# Overtourism: Causes, Impacts, and Global Hotspots - Comprehensive Report

## Introduction

Overtourism represents a critical challenge in contemporary tourism management, where excessive visitor numbers overwhelm local infrastructure, degrade natural environments, and disrupt community life.

This report examines the phenomenon through the lens of sustainability research, exploring its causes, consequences, and global manifestations to inform responsible tourism policy development.

## Understanding Overtourism

Overtourism occurs when tourism demand exceeds a destination's capacity to accommodate visitors sustainably.

While the provided Bashkiria case study doesn't represent a classic overtourism scenario, it illustrates fundamental issues in tourism management that can lead to unsustainable practices.

## Causes of Overtourism

### 1.

Poor Tourism Governance
The Bashkiria case demonstrates how ineffective governance contributes to tourism mismanagement:
- Frequent leadership changes (five tourism officials in 4.

5 years)
- Inconsistent data reporting and lack of transparency
- Misaligned policy priorities

# Overtourism: Causes, Impacts, and Global Hotspots - Comprehensive Report

## Introduction

Overtourism represents a critical challenge in contemporary tourism management, where excessive visitor numbers overwhelm local infrastructure, degrade natural environments, and disrupt community life.

Title:

Content: The lower the quality of visitors, the higher the block?
"Over-limit travel" not only disturbs Mt. Fuji, but also has a fence.
International Center Hsu Hsiao-ching / General Report
After the COVID-19 pandemic slowed, Japan opened its doors to foreign tourists, but what followed was the problem of “over-tourism ” that plagued tourists.
In addition to the "black curtain" barrier on Kawaguchiko Lake to shield Mt. Fuji, the Shiranobori Shrine on the banks of Lake Pipa has also installed a fence in front of Otoriya, hoping to stop tourists from taking photos by the road.
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Japanese media reported that Japan's annual Golden Week holiday, but recently many sightseeing spots are suffering from "overtourism" (tourism hazards), which makes many local governments do not want to actively respond.
At Kawaguchiko, which is surrounded by the beautiful scenery of Mt. Fuji, there are too many tourists who have committed illegal acts such as crossing roads and littering in order to photograph the beautiful scenery of “Kawaguchiko Station ”, which is 5 minutes from Kawaguchiko Station on the Fujikyu Kawaguchiko Line. They will sit on the stairs of the clinic and eat, and some people will directly“ stand ” for business.
The above acts are endless, and the arrangement of security guards and security can not be stopped, so the local government decided to set up a "black curtain" to cover Mt. Fuji, hoping to drive away the tourists who came to take photos.
However, Kawaguchiko is not the only scenic spot to sacrifice its beauty for order and safety.
The Otoriya shrine, located on the shores of Lake Pipa in Shiga Prefecture, Japan, faces a similar problem.
Facing Japan ’ s largest lake, Lake Biwa, the shrine is located on the lake, making it known as “Omi Noyama Island ” and one of the most popular spots for tourists.
However, in order to take a photo with the birds, many tourists, regardless of the danger, directly crossed the local national road (similar to the provincial road in Taiwan) from the side of the shrine, and even had a death accident.
Keiichi Takahashi, the head of the shrine, revealed that there were no zebra crossings and no red and green lights in the area, and there was an emergency brake of a car (to avoid pedestrians) and a chase occurred.
In order to avoid the recurrence of similar incidents, in February 2024, the shrine set up a metal fence with a height of 110 cm and a width of about 100 meters on the side of Torii.
Keiichi Takahashi said that although he was troubled about setting up the fence, ensuring safety was the first consideration.
However, after the fence is completed, tourists can still see the situation of crossing the road from time to time, and even some people directly rely on the fence to take photos.
"TBS" reported that the lower the quality of tourists, the higher the obstacles that block the beautiful scenery will have to be set.
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Title:

Content: Under the flag of ecotourism
563
Aset Kalymov
According to the World Tourism Organization UNWTO, Saty village of Kegen district of Almaty region is recognized as one of the best tourist villages of the planet.
photo of the author, photo from open sources
Recently in Samarkand, during the 25th session of the UNWTO General Assembly, the results of the Best Tourism Villages 2023 Awards competition were summed up.
According to its organizers, the competitive selection has been held since 2021.
The jury has received 258 applications from 63 countries.
According to the decision of the international expert commission, 74 settlements became part of the unique network of the best tourist villages of UNWTO.
For the first time such a high title was awarded to Saty village of Kegen district of Almaty region.
Applications for the competition were evaluated on such criteria as the preservation of cultural and natural resources, infrastructure development, development of tourism products, marketing, value chain in tourism.
As Secretary General of the World Tourism Organization Zurab Pololikashvili noted during the award ceremony, this initiative marks the villages that use tourism as a catalyst for their development and well-being.
Tourism can become a powerful driver of the economy, expanding the potential of local communities and regions.
Until recently, Sata, which is home to about 1,500 people, was an inconspicuous small village located in a remote mountainous area.
Most of the villagers were engaged in animal husbandry, many moved to the cities in search of a better life.
Radical changes in the appearance of the village began to occur together with the rapid growth of tourist infrastructure in the territory of the nearby Kolsay lakes.
In the national park there is something to see: a rich flora and fauna, magnificent nature untouched by civilization.
Investments have flowed in Saty river, over a few years more than 80 guest houses have been opened here, as well as 30 state houses (!).
Locals provide tourists with various services, including horseback riding, catamaran riding on Lake Kolsai 1.
There is also a yurt ethnotown, in which visitors are introduced to the preparation of dishes of original cuisine, the secrets of carpet weaving, felting nightmares.
Recently, Kolsay and Kaiyndy have become one of the most popular weekend routes among foreign guests, Almaty residents and residents of the region.
On the way here is the majestic Charyn canyon, you can also stop for a rest at the hot springs of Chundi.
According to local authorities, since the beginning of this year about 250 thousand people have visited here, which is about three times more than it was a few years ago.
As the guides tell, at the peak of the season in the village of Saty it is difficult to find free rooms in hotels, there were cases when it was necessary to settle visitors in the houses of the villagers.
Those, having felt the conjuncture, began to learn how to receive tourists, and now the sphere of tourism for them is quite significant, if not the main source of income in addition to the traditional subsidiary economy.
According to Rashida Shaikenova, the director of the Kazakhstan Tourism Association, ecotourism is becoming the dominant direction of the travel industry.
Today, it accounts for up to 30% of the world ’ s tourist flow.
A similar trend can be traced in our country, where the national natural parks “Kolsai kolderi ”,“ Sharyn ”, “Ile Alatau ” and others are becoming increasingly popular.
By the way, this is not the first award of Kazakhstan in the tourism sector.
In 2021, according to the major international travel guide Lonely Planet, the republic was included in the list of the best destinations as an ecotourism destination.
According to tour operators, the village of Saty serves as an illustrative example of how the local population can be involved in the tourism industry.
It is necessary to extend this experience to all regions of the country, to popularize the environmental and ethnographic segments of the industry.
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Locals in ‘Spanish Mykonos’ popular with Britons call for action on overtourism

Residents of the Menorcan village of Binibeca Vell said they welcomed British tourists, but needed support from the authorities to cope

MADRID – Known as the “Spanish Mykonos” for its beautiful, narrow white-walled lanes that attract thousands of tourists a year, residents of Binibeca Vell are calling for authorities to take action to stop it being overwhelmed by visitors.

The Menorcan village, which has over 200 permanent residents but attracts 800,000 holidaymakers every year, is inundated with visitors who follow noisy tour guides, leave rubbish and take selfies as the sun goes down over the Mediterranean.

Last year, tired of being invaded, residents of the coastal village managed to impose limits on visiting times so tourists are only allowed in between 10am and 10pm and secured a grant of €15,000 from the island’s government to help pay to manage the area.

However, as Spain braces itself for a record year for tourism, with airlines scheduling extra flights, the Menorcan government withdrew this grant and said residents must pay for cleaning or charge visitors to enter.

The battle playing out in Menorca is being repeated from the Canary Islands to Barcelona as residents hit back at what some claim is uncontrolled tourism that puts pressure on housing and squeezes Spaniards out.

Oscar Monge, president of the Community of Property Owners in Binibeca Vell, said tourists were not the problem.

“I love Britain and I want to make it clear that British tourists are not the problem. It is the lack of action from the Menorcan government,” he told i.

“They want us to pay for the cleaning of the streets because this is a private village or charge tourists for coming to the village, which we do not want to do. Sometimes tourists come in with tour guides and leave rubbish, but why should we have to pay to clear it up? Menorca charges a tourist tax of €2.30 per day, so what is that being used for?”

In a private village, property owners own the streets and land the village was built on, unlike in the typical case where common land is publicly owned.

Begoña Mercadal, director of tourism for the Menorcan government, said the residents’ organisation did not want to renew the €15,000 grant agreement.

“The agreement established that it was automatically renewed if the two parties requested it before 19 December, 2023 and they did not do so, therefore we understood that they were not interested,” she told eldiario.es, an online news site.

Spain received 9.8 million visitors in the first two months of 2024. Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez posted on X, formerly Twitter, on Wednesday: “Our commitment to a quality, innovative and sustainable model turns Spain into a cutting-edge tourist destination.”

Meanwhile, protests are planned across the Canary Islands against overtourism on Saturday as members of the group Canarias Se Agota carried on with a hunger strike.

One member of the group had to receive hospital attention on Tuesday after starting the strike five days earlier.

Protests will be staged in support of the Canary Islands action in Berlin, Madrid and Malaga by environmental group Greenpeace.

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Title:

Content: Rewrite this title: Link to All Seasons
The following article will help you: Link to all seasons
Everything has a season, a time to be born, a time to die, a time to plant, and a time to build bonds.
I ’ m not 100% sure that the last book is actually from university travel, but it should be found in the SEO book.
Link building is always a quest for websites, but that doesn ’ t mean that conditions are the same every day.
However, there are certain constants even under constant change.
One of these faithfully enduring factors is the inexhaustible progress of the chapters.
Even if the foliage doesn ’ t change and the snow doesn ’ t fall wherever you are, we all share the same four-season cycle.
This consistent seasonal rotation provides some things we can rely on to help us create link building strategies.
A summer.
Most modern civilizations have at least some susceptibility to the academic calendar.
In the first part of our lives, most of us have become accustomed to the concept of summer vacation.
It ’ s a pattern that tends to emerge in business trends long after we leave academia.
It is only natural that even link building is influenced by the mentality of the summer vacation.
The golden criteria for links in SEO are those that come from highly reliable sources.
Many of those high-confidence hotspots tend to slow down a bit during the summer months.
From educational institutions to local government there is a natural slowdown in some activities.
In schools in particular, the availability of teachers and students is much lower.
If you ’ re trying to target these types of links, the challenge increases when the school is out of school.
But that means you need to shift your attention elsewhere.
In warm weather, people are generally more active outdoors and it can be helpful to associate your work with this lifestyle.
with organizations associated with sponsors, of course.
If your industry focuses more on indoor cats, partnering with outdoor travel and entertainment sites is a good way to get some cross-promotion.
Falling.
Some people love autumn and others hate it, and I think this largely depends on how they see it.
Changing foliage is worth a 3-hour drive to nowhere, and the night air has a delightful flavor.
But for species that are half empty, it also means that winter is on its way.
For teachers, parents, and link builders, it ’ s time to go back to school.
When classes start, the game is running for educational content and preparing for the winter.
As children buy new book bags, teachers do the planning.
Lesson plans, teaching aids and curricula are being developed or revised.
Some of your content can get links from electronic versions of this material, if you have the right resources.
Find out what the teachable moment is in your work.
Develop these concepts and shape them into pieces of content that will appeal to teachers at all grade levels.
The first weeks of school can be busy, but if you do the right time, your contribution to educational plans may last for years.
WINTER
Winter is cold in the northern hemisphere, where the vast majority of the land mass is located on Earth.
So, whether you ’ re in San Francisco or San Tropez, it ’ s cold in January.
People spend more time indoors and there is a very good chance of getting rid of some of their cabin fever online.
In winter, both weather and social traditions work in favor of the link builder.
Christmas is coming, as are Hanukkah, Kawanza and a number of celebrations and shopping trips.
As most stores know, this time of year is about special offers, sales and discounts.
Whatever product or service you sell, you can play the recess angle.
Don ’ t sell yourself just because you think your service doesn ’ t fit the typical Christmas theme.
A carpet cleaning service can get by offering a special holiday cleaning offer.
The lighting fixtures website can offer gift certificates and “upgrade ” discounts before the holiday.
Just because you ’ re not a major player in retail doesn ’ t mean you can ’ t have some holiday links.
People are collectively looking for gift ideas and holiday party planning tips.
Blogs, outlets, and websites of all kinds compile lists of these resources along with coupon codes and bountiful deals.
Don ’ t just post your offers on your site, promote them with a comprehensive awareness campaign.
Holiday mania infects everyone, and if you can ’ t beat them, at least get links from it.
Spring.
If you watch Animal Planet, you know that spring plays a major role in expansion and growth.
The world goes through a kind of rebirth during these months.
And while there ’ s a lot going on outside, this can be one of the hardest times of the year to work in marketing corners.
There are a few holidays, but nothing is as important as the other seasons.
This makes this season great for planning, analysis and evaluation.
While nature is taking its course abroad, this is the time to breathe new life into your online marketing strategy.
Discover what worked during the winter and lay the foundation for what lies ahead.
I don ’ t mean that you should stop building your links, but it ’ s always quiet before the storm.
Link builders should be like children; if they are calm, it means they are planning something.
These “quieter ” months can be a good time like any other month to plan your attack for the next year.
The development is that in order to truly stay ahead of the curve, each season must be planned months before it arrives.
The same way supermarkets display February swimwear and early September Christmas trees.
The behind-the-scenes work needs to be done a few months before the calendar year, so you ’ re ready to go when the season comes.
Creating links is difficult enough in the best of circumstances, and any link builder will tell you that there is no one strategy that works all the time for everyone.
Nowhere is it clearer than to examine the nuances of seasonality and its effects on human behavior.
Building connections in many ways requires an understanding of psychology.
This includes not only understanding how and why to get links, but also when.
There are naturally occurring peaks and valleys throughout the year that you can use to your advantage.
Sometimes you can help your site talk to search engine algorithms by simply listening to seasonal vital rhythms.
When you use the collective habits of humanity to meet the right needs, at the right times, you are likely to find that the bonds are always there in season.

Title:

Content: How to be more attractive to tourists
2
Raushan Uteulina, Akmola region
As part of the execution of the instructions of the Head of State, a working group was created in the region to promote the tourism cluster
photo from the archive "KP"
Among the most promising objects that should become the hallmark of tourism in Kazakhstan at the global level, the Shchuchinsk-Borovsk resort zone is also named.
The other day, issues of tourism development were considered at a visiting meeting chaired by the akim of the region Marat Akhmetzhanov in Burabay with the participation of tour operators and businessmen.
“Today, we have created a working group of experts, representatives of the business community and local executive bodies to jointly answer the questions that hinder the development of tourism, what tools and institutions would be most effective in this matter, ” said Marat Akhmetzhanov.
The unique nature of the region creates a potential for the development of the tourist and recreational complex, however, according to statistics, the contribution of the tourism sector to the economy of the region is only 0.4%.
According to the head of the regional department of tourism Andrei Podgursky, the statistics keeps its records only on two types of economic activity - living and eating in places of accommodation.
But the sphere of tourism is closely connected with the services of the spheres: entertainment, passenger transportation, sales and so on.
Other reasons are shadow turnover or registration of entrepreneurs in other regions of the country.
Today, 90% of apartments in resort areas are rented illegally, many owners of accommodation facilities underestimate the cost of their buildings in order not to pay taxes, in the service sector every third employee is employed informally.
For the development of tourism it is important to attract investors, but in many areas of the region there are no current maps of free land plots.
Available are not updated and sometimes unreliable.
Often, many allotments are not included in the master plans of settlements, have neither a target purpose nor PDP.
It should be understood that the “naked ” land plot is not interesting to investors.
In addition, the only legitimate option for the allocation of land is an auction.
However, this imperfect procedure does not guarantee the provision of land for business development.
Due to the lack of land plots, it is difficult to attract potential investors to new development locations on the coast of Katarkol and Zhukey lakes.
By the way, such tourist facilities as Discovery, Star, Forest and Stars, Orbita are already developing here.
Today, the load of Kokshetau airport is only 2%.
You can load the air harbor only by increasing the flow of tourists throughout the year.
According to the speaker, letters about additional subsidized flights were repeatedly sent to the Ministry of Transport.
Now the departmental commission is considering the possibility of launching flights Kokshetau – Kyzylorda, Kokshetau – Aktobe.
As is known, within the framework of the three-stage Plan for the development of the Shchuchinsk-Borovsk resort zone since 2012, more than 30 billion tenge has been allocated from the republican budget for engineering, transport and other infrastructure.
It seems that much has been done, but the resort continues to experience problems, which the Head of State also recalled.
The President noted that according to the plan, 126 billion tenge was supposed to be allocated for these purposes, and in fact 35 billion tenge was allocated.
“That ’ s only 28% of the funding.
For more than ten years, the resort could not install treatment facilities.
Also, the construction of water supply networks and heat sources has not been completed, ” the President said.
The Akim of the region commented on the situation.
According to him, the construction of water disposal facilities, water and electricity supply, which began in 2017 in the resort area, was not completed and due to the “raw ” PSD – they were not designed for such a volume of infrastructure of the tourist business.
After the projects financed from the Republican budget were adjusted, the burden fell on the regional budget.
But since there are no such funds in the budget, it is necessary to conduct an audit of what has been done and on the basis of the received data to develop new projects and implement them under the strictest supervision so that each allocated tiyn is effectively used.
– The lack of proper control has led to such sad results in its time.
All this, of course, can not but affect the attractiveness of the resort area, where today there are interruptions with light, water supply, and experience inconvenience and vacationers, and local residents.
All these and other tasks will be solved in a complex.
We have a vision, mechanisms for improving and implementing infrastructure projects that will favorably affect the tourism and investment climate in the region, ” said Marat Akhmetzhanov.
In the course of the conversation, the businessmen expressed their opinion.
Among the problems they stated are the transfer of land plots, business lending, lack of personnel, interaction of agricultural producers with tourist facilities and others.
In particular, the chairman of the Republican Association of Children and Youth Tourism and Recreation, entrepreneur Kairat Sultanov proposed to give tour operators the opportunity to purchase food from local agricultural producers, bypassing intermediaries.
According to the honorary worker of tourism of the Republic of Kazakhstan, President of the Association of tourism and recreation industry of Akmola region, Professor Shynarbek Batyrkhanov, the problems of the sphere also stem from the lack of a systematic approach to a unified structure of tourism management, training of personnel.
For example, at the faculties of tourism in two Kokshetau universities less than 100 students study.
- I think there was a productive conversation, an open exchange of views on the existing problems in the field of tourism.
The issues lying in the plane of the decision of the regional akimat will be considered immediately.
The expert group that was created today will begin to work further.
Within a month, its members should submit specific conclusions, on the basis of which a package of proposals will be submitted for consideration to the Government, if necessary, to the deputies of the Mazhilis, ” Marat Akhmetzhanov summed up.
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Society

Trampling Tourists Changing Face of Athens’ Tourist Area Plaka

It’s the dilemma of too much tourism that’s making residents of Athens’ iconic Plaka, a tourist trap area filled with trinket shops and cafes and the city’s magnet for visitors that’s making residents there say will destroy the reason they come: the end of charm and tradition.

Under the Acropolis and home to many of the city’s remaining neo-Classical buildings that define architecture, Plaka is now so overrun in the warmer weather peak period months that it looks like Santorini at its busiest.

In a feature, The Daily Beast noted how the people who are being lured by the government which wants tourism, tourism, and tourism – it’s the country’s biggest revenue engine – have made Plaka resemble a faux ancient Greek Disneyland.

https://www.thedailybeast.com/tourists-are-destroying-athens-most-beautiful-neighborhood
Architect Giorgos Zafeiriou has been living there for decades, in a building he bought and renovated in 1988, a three-story structure that’s more than 130 years old, what Athens used to look like.

From the terrace he can see the Parthenon up close, as can many of his neighbors who are lucky enough to share the view that brings people, even if outside their windows and below it’s a cacophony.

The residents say that it’s not tourism that’s ruining the neighborhood – they’ve lived with that – but overtourism and what they characterize as blind government greed that ignores what it will do the neighborhood.

“When somebody tells me ‘What a beautiful neighborhood you live in’, I usually reply by ‘Thank you, but I want to keep living in here and the neighborhood to continue being beautiful,” said Zafeirou.

He is also President of the Plaka residents initiative and they’ve had it with the noise and the hustle and bustle that’s relentless and goes on into early morning hours, making it difficult to sleep.

Much of Athens is a hodge-podge of abandoned buildings, graffiti-covered structures and an endless sea of filthy, grey concrete buildings that’s the antithesis of those in the Plaka, the city having to build structures fast after the 1950s end of the Greek Civil War as people left the countryside for the city.

Athens used to be avoided by tourists because of that ugliness, or used as a jet pit stop on the way to islands and other destinations but in recent years as it’s becoming spruced up and the young have built a buzz with unique coffee shops and restaurants, once funky neighborhoods have become popular.

PUMP DOWN THE VOLUME

And when you’re in the capital, it’s the Acropolis and Parthenon that are the lure, as well as the Plaka, which adjoins Monistiraki that was the hub of activity during the 2004 Olympics.

“It’s a must-see place to visit when you find yourself in Greece’s largest city and, along with popular islands such as Mykonos and Santorini, it’s one of the most Instagrammable areas in the country,” said the piece written by Demetrios Ioannou.

Tell that to the residents. At an event for the protection of Plaka organized by the Society for the Environment and Cultural Heritage (ELLET), Maria Kokkinou, a permanent resident, spoke in front of an audience that included the mayor of Athens, Kostas Bakoyiannis, about what they have been dealing with as the COVID-19 pandemic winds down and tourists have returned.

“We had a very difficult summer, sleeping with earplugs and closed windows because even the double glazing cannot limit the noise. The traffic is unbearable, Plaka is full of black vans with tinted windows blocking the streets, taking up our parking spaces.”

She also issued a warning: “If we all leave and all the houses become tacky souvenir shops, the tourists will stop coming too.” A 1999 Presidential decree that’s supposed to protect the character of Plaka has been ignored, residents say, and restaurants are churning away and loud music is ceaseless.

“In the last two years the situation has become unbearable. There are days when you literally leave your house and can’t take a step,” Lydia Carras, President of ELLET and a local in the area told the news site.

Plaka has been occupied for more than 5,000 years but the modern times in the 21st Century and the hordes of tourists trampling through have made it lose the reason why people came, the resident say.

Said Zafeiriou, as he braces for what could be a record year in 2023: “All historic city centers if they lose their inhabitants after a while they languish,” without residents and turn into an unreasonable facsimile of what was.

“The state and the municipality must really look after Plaka at all costs. Plaka has something unique and must be protected. And this must be done now before all the residents leave again,” Carras warned about it.

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This report examines the phenomenon through the lens of sustainability research, exploring its causes, consequences, and global manifestations to inform responsible tourism policy development.

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The route needs revision: the path to carbon neutrality is becoming more complicated
Experts believe that the scenarios of a “green ” future should be adjusted, and explain why this is not bad for Russia
Many industries are trying to assess what awaits the world in the new conditions and how the ratio of benefits and threats from the global energy transition may change due to the current crisis in world relations.
For the Russian mining and metallurgical industry, Nornickel made such an attempt.
The company presented its scenarios of a “green ” future during the 27th Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in Egypt.
About what forecasts made experts — in the material « Газеты.Ru »
The situation needs updating
Current conditions — all kinds of sanctions, the refusal of the global West from Russian energy and metals, the imminent global recession in the economy — have called into question the future of the global process of decarbonization.
The likelihood of achieving the goals spelled out in the landmark Paris climate agreement (including limiting the increase in global average air temperature to within 2 degrees Celsius by the end of the 21st century), at least to the previously stated point — by 2050 — is becoming illusory.
And a knife in the back of these good hopes stuck those countries that previously ran ahead of the locomotive.
For example, the consumption of coal, which recently all together refused, is growing again.
Moreover, growth began in 2021, before the current geopolitical crisis, and reached almost 6%, and the highest rates were recorded in Europe (plus 15%) and the United States (plus 14%).
Global electricity spending will reach 13% of GDP this year, and in the EU, according to Goldman Sachs analysts, will grow to 15% of GDP in 2023, while economists estimate that sustainable economic growth stops when it reaches the level of 10-11% of GDP.
Against this background, the relevance of the entire climate agenda is, in principle, declining - it would warm up next winter to begin with.
And many previously developed scenarios aimed at achieving carbon neutrality by 2050, at a minimum, require revision, at a maximum, a complete revision.
A window of opportunity for Russia
Norilsk Nickel products, like other metallurgists, are the basis for energy transition, since “low-carbon technologies are much more metal-intensive than traditional ones, ” emphasizes Igor Makarov, Head of the Research and Training Laboratory of Climate Change Economics, Head of the Department of World Economy at HSE.
For example, an electric car requires more than 200 kg of various metals (in terms of one vehicle), while a conventional car with an internal combustion engine requires about 40 kg.
The development of electric transport, renewable energy, hydrogen energy and other energy transition technologies opens a window of opportunity to increase the production of rare earth, non-ferrous and precious metals in Russia, including for the export of these products.
And decarbonization in accordance with the goals of the Paris Agreement by 2040 will lead to a multiple increase in demand for products of the mining and metallurgical industry, ” Makarov said.
The demand for lithium, according to some calculations, can grow 42 times, for nickel - 19 times, for copper - three times.
Much, however, will depend on the pace of development of specific low-carbon technologies (for example, the demand for rare earth metals - from electric vehicles and wind farms, for lithium and cobalt - from electric vehicles, for copper - from power grids, etc.).
At the same time, the main consumers of these metals in the future will be concentrated in the Asia-Pacific region (with a share of at least 40% depending on the metal), primarily in China.
And Europe will become the second largest consumer in terms of demand.
Since the mining and metallurgical industry is still energy-intensive and carbon-intensive, its own low-carbon transformation is becoming a factor for future competitiveness.
But in the changed conditions, companies need to understand which way to move and what to spend money on in the first place.
Uncertainty factor
According to Vladimir Zhukov, Vice President for Investor Relations and Sustainable Development of Norilsk Nickel, the geopolitical situation has made a huge factor of unpredictability in the activities of all Russian metallurgy enterprises.
On the one hand, the energy transition so far remains a huge incentive for increasing the production of “green ” metals:“ But the self-sanctions ” of Western consumers of Russian products bring a powerful factor of uncertainty. ”
Europe and the United States are likely to be in recession.
“Europe, traditionally our main market, is losing its competitive advantage in terms of the cost of electricity and, in principle, access to it due to geopolitics.
What is in the hands of the United States and China, ” Zhukov said.
Also in the EU there is a serious problem of replacing Russian gas, which was a low-carbon source of fuel.
Under these conditions, it becomes obvious, at least temporarily, but slowing the pace of global decarbonization.
According to Zhukov, two forks are possible: both the braking of the energy transition, with a revision of the previously announced goals for the medium term, and, on the contrary, the adoption of more stringent decisions and more aggressive development of low-carbon technologies to compensate for current emissions from the growing combustion of coal.
“The main threats to the mining and metallurgical industry are the introduction of carbon regulation and fiscal punishment for products with a high carbon footprint.
For Norilsk Nickel, this is a low threat, since we have the lowest footprint in the industry, ” the top manager notes.
Under these conditions, Norilsk Nickel is aimed at minimizing the so-called “risks of transition to a low-carbon economy ”, from regulatory ones (tightening of climate legislation, raising environmental standards, etc.) to technological and reputational ones.
That is, those that can – depending on the speed of the energy transition and the decarbonization of the world economy – lead to a reduction in demand for the company ’ s products in the long term.
On the one hand, the company seems not to worry: its food basket is extremely important for the development of “green ” technologies.
On the other hand, the production of Nornickel metals itself should become as “green ” as possible.
Although Zhukov considers low-carbon transformation a “very expensive toy ”, the main consumers – primarily in Europe and the United States – require the company to comply with high standards of ESG ratings and attention to climate risks.
Therefore, Russian metallurgists will have to set a high bar further.
“We have chosen a strategy, largely dictated by our customers, primarily from Europe and the United States, to be guided by the best international practice, which dictates very strict standards in the field of ESG, ” Zhukov described corporate tasks.
Norilsk is warming faster
The relevance of the climate agenda for the same “Norilsk Nickel ”, the largest industrial player in the Arctic zone not only of Russia, but also of the world, is not reduced for another reason.
Global warming in the “physical sense ” does not stop, which means that it will be necessary to adapt to the increase in the number and intensity of certain types of extreme weather events in any case.
In addition, the infamous events of 2020 proved what is fraught with underestimating the physical risks associated with activities on permafrost.
For Norilsk Nickel, the main thing in dealing with such climate risks is to ensure the continuity and safety of production.
Accordingly, avoid incidents that can disrupt this continuity.
Moreover, as the research conducted by the order of Norilsk Nickel by scientists from the Institute of Atmospheric Physics named after A.M. Obukhov of the Russian Academy of Sciences showed, the physical risks in the regions of the company ’ s presence are growing.
The average temperature increase in Norilsk is plus 0.6 degrees Celsius per decade – that is, if you count for half a century, then on the 69th parallel, the target indicator of the Paris Agreement (those “no more than 2 degrees ”) has long been successfully failed.
In addition, it turned out that in the cold season (and it lasts longer than "on the mainland"), the duration of periods with precipitation, and the height of the snow cover, and the average speed of the surface wind, and, even more dangerous, the average depth of soil thawing (with a trend of up to 15 cm / decade) increased.
If previously it was believed that the Russian Arctic climate warms two to three times faster than the world average, in fact it warms here even more quickly.
By the middle of this century, the average annual temperatures in Norilsk may increase even more, precipitation will also increase, the height of snow cover in the cold period will increase by 20-30%, and the depth of seasonal thawing of permafrost soils, especially in the southern part of the NPR, can grow to 2 meters.
Moreover, in recent years, the risks of thunderstorms have also increased, which for this macroregion once seemed simply unthinkable.
Scientists have made similar assessments for other regions of the presence of Norilsk Nickel.
For Transbaikalia, where Bystrinsky GOK operates, a decrease in the number of extremely cold days is predicted, and for the Finnish Haryavalta, an increase in precipitation, including abnormal ones, is predicted.
In short, for large industries, especially those located in the AZ of the Russian Federation, adaptation to climate change becomes a survival factor – and in all senses, not only from the point of view of business.
In this sense, companies need to find a balance between the long-term good goals of low-carbon transformation and short-term down-to-earth priorities, including in the climate sphere.
This is necessary in order to more competently redistribute financial flows and spend money on exactly what is really necessary.
At the same time, it is obvious that it will be extremely difficult to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement in this case, at least in the most ambitious version (to limit warming on the planet to 1.5 degrees).
Based on these grounds, scientists from the Institute of Economic Forecasting of the Russian Academy of Sciences studied about 190 public scenarios of the future from various authoritative expert groups and developed for Norilsk Nickel three scenarios for the development of the world economy and climate change on the horizon of 2050.
Of these, only the first - called Rapid Transition - assumes a temperature increase of 1.7 degrees Celsius, which formally corresponds to the achievement of the Paris Agreement.
However, the probability of this scenario is estimated at only 25%.
The company itself is inclined to the second scenario - it is called Sustainable Palladium, its probability in Norilsk Nickel is estimated at 70%.
In this case, the focus of development will be aimed at maintaining current socio-economic and technological trends.
In general, as can be seen from the parameters of the “green future ” drawn by Norilsk Nickel, a brave new world even in 2050, no matter how hard you try, will still be far from complete carbon neutrality.
Especially, of course, if everything goes according to the third scenario, called Global Growth.
Fortunately, its probability is estimated even lower – at 5%.
According to Zhukov, although Norilsk Nickel considers the second scenario as a benchmark for its own climate strategy, it is important to periodically update the entire agenda.
He also noted the extraordinary high cost of low-carbon transformation of economies, and in any event.
So, according to recent estimates of The Economist, for decarbonization only in the Asia-Pacific region on the horizon of 2050, it is necessary about 26-37 trillion dollars.
And Indian Prime Minister Norendra Modi recently estimated his country ’ s need, and only until 2030, at $1 trillion.
Energy Efficiency Limitations
Scenarios of development with hitting the target of “two degrees ” are considered unattainable at HSE, however, all of them were developed before 2010.
Scientists based their findings on IEA assessments.
Even the most ambitious Green Reset scenario assumes a warming trajectory of 2-2.5 degrees Celsius by the end of the century.
This is despite the intensification of the development of the climate agenda, the tightening of goals for decarbonization and the development of carbon regulation, including cross-border.
And with the most negative development of events, a complete stop of the “green economy ” is possible, with warming above 3 degrees, an increase in the share of fossil fuels in the energy balance and the lack of cooperation between developed and developing countries.
However, under any scenarios, the main direction for the mining and metallurgical industry is clear.
Metallurgy, and this is no secret, is not only one of the industries that will make energy transition possible in principle, but also one of the main emitters of greenhouse gas emissions.
So, in the world, emissions from the production of steel, aluminum, nickel, copper and cobalt account for about 13.5% (or 4.5 billion tons of CO2-eq.), in Russia - the share of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy - already 28% of such emissions.
Therefore, the key factor of competitiveness is the reduction of carbon intensity of production.
Vladimir Zhukov is sure that the Russian mining and metallurgical industry has a number of advantages in this regard - low production costs, a good and long-term ore base, relatively modern and efficient production facilities, a large share of energy consumption based on sources with a low carbon footprint (HPPs, nuclear power plants, gas).
Thus, Russian aluminum is already “greener ” than Chinese, since almost all the factories for its production are located in Siberia and are connected with hydroelectric power plants.
And the carbon footprint of Norilsk Nickel is one of the lowest in the world, since the company ’ s own generation is based on hydroelectric power plants and gas CHP plants.
At the end of 2021, the total share of electricity consumption from renewable energy by Norilsk Nickel enterprises reached 47%, which is 1% higher than the same indicator in 2020.
However, since most of the emissions in the industry are not from the production itself, but from energy consumption, what to do is clear: reduce energy intensity.
There are many ways – from switching to cleaner energy sources (from coal to gas, and then to renewable energy sources) to improving energy efficiency and using carbon capture and storage technologies (the so-called carbon capture and storage technologies).
CCS).
At the same time, measures aimed at improving energy efficiency, which, although not cheap, but still give some tangible economic effect, can make only a limited contribution to the overall reduction of greenhouse emissions.
“If you take one hundred percent, it ’ s 5-10 percent.
The rest are CCS technologies, green hydrogen, other innovative technologies, but they are all very expensive.
And in the current difficult financial and other conditions, we are forced to temporarily suspend such projects, "Zhukov said.
At the same time, he adds that a year ago, the company “thought ” about the possible acquisition of a number of low-carbon technologies.
In general, according to Igor Makarov, Head of the Research and Training Laboratory of Climate Change Economics, Head of the Department of World Economy at the Higher School of Economics, on the horizon until 2030, the speed and direction of decarbonization processes both in the world and in Russia will largely be determined by the speed of global economic recovery and the general level of conflict in international relations, including the severity of anti-Russian sanctions.
According to Vladimir Zhukov, in the current conditions, the state environmental and climate policy should stimulate the achievement of national priorities - reducing emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere and the volume of waste disposal at landfills ("because it is just good for the environment").
“In terms of the climate agenda, abstracting from the global one, we have our own pragmatic tasks: everything that concerns buildings and structures located in the permafrost zone, with the risk of collapse and deformation; replacing high-carbon (coal, fuel oil) with low-carbon sources of fuel is cleaner emissions; obtaining benefits from the global energy transition in terms of supporting the growth of green raw materials production and the development of domestic technologies that can be used for sales to the global market where possible.
For example, batteries, ” concludes Zhukov.
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## Understanding Overtourism

Overtourism occurs when tourism demand exceeds a destination's capacity to accommodate visitors sustainably.

While the provided Bashkiria case study doesn't represent a classic overtourism scenario, it illustrates fundamental issues in tourism management that can lead to unsustainable practices.

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Content: Russian Federation
Moscow
+ 19 °
Economy18 June 2022 6: 29
There are not enough places for everyone: how to solve the main problem of domestic tourism in Russia
The main problem of domestic tourism in Russia was the lack of places to accommodate all tourists.
Sukhanov called the development of domestic tourism in Russia a long overdue need
Photo: Julia PYKHALOVA
Director of the corporation "Turizm.RF" Sergey Sukhanov visited the Open Studio "Komsomolka" at SPIEF, who spoke about the main problem of domestic tourism in Russia.
Sukhanov called the development of domestic tourism in Russia a long overdue need.
“If we turn to the example of those countries that have been doing this for a long time, and successfully, we will find such an imbalance, ” he said.
As an example, the director of "Turism.RF" cited France, with which Russia has a comparable number of rooms, but the size of the countries is quite different.
“If we classify 750 thousand, in France 640 thousand (well, approximately the same, except for a small difference), then the difference in territory is significant.
We are 31 times larger than the entire territory of France, and twice the population, ” Sukhanov said.
The head of the corporation pointed to “huge potential, huge opportunities for building up tourism infrastructure. ”
“That is why today the government has released a national project, which just has a federal project aimed at the development of tourism infrastructure.
And the corporation is called upon to develop new high-quality infrastructure, accommodation, hotels, tourist complexes, "he said.
Sukhanov said that as a target, 38 thousand new quality rooms should be built by 2030, which he called a very big and ambitious task.
“The total increase in the tourist flow should be at least twice, from 65 million annual trips to 140 million, ” the director of“ Turizm.RF ” added.

Title:

Content: Egyptian News
Ministers review economic opportunities resulting from sustainable transport
Hamdi Abdalla - Cairo, Monday, August 7, 2023 11: 27 AM - The Cabinet Information and Decision Support Center (CDSC) has released a new analysis highlighting the key steps towards sustainable and resilient transport, the opportunities and challenges it faces, the impact of transport sector emissions on global warming, and the effects of these emissions.
More than half of the world ’ s population lives in urban areas, which are growing rapidly in low-income countries, and this growth is usually accompanied by a steady increase in greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector, which is now one of the most important sectors negatively affecting climate change and putting pressure on infrastructure systems.
Studies have shown that transport infrastructure is vulnerable to the effects of extreme weather events and climate change. Floods can sweep away roads and bridges and disrupt supply chains, storms can disrupt transport services, separate communities from essential services, and heat waves can disrupt railways. Accordingly, transport must be more sustainable and flexible to reduce the social and economic consequences of non-functioning transport services, and it is therefore necessary to rethink how transport operations continue in a way that achieves economic development and environmental sustainability.
On the impact of transport emissions on global warming, the analysis stated that the demand for transport increases as economies develop, urbanize and population increase. The global population is expected to reach 8.5 billion by 2030. As a result, annual passenger traffic is expected to grow by 50%, while global freight volume is expected to grow by 70% over the same period. In developing countries, this percentage could increase to about 60% by 2050, if no serious action is taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
The transport sector is also the largest contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the EU, accounting for about 28% of total emissions, and unlike many other industries that are taking gradual steps to reduce their emissions effectively, the transport sector continues to grow by about 0.8% of MtCO2e each year. The energy consumption of the transportation sector accounted for about 95% of the energy generated by fossil fuels in 2019, according to data from the International Energy Agency (IEA) report Energy Technology Perspectives 2023.
Despite a three-quarters reduction in CO2 emissions in the IEA ’ s 2070 Sustainable Development Scenario, emissions from these subsectors will remain the largest contributor to energy-related emissions in the transport sector in 2070, and two-thirds of the emission reductions proposed in this scenario come from technologies that are not yet commercially available, making decarbonisation of the transport sector a challenging task over the next half-century.
In terms of the impacts of transport sector emissions, the Information Centre ’ s analysis stated that climate change causes direct damage to transport infrastructure from natural disasters, estimated at US $15 billion per year.
According to World Bank data, the cost of direct damage to transport infrastructure from natural disasters caused by climate change has been estimated at about $15 billion annually, including poor health care, death, and disruption of economies. [1] For example, during the period from 1990 to 2019, there were more than 1,000 climate-induced disasters in South Asia, affecting more than 1.68 billion people, killing an estimated 267 thousand people and causing more than 127 damages. In addition, some 800 million people in the region (44% of the total South Asian population) live in locations that are expected to become extreme climate hotspots by 2050, and some 62 million people are expected to be pushed below the extreme poverty line if serious climate action is not taken by 2030.
Low- and middle-income countries bear about 60% of the total cost of these disasters, so building environmentally friendly transport infrastructure is essential.
Transport emissions (particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5), particulate matter 10 (PM10), nitrogen oxides (NOX), sulphur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), etc.) also affect human health; the transport sector is the largest global contributor to particulate matter emissions and is closely linked to increased incidence of respiratory, heart and lung diseases and many forms of cancer.
The transport sector is also a major contributor to carbon dioxide emissions, reducing the amount of oxygen that reaches the organs and tissues of the body, exacerbating heart disease.
The latest findings from the World Health Organization ’ s (WHO) Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database indicate that 98% of cities in low- and middle-income countries with populations over 100,000 have not met WHO air quality guidelines, and that local air pollution contributes to 2.9 million premature deaths annually globally – more than 85% of which are concentrated in low- and middle-income countries.
Despite the trillions of dollars invested in transport infrastructure each year, which helps us transport our goods, transport investments still need to be developed in a way that supports a reduction in net carbon emissions, according to the Oxford Economics Global Infrastructure Outlook, more than $2 trillion will be urgently needed in transport infrastructure every year until 2040. to support sustainable economic development.
According to the latest IPCC report, average investment flows in transport must increase at least sevenfold by 2030 to decarbonize the sector as a whole, and developing countries will be the most in need of such investments, because developing countries have limited resources to protect transport infrastructure from rising disaster risks.
The analysis touched on the economic opportunities resulting from sustainable transport, pointing out that the money invested in improving the transport sector is economically beneficial and not wasted money. It was found that the additional cost of building sustainable transport infrastructure is acceptable compared to the climate losses that can be reduced. dollars over the lifetime of the new infrastructure.
With less disruption and therefore less economic consequences from sustainable infrastructure, transport plays a central role in the development agenda, facilitating access to jobs, education, health, social services, and local, regional, and global markets.
There are also clear links between the reduction of transport barriers and poverty alleviation.
So we may need to redesign, modernize, and change transportation to meet social, economic, and environmental requirements.
As for measures to enhance the resilience and sustainability of the transport sector, the Information Centre explained that the disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have revealed the urgent need to increase investment in smart, environmentally friendly and resilient transport infrastructure and services.
As infrastructure is set to play a key role in the global economic recovery, the analysis highlights the most important policies that play a vital role in enhancing the efficiency, resilience and sustainability of the transport sector:
- First: Investing in high-quality public transport, reducing transport emissions, through initiatives aimed at adopting more efficient technologies, moving to low-emission vehicles, adopting modern technologies and cleaner fuels, and expanding the use of zero-emission means of transport, such as: bicycles, electric scooters, and others.
Second, promote the use of digital technologies and data analytics to improve pathways, thereby reducing emissions.
- Third: the creation of compact cities (cities aimed at reducing dependence on cars, CO2 emissions, energy consumption levels, by making all services available to be close to the citizen, and promoting green spaces), also stimulating the green behaviors of companies and individuals.
- Fourth: Enhancing the possibilities of conducting business remotely, such as telecommuting or e-shopping, which in turn contributes to reducing emissions from transport.
Countries must enhance the sustainability of the transport sector and expand the framework to include those policies and investment programs that support the improvement and sustainability of the sector to enable their economic growth, by supporting governments and local authorities in the public and private sectors to make informed decisions on addressing climate change and harnessing potential opportunities to create sustainable transport systems that enable sustainable inclusive growth amid evolving urban and demographic trends.
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One of Tiger Canyon's resident tigers. The reserve is one of the few places where you can see these big cats roaming free outside their native Asia. Picture: SUPPLIED/ALEX KIRICHKO

SATSA, the country’s leading inbound tourism industry association, last week raised the red flag on red tape that is strangling the fragile post-pandemic recovery of the country’s critical tourism sector, with hundreds of new and existing tour operators unable to work, or being forced to do so illegally, as it says the National Public Transport Regulator (NPTR), which issues tourism transport licences, is not functioning as intended. SATSA called on the Presidency’s Red Tape team to urgently step in and declare an immediate moratorium on new and renewal applications for accreditation, operating licences and permits, last week, pending the resolution of the current impasse, as well as to appoint a task team to relook at regulation of tourism vehicles, and implement solutions at the NPTR. To talk about this Michael Avery is joined by David Frost, CEO, SA Tourism Services Association (SATSA); Oupa Pilane, Deputy Chair, SATSA and tour operator from Mpumalanga & Onne Vegter, SATSA Transport Committee Chair and tour operator

Or listen to full audio

Subscribe for free episodes: iono.fm | Apple Podcasts | Spotify | Pocket Casts | Player.fm

## Causes of Overtourism

### 1.

Title:

Content: The protest in Alcudia. | MOVIMENT ALCUDIENC

More than 60 people from the Moviment Alcudienc have protested against “the overcrowding and private occupation of the municipality, with shops and restaurants focused on tourism, which cause the loss of public space for local residents”.

According to a press release issued by the organisation, the protest action took place last Thursday in the Plaça de la Constitució, “one of the most crowded areas in Alcudia”.
Members of the movement met in the square to show “the little free space left to walk and use as residents of the town”.

In addition, the Moviment Alcudienc read a manifesto in which they spoke of their “concern for the transformation the town has undergone over the years”. “Alcudia is disappearing as a stable nucleus of coexistence and is becoming a showcase at the service of tourists,” they added.

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They complained that there is a “disappearance of traditional shops, privatisation of public space, more inland hotels, more tourist rentals, saturation of beaches, consumption of resources, environmental degradation and overload of infrastructures”.

As a consequence of this tourist model, they continued, “the town is losing its identity in leaps and bounds and the residents are being displaced”.
In addition, they also complained that “it is very difficult to access housing due to the exaggerated price of rents and that a totally precarious service sector predominates”.

They also referred to the policies of recent years which, “despite the fact that they have been selling the idea that they were trying to solve the problem, they have not confronted this model and have simply dedicated themselves to making timid reforms, such as the law on circularity in the tourism sector, the moratorium on tourist places and the law on waste”.

The organisation has encouraged the council and the opposition parties to take “more forceful” measures, such as “opposing the lifting of the moratorium on tourist places, limiting and controlling the number of tables that bars can lay out on their terraces, or using public space and buildings for residents with the aim of facilitating their participation in the public life of the municipality”.

Poor Tourism Governance
The Bashkiria case demonstrates how ineffective governance contributes to tourism mismanagement:
- Frequent leadership changes (five tourism officials in 4.

5 years)
- Inconsistent data reporting and lack of transparency
- Misaligned policy priorities