War has become a watershed in the price of energy in Germany.
The past dependence on Russia to import a large amount of cheap energy can not be returned, and the international carbon pricing mechanism is increasingly complete, which has led Germany to realize that only green energy is the way to reduce energy prices again.
The "Vision" team traveled to Germany, in-depth interviews and observed that the consensus that permeates German society today is: "There is not much time for the energy transition, and we must accelerate progress."
German Green Party MP Till Steffen, who visited Taiwan in 2022, told Visionary that "this' energy crisis' has accelerated the 'energy transition' and become a priority for the government."
German Economy Accelerates Greening, Renewable Energy Becomes National Security Foundation
This is not just a matter of paper. At the end of 2022, Germany inaugurated the country ’ s first liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminal.
Germany decided last spring to build it, and it could be completed in a few months. “This is super fast for Germany, ” Steffen said.“ We need to scale up renewable energy at the same rate. ”
If you make decisions at the slow pace of your past habits, you won ’ t be able to achieve the goals you set. ”
In the past, far less ambitious than the Green Party ’ s liberal finance minister, Christian Lindner, has also designated renewable energy as “free energy ”, emphasizing its function to enhance Germany ’ s energy security and economic independence.
In this context, the two pillars of the energy transition, "switching to renewable energy" and "improving energy efficiency", have also become the top priorities of enterprises in the country.
Even the German machine tool manufacturer MAG, a pioneer of Industry 4.0, has re-examined energy conservation and is preparing to install solar panels on its plant.
“Many investment plans are being reevaluated because of higher energy prices, ” explains Sebastian Schoning, MAG ’ s head of Europe & Americas.“ Many investments that were previously unprofitable are now justified. ”
Solar panels that can be used for their own use and can be sold for electricity have been greatly shortened, and with tax incentives, large and small businesses and families have been selling out; installation technicians are so hot that waiting in line has become a new normal in the last few months.
Yen Chien-ho, general manager of the German branch of FSP, which has been operating solar energy storage business for more than six years from Taiwan, revealed that the green energy product line is already the main revenue of the company, and it is estimated that by 2023, solar related products can grow by 50%.
Quanhan also saw the business opportunities of green energy vehicles in Europe and decided to set up a new R & D center in Germany to attack customized charging devices.
Another Taiwanese company that has been working in Germany for ten years, Servo Press Co., Ltd. is also favored by European customers due to the fact that the product consumes about 50% less power than traditional presses, and is expected to double its business performance in 2023.
Germany has been driving the energy transition for decades. The driving force of this energy crisis is mainly reflected in the change of mentality and the re-calculation of business interests.
First, in terms of mentality, Germany used to import about 60% of its energy, and is more heavily dependent on cheap fossil fuels from Russia.
However, when energy is no longer so readily available, it has also greatly changed the German society's view of energy: in the past, everyone saw renewable energy as a threat to the stability of electricity supply, and now it is an important basis for protecting national security.
Second, in the eyes of enterprises, green energy has become the only energy source that can maintain long-term competitiveness.
"We all know that there is no future for fossil fuels," said Markus Rosenthal, director of government relations at the German Association for Energy Storage Systems. He cited the withdrawal of Allianz, Germany 's largest insurance company, and the active investment of major banks in decarbonization technology as examples. The effect of greening the German economy is greater than anyone else. "
Many may have heard of Germany ’ s Energiewende vision after the Fukushima disaster.
But such a concept has taken root in Germany ’ s anti-nuclear movement since the 1970s.
Since then, the Green Party movement has developed with the greatest political influence in the world.
GREEN ENERGY GREEN ENERGY CHALLENGE 1: Lack of work, insufficient capacity of Northern Power South
The Renewable Energy Act (EEG), which came into force in 2000, made Germany the first major economy to promote renewable energy.
Over the next 20 years, the proportion of renewable energy supply has grown significantly from 6% to 46%, and this remarkable achievement has become an international model case for promoting energy transformation.
However, the model of the period of peace seems to be unable to withstand the test of war, and Germany still fell into the dilemma of energy crisis in the Russo-Ukrainian War.
Russia ’ s invasion of Ukraine and the weaponization of energy are certainly uncontrollable factors.
But the German society's caution against nuclear energy has also made Germany more dependent on relatively clean natural gas during the period of phasing out coal.
“We are over-reliant on fossil fuels and the development of renewable energy over the past few years has been too slow, ” said Malte Kuper, energy and climate policy researcher at the German Institute for Economic Research (IW).“ We must accelerate the correction of the structural errors of energy policy over the past decade. ”
Wilhelm Kiewitt, Director of Energy Economics at 50Hertz, a German power grid company, said: “We are vigorously promoting the construction of renewable energy, but we have not updated the grid infrastructure and have not ensured that the design of the electricity market is compatible.
As a result, the energy transition is not doing well. ”
Wind power located on the northern coast of Germany has so far been difficult to reach the industrial heartland of the south because the government has spent too much time coordinating with the residents of the south to accept high-voltage cables cutting through their beautiful landscapes.
The lack of capacity of Northern Power South has become a key missing piece in the German energy puzzle.
In addition, the political lobbying power of fossil fuel companies and strict regulations on onshore wind power have also slowed down the pace of transformation in Germany.
A few months ago, there was a demolition of nearby windmills to expand coal mines in North Wales. Although the efficiency of these windmills was low and they were expected to be rebuilt and upgraded, environmentalists criticized this as a retrograde policy in the midst of the energy crisis.
But the lack of urgency may be the key factor in Germany ’ s gradual deviation from its goal.
According to the German government ’ s 2021 forecast, all sectors, from energy, industry and agriculture, will not be able to meet the 2030 climate goals on the basis of current carbon reduction actions.
In terms of new technology, even if Germany began hydrogen energy research more than 30 years ago, it has not been able to enter the expansion.
Thomas Hilig, founder of THEnergy in Germany and a hydrogen energy consultant, pointed out that “we have studied hydrogen energy thoroughly and want to know everything. ”
But it may be possible to start expanding sooner.
Indeed, now is the time to launch the app. ”
The impact of high energy prices and increasingly extreme weather have become a reality in Germany, forcing the country, accustomed to sound and prudent action, to admit its mistakes and shortcomings and accelerate the progress of the energy transition.
The question is, is it in time?
Opening a recent German newspaper will find that a crisis is not necessarily a turning point.
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which account for 99% of the total number of German enterprises, are struggling, and many companies may not be able to survive.
A survey of companies released by the German Chamber of Commerce and Industry (DIHK) in the summer of 2022 shows that due to high energy prices, 1 / 4 of enterprises have completed the deployment of production reduction, 1 / 4 have reduced the scale of operations, and the remaining half have not yet begun to act, and are still thinking about the corresponding steps.
At present, the German government has finalized a nearly 100 billion euro energy bill subsidy plan, but Asha Maria Sharma, deputy director of digital services at the Foreign Trade and Investment Agency, believes that financial subsidies are only part of the solution, companies must think about how to use AI, data analysis and other technologies to save energy, in order to remain competitive in the future when energy prices are higher.
However, the resources and financial power of SMEs are not as good as those of multinational enterprises, and it is not easy to face inflation, interest rate hikes, the impact on the dollar exchange rate and energy prices, and to devote more efforts to long-term investment layout.
For example, when the Covid-19 pandemic spread, Alexander Krug, the public relations manager in charge of the Berlin Digital Center for SMEs, observed that about a third of SMEs were suspending or even cancelling strategic digital investments that would bear fruit in the medium to long term.
Moreover, in the global semiconductor shortage, many small and medium-sized enterprises are competing for similar chips with the government-supported renewable energy industry, as well as Germany ’ s powerful automotive industry.
In terms of money and resources, it is difficult to win.
Cooper said that in the long term, the energy crisis can be an accelerator of the energy transition.
But for an industrial powerhouse like Germany, which has a high proportion of energy-intensive industries, there is also a risk that “industry may decline before the green energy transition is complete. ”
Many homes waiting for solar panel technicians to install their doors also reveal another risk: lack of work.
“If you ask a business, what ’ s the biggest question about operations? Almost every time the answer is, ‘ We need people. ’ ”
Especially in the areas of green energy and digital technology, which are crucial to driving transformation, there is a particular lack of technical talent.
Many countries in Europe have a shortage of jobs.
However, in the manufacturing sector, more than 40% of enterprises in Germany are understaffed.
In comparison, France is less than 25%, and Italy and Spain are less than 10%.
Even the director of the German public broadcaster said recently: "We have to recruit people from all over the world... even the German level of the candidates is not so important."
As long as I work hard, I don ’ t worry too much that they can only speak a few words of German. ”
GREEN ENERGY GREEN ENERGY CHALLENGE 2: Higher energy costs, the United States proposed a bill to reduce inflation and siphon off international investment
The evolution of the international situation has also made the adverse situation worse.
The European war is still raging, the epidemic is still hazy, and the tensions between the United States and China have caused Germany, formerly the beneficiary of free trade and international supply chains, to reverse the situation and increase the pressure.
In particular, in August 2022, the United States passed the $369 billion Inflation Reduction Act, proposing a simpler and more attractive subsidy specification than the European Union, which is likely to siphon off more international investment at a time when Germany urgently needs to accelerate the expansion of renewable energy.
Some scholars wonder whether Germany will be able to complete the energy transition that it failed to achieve during a period of relative stability in the face of many challenges.
Only recently did Germany significantly expand public spending to help society weather the epidemic. To date, it has allocated more than 260 billion euros in response to the energy crisis.
This is almost 7% of national GDP, well above the EU average of 83 billion euros.
Meanwhile, Germany is still trying to boost its defense budget to 2% of GDP.
Even if the money is relatively abundant, it is also pressure.
Reinhard Biedermann, a professor in the Department of Global Political Economy at Tamkang University, pointed out that to develop enough renewable energy to replace traditional energy sources requires a lot of investment, manpower and even land, which Germany cannot do at the same time.
“The energy crisis is really an opportunity to expand renewable energy.
But turning the crisis into a turning point is not so simple.
Germany depends not only on imports of fossil fuels, but also on imports of renewable energy.
After the decline of the German solar industry, about 95% of the domestic solar cells are manufactured in China.
Nordex shut down Germany ’ s last wind turbine turnstile plant in June 2022, taking into account costs, causing observers to worry that the wind energy industry may be heading toward a fate similar to that of the solar industry.
Steffen said that due to competition from China, the German solar industry has lost a lot of intellectual and political power, and now is the time to reinvigorate the domestic solar value chain.
“We still have capacity in wind energy, but we can ’ t find a market in our country because Chinese products are cheaper, ” Steffen said.
In some ways, the energy crisis is just beginning.
As the Visionary team rode a high-speed rail at a speed of nearly 300 kilometers across the edge of Germany ’ s beloved forest, they were greeted by rotating fans, solar panels laid on the roof of the building, and high-voltage power towers that transmit electricity over a long distance.
This has gradually become a familiar daily scene in German society.
At this point, it may be seen as an important milestone in the final completion of Germany ’ s energy transition, but it may also be the starting point for the decline of German industry.
Looking back at the challenges of the pandemic, companies in Dodd all agree that agility, flexibility and flexibility are essential skills to survive in the current changing environment.
In particular, German industry contributes more than a quarter of the country ’ s GDP, which is higher than developed countries such as France, the United Kingdom and the United States.
But strengthening the high-priced “Made in Germany ” brand with performance, quality and stability is threatened by higher energy costs.
Steffen acknowledged that many Dodd companies use cheap Russian energy to produce and then sell their products at high prices to the U.S. and mid-market.
This is similar to the common pattern in Taiwan.
Taiwan 's green energy students > risk assessment first, transformation needs to think about the overall order
Sucheta Govil, chief commercial officer of Covestro, observed that energy is already a global issue and resource constraints are becoming the foreseeable future. “Even if you are in Asia, energy prices are still cheap, but price increases are reflected in the supply chain. ”
This advantage is diluted by rising raw material costs, even if Germany considers itself to be of excellent mechanical engineering quality. ”
Even if Germany has only recently begun to cope with the energy crisis, the effectiveness of the policy measures will have to wait for time to prove, and there are still lessons for Taiwan.
First, understand your energy security and independence and conduct a risk assessment.
Leonard believes that encouraging energy conservation by raising energy prices and using this income to invest more in renewable energy is worth considering.
“Explaining to people the higher energy costs they pay will help develop renewable energy and improve energy security. ”
Second, think about the sequence of measures for the energy transition as a whole, and put limited resources in the right place at the right time.
Hans-Joachim Ziesing, a former energy transition consultant for Germany ’ s Future Energy Plan, shared that one of Germany ’ s mistakes was to set a good goal and vision before developing policies to be achieved.
A better approach might be to take a practical approach, clarify the quantitative benefits that each policy can bring, and determine that cross-party consensus can be reached to move forward together.
It is also important to continuously monitor the performance of data and to be accountable to all departments.
Hiliger observed that Germany ’ s national hydrogen energy strategy in 2020 shows that officials have learned from the siting of renewable energy and energy transportation.
“Many projects take production and consumption into account as a whole, for example, by making good use of existing construction, refurbishing natural gas pipelines to become hydrogen pipelines, rather than placing electrolytic tanks next to wind power plants. ”
Preparing businesses and citizens to move away from fossil fuels
Finally, it is the continuation of the momentum of social change.
In the past, Germany saw natural gas as a “bridging energy ” to connect fossil fuels with renewable energy; now, losing its main source of natural gas imports, it has had to restart coal plants and lease liquid-gas receiving stations.
After doing so, it may be harder to get rid of them in the future.
Ideally, when the hydrogen energy market matures, Germany can renovate this batch of liquid natural gas receiving stations into hydrogen energy receiving stations.
But the two are different energy sources after all, and the renovation will be another expense.
Whether it can be developed according to the plan is still uncertain.
After the government finalizes the energy subsidy policy, from the beginning of 2023 to April 2024, 80% of the bill will be protected by the price cap, and users will only pay 20% of the current price.
This will change people ’ s interest.
How to make good use of the incentive mechanism to encourage society to continue to promote energy conservation and transformation at the household, business and infrastructure levels is also a big test.
Although Taiwan, which has a higher industrial share than Germany, has yet to personally feel the waves of the European energy crisis, it will be crucial to be as prepared and adapted as possible to the future of higher fossil fuel prices before the price protection umbrella for long-term contracts ends.
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Content: Read the history of the moment: why is Germany so entangled in nuclear power? | German News | DW | 14.04.2023
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Read the history of the present: why is Germany so entangled in nuclear power?
Germany was proud of its nuclear power generation technology, but at the same time the technology has been so controversial that it has finally decided that April 15, 2023 is the date of withdrawal from nuclear power.
However, as the energy crisis caused by the Russian-Ukrainian war continues to intensify, the wisdom of the decision to say goodbye to nuclear energy has been widely discussed.
Germany ’ s nuclear policy is in dispute again
It all started with an "egg" - Germany's first nuclear reactor in Garching, near Munich, went into operation in October 1957.
Because the nuclear reactor, which belongs to the University of Munich, resembles an egg, it is nicknamed the "atomic egg".
It was a milestone in Germany's nuclear energy research and a symbol of Germany's resurgence after World War II.
The nuclear reactor, which was used for scientific purposes, remained in operation until 2000.
In 1957, Germany built its first nuclear reactor.
Three years later, in 1960, the first nuclear power plant for civilian use was built in the city of Kahl, on the banks of the Main River in Bavaria.
At that time, atomic energy was widely regarded as both safe and reliable. The 1973 oil crisis gave further impetus to the rapid development of nuclear energy in Germany.
The start of the anti-nuclear movement
Since it has been impossible to find a foolproof way to store nuclear waste, opponents have begun to question whether nuclear energy is really a clean energy source.
Thousands of protesters clashed with police during the construction of the Brockdorf nuclear power plant in the state of Shihe.
Since the 1970s, plans for the construction of the Brockdorf nuclear power plant have triggered numerous police and civil conflicts.
"Nuclear energy? No, thank you!" has become a rallying cry for environmentalists.
In the 1980s, a new political party, the Green Party, emerged in West Germany. Its members are mainly leftists, pacifists, environmentalists and anti-nuclear forces. In 1983, the Green Party entered the Bundestag.
In 1983, Green Party politicians Gert Bastian and Petra Kelly were elected to the Bundestag.
On March 28, 1979, a serious accident occurred at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant in Pennsylvania, United States. On April 26, 1986, a reactor at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine, Soviet Union, exploded, causing the worst nuclear disaster in history.
Radiation clouds spread throughout Europe.
The accident also marked a turning point in discussions about nuclear technology in Germany.
At the time, Germany was still divided.
In East Germany under the Communist Party, the public received almost no information about the nuclear accident and its effects.
West Germany, on the other hand, was in a state of confusion and politicians were helpless.
People were unprepared for a nuclear leak, and the government was unable to provide guidelines and response strategies for the time being.
A hastily formed crisis management team was also disbanded shortly afterwards.
The Chernobyl nuclear accident has caused widespread concern in Germany.
People are buying iodine.
A large quantity of fruit, vegetables and milk in the supermarket was ordered to be removed from the shelves because of concerns about nuclear radiation.
Children were banned from playing in the sand pools and citizens were warned not to go out in the rain.
Although the health effects of radiation were not detected in Germany, the accident led to the introduction of nationwide radiation monitoring in Germany, which eventually led to the establishment of the Federal Ministry of the Environment.
Plans to build a nuclear waste treatment plant in the Bavarian town of Wackersdorf have sparked serious riots.
The clashes left several protesters and civil servants dead and hundreds injured.
The project was finally halted in 1989, the first major victory of the German environmental movement.
And...
In 2011, protesters handcuffed themselves to the tracks in an attempt to block trains carrying nuclear waste.
Meanwhile, in northern Germany, Gorleben in Lower Saxony became a symbol of the struggle against nuclear waste, and the town was designated to temporarily store nuclear waste until a permanent storage site was identified.
The first shipment of nuclear waste arrived in the town on 24 April 1995.
A long farewell to nuclear power - Germany's nuclear withdrawal process after many setbacks
In 2001, Schroeder's center-left coalition government of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and the Green Party reached an agreement with major energy companies to phase out nuclear power.
All 19 nuclear power plants in Germany have been given operating timelines and the last one is required to be shut down by 2021.
In 2001, Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder announced that Germany would phase out nuclear power generation.
In 2010, the center-right government led by Chancellor Angela Merkel withdrew the nuclear withdrawal agreement.
It also decided to extend the operating time of nuclear power plants.
However, the third major nuclear accident in the world has caused a change in Germany's nuclear energy policy. On March 11, 2011, the accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan caused by the earthquake and tsunami.
The impact of the accident on Germany is even greater than that of Japan.
As a veteran physicist, German Chancellor Angela Merkel unexpectedly changed her usual stance on nuclear energy policy.
Merkel suddenly announced that the era of nuclear power in Germany will end by the end of 2022. On July 30, 2011, the German Bundestag voted to approve the resolution.
After years of fierce fighting, the Brockdorf nuclear power plant in the state of Ishih will finally become history in 2021 after 35 years of operation.
In 2017, Germany decided to start a nationwide search for a safe place to store highly radioactive nuclear waste, with the mission to be completed by 2031.
At the end of 2021, anti-nuclear activists celebrated the closure of a nuclear power plant in North Germany.
Rethinking the nuclear policy.
The war in Ukraine has made Germany anxious to get rid of its energy dependence on Russia, which has also reignited the already ironclad policy of denuclearization.
The coalition leader has spearheaded a proposal to extend the operating time of nuclear power plants to replace natural gas from Russia with nuclear power.
In August 2022, CDU Chairman Meltz and CSU Chairman Soder both put forward the idea of extending the time limit for nuclear power operations.
Christian Lindner, finance minister of the business-oriented Liberal Democratic Party (FDP), immediately backed a return to nuclear power.
His party is junior partner in a centre-left coalition with the Social Democrats (SPD) and the Greens.
The latter will find it difficult to agree to an extension because opposition to nuclear power is one of their core issues.
But in the summer of 2022, no one in Germany completely ruled out that possibility.
LDP finance minister Lindner, who is focused on business interests, was also quick to join the pro-nuclear camp.
But for the Green Party, which is also part of the ruling coalition, the possibility of agreeing to extend the operating time of nuclear power plants is slim, because opposition to nuclear power is their basic principle.
Anything is possible in Germany in 2022.
Can nuclear power be a climate savior?
Editor: This article was originally published in August 2022
© 2022 Deutsche Welle Copyright Notice: All content in this article is protected by copyright law and may not be used without special permission from Deutsche Welle.
Any misconduct will lead to recovery and criminal prosecution.
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This move, which culminates in the complete shutdown of nuclear power plants by the end of 2022, has puzzled many observers given the global push toward carbon neutrality and the urgent need to address climate change.

This report examines the historical context, current challenges, and future implications of Germany's nuclear exit strategy.

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January 7, 07: 28
Pushkov called one decision of Germany, which “broke the backbone ” of relations with Russia
Senator Pushkov: Germany ’ s refusal to supply gas led to a big break with Russia
Germany ’ s decision to refuse gas supplies from Russia via Nord Stream has led to a “big gap ” between Russia and Europe.
This was stated by Senator Alexei Pushkov.
“Germany has broken the backbone of previous relations, abandoning Russian gas that came to it through the Nord Stream, ” he wrote in a telegram channel.
Pushkov stressed that the explosions on the gas pipelines put an end to even the theoretical possibility of resuming the transit of blue fuel to Germany.
In addition, according to the politician, the termination of Russian gas supplies to Germany, which previously served as the basis of “special relations ” between the countries even during the Cold War, throws the situation back about 50 years, when Moscow and Berlin signed a gas – pipe agreement.
Earlier, Life said that Germany had failed a plan to switch to renewable energy sources.
The reason lies in the stagnation of the expansion of wind energy and the lack of necessary energy storage facilities.
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## Historical Context and Policy Evolution

### Early Anti-Nuclear Movement
Germany's relationship with nuclear energy has been complex and contentious.

The anti-nuclear movement began in the 1970s, laying the groundwork for what would become a defining feature of German energy policy.

This movement eventually gave rise to one of the world's most influential Green parties.

### Political Shifts
In 2001, Chancellor Gerhard Schröder's government announced Germany would gradually phase out


### Report on the International Space Station Air Leak

#### Introduction
This report provides a factual overview of an air leak incident at the International Space Station (ISS), intended for educational and dramatic purposes.

While this event is grounded in real occurrences, your drama troupe may creatively adapt it with science fiction elements as you see fit.

#### Detection of the Leak
The air leak was detected on **December 15, 2022**, aboard the Russian Soyuz MS-22 spacecraft that was docked to the ISS.

The leak occurred in the cooling system, which led to a rise in temperature inside the spacecraft.

This anomaly was identified by ground control teams monitoring the station's systems.

#### Cause of the Leak
Initial investigations suggested that the leak was caused by an **external impact**, possibly from a micrometeorite or space debris.

The Russian space agency, Roscosmos, did not rule out such impacts as the cause.

This external damage compromised the integrity of the cooling loop

### Report on the International Space Station Air Leak

#### Introduction
This report provides a factual overview of an air leak incident at the International Space Station (ISS), intended for educational and dramatic purposes.

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Find out about the latest community news, humanitarian stories, and video reports about community life.
Roscosmos: MS-21 debris scattered in the Pacific Ocean
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Alexander Liskin / Moving to the bank of picturesA magnitude 7 earthquake hits the South Pacific
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The Russian space agency Roscosmos announced on Sunday that the Progress MS-21 spacecraft, which was taken out of orbit due to a malfunction in the thermal control system, scattered its debris in the non-navigable part of the Pacific Ocean.
Sputnik.
Roscosmos said in a statement on Sunday: "Today, Progress MS-21 was taken out of orbit, entered the atmosphere, disintegrated and unburned debris from its hull fell into an unnavigable area of the South Pacific."
Roscosmos has previously said that Progress MS-21 will separate from the International Space Station on February 18.
Roscosmos reveals the rescue of a Russian spacecraft for the International Space Station
The decision was made after a detailed analysis of the damage to the radiator of the thermal control system on the exterior of the hull and assembly compartment.
Sergey Krikalev, executive director of manned space programs at Roscosmos, said that "there was a leak on board of a radiator from the thermal control system, and that the situation is somewhat similar to what happened with our ship in mid-December," adding: "Just as with the Soyuz MS-22 spacecraft, the company will analyze the possible cause of the pressure reduction."
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Content: Russia helps NASA communicate with its astronauts
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The Space Flight Command Center in Houston lost contact with the International Space Station on Tuesday morning due to power outages at the center.
The call was re-established 20 minutes later with the help of Russia.
This was stated at a press conference held in Houston by the head of the International Space Station program Joel Montalpano.
“At around 8 a.m. Houston time (4 p.m. Moscow time) there were electrical problems at the Space Flight Command Center, and as a result we lost contact and telemetry to the International Space Station from Houston.
There were no problems on board, only problems on the ground.
About 20 minutes after the blackout, we contacted our guests via Russian channels and explained what had happened.
"The American team and equipment were not in danger."
Montalpano pointed out that for the first time there was an incident that forced NASA to use backup channels to communicate with the International Space Station.
"There was a power outage on the first floor of the building, including lighting and air conditioning, but the Space Flight Command Center is not on the first floor, so there was electricity and light.
But the equipment and devices that provide spaceflight command and telemetry have been shut down, and the sound systems have been shut down. ”
A NASA spokesman said the power outage occurred during work to upgrade communications equipment.
"We knew that could happen, so we set up backup channels.
It was launched about 90 minutes after the accident.
"We expect to analyse what happened by the end of the day and be able to return to normal work by turning on the main channels."
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Putin reveals nature of upcoming Russian aid to African continent (VIDEO)

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A Crater on the Moon Behind the Crash of Russia ’ s Luna-25 Vehicle (Video)
NASA has revealed that Russia ’ s Luna-25 spacecraft, which failed to land on the moon ’ s south pole, has formed a new crater on the moon ’ s surface.
NASA, citing new data obtained from the US LRO probe, reported that the fall of the Russian Luna-25 left a crater 10 meters wide.
"The new crater is about 10 meters in diameter, and since the new crater is close to the estimated impact point of Luna-25, the LRO team has concluded that it is most likely a result of that mission rather than a natural cause," NASA said.
Footage and photos released by NASA showed that when the Russian Luna-25 spacecraft crashed due to a technical problem, it left this crater.
Black and white images of the lunar surface taken in June 2020, and another taken in the same place on August 24 this year, show a slope that did not exist before.
The Russian news agency reported last month that the Luna-25 spacecraft crashed on the lunar surface after losing contact with it, deviating from the lunar orbit set for landing on the dark side of the moon.
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Content: Boeing's interstellar flight to the International Space Station delayed due to technical problems
Boeing's Starliner spacecraft has safely docked with astronauts on the International Space Station (ISS) after a malfunction of the propulsion system and two helium leaks after entering orbit.
The original docking time was 12: 15 pm EST, but the spacecraft finally docked autonomously at 1: 34 pm EST.
The thrusters of the reaction control system, which provides fine maneuverability, have malfunctioned.
Two astronauts on board, Butch Wilmore and Suni Williams, piloted the craft manually.
It is unclear whether the helium leak is related to the thruster failure.
After years of delays and two failed launches, Starliner lifted off from Florida on Wednesday (May 6).
Previous problems include software that put interstellar routes on the wrong track in unmanned tests and the discovery of flammable electrical tape in the cabin.
When the first launch failed in May, NASA and Boeing became aware of a helium leak in the Starliner thrusters.
The team decided not to fix the leak, saying tests showed the leak rate was within a safe range.
Repairing the leak would involve a complex process that would require dismantling the ship at the factory.
Since the start of this mission, two more helium leaks have occurred in the interstellar route, NASA has posted this information on its X account.
"The affected two helium valves have been closed and the spacecraft remains stable," the post said.
Boeing spokesman Jim May also said the leak would not pose a security risk to test pilots or the mission as a whole, and said the interstellar route has helium reserves that will no longer require thrusters when the propulsion system is deactivated while docked at the station.
Helium pressurized the thrusters' fuel lines to maneuver the spacecraft, and engineers developed plans to deal with further leaks.
The initial leak may have been caused by a small rubber seal failure.
Wilmore and Williams were the first astronauts to fly on the interstellar route.
SpaceX (Space Exploration Technologies) makes regular trips to the International Space Station, but Boeing and NASA want to add a supplier.
This time space travel is part of the certification process for Boeing.
It is also the sixth type of spacecraft built by the United States to carry NASA astronauts.
(This article is based on reports by AFP and the Associated Press.)

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Content: Roscosmos told about the results of the medical commission of the crew of the Soyuz MS-22 - RIA Novosti, 11.01.2023
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Roscosmos told about the results of the medical commission of the crew of the Soyuz MS-22
"Roscosmos": the state of health of the crew of the "Soyuz MS-22" allows to extend their mission to the ISS
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MOSCOW, 11 Jan – RIA Novosti.
The health of the crew of the Soyuz MS-22 is good, the cosmonauts are ready to stay on the ISS longer than planned, said on Wednesday the executive director of Roscosmos for manned programs Sergey Krikalev.
"The medical board has reported that the crew is assessed to be in good condition and they are ready to stay in orbit longer," Krikalev said at a press conference hosted and broadcast by NASA.
On December 15, 2022, on the Soyuz MS-22 docked to the ISS, a depressurization of the cooling circuit occurred.
Because of this, the spacewalk of Russian cosmonauts Sergei Prokopyev and Dmitry Petelin was canceled.
Due to the malfunction, the temperature in the ship began to rise, then it was possible to stabilize it, there is no threat to the crew.
Prokopyev and Petelin, along with American Frank Rubio, were to return to Earth in the second half of March 2023.
Experts after analyzing the causes and condition of the ship came to the conclusion that it is impossible to return the crew home on the Soyuz MS-22.
Instead, on February 20, Soyuz MS-23 will be sent to the ISS in unmanned mode, and the expedition of Prokopyev, Rubio and Petelin itself will be extended for several months.
Soyuz MS-22 will also return to Earth empty.
Russia plans to stay on the ISS as long as possible, Borisov said
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It was 20 seconds before the launch of the Russian Soyuz spacecraft.
The Russian Soyuz manned spacecraft, which was scheduled to travel to the International Space Station on the 21st, was aborted by the automatic safety system about 20 seconds before the scheduled liftoff due to an abnormality in the final stage.
At 9: 21 a.m. EST, Soyuz was preparing to launch three astronauts from Russia, Belarus and the United States at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan.
But the Russian space agency said that 20 seconds before liftoff, the chemical power pressure dropped, and the astronauts needed to evacuate the Soyuz, and everyone was safe.
The launch was delayed until the afternoon of the 22nd.
Reuters reports that such a late notification of the suspension of the launch is rare.
Yuri Borisov, the head of Russia ’ s space agency, played down the drama, saying, “This is the case in space, my colleagues, and the situation is understandable. ”
Astronauts on board include American astronaut Tracy Dyson, Russian astronaut Oleg Novitsky and Belarusian astronaut Marina Vasilevskaya.
Oleg Novitsky and Marina Vasilevskaya were scheduled to spend 12 days on the ISS and return home on April 2, NASA said, while Tracy Dysony will spend six months on the ISS to conduct technical experiments to help prepare humanity for future space missions.
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#### Detection of the Leak
The air leak was detected on **December 15, 2022**, aboard the Russian Soyuz MS-22 spacecraft that was docked to the ISS.

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A space accident delays NASA astronauts entering open space.
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20-12-2022 | 05: 00
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The flight of the two American astronauts to open space planned for December 19 was postponed to December 21, after the outer membrane of the Russian Soyuz MS-22 spacecraft was exposed to an external influence, which led to a rise in temperature inside the spacecraft, according to the NASA website.
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NASA said its experts are working with Russian space agency Roscosmos to establish all the circumstances of the space incident.
NASA supported the investigation and helped examine the outer membrane of the Russian manned vehicle with the Canadarm-2 robotic arm.
In this context, NASA has decided to postpone the departure of US astronauts Josh Cassada and Frank Rubio to open space from December 19 to December 21 to install the solar batteries iROSA on the body of the space station from outside.
The outer membrane of the Russian manned Soyuz-22 spacecraft docked with the space station was subjected to an external impact on Thursday, forcing the Roscosmos administration to cancel the exit of Russian astronauts Sergei Prokopev and Dmitry Petelin into open space.
The Russian Space Agency's committee is still investigating an incident involving one of the spacecraft's systems.
The head of Russia's manned space programs, Sergei Krikalyov, did not rule out that the space accident was caused by the impact of a small meteorite on the cooling device of the Russian spacecraft.
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NewsScience18 December 2022 13: 02
The temperature in the Soyuz MS-22 was lowered after a leak in the cooling system
Flight control center found a solution to the problem with the heat on board
Experts managed to reduce the temperature on board the spacecraft "Soyuz MS-22"
Photo: Roscosmos press service
Specialists of the Mission Control Center managed to reduce the temperature on board the Soyuz MS-22 spacecraft after a leak in the cooling system.
This is reported in the telegram channel of Roscosmos.
"The temperature in the Soyuz MS-22 spacecraft is reduced due to the actions of the specialists of the Mission Control Center, remaining within the specified limits," the state corporation said in a statement.
The device is also planned to be inspected using the cameras of the remote manipulator SSRMS.
It is planned that the Mission Control Center will receive the results of the inspection on Monday, December 19, 2022.
Earlier it was reported that the temperature on board the manned spacecraft "Soyuz MS-22" due to a leak in the cooling system began to increase, resulting in a 30-degree heat.
Experts decided to reduce the temperature by changing the ventilation system.
As the website KP.RU wrote, Roscosmos will need about a month to accelerate the sending to the ISS of the rescue ship "Soyuz" instead of the damaged "Soyuz MS-22", but a decision on this matter has not yet been made.

The leak occurred in the cooling system, which led to a rise in temperature inside the spacecraft.

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“Burn, men! ”: how to extinguish the space station“ Mir ”
25 years ago there was a fire on the Russian space station “Mir ”
On February 23, 1997, a fire broke out at the Russian Mir station, which began with the ignition of an oxygen bomb to regenerate the atmosphere.
At the station at that time there were six people from two international crews, two Soyuz TM ships were docked, which in principle allowed to evacuate all people, but one of the Soyuz was behind the fire and heavily smoky.
The crew had to put on gas masks and proceed to rescue the station.
The fire was extinguished before the situation finally got out of control, but for some time after the incident, everyone had to wear respirators.
25 years ago, a fire broke out at the Mir station, threatening the lives of six people who were in space at that time — four Russian cosmonauts, one German and one American astronaut.
The fire was eliminated, but it became a prologue to a series of emergency situations, which eventually forced to say goodbye to the Russian space station, remove it from orbit in the spring of 2001 and begin the construction of the international station ISS.
Nevertheless, the heroic actions of the Russian crew and especially the commanders of the two expeditions - Valery Korzun and Vasily Tsibliev - allowed the Mir to work for another four years.
Details of what was happening then on board the station became known in 2006, when Channel One shot a documentary about the 23rd international expedition called “Nowhere to Run.
"Fire in the Space Station".
February 23, 1997 on the "Mir", as well as in Russia as a whole, celebrated the Day of the Defender of the Fatherland, however, it is alleged that the celebration in space was exclusively alcohol-free and subsequent events with this festive relaxation are not connected in any way.
On board the station, the shift continued - the crew of the 22nd expedition, consisting of Valery Korzun, Alexander Kaleri (they flew on the Mir for six months) and American Jerry Michael Linenger, who only in January arrived on the Atlantis shuttle and worked then until the end of May, was replaced by the 23rd expedition: Vasily Tsibliev and Alexander Lazutki who had arrived two weeks earlier.
German astronaut Reinhold Ewald also visited the Russian station with a short visit.
The incident itself erupted — literally — before dinner, when the astronauts said goodbye to the ground services and wished them good night.
Alexander Lazutkin inserted another block into the pipe of the installation for burning oxygen bombs, started the process, but when he turned away, he heard some uncharacteristic sounds, and immediately after that began to smolder the fabric on the bag with the filter put on the vent of the “gun ”.
After a short stupor, the cosmonaut realized that there was an unforeseen situation, but the first to voice all this, according to Vasily Tsibliev, the German Reinhold Ewald, who said: "Burn, men!"
The need for the use of oxygen bombs arose among the crew due to the fact that there were six people on board the Mir.
The usual composition of the atmosphere at the station was maintained with the help of a special installation that extracted oxygen from the water and blew off the unnecessary hydrogen produced at the same time, but all this was enough only for a crew of three people, and when the number of people at the station exceeded, oxygen bombs began to burn - a checker per day per person.
After a short hitch, the astronauts began to pour the fire from the fire extinguishers, but it was not so simple.
Fire extinguishers worked in two modes - foam and liquid.
The foam was immediately thrown away by a powerful stream of oxygen coming out of the installation, and the liquid that fell on the hot metal gave a large amount of steam and smoke.
A solid gray veil dragged everything before the eyes of the astronauts, and already at a distance of a meter nothing was visible.
New fire extinguishers they pulled from the panels in other compartments of the station and passed along the chain.
“I come back with a fire extinguisher and see this picture: a solid gray shroud, and against the background of this gray shroud Valera extinguishes the fire extinguisher, hangs in the air; he was already in shorts, and from there a bright crimson flame, ” Alexander Lazutkin recalled later.
Valery Korzun, who extinguished the fire, also suffered from his negligence: “During extinguishing I touched the generator with my finger and received a burn, small, the size of less than a penny coin, such a burn of the first degree, a blister, it was not so critical. ”
The danger, among other things, was that the flame, fueled by oxygen, struck directly into the wall of the station, consisting of very thin and fusible aluminum with a thickness of only one and a half millimeters.
Within minutes of such a fire, the wall could not withstand, burn out and melt, and the depressurization of the station threatened a sharp drop in pressure, from which blood boils in the veins.
It was not possible to calculate in advance how many seconds the air would go into the resulting hole, the instructions on this matter were silent, besides, hundreds of cables were laid on the walls of the station, and Korzun and Tsibliev were already beginning to notice that the insulation on them had melted and burned.
This also threatened imminent closures: already melted some of the aluminum parts of the panels that surrounded the ill-fated oxygen generator.
It was necessary to think about the evacuation from the station.
At that time, two Soyuz TM were docked to the “Mir ” at opposite ends of the station, each of them had three places, so that all six who were at the station could, in principle, be saved.
However, one of the "Unions" was docked just behind the fire and managed to fill with poisonous smoke.
“I fly into the ship, open the hatch and see that the ship is in smoke, and, probably, I was afraid for the second time, I realized that, in principle, we can die due to the fact that we have smoke nowhere to go, ” Lazutkin said.
A normal human reaction!
And then, when I felt that you could not open the window, immediately the whole world around you shrunk to the size of a small station. ”
The astronauts tried to use the lights, but still did not see anything in the smoke at arm ’ s length – everything was covered with carbon monoxide smoke, there was nothing to breathe.
Tsibliev gave the order to urgently put on special gas masks, which themselves produced oxygen for breathing, but their work was enough for only two hours, during which it was necessary to have time to find some final solution.
The most panicked was Jerry Linenger, a U.S. Navy medical officer, who demanded an immediate evacuation.
Korzun sent him to the far end of the station and gave the task to prepare a resuscitation station, selecting appropriate medications that can help with carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide poisoning.
This was done, according to Korzun, rather in order to distract the American.
On Earth, meanwhile, the fire was not immediately known, since normal communication with the station was possible only when the "Mir" was over the territory of Russia - then radio sessions with the MCC were organized, lasting 10-20 minutes.
One revolution around the Earth station made in an hour and a half, and the fire occurred just during radio silence and flight over the Pacific Ocean.
NASA allowed the use of its communications points located in the United States, but this system was still poorly adjusted and often gave only one-way communication - astronauts could thus only transfer something to Earth.
Nevertheless, the report of the fire was accepted, and all possible specialists were called to the MCC, who began to work out recommendations for rescue.
When the oxygen in the gas masks was already running out, the smoke had not yet had time to dissipate, and Korzun and Tsibliev were still forced to decide to switch to breathing through respirators, which for a long time then were not removed - even during sleep.
"Isolation...
Well, you know how it smells, this smell haunted us then for many years, after it all ended, ” admitted Vasily Tsibliev.
The smoke at the Mir station dissipated by the morning of February 24, breathing there became more or less safe, and the Russian MCC concluded that the operation of the station can still continue.
On March 2, Korzun, Kaleri and Ewald were returned to Earth, leaving Tsibliev, Lazutkin and the American Linenger on Mir.
However, soon after this, a series of new breakdowns and long-term work to eliminate them began at the station.
At first, the same unit for the production of oxygen "Electron" broke down, which decomposed water into oxygen and hydrogen and provided the renewal of the atmosphere at the station in normal mode.
The astronauts turned on the backup system, but it also failed the next day.
In the end, it was necessary to burn those oxygen bombs, from one of which the described fire began.
Experts on Earth concluded that the fire then arose still due to a single defect of the device, and the checkers in general are not dangerous, but when connecting the next checkers, it was recommended to keep the fire extinguisher ready.
Then the Russian cosmonauts and the American astronaut began to be very concerned about the increase in temperature at the station, which eventually reached in some compartments + 48 ° C.
I had to take off my underwear like in a steam room.
A high degree of humidity at the same time led to the fact that the condensate dropped poured into the boxes with equipment, threatening closures.
The toilet did not work properly.
There was a problem with the leakage of a poisonous cooling colorless liquid that had no smell - ethylene glycol circulating through thin tubes under the lining of all modules of the "World".
Tsibliev and Lazutkin, having abandoned all the planned experiments, searched for all these leaks for a long time, eventually found and eliminated.
Until that time, the recommendations of the MCC were as follows: “We breathe less, we do not engage in physical education at all. ”
NASA at this time demanded that Russia either immediately solve all technical problems on Mir, or curtail all programs and return its astronaut to Earth.
And until that moment, Linenger, not paying attention to the efforts of the Russian cosmonauts, was obliged to conduct the planned experiments, which greatly offended the Russians who felt themselves as some plumbers at the hotel guest.
When all the problems seemed to have been eliminated, and the cargo ship Progress M34, which arrived on April 6 to Mir, delivered the necessary additional equipment, NASA nevertheless decided to continue joint expeditions with the Russians and sent the same Atlantis shuttle to Mir on May 15, which docked to the station on May 17.
The crew of Atlantis consisted of seven people and stayed in space for 9 days.
Charles Precourt commanded them, and besides him on board were the pilot Eileen Collins, Carlos Noriega, Edward Lou, the Frenchman Jean-François Clervois, the Russian Elena Kondakova and Michael Colin Foul, who finally replaced Linenger as part of a permanent expedition with Tsibliev and Lazutkin.
About the new American in the memories, they speak much better than about the previous one, who panicked in the fire and did not provide any assistance in the repair work.
Michael Foul, despite the forbidding instructions, still helped the Russians in everything.
Nevertheless, it was with this composition of the 23rd expedition of the Mir station that decisive damage was inflicted, from which it has not recovered.
This happened during a rather dubious, according to some experts, experiment - manual docking - that is, docking in teleoperator mode with the Progress M34 cargo ship on June 25, 1997.
At the same time, the station itself was also outside the zone of radio visibility with the MCC.
This “experiment ” was designed to save money spent on the operation of an extremely expensive automatic docking module produced by Ukraine – worth about $2 million.
Crew commander Vasily Tsibliev, who controlled the manipulator, for some reason failed to cope with this task, and the 6-ton ship crashed into the Spektr module at a speed of 10 km / h.
At the same time, the solar panels were crumpled and the station body was depressurized.
Inside, the pressure dropped sharply, it became even impossible to talk, the astronauts were preparing for evacuation, but in the last minutes they still managed to undock the thick electrical cables stretched into the Spectrum, seal the hatch into this compartment and thereby save the station for years to come.
This was the largest accident on the "World" in its entire 11-year history, not even comparable to a fire.
In informal conversations, representatives of the MCC (and even the President of the country Boris Yeltsin in public) blamed the “human factor ” – that is, the astronauts themselves.
However, Tsibliev refused to be a “shooter ” and actually accused the MCC of incompetence, dropping at some point even the following phrase:“ Many on Earth clearly wanted us to return corpses, ” as Kommersant wrote at the time.
Tsibliev was going to be heavily fined, but as a result, all members of the crew of the 23rd expedition were still presented for state awards: Lazutkin received the title of Hero of Russia, and Tsibliev received the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" of III degree.
The hero of the Russian Federation Tsibliev became on January 14, 1994 for the previous flight into space.
On August 7, 1997, another expedition consisting of Anatoly Solovyov and Pavel Vinogradov flew to Mir, and on August 14, Tsibliev and Lazutkin, returning to Soyuz on Earth, faced their final accident when their soft landing engines did not work - the meeting with the planet was very rough, it was comparable to congestion in a car accident.
Probably due to all these traumatic events and inhalation of toxic substances on the station, both Tsibliev, Lazutkin, and Linenger lost their health and did not fly into space anymore, having dropped out of the cosmonaut squads.
Tsibliev did not pass the next medical commission and in 2003 headed the cosmonaut training center.
Lazutkin, already appointed to the crew of the 14th expedition to the ISS, during training in the United States suddenly felt bad, doctors noted the obstruction of a number of heart vessels.
Linenger retired from NASA's astronaut corps in January 1998.
And on March 23, 2001, after 15 years of operation, the Mir was removed from orbit and sunk in the Pacific Ocean.
Downloading

This anomaly was identified by ground control teams monitoring the station's systems.

#### Cause of the Leak
Initial investigations suggested that the leak was caused by an **external impact**, possibly from a micrometeorite or space debris.

The Russian space agency, Roscosmos, did not rule out such impacts as the cause.

This external damage compromised the integrity of the cooling loop


### Report on the Air Leak at the International Space Station

#### Introduction
This report provides a factual overview of an air leak incident at the International Space Station (ISS), intended for educational and dramatic purposes.

While specific details about a major air leak directly affecting the ISS pressure environment are not explicitly detailed in the provided documents, related incidents involving spacecraft attached to the ISS and other critical failures offer contextual insights that can be creatively adapted for your middle school drama troupe's performance.

#### Detection of the Leak
The most relevant incident described involves the Russian Soyuz MS-22 spacecraft, which experienced a coolant leak on December 15, 2022.

This leak was detected through increased temperatures inside the vehicle, prompting immediate concern for the safety of the crew aboard.

Although this was not an atmospheric air leak within the ISS itself, it significantly impacted operations and crew safety protocols, leading to the cancellation of a planned spacewalk and alterations in crew return plans.

#### Possible Causes
The cause of

### Report on the Air Leak at the International Space Station

#### Introduction
This report provides a factual overview of an air leak incident at the International Space Station (ISS), intended for educational and dramatic purposes.

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Content: A community.
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Find out about the latest community news, humanitarian stories, and video reports about community life.
Roscosmos: MS-21 debris scattered in the Pacific Ocean
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Alexander Liskin / Moving to the bank of picturesA magnitude 7 earthquake hits the South Pacific
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The Russian space agency Roscosmos announced on Sunday that the Progress MS-21 spacecraft, which was taken out of orbit due to a malfunction in the thermal control system, scattered its debris in the non-navigable part of the Pacific Ocean.
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Roscosmos said in a statement on Sunday: "Today, Progress MS-21 was taken out of orbit, entered the atmosphere, disintegrated and unburned debris from its hull fell into an unnavigable area of the South Pacific."
Roscosmos has previously said that Progress MS-21 will separate from the International Space Station on February 18.
Roscosmos reveals the rescue of a Russian spacecraft for the International Space Station
The decision was made after a detailed analysis of the damage to the radiator of the thermal control system on the exterior of the hull and assembly compartment.
Sergey Krikalev, executive director of manned space programs at Roscosmos, said that "there was a leak on board of a radiator from the thermal control system, and that the situation is somewhat similar to what happened with our ship in mid-December," adding: "Just as with the Soyuz MS-22 spacecraft, the company will analyze the possible cause of the pressure reduction."
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Content: Russia helps NASA communicate with its astronauts
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The Space Flight Command Center in Houston lost contact with the International Space Station on Tuesday morning due to power outages at the center.
The call was re-established 20 minutes later with the help of Russia.
This was stated at a press conference held in Houston by the head of the International Space Station program Joel Montalpano.
“At around 8 a.m. Houston time (4 p.m. Moscow time) there were electrical problems at the Space Flight Command Center, and as a result we lost contact and telemetry to the International Space Station from Houston.
There were no problems on board, only problems on the ground.
About 20 minutes after the blackout, we contacted our guests via Russian channels and explained what had happened.
"The American team and equipment were not in danger."
Montalpano pointed out that for the first time there was an incident that forced NASA to use backup channels to communicate with the International Space Station.
"There was a power outage on the first floor of the building, including lighting and air conditioning, but the Space Flight Command Center is not on the first floor, so there was electricity and light.
But the equipment and devices that provide spaceflight command and telemetry have been shut down, and the sound systems have been shut down. ”
A NASA spokesman said the power outage occurred during work to upgrade communications equipment.
"We knew that could happen, so we set up backup channels.
It was launched about 90 minutes after the accident.
"We expect to analyse what happened by the end of the day and be able to return to normal work by turning on the main channels."
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Putin reveals nature of upcoming Russian aid to African continent (VIDEO)

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A Crater on the Moon Behind the Crash of Russia ’ s Luna-25 Vehicle (Video)
NASA has revealed that Russia ’ s Luna-25 spacecraft, which failed to land on the moon ’ s south pole, has formed a new crater on the moon ’ s surface.
NASA, citing new data obtained from the US LRO probe, reported that the fall of the Russian Luna-25 left a crater 10 meters wide.
"The new crater is about 10 meters in diameter, and since the new crater is close to the estimated impact point of Luna-25, the LRO team has concluded that it is most likely a result of that mission rather than a natural cause," NASA said.
Footage and photos released by NASA showed that when the Russian Luna-25 spacecraft crashed due to a technical problem, it left this crater.
Black and white images of the lunar surface taken in June 2020, and another taken in the same place on August 24 this year, show a slope that did not exist before.
The Russian news agency reported last month that the Luna-25 spacecraft crashed on the lunar surface after losing contact with it, deviating from the lunar orbit set for landing on the dark side of the moon.
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Content: Boeing's interstellar flight to the International Space Station delayed due to technical problems
Boeing's Starliner spacecraft has safely docked with astronauts on the International Space Station (ISS) after a malfunction of the propulsion system and two helium leaks after entering orbit.
The original docking time was 12: 15 pm EST, but the spacecraft finally docked autonomously at 1: 34 pm EST.
The thrusters of the reaction control system, which provides fine maneuverability, have malfunctioned.
Two astronauts on board, Butch Wilmore and Suni Williams, piloted the craft manually.
It is unclear whether the helium leak is related to the thruster failure.
After years of delays and two failed launches, Starliner lifted off from Florida on Wednesday (May 6).
Previous problems include software that put interstellar routes on the wrong track in unmanned tests and the discovery of flammable electrical tape in the cabin.
When the first launch failed in May, NASA and Boeing became aware of a helium leak in the Starliner thrusters.
The team decided not to fix the leak, saying tests showed the leak rate was within a safe range.
Repairing the leak would involve a complex process that would require dismantling the ship at the factory.
Since the start of this mission, two more helium leaks have occurred in the interstellar route, NASA has posted this information on its X account.
"The affected two helium valves have been closed and the spacecraft remains stable," the post said.
Boeing spokesman Jim May also said the leak would not pose a security risk to test pilots or the mission as a whole, and said the interstellar route has helium reserves that will no longer require thrusters when the propulsion system is deactivated while docked at the station.
Helium pressurized the thrusters' fuel lines to maneuver the spacecraft, and engineers developed plans to deal with further leaks.
The initial leak may have been caused by a small rubber seal failure.
Wilmore and Williams were the first astronauts to fly on the interstellar route.
SpaceX (Space Exploration Technologies) makes regular trips to the International Space Station, but Boeing and NASA want to add a supplier.
This time space travel is part of the certification process for Boeing.
It is also the sixth type of spacecraft built by the United States to carry NASA astronauts.
(This article is based on reports by AFP and the Associated Press.)

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Content: Roscosmos told about the results of the medical commission of the crew of the Soyuz MS-22 - RIA Novosti, 11.01.2023
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Roscosmos told about the results of the medical commission of the crew of the Soyuz MS-22
"Roscosmos": the state of health of the crew of the "Soyuz MS-22" allows to extend their mission to the ISS
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The health of the crew of the Soyuz MS-22 is good, the cosmonauts are ready to stay on the ISS longer than planned, said on Wednesday the executive director of Roscosmos for manned programs Sergey Krikalev.
"The medical board has reported that the crew is assessed to be in good condition and they are ready to stay in orbit longer," Krikalev said at a press conference hosted and broadcast by NASA.
On December 15, 2022, on the Soyuz MS-22 docked to the ISS, a depressurization of the cooling circuit occurred.
Because of this, the spacewalk of Russian cosmonauts Sergei Prokopyev and Dmitry Petelin was canceled.
Due to the malfunction, the temperature in the ship began to rise, then it was possible to stabilize it, there is no threat to the crew.
Prokopyev and Petelin, along with American Frank Rubio, were to return to Earth in the second half of March 2023.
Experts after analyzing the causes and condition of the ship came to the conclusion that it is impossible to return the crew home on the Soyuz MS-22.
Instead, on February 20, Soyuz MS-23 will be sent to the ISS in unmanned mode, and the expedition of Prokopyev, Rubio and Petelin itself will be extended for several months.
Soyuz MS-22 will also return to Earth empty.
Russia plans to stay on the ISS as long as possible, Borisov said
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While specific details about a major air leak directly affecting the ISS pressure environment are not explicitly detailed in the provided documents, related incidents involving spacecraft attached to the ISS and other critical failures offer contextual insights that can be creatively adapted for your middle school drama troupe's performance.

#### Detection of the Leak
The most relevant incident described involves the Russian Soyuz MS-22 spacecraft, which experienced a coolant leak on December 15, 2022.

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A space accident delays NASA astronauts entering open space.
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20-12-2022 | 05: 00
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The flight of the two American astronauts to open space planned for December 19 was postponed to December 21, after the outer membrane of the Russian Soyuz MS-22 spacecraft was exposed to an external influence, which led to a rise in temperature inside the spacecraft, according to the NASA website.
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NASA said its experts are working with Russian space agency Roscosmos to establish all the circumstances of the space incident.
NASA supported the investigation and helped examine the outer membrane of the Russian manned vehicle with the Canadarm-2 robotic arm.
In this context, NASA has decided to postpone the departure of US astronauts Josh Cassada and Frank Rubio to open space from December 19 to December 21 to install the solar batteries iROSA on the body of the space station from outside.
The outer membrane of the Russian manned Soyuz-22 spacecraft docked with the space station was subjected to an external impact on Thursday, forcing the Roscosmos administration to cancel the exit of Russian astronauts Sergei Prokopev and Dmitry Petelin into open space.
The Russian Space Agency's committee is still investigating an incident involving one of the spacecraft's systems.
The head of Russia's manned space programs, Sergei Krikalyov, did not rule out that the space accident was caused by the impact of a small meteorite on the cooling device of the Russian spacecraft.
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NewsScience18 December 2022 13: 02
The temperature in the Soyuz MS-22 was lowered after a leak in the cooling system
Flight control center found a solution to the problem with the heat on board
Experts managed to reduce the temperature on board the spacecraft "Soyuz MS-22"
Photo: Roscosmos press service
Specialists of the Mission Control Center managed to reduce the temperature on board the Soyuz MS-22 spacecraft after a leak in the cooling system.
This is reported in the telegram channel of Roscosmos.
"The temperature in the Soyuz MS-22 spacecraft is reduced due to the actions of the specialists of the Mission Control Center, remaining within the specified limits," the state corporation said in a statement.
The device is also planned to be inspected using the cameras of the remote manipulator SSRMS.
It is planned that the Mission Control Center will receive the results of the inspection on Monday, December 19, 2022.
Earlier it was reported that the temperature on board the manned spacecraft "Soyuz MS-22" due to a leak in the cooling system began to increase, resulting in a 30-degree heat.
Experts decided to reduce the temperature by changing the ventilation system.
As the website KP.RU wrote, Roscosmos will need about a month to accelerate the sending to the ISS of the rescue ship "Soyuz" instead of the damaged "Soyuz MS-22", but a decision on this matter has not yet been made.

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The damaged Progress 21 ship sank in the Pacific Ocean
The Progress MS-21 ship, which was undocked from the International Space Station (ISS), was sunk in the non-navigable part of the Pacific Ocean.
This is reported by Roscosmos.
Today, Progress MS-21 was de-orbited, re-entered the atmosphere and collapsed.
Unburned elements of its design fell in the non-navigable area of the South Pacific Ocean, — it is written in the publication.
Progress MS-21 was launched from Baikonur on October 26, 2022 by the Soyuz-2.1a carrier rocket and two days later delivered more than 2.5 tons of cargo to the ISS.
On the eve of the ship undocked from the module “Search ” of the International space station, having worked on it for more than 3.5 months.
Note that on February 11 on the ship there was a leak of coolant from the thermal control system.
Because of this, a depressurization occurred at Progress MS-21.
Yesterday, the main operational group of RSC Energia management decided to remove the cargo ship from orbit.
Subscribe to the telegram channel and the group “Vkontakte ”“ Realnoe Vremya ”.
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• Anonymous 08: 22
It happens...
Even the most reliable technique can fail.
Space is a hostile environment for humans.
You will never be able to live in space or even on other planets.
Never.
Little planet Earth is the only Home for Humanity, rushing with great speed in the vast expanses of Space.
This is the only home that needs to be kept.
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This leak was detected through increased temperatures inside the vehicle, prompting immediate concern for the safety of the crew aboard.

Although this was not an atmospheric air leak within the ISS itself, it significantly impacted operations and crew safety protocols, leading to the cancellation of a planned spacewalk and alterations in crew return plans.

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Content: International
2022-08-18 13: 52: 00
Space suit battery voltage drop 2 astronaut ends space walk mission ahead of schedule
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International Space Station (ISS) Two Russian astronauts were scheduled to take a space walk, but they were forced to end the spacewalk mission early because of a problem with their spacesuit batteries.
NASA stressed that there was no threat to the safety of the two astronauts during the period.
Russian cosmonaut Aleksandr Artemiev and another Russian cosmonaut, Matveyev, were scheduled to take a six-hour, 44-minute walk, adjust the mechanical arm of the European Space Agency (ERA) and install a camera, the Russian space agency said. The two astronauts were scheduled to perform an extraterrestrial mission at 453 pm Moscow time, the Russian space agency said on its website.
The vacuum pump and ventilation will not work.
More than an hour after the mission began, the battery voltage of the space suit worn by Altemiev suddenly dropped. If the battery is exhausted, the vacuum pump and ventilation device will not work and may lose contact.
He is in good health and is in control of the flight control center.
The control center later ordered another astronaut to return to the station, bringing the spacewalk to an early end.
NASA stressed that the safety of the two astronauts was not threatened during the period.
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"Should I sell 10% of Tesla stock?" Musk asked netizens to help him decide.
Texas music festival stampede kills 8, 25 hospitalized, youngest dead 14
Space X space capsule toilet malfunction 4 astronauts "pack diapers" back to Earth
The four astronauts on the International Space Station (ISS) Crew-2 mission may return home on the SpaceX spacecraft as soon as the 7th, but the spacecraft's toilet failed, and they feared they would have to rely on diapers to solve internal emergency problems during the 20-hour journey.
Megan McArthur, a NASA astronaut on the space station, said on Friday that while this was not the ideal situation, it was manageable.
"There are all sorts of small challenges on board," MacArthur said. "This is just a situation that we will encounter on our mission, but it can be handled, so we are not too worried."
Crew-2 had four astronauts, including NASA team commanders Shane Kimbrough, MacArthur, French astronaut Thomas Pesqu (et), and Japanese astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, who was on behalf of the Japanese space agency, on a six-month mission to the ISS in April.
According to NASA officials, the team could return to Earth on SpaceX ’ s Dragon spacecraft as soon as seven days, weather permitting.
“We don ’ t know when we ’ ll be home, ” Pesquet said.“ But we can be sure that it ’ s better to come home early than late. ”
The mission chief decided late Friday whether to send the team home on a SpaceX spacecraft or to replace it with another spacecraft, which has been delayed by more than a week due to bad weather and an undisclosed health condition of one crew member.
Pesquet said that the past six months have been tense, with astronauts conducting a series of space walks to upgrade the grid, but the Russian spacecraft activated the booster, accidentally caused the ISS to briefly rotate, and they also received the first Russian national film crew on the ISS.
They also had to deal with a leak in the toilet, and they pulled up partitions in the spacecraft to find several pools of urine; the problem first appeared in a private SpaceX flight in September, when the pipes of other spacecraft were degummed and urine spilled below the floor.
Engineers believe that the structure of the spacecraft has not been damaged by urine, so it is safe to return to Earth.
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#### Possible Causes
The cause of