# Report on Syria's Traditional Glassblowing

## Introduction

Traditional glassblowing represents one of Syria's most significant artisanal crafts, with deep roots in Damascus and other Syrian cities.

This ancient craft has been recognized by UNESCO as requiring urgent safeguarding due to its cultural importance and the threats it faces.

## History of Glassblowing in Syria

Glassblowing in Syria has ancient origins dating back to the Roman period, when Syrian glassmakers were renowned throughout the Mediterranean world.

Damascus, in particular, became a center of excellence for glass craftsmanship, developing distinctive techniques and styles that were passed down through generations of skilled artisans.

The craft flourished for centuries, with Syrian glassware being highly prized for its quality and artistic merit.

Traditional Syrian glassblowing techniques were refined over generations, creating unique regional styles that reflected both local aesthetics and functional needs.

## Importance in Syria's Culture

Traditional glassblowing holds profound cultural significance in Syria, particularly in Damascus where it became deeply embedded in social customs

# Report on Syria's Traditional Glassblowing

## Introduction

Traditional glassblowing represents one of Syria's most significant artisanal crafts, with deep roots in Damascus and other Syrian cities.

Title:

Content: General Supervision
Elham Aboul Fath
Editor-in-Chief
Thank you for your patience.
General Supervision
Elham Aboul Fath
Editor-in-Chief
Thank you for your patience.
The industry in Syria.
An art that resists extinction.
The "Cairo News" channel presented a television report entitled "The manufacture of clogs in Syria..
An art that resists extinction. ” In the past, the Kabbaq market was crowded before the holidays, to buy what was considered essential with the new Eid clothes, until the Shami proverb said, “The one who doesn ’ t get around the Eid money. ”
The report said that the market no longer has a share of its name, with the approach of Eid, we found only a few shops specialized in Qabqab, pointing out that uncle Abu Abdo, who has been a professional manufacture of Qabqab for more than 60 years, is keen to bequeath it to his children and grandchildren for fear of extinction.
Despite his age and illness, which exhausts him, he supervises himself daily on the details of the production and how to produce it in the form that people are familiar with and loved, as is firmly established in the character of Ghawar al-Tousha.
Abu Abdo said: "All of our relatives enter the Eid with clogs, and we are working to feed the Gulf countries with them, and we try to make clogs in fashion so that it suits all customers."
According to the report, which was presented by the Cairo News Channel, customers buy it as a souvenir after it has been turned into a heritage, and the customer does not distinguish between its various types such as Zahaf, Araissi and Shabrawi, and does not distinguish between the type of Khasbah, whether it is Hura, Safsafa or pine.

This ancient craft has been recognized by UNESCO as requiring urgent safeguarding due to its cultural importance and the threats it faces.

Title:

Content: Egypt / Russia / Ukraine
Egyptian President Orders Secret Provision of 40,000 Rocket Missiles to Russia
The US Department of Defense ’ s “Leak Door ” continues to ferment.
According to a leaked U.S. intelligence document, Egyptian President Abdel Fatah El-Sisi recently ordered his subordinates to produce up to 40,000 rocket bombs to be secretly shipped to Russia and asked for secrecy “to avoid problems with the West. ”
Egypt is one of America ’ s closest allies in the Middle East and a major recipient of U.S. aid.
Advertisement
Parts of a top-secret document, dated 217, summarize conversations purportedly between Sisi and senior Egyptian military officials, and also mention plans to supply Russia with artillery shells and gunpowder.
In the document, Sisi instructed Egyptian officials to keep the production and transportation of the rockets secret "in order to avoid problems with the West."
The Washington Post obtained the document from a library of confidential document images released in February and March on Discord, a popular chat software for gamers.
This document has not been reported before.
The document ’ s disclosure comes at a time of war between Russia and Ukraine, where both sides are seeking supplies from depleted weapons depots.
In response to a question about the authenticity of the document and the dialogue it describes, Egyptian Foreign Ministry spokesman Ahmed Abu Zeid said: “Egypt ’ s position from the beginning was based on non-participation in the crisis and a commitment to keep the same distance from both parties to the conflict, while affirming Egypt ’ s support for international law in the UN Charter and UN General Assembly resolutions. Programme.
“We don ’ t know any implementation of the program, ” said a U.S. government official, who requested anonymity, referring to Egypt ’ s export initiative to supply rockets to Russia mentioned in the document.“ We don ’ t see that happening, ” the official added.
Sabrina Singh, deputy press secretary for the Department of Defense, said the Justice Department has launched an investigation into the leak of classified documents.
Providing weapons for Russia ’ s invasion of Ukraine is a potentially explosive gamble for Egypt, which, despite Cairo ’ s deepening relationship with Moscow, remains deeply invested in its partnership with the United States, which has provided more than $1 billion a year in security assistance to the country for decades.
The leaked intelligence document does not explicitly state why Russia is interested in acquiring the rockets, but the Russian military has been consuming large quantities of ammunition in the war, with the U.S. government claiming that North Korea is secretly supplying Russia with artillery shells, and that China is considering doing so.
Egypt and other U.S. partners in the Middle East are trying to stay out of the West ’ s standoff with Russia over Ukraine in search of a potential confrontation over a declining U.S. role in the region, as well as new means of ensuring its economic and military security.
Russia ’ s invasion of Ukraine has raised global commodity prices and put severe pressure on Egypt, the world ’ s largest importer of wheat, which in recent years has sourced more than 80% of its wheat from Russia and Ukraine.
"Egypt is one of our oldest allies in the Middle East, and if it is true that Sisi is secretly building rockets for Russia that could be used in Ukraine, we need to take a serious account of the state of our relationship," said Senator Chris Murphy, a Democrat on Capitol Hill.
According to the report, the intelligence document described Sisi as issuing instructions on the 21st to keep the supply of rockets confidential to “avoid problems with the ‘ West ’ ” and told a person known only as Salah al-Din that he should tell factory workers that the rockets were for the Egyptian army. Egypt's Minister of State for Military Production.
The document states that the ammunition supplied to Russia will come from Plant 18, the name of a chemical manufacturing plant with a history of several decades.
The document quoted Salah Din as saying that he would “order his men to work shifts when necessary, as this is the least that Egypt can do in return for Russia ’ s unspecified help ”.
The document does not explicitly state what help came from Russia earlier. The leaked document quotes Salah Din as saying that Russians told him they were willing to “buy anything. ”
Moscow and Cairo recently signed several important deals, including an agreement this year for Russia to build a large railway workshop in Egypt.
Russia ’ s Rosatom also began construction of Egypt ’ s first nuclear power plant last year.
Perhaps most importantly, Cairo began to rely heavily on Russian food purchases after the war in Ukraine disrupted supplies of Ukrainian wheat.
This arrangement has helped Egypt avoid a wheat shortage that could trigger social unrest, as there is bread for almost every meal in this generally poor country.
Egypt is eager to avoid an uprising at home, and the country ’ s severe economic crisis, including a devaluation of its currency, high inflation, and soaring food prices — fueled in part by the war in Ukraine — is stirring up popular discontent.
Sisi is quoted in the document as saying he is considering selling “ordinary things ” to China to make room for“ more Sakr-45 production, ” referring to an Egyptian-made 122-mm rocket.
The document does not explicitly state that the rocket projectile that will be produced for Russia is the Falcon 45, but this rocket will be compatible with Russia's Grad rocket launcher (Grad) The supply of weapons to the Russian government may also trigger sanctions against Egypt by countries such as the United States and Europe.
Under Sisi ’ s rule, Egyptian military-owned companies flourished.
In recent years, he oversaw the opening of several new military factories, including a factory called 300 in 2020 that makes small arms, ammunition and missiles.
In the same year, Egypt proposed a plan to expand the production of such materials, including the production of more ammunition and parts for different types of weapons.
While the document does not say how the U.S. government collected details of the Egyptian deliberations, some of the information in the recently leaked document appears to have come from signal intelligence, which refers to technical means such as communications interception.
The U.S. government has a long history of wiretapping and intercepting communications from foreign leaders.
The 21 day talks involving Sisi were supposed to take place just days after U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken met with the Egyptian president during his visit to Cairo.
Immediately after Blinken ’ s visit, Egyptian Foreign Minister Sameh Shoukry went to Moscow for talks with Russian leaders.
Relations between the United States and Egypt have been strained in recent years as the Biden administration ratcheted up pressure on Cairo over the Sisi government ’ s record of suppressing civil society, jailing dissidents and using force against critics.
Human Rights Watch ’ s Washington director, Sarah Yager, said selling rockets to Russia would lead to more abuses abroad, and the group had previously called for an arms embargo on Egypt ’ s security forces for their involvement in abuses.
“I would also question whether any U.S. security assistance has been used to create these weapons that could be shipped to Russia, ” Mr. YAG said.
Last September, U.S. officials announced that they would withhold $130 million in security assistance from Egypt ’ s $1.3 billion annual appropriation because of Cairo ’ s human rights record.
Washington cited steps to release political prisoners in its decision not to withhold more aid as part of an attempt by the U.S. government to balance human rights concerns with U.S. and regional security interests. Successive U.S. administrations have valued Egypt ’ s role in brokering an agreement to curb violence in the long-running Israeli-Palestinian dispute.
But for its part, the Egyptian authorities are increasingly dissatisfied with U.S. relations, including Washington ’ s conditions for human rights and democratization.
Jon Alterman, director of the Middle East program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, a Washington-based think tank, said Cairo believes its position will be weakened if it relies too heavily on the United States and tries to use its long-standing relationship with Russia as a way to exert influence.
Altman said: "The Egyptian military feels that it is taken for granted by the United States."
Michael Hanna, director of the U.S. program at the International Crisis Group, said the fact that the partnership between the two countries has endured bitter disagreements in the past may encourage the Egyptian government to believe it can risk taking actions that are sure to be strongly opposed in Washington.
“The story of this relationship is that it just continues, ” Hannah says.
"There's a lot of inertia and path dependence here," he added.
Hanna noted that the Biden administration has been leading Western efforts to deny Russia and its mercenaries the technology and weapons needed in the Ukraine war, and to punish U.S. adversaries such as Iran and North Korea, which have already done so. “The idea that Egypt will play that role — that ’ s a disgrace to the United States, ” he said.

Title:

Content: The last.
The Italian gun.
World Heritage Threatened by Drowning
Will Venice be flooded in 2100?
A catastrophic scenario warned by scientists, the Italian city is trying to avoid by educating younger generations to protect the fragile ecosystem at the threatened site.
While UNESCO promised in 2021 to include Venice on the List of World Heritage in Danger, the city escaped this fate at the last minute by banning large cruise ships from entering its lake.
To contribute to the preservation of Venice, UNESCO, in collaboration with the Prada Luxury Group, has launched an initiative to teach pupils aged three to six years old the secrets of the Venice Lake.
The island of Torcello, north of the lake, with its salt marshes whose shores are being eroded by waves caused by motorboats, was the scene of the first open-air lesson of this educational program called "Lake Children's Park".
With fish made from recycled papier-mâché, samples of seawater, and drawings that reproduce the colors of nature.
The small group of about 40 five-year-old children tried to identify the lake.
Publish it.
More of the last.

Title:

Content: Syrian Oud on World Cultural Heritage List
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has inscribed the Syrian oud on its list of intangible world cultural heritage.
The oud represents a distinctive place within modern and contemporary Arabic music.

## History of Glassblowing in Syria

Glassblowing in Syria has ancient origins dating back to the Roman period, when Syrian glassmakers were renowned throughout the Mediterranean world.

Damascus, in particular, became a center of excellence for glass craftsmanship, developing distinctive techniques and styles that were passed down through generations of skilled artisans.

The craft flourished for centuries, with Syrian glassware being highly prized for its quality and artistic merit.

Traditional Syrian glassblowing techniques were refined over generations, creating unique regional styles that reflected both local aesthetics and functional needs.

## Importance in Syria's Culture

Traditional glassblowing holds profound cultural significance in Syria, particularly in Damascus where it became deeply embedded in social customs


# Report on Syria's Traditional Glassblowing

## Introduction

Traditional glassblowing represents one of Syria's most significant artisanal crafts, with deep roots in Damascus and other Syrian cities.

This ancient craft has been practiced for centuries and holds immense cultural value for Syrian society.

However, the tradition faces serious threats that have prompted UNESCO to recognize its urgent need for safeguarding.

## History of Glassblowing in Syria

Syria has a rich history of glass production that dates back to ancient times.

The craft has been particularly prominent in Damascus, where skilled artisans have passed down techniques through generations.

Traditional Syrian glassblowing involves creating intricate decorative objects, including the famous "qabaq" (glass cups) that were once essential elements of Syrian cultural celebrations.

Historically, glass markets in Damascus would become bustling centers of activity before religious holidays, with families purchasing traditional glassware as part of their Eid celebrations.

The saying "yallī mālē qabaq mālē

# Report on Syria's Traditional Glassblowing

## Introduction

Traditional glassblowing represents one of Syria's most significant artisanal crafts, with deep roots in Damascus and other Syrian cities.

Title:

Content: General Supervision
Elham Aboul Fath
Editor-in-Chief
Thank you for your patience.
General Supervision
Elham Aboul Fath
Editor-in-Chief
Thank you for your patience.
The industry in Syria.
An art that resists extinction.
The "Cairo News" channel presented a television report entitled "The manufacture of clogs in Syria..
An art that resists extinction. ” In the past, the Kabbaq market was crowded before the holidays, to buy what was considered essential with the new Eid clothes, until the Shami proverb said, “The one who doesn ’ t get around the Eid money. ”
The report said that the market no longer has a share of its name, with the approach of Eid, we found only a few shops specialized in Qabqab, pointing out that uncle Abu Abdo, who has been a professional manufacture of Qabqab for more than 60 years, is keen to bequeath it to his children and grandchildren for fear of extinction.
Despite his age and illness, which exhausts him, he supervises himself daily on the details of the production and how to produce it in the form that people are familiar with and loved, as is firmly established in the character of Ghawar al-Tousha.
Abu Abdo said: "All of our relatives enter the Eid with clogs, and we are working to feed the Gulf countries with them, and we try to make clogs in fashion so that it suits all customers."
According to the report, which was presented by the Cairo News Channel, customers buy it as a souvenir after it has been turned into a heritage, and the customer does not distinguish between its various types such as Zahaf, Araissi and Shabrawi, and does not distinguish between the type of Khasbah, whether it is Hura, Safsafa or pine.

This ancient craft has been practiced for centuries and holds immense cultural value for Syrian society.

Title:

Content: Egypt / Russia / Ukraine
Egyptian President Orders Secret Provision of 40,000 Rocket Missiles to Russia
The US Department of Defense ’ s “Leak Door ” continues to ferment.
According to a leaked U.S. intelligence document, Egyptian President Abdel Fatah El-Sisi recently ordered his subordinates to produce up to 40,000 rocket bombs to be secretly shipped to Russia and asked for secrecy “to avoid problems with the West. ”
Egypt is one of America ’ s closest allies in the Middle East and a major recipient of U.S. aid.
Advertisement
Parts of a top-secret document, dated 217, summarize conversations purportedly between Sisi and senior Egyptian military officials, and also mention plans to supply Russia with artillery shells and gunpowder.
In the document, Sisi instructed Egyptian officials to keep the production and transportation of the rockets secret "in order to avoid problems with the West."
The Washington Post obtained the document from a library of confidential document images released in February and March on Discord, a popular chat software for gamers.
This document has not been reported before.
The document ’ s disclosure comes at a time of war between Russia and Ukraine, where both sides are seeking supplies from depleted weapons depots.
In response to a question about the authenticity of the document and the dialogue it describes, Egyptian Foreign Ministry spokesman Ahmed Abu Zeid said: “Egypt ’ s position from the beginning was based on non-participation in the crisis and a commitment to keep the same distance from both parties to the conflict, while affirming Egypt ’ s support for international law in the UN Charter and UN General Assembly resolutions. Programme.
“We don ’ t know any implementation of the program, ” said a U.S. government official, who requested anonymity, referring to Egypt ’ s export initiative to supply rockets to Russia mentioned in the document.“ We don ’ t see that happening, ” the official added.
Sabrina Singh, deputy press secretary for the Department of Defense, said the Justice Department has launched an investigation into the leak of classified documents.
Providing weapons for Russia ’ s invasion of Ukraine is a potentially explosive gamble for Egypt, which, despite Cairo ’ s deepening relationship with Moscow, remains deeply invested in its partnership with the United States, which has provided more than $1 billion a year in security assistance to the country for decades.
The leaked intelligence document does not explicitly state why Russia is interested in acquiring the rockets, but the Russian military has been consuming large quantities of ammunition in the war, with the U.S. government claiming that North Korea is secretly supplying Russia with artillery shells, and that China is considering doing so.
Egypt and other U.S. partners in the Middle East are trying to stay out of the West ’ s standoff with Russia over Ukraine in search of a potential confrontation over a declining U.S. role in the region, as well as new means of ensuring its economic and military security.
Russia ’ s invasion of Ukraine has raised global commodity prices and put severe pressure on Egypt, the world ’ s largest importer of wheat, which in recent years has sourced more than 80% of its wheat from Russia and Ukraine.
"Egypt is one of our oldest allies in the Middle East, and if it is true that Sisi is secretly building rockets for Russia that could be used in Ukraine, we need to take a serious account of the state of our relationship," said Senator Chris Murphy, a Democrat on Capitol Hill.
According to the report, the intelligence document described Sisi as issuing instructions on the 21st to keep the supply of rockets confidential to “avoid problems with the ‘ West ’ ” and told a person known only as Salah al-Din that he should tell factory workers that the rockets were for the Egyptian army. Egypt's Minister of State for Military Production.
The document states that the ammunition supplied to Russia will come from Plant 18, the name of a chemical manufacturing plant with a history of several decades.
The document quoted Salah Din as saying that he would “order his men to work shifts when necessary, as this is the least that Egypt can do in return for Russia ’ s unspecified help ”.
The document does not explicitly state what help came from Russia earlier. The leaked document quotes Salah Din as saying that Russians told him they were willing to “buy anything. ”
Moscow and Cairo recently signed several important deals, including an agreement this year for Russia to build a large railway workshop in Egypt.
Russia ’ s Rosatom also began construction of Egypt ’ s first nuclear power plant last year.
Perhaps most importantly, Cairo began to rely heavily on Russian food purchases after the war in Ukraine disrupted supplies of Ukrainian wheat.
This arrangement has helped Egypt avoid a wheat shortage that could trigger social unrest, as there is bread for almost every meal in this generally poor country.
Egypt is eager to avoid an uprising at home, and the country ’ s severe economic crisis, including a devaluation of its currency, high inflation, and soaring food prices — fueled in part by the war in Ukraine — is stirring up popular discontent.
Sisi is quoted in the document as saying he is considering selling “ordinary things ” to China to make room for“ more Sakr-45 production, ” referring to an Egyptian-made 122-mm rocket.
The document does not explicitly state that the rocket projectile that will be produced for Russia is the Falcon 45, but this rocket will be compatible with Russia's Grad rocket launcher (Grad) The supply of weapons to the Russian government may also trigger sanctions against Egypt by countries such as the United States and Europe.
Under Sisi ’ s rule, Egyptian military-owned companies flourished.
In recent years, he oversaw the opening of several new military factories, including a factory called 300 in 2020 that makes small arms, ammunition and missiles.
In the same year, Egypt proposed a plan to expand the production of such materials, including the production of more ammunition and parts for different types of weapons.
While the document does not say how the U.S. government collected details of the Egyptian deliberations, some of the information in the recently leaked document appears to have come from signal intelligence, which refers to technical means such as communications interception.
The U.S. government has a long history of wiretapping and intercepting communications from foreign leaders.
The 21 day talks involving Sisi were supposed to take place just days after U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken met with the Egyptian president during his visit to Cairo.
Immediately after Blinken ’ s visit, Egyptian Foreign Minister Sameh Shoukry went to Moscow for talks with Russian leaders.
Relations between the United States and Egypt have been strained in recent years as the Biden administration ratcheted up pressure on Cairo over the Sisi government ’ s record of suppressing civil society, jailing dissidents and using force against critics.
Human Rights Watch ’ s Washington director, Sarah Yager, said selling rockets to Russia would lead to more abuses abroad, and the group had previously called for an arms embargo on Egypt ’ s security forces for their involvement in abuses.
“I would also question whether any U.S. security assistance has been used to create these weapons that could be shipped to Russia, ” Mr. YAG said.
Last September, U.S. officials announced that they would withhold $130 million in security assistance from Egypt ’ s $1.3 billion annual appropriation because of Cairo ’ s human rights record.
Washington cited steps to release political prisoners in its decision not to withhold more aid as part of an attempt by the U.S. government to balance human rights concerns with U.S. and regional security interests. Successive U.S. administrations have valued Egypt ’ s role in brokering an agreement to curb violence in the long-running Israeli-Palestinian dispute.
But for its part, the Egyptian authorities are increasingly dissatisfied with U.S. relations, including Washington ’ s conditions for human rights and democratization.
Jon Alterman, director of the Middle East program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, a Washington-based think tank, said Cairo believes its position will be weakened if it relies too heavily on the United States and tries to use its long-standing relationship with Russia as a way to exert influence.
Altman said: "The Egyptian military feels that it is taken for granted by the United States."
Michael Hanna, director of the U.S. program at the International Crisis Group, said the fact that the partnership between the two countries has endured bitter disagreements in the past may encourage the Egyptian government to believe it can risk taking actions that are sure to be strongly opposed in Washington.
“The story of this relationship is that it just continues, ” Hannah says.
"There's a lot of inertia and path dependence here," he added.
Hanna noted that the Biden administration has been leading Western efforts to deny Russia and its mercenaries the technology and weapons needed in the Ukraine war, and to punish U.S. adversaries such as Iran and North Korea, which have already done so. “The idea that Egypt will play that role — that ’ s a disgrace to the United States, ” he said.

Title:

Content: Syrian Oud on World Cultural Heritage List
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has inscribed the Syrian oud on its list of intangible world cultural heritage.
The oud represents a distinctive place within modern and contemporary Arabic music.

However, the tradition faces serious threats that have prompted UNESCO to recognize its urgent need for safeguarding.

## History of Glassblowing in Syria

Syria has a rich history of glass production that dates back to ancient times.

The craft has been particularly prominent in Damascus, where skilled artisans have passed down techniques through generations.

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Traditional Syrian glassblowing involves creating intricate decorative objects, including the famous "qabaq" (glass cups) that were once essential elements of Syrian cultural celebrations.

Historically, glass markets in Damascus would become bustling centers of activity before religious holidays, with families purchasing traditional glassware as part of their Eid celebrations.

The saying "yallī mālē qabaq mālē