### Comprehensive Report on Borrowings in World Languages, Especially from English

#### Introduction
This report explores the phenomenon of linguistic borrowings, particularly focusing on borrowings from English into other languages.

It examines the sociocultural and political contexts in which these borrowings occur and investigates governmental attempts to regulate or prevent such borrowings through laws and policies.

#### Sociocultural and Political Context of Borrowings
Linguistic borrowings, especially from dominant global languages like English, often reflect broader sociocultural and political dynamics.

The spread of English as a global lingua franca due to economic, technological, and cultural globalization has led to its extensive adoption in various non-English speaking countries.

This adoption is not merely linguistic but also symbolic of modernity, progress, and international connectivity.

In many countries, the influx of English words is associated with:
- **Economic Influence**: The dominance of English-speaking countries in global markets.

- **Technological Advancement**: The prevalence of English in the tech industry

### Comprehensive Report on Borrowings in World Languages, Especially from English

#### Introduction
This report explores the phenomenon of linguistic borrowings, particularly focusing on borrowings from English into other languages.

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Slang words that excite the husband – Iqra site offers you in this article a collection of the best slang words that excite the husband, obscene words that excite the husband, marital words erotic in the vernacular, examples of obscene speech between the spouses, written profanities, words that make a man affectionate, you may think of the words warm place is the bed only, but what if I tell you that your husband still need it, even on social occasions and at work, And that if you keep doing that, he'll always want to come home and spend time with you...
Now these are the slang words that occupy the pair and discover more, follow us.
Familiar words lift up the husband
Foreplay before engaging in intimacy has many arts that many couples may overlook, believing that speed makes them reach their desired peak and pleasure.
But there are words and phrases that a wife can say to her husband and have a magical effect on him, and increase his enthusiasm and desire during intimacy, making her enjoy a perfect intimate relationship full of fun and excitement.
Familiar words lift up the husband
What if I told you that I want you now?
I can barely control myself, all I can imagine is taking off your clothes and having sex.
Even when you ’ re in a bad mood, I ’ m excited for you.
When we get home, I'll make you feel as good as I did before.
You may not believe me, but I feel a great need to feel you right now.
If it weren ’ t for all these people here, your penis would be in my mouth by now.
What do you want me to wear tonight, wide or thin or nothing at all?
Today you will abandon yourself to me, and I promise you to live an unforgettable night.
I remember what you looked like when you went to work this morning, you were so sexy.
You might be interested.
Obscene words provoke the husband.
There are two unfortunate theories of the first couple that the couple is engaged in silent intercourse, and each respects the silence of the other (they ruin the moment!!).
The second saying is that the husband, out of pleasure, says to his wife, "Speak," and she answers him and frustrates him what I say, or I love you, my children, but the woman does not have the courage to ask him to speak, and perhaps if she asks, he will tell her to shut up, let me concentrate.
Couples, wives, see that talking during sex has the same effect as Viagra plus it excites the partner, increases pleasure, perpetuates the moment, and breaks the routine.
Obscene words provoke the husband.
With you I feel good.
My hungry body needs you.
• You are always attractive and sexy
My body melts into your hands.
I have never had fun.
I now fly on the wings of pleasure
I feel a strange pleasure with your whole body on top of mine
O corrupting me
• Smoker
• Oh my love
And you crazy.
• It relaxes me
Oh, help me.
“Come on, Dad, honey.
Come on, Dad, help me.
Come on, I miss you.
• I miss you
Your father smokes me.
I would love for you to come to me.
Interesting words for a husband in slang.
Cursing is the language of feelings, says Professor of Psychology at the Massachusetts College of Art in the USA; Timothy PJ “Many people use obscene words; as a way to express their affection for a life partner, or to express their affection and the amount of love they have for their partner, ” says Jay. As we grow up, if you grew up in a house where obscene words are not allowed, you probably won ’ t learn to use them to express your feelings, whether they ’ re good or bad. ”
Interesting words for a husband in slang.
“I love you very much. ”
When you say this phrase during intimacy, your husband ’ s sexual desire is inflamed, with a study at Chapman University of 39,000 married couples.
It found that 75% of husbands and wives are satisfied with intimacy, because they share this sentence.
“I like it so much … ” Say it when your husband touches you to your liking or caresses you as you please.
This is a very exciting phrase for your husband, because you not only turn it on, but also direct it to the most exciting areas of your body, which makes you have more fun.
Don ’ t put off saying something like that until the end of the relationship, but be sure to repeat it throughout the relationship.
“Tell me what you want me to do for you. ”
This sentence has a magical effect on your husband ’ s ear, because it makes him feel how much you love him and want to make him happy, which reflects on your intimate relationship and makes it even more exciting.
“You look very attractive, ”“ I like your look or your body shape. ”
Any of these words make your husband very happy, make him feel strong and intimidated, and satiate his ego.
When such phrases are said to any man, his sexual desire immediately ignites.
• The excitement of the husband with words and the repetition of such comments reflects on the relationship as a whole and makes it happier and more exciting.
Phrases like “I want you so much, ”“ repeat me, ” “get close to me, ” have a very exciting effect on your husband, during intimacy, do not hesitate to say any of them, because they are the keys to happiness that many overlook.
• It is okay to add words that conventionally provoke the husband according to your desire and what you see fit for the situation at the time.
“I like your kisses or the way you kiss me.
This sentence excites your husband a lot and makes him kiss you more than it gives you pleasure, because most women believe that kissing is the basis of love.
Examples of insults between spouses
Examples of insults between spouses
The words of love in all its forms I love you, adore you, die in you, melt in you
Words full of excitement hit hard, put them all in, convey them within me...
and so on.
• Words of sighs and sundries ah ah ah ah ah
• Extend the last letter of the word
• Or purify a strong strong word
“Tell me what you want me to do for you. ”
“Getting closer to me. ”
“I like your kisses or the way you kiss me. ”
• I miss you
You are my dream knight.
I expect from you impatiently.
I want a kiss from you.
• I love you very much
Wrong words written in slang.
Explicit sexual words and gestures have become an absolute necessity, some may think that they are a lack of literature and it is unnatural to talk about them, but they are in fact a necessary requirement between spouses during intercourse, cohabitation and sexual relations between spouses.
The words that excite a man during sex We will cover some of them and write them in Arabic and translate them into vernacular according to your country
Wrong word written in slang.
I love your body.
I die with your penis.
I love your penis.
He gathered me, gathered me, gathered me.
Aah! Aah!
There are few cries between these words.
• Bump and drowsiness, feeling a reaction from you during intercourse, such as participating in movement but not limited to stillness.
Join me strongly...
Gather me quickly,
• Please...
Don't take it away from me.
• Please...
Get him in...
Everything. Everything.
• Mention sensitive areas frequently and praise them and praise their beauty, strength and immensity
• To remind him to pity you and you can not stand on his penis, but the pleasure of the penis covers the pain of intercourse.
Ask him if you want him to ejaculate inside you and say, "Spit in me and fill my belly with your water, my life."
Ask him to insert his entire penis into your stomach.
• To insult his member and cause the growth and strength of his members …
Tell him I want water on you and your penis.
Ask him to ride you and say, “Come to me. ”
• Hit his penis and help him insert it and hold it by hand
Outside the bedroom, the place of intercourse and during everyday life.
• You whisper in his ear if someone is with you and tell him that I do not wear underwear (((in slang)) and also specify the type of clothing and say, for example (I do not wear this).
• Also remind him that you are upset about my underwear, for example (((I am upset about this and I want to get down because it is tight)) and then the man thinks about how tight this piece is and imagines your body in it as long as it is tight …
At home, and if you do not have children or young children, take off your underwear and keep your regular clothes, but without underwear and while walking, try to point it out for …
• Wear cotton clothes without underwear and underwear so that they stick to your body while working at home and show its charm and tighten your underwear and body details.....
and so on.
Words that make a man fall in love
Words that make a man fall in love
• Stirring the partner “I feel excited – I want you now. ”
“Do this and that to me. ”
Be submissive: “I am yours, do this or that to me. ”
Describe the body as “I love you so and so. ”
• Trend “Faster – Higher ”
“Your touch drives me crazy – I ’ m going to peak now. ”
Just looking at you excites me.
• Your shoulders are wide and very sexy.
Oh, never stop.
I like to taste your taste in my mouth.
I really like your penis.
I like to stay indoors or in bed all the time.
Don ’ t forget my heart, it misses you.
I am yours today, do with me what you want.
• Just to feel your breath in my ear, I want to tremble all over my body.
I like to touch your whole body, it ’ s great.

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Content: Saturday, September 3, 2022
What is the significance of Algeria ’ s transition to English in its curricula instead of French?
What is the significance of Algeria moving to English in its curriculum instead of French?
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The American magazine “Politeco ” questioned in a report about the signs of Algeria ’ s transition to the adoption of English in its educational curriculum, a second language instead of French, which was adopted for decades in the country, noting that this indicates the erosion of France ’ s influence in its former colony.
French in Danger in Algeria
There are few details in the world of diplomacy that are as important as language, the magazine said, adding: “A few languages have as much cultural and diplomatic influence as the French have always boasted. ”
When French President Emmanuel Macron ’ s podium at the Algerian presidential palace last week wrote “Presidency of the Republic ” in English instead of French, diplomats and observers noticed the change: Algeria, after all, has been part of the French Empire for more than a century.
It is a clear and explicit message to France, and at the same time also a way to tell the Algerian people that there is nothing special about French, it is a language like any other.
The choice of the host language during Macron ’ s recent trip to Algeria is the latest sign that the Tebboune government wants to phase out French as one of the working languages of the Algerian official authorities.
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In July, Algerian President Abdelmadjid Tebboune announced that English would be taught in primary schools starting this year, a preliminary decision to gradually abolish the French language.
"French is a war prize, but English is a universal language," Tebboune said.
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The use of the French language, especially in public administration, businesses and universities, is part of a complex legacy of the colonial era, which ended in 1962 after an eight-year grinding war of independence.
The erosion of France's influence in Algeria
France is now fighting a soft power battle to maintain its influence in Algeria, while Algeria is moving to replace French with English in schools.
Arabic and Tamazight are the official languages of Algeria, with most citizens speaking Arabic at home.
While French is not an official language in Algeria, it is taught in Algerian primary schools from the age of nine and is spoken by a third of Algerians.
English is only taught in secondary schools starting at the age of 14.
If the Algerian government passes its decision, the status of the two languages will be reversed, with English becoming a language taught at the primary level and French at the secondary level.
With nearly 15 million French speakers according to the International Organization of the French Language, Algeria is the third largest French-speaking country in the world, after France and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
For France, the loss of Algeria would be a significant decline in its sphere of influence, a constant concern for French politicians.
Riad Ghassili, a lecturer in French at the University of Boumerdes in eastern Algeria, said: “If France does not act and does not stop replacing English with French, it will lose influence, it will lose the people who will spread its culture and defend its interests, and if nothing happens about change, the French sphere of influence will disappear. ”
Although the move away from French is an attempt to free the Mediterranean nation from its colonial past, many French speakers view the decision with skepticism, believing it to be politically motivated.
“The government is trying to encourage the use of Arabic, but it wants to encourage English because it is seen as culturally neutral in Algeria, ” Ghassili said.
“They do this because behind every language culture and French language creates critical people, and those who read Camus have challenged the authorities, ” he said, referring to Albert Camus, who was born in Algeria.
Algerians prefer English.
According to a number of young Algerians, most would prefer to study English rather than French as a second language if given the choice.
Administration student Sahali Zawawi said: “English is a universal language, and it ’ s more useful than French for travel. ”
“If you want to work in Algeria, you need French, but if you want to get a job in Europe, Canada or the United States, you want English, ” she added.
“Young people prefer to speak English because everyone does.
French is spoken only in a handful of countries, ” said 23-year-old nurse Abdul Rahim al-Saqrawi.
“The history of colonialism also distances us from the study of the French language. ”
In this corner of Algeria, France ’ s soft power — a heavily subsidized cultural industry and accessible government television channels — seems to have failed to penetrate the global reach of the United States, with locals naming American singers and movies as their favorites.
The wishes of the globalized younger generations seem to coincide with the historical desire among Algerian nationalists to phase out the use of the French language in official power, dating back to the early days of independence.
Ammar Mohannad Amer, a historian at a research center in the Algerian city of Oran, said: “It is not a new demand, and this step is seen as a way to free oneself from old colonial ties. ”
“It ’ s a panacea, we want to free ourselves from the French language. ”
According to Mohannad Amer, the issue of language also comes to its head every time French-Algerian relations encounter difficulties – as happened last year.
Spanish newspaper blows up surprise over Macron's visit to Algeria
Macron's visit to Algeria
Macron ’ s recent visit to Algeria was aimed at restoring relations after the French president abused the Algerian regime by accusing them of exploiting the colonial past.
Last year, the French president accused the Algerian government of being a “political-military system ” that encourages“ hatred of France ” and “takes advantage of the colonial past. ”
In response, Algeria recalled its ambassador for three months.
Strengthening French influence
Algeria ’ s public switch to English, the signing of a multi-billion euro gas deal with Italy in July, and Algeria ’ s decision to hold joint military exercises with Russia in November are all signs picked up in Paris and seen by some as a threat to its diminished influence in the country and the region.
Macron ’ s visit to Algeria also comes shortly after a visit to Cameroon and French-speaking Benin, against the backdrop of France ’ s military withdrawal from the Sahel.
Many observers note that France is fighting to maintain its influence in what was once called “Franco-African, ” in the years following the independence of former French colonies in Africa.
According to a report by the International Organization of the French Language, there is expected to be a decline in the number of speakers in Africa, despite expectations of an increase in the number of speakers in terms of population.
During his visit, Macron paid particular attention to publicly supporting the French-Algerian community, the cornerstone of the continued use of the French language in Algeria.
Algerian chants embarrass Macron in Oran and provoke his security (Video)
Concerns among the French in Algeria
During his recent visit, Macron also met with a group of young entrepreneurs at the French Embassy in Algiers, some of whom anonymously expressed concern about the government ’ s desire to phase out the French language.
Ibrahim Omansoor, a researcher at the IRIS Paris Center, pointed to the Arabization policies of the 1970s, which were a disaster in Algeria.
To get rid of the French teachers, the teachers were brought in from Syria and Egypt, but they were not qualified and did not know Arabic well.
“Algeria has taken time to correct the mistake. ”
“Algeria has spent a lot of time trying to fix the effects of this mistake. ”
Perhaps the current has not completely deviated from the French.
There were several gestures of reconciliation between Macron and Tebboune during the visit last week, and the two presidents signed a cooperation to open schools, translate French and Algerian literary works and strengthen relations between universities on both sides of the Mediterranean.
“Now that there are signs of goodwill on both sides, perhaps the language issue will be revisited, ” he said.
Bassel Alnajjar
He is an Egyptian writer and editor specializing in political affairs. He is based in Turkey. He studied at Akhbar Al-Youm Academy, Department of Journalism and Media. He holds a Master in Electronic Journalism from the Faculty of Media, Cairo University. He has received several training courses in investigative journalism.
Supervisor of the organization of several training workshops for junior and newly graduated journalists to provide them with the necessary skills to work in the field of journalism and media, and provide the necessary knowledge and skills for the participants and train them on how to prepare press reports, as well as filming news reports and preparing the content of television programs.
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Content: Thursday 02 May 2024
Chairman of the Board of Directors and Editors
Abdurrahim Ali
Chairman of the Board of Directors and Editorial Board
Abdurrahim Ali
A culture
Recommendations of the 90th Arabic Language Academy Conference
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The Arabic Language Academy, headed by Dr. Abdul Wahab Abdul Hafez, President of the Academy, concluded the activities of its annual international conference on Thursday, May 2, 2024 in its 90th session, entitled: "Arabic Language and the Challenges of the Age: Visions, Perceptions and Suggestions".
The conference was attended by many heads of Arabic language academies and higher bodies concerned with the Arabic language, members of the conference of the Academy and correspondents from Arab and foreign countries.
Abdulhamid Madkour, Secretary General of the Academy, announced the decisions and recommendations of the conference as follows:
In light of the provisions of Law No. (112) of 2008, which stipulates that the educational institutions, the authorities supervising cultural services, ministries and public bodies, local administration units, and other bodies under the supervision of the mentioned authorities shall implement the decisions issued by the Academy to serve the integrity of the Arabic language, facilitate its dissemination and dissemination, develop its teaching and learning methods, adjust its correct pronunciation, standardize its terminology and replace common foreign names. community,.
The Conference recommends that:
It is the right of the teachers of the Arabic language in universities to adhere to the standard Arabic language in its teaching, and in their scientific discussions, and to train their students to use it.
2- The Supreme Council of Universities includes language curricula that will gain its students the basic skills of Arabic language speaking, writing and understanding, especially the departments of the faculties of theoretical sciences.
3 - The Arabic language departments add a curriculum to introduce students to the basics of artificial intelligence, computer programs and scientific codes, and train them on how to employ it in raising the scientific level of students.
The official bodies concerned with translation at the level of the Arab world should strive to develop a unified Arab translation policy, and to establish a quantitative balance between translated works in applied sciences and translated works in theoretical sciences.
To expand the circle of cooperation between the Academy of Arabic Language in Cairo and the National Council for Translation, to include the establishment of incentive prizes in translation from and into Arabic under the supervision of both parties.
Official bodies related to the Arabic language, such as the Ministries of Education, Culture, Information and Endowments, should increase their interest in the dissemination of the Arabic language as an important strategic factor in the unification and development of the Arab world.
and to work hard to increase the Arabic content on the Internet.
7- The Union of Language Academies expands the coordination between the Arabic academies; to become unified and integrated efforts in their work projects, especially in the field of scientific terminology.
There are several recommendations addressed by the Conference to the Cairo Assembly, which will be re-read to the members of the Assembly at the first meeting of the Council after the Conference, in order to discuss them and take appropriate decisions, including:
1 - Set the date of the conference of the complex and its subject at an early period so that researchers can accomplish their research, and the management of the complex can address the concerned parties to be present for the conference members and correspondents.
2 - Take advantage of the work of the linguistic and scientific committees in updating the lexicon of the complex.
The Arabic Language Academy seeks to establish two awards in the field of translation, the first for works translated into Arabic, and the second for works translated from Arabic to other live world languages.
4- Reviving the work of the committees of translation, literature and the Arabic language in education, which have been suspended for some time.
5- To cooperate with the two committees: "Arabic Language and Artificial Intelligence" and "Arabic Language in Education" to design courses dedicated to the applications of artificial intelligence for students of Arabic language and literature.
It is worth mentioning that the conference of the Academy discussed in its closed sessions sections of linguistic and scientific terms presented by the committees: biology and agriculture, education and psychology, environmental sciences, dialects and linguistic research, physics, terminology and methods, geology, computers, the grand lexicon (materials from the letters Ta and Za ’ a), history and archaeology, Islamic philosophy, anthropology, and the lexicon of Arabic poetry. Mathematics, Media, Engineering, Geography, Language Origins, and Oil.
In the public sessions of the conference, in which attendance was made available to the public, research was given: "Defending the Arabic language in the light of contemporary challenges" by Dr. Ahmed Al-Dhabib (Member of the Conference of the Academy from Saudi Arabia), "From computer programs to teaching Arabic: Creating a program that defines the morphological doors of the simple triple act" by Dr. Wafa Kamel (Member of the Academy). Dr. Basma Ahmad Al-Dajani (Professor of Arabic Language at the University of Jordan), Dr. Hassan Bashir Siddiq (Member of the Conference of the Academy from Sudan), "Arabic language and contemporary challenges and ways to face them in light of the availability of artificial intelligence technologies", Dr. Ayman Shaheen (Expert in the Academy), and "Arabic between the ideal perception and life verification", Osama Abu Al-Abbas (Senior Researcher at the Academy), "The Cultural Reality and its Impact on the Arabic Language", by Prof. Dr. Ayed Al-Radadi (Member of the Correspondent Academy from Saudi Arabia), "The Need for Arabic Language in Phonetic Analysis and in Others for International Letters", by Dr. Mohamed Khalifa Al-Aswad (Member of the Libyan Academy), and "Levels of Linguistic Communication between the Reader and the Arabic Novel Text". Dr. Saleh Belaid (Member of the Correspondent Academy from Algeria), "Arabic Language and Education: Language Consciousness and Cognitive Consciousness", research by Dr. Youssef Al-Issawi (Member of the Correspondent Academy from Iraq), and "Towards rooting the applications of artificial intelligence in the departments of Arabic language and literature". Dr. Amr El Gendy (Researcher at the Academy), and then the panel session "Round Table", entitled "Problems of Translation", chaired and moderated by Prof. Dr. Mahmoud El Rubaie (Member of the Academy), and spoke: Prof. Dr. Mohamed Fahmy Tolba (Member of the Academy), Prof. Dr. Mohamed Abdel Halim (Member of the Conference of the Academy), Prof. Dr. Karma Sami Sami Sami (Director of the National Center for Translation), Languages and Translation, Al-Azhar University), "Artificial Intelligence and Arabic Language Teaching and Learning", by Dr. Mohammed Adnan Al-Bakhit (President of the Jordanian Arabic Language Academy), "Duplication in the Marriage of Zain novel by Dr. Bakri Mohammed Al-Haj (Member of the Academy Conference from Sudan), and" Social Acceptance of New Words ", by Prof. Dr. Bakri Mohammed Al-Haj Qasim Taha Al-Sara (Expert in the Academy),“ The Institutional Dimension in the Protection, Promotion and Promotion of the Standard ”, by Dr. Musleh Al-Najjar (Professor of Literature and Criticism at the Hashemite University), “The efforts of the Academy of Arabic Language in bridging the gap between standard and vernacular: proposed solutions to the problem of bilingualism ”, by Dr. Iman Al-Saeed (Expert in the Academy), Dr. Hisham Zaghloul Abdel Fattah (Expert)," Educational Research in Arabic Language Teaching: A Cry of Awakening and Reform ", by Dr. Mahmoud Kamel Al-Naqa (Member of the Academy)," Images of Arabic Digital Content on the Internet ", by Dr. Abdulaziz Al-Subaie (Member of the Academy Correspondent from Qatar), and" Data Processing for Artificial Intelligence Technologies ", by Dr. Mohsen Rashwan (Expert of the Academy).
The conference concluded its activities on Thursday, May 2, 2024, with a final report on the work of the conference by Dr. Abdul Hamid Madkour (Secretary General of the Academy), followed by the announcement of the decisions and recommendations, followed by the speech of Dr. Ahmed Al-Dabib (on behalf of the non-Egyptian members of the Conference), and the closing speech of Dr. Abdul Wahab Abdel Hafez (Chairman of the Academy).

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Content: Arabic and Arabization.
Conscious flexibility and solid independence!
She takes the Arabic - if she wants - able and not powerless, and gives - if she gives - rich and not subject..
The fact that I wanted to evoke the zealous guitars, and they follow the "fashions" and "sensitivities" of foreign languages, and strive to bring it down on Arabic, and they are so sorry they quarantine a wide, and I think that the people fell in the dose of excessive enthusiasm that good faith, but the landing of Arabic on the condition of other languages acted between the rib, and I will multiply for example, Right away with that stoning.
Good people call on the Chinese to translate the word "Apple" in Chinese (which means "apple"), in violation of a systematic rule and a scientific year that flags do not translate.
In my opinion, this is not without the "national sensitivity" of the excessive "preventive reservation", which governs the closure of the door of linguistic openness in the face of the invasion of the intruder; because of a sense of vulnerability, or simply to guard and block the pretext of leakage of the intruder, or for other reasons.
The Arab has an autonomous "immune system" and an innate protection system that controls the policy of "naturalization" of the intruder through the mechanism of "Arabization", which the imam of the language Ibn Jinni when he held - in the book "Characteristics" - a section in which he stated that "what is measured on the words of the Arabs is their words."
Beyond that, we find Arabic contrary to the Chinese language policy followed in translating the name of the company (Apple) (according to some bloggers of social networking sites and electronic content makers), the most famous imams of Arabic grammar - and the first name in this flag - is Sibuye, and has been frequent references that the meaning of this name (science): "smell of apples"!
And for my life, if the Arabs adopted the translation in the "Arabization" of that name, the Amat wrote the language with the words: He said the smell of apples and the doctrine of "the smell of apples" such and such..!..
But they ignored the translation, and left the name remaining on its complex Persian origin; they did not act upon it except by writing it in Arabic script!
This is about the translation of the Flags, in which the name of Sibuye was handed over from the disposition of many vernacular names, willingly perverting their literal structure — omitting or replacing — as in the name of Hercules, which is a perversion of the idiosyncratic name (Heraclius), and of Thryk, which is a perversion of the foreign name (Rodericus), and as in my names Washington, and as in Britain.
Rather, this part – by extension – was linked – indirectly – to the subject of Arabization and its implicit connection – to it, as I mentioned earlier.
As for Arabization, I will give him an example, in which Habel mixed excessive enthusiasm with Nabeul Impressionist prejudice, and not two thousand hasty says: "You are jealous of the Arab, and the sword of enmity in the faces of Sindha who are preoccupied with the fever of the AD."
This is not what I wanted, but it is criticism and rectification with the exercise of scientific honesty and taking into account objective impartiality as much as I can and what I conciliate except by God.
If the criticism left a circle, and subtract the correction as a courtesy to lose much knowledge, we arrived through the carpet of criticism and correction, and I recall here - by the way - the correction of Zubaidi - the author of the "Crown of the Bride" - on the Firozabadi owner of the "Ocean Dictionary", and Ahmed Faris Chidiac followed the dictionary of Firozabadi with his book entitled "(which is known!).
Indeed, we find Zubaidi, who is late, does not object to writing the phrase: "The illusion of the owner of the dictionary"!..
The late contemporaries are still turning to the Firozabadi - on his majesty and the height of his heel.
This is in the subject of language, how about impressionist views?
I write this in my hand to comment on what my son, Amali Mohammed, went to when he shunned the Arabic language complex, and mourned him to adopt - and leave - the word "trend", and the truth is that the Cairo complex did not exceed that originally work from the origins of "Arabization" classified in the rules of Arabic language complexes, which adopt "Arabist", and "intruder", and tend to "borrowing" Scheduled determinations.
The word "Trend" is not a literal dissonance or a verbal difficulty, it is - in its literal form and its formal structure - similar to the word "frend", which the Arabic language dictionaries mention that it is an alien (i.e. the foreign word naturalized, which is not of Arabic origin), and if the word "Trend" is solved by the means of definition (the solar), its pronunciation, and melted.
In justifying his objection to the leave of the word Trend, Professor Mohammed Lakhdhaf argued that some Western linguistic complexes refrain from inserting the word (Trend) in their "national language", which is a return domestication; because Arabic has its own independent linguistic entity, it does not need to follow this "national fashion" or that "linguistic sensitivity", whatever its source!
The most beautiful meeting of the Hasanists: the sweetness of the bell rhythmic, the accuracy of the semantic expression, and the originality of derivation in Arabization, the proximity of the socket, the presence of smoothness, the absence of affectation, beloved to the soul, easy in mind, soft in the ear..
But the Arabization (in a broad sense) is on strike.
One of the striking formulations - while retaining the foreign original - as in the Arabization of "television" and "television"; this behavior in addition to the definition of "L", and the use of words from classical Arabic to Arabize the names of modern inventors with a foreign name, as in "phone", and "car", and may be the name of the modern inventor closer to explanation and approximation, so be translated Let ’ s push that shit.
The Arabic language, with its conscious openness, is "completely independent", making it different from other sister and friendly languages.
It does not match the Chinese, for example, in its "linguistic sensitivity", which led the Chinese to translate the name of the company (Apple) in contrast, which means "apple", and if Arabic followed the whims of foreign language complexes, and copied its laws to the corner of its independence and took its living autonomy!
Arabic has something that other languages do not; it is immune to the extinction that affected human languages that once lived, and it is preserved from the alienation that threatens other languages that live on the political presence and feed on the economic impact.
If Arabic was at the mercy of political power and economic influence, it would have been erased from the map of “global circulation ”; for its people ’ s complacency and contempt for it, and for their neglect of being a“ tongue ” and an “identity ” – at a time – then for the weakness of the presence of Arab countries, and the relapse of the patriotism of their ruling formalities, especially when it comes to language.
And the greatest irony of all, and a funny affliction!
In the book of Genesis, we read the book of Genesis, and the book of Genesis, which we read in the book of Genesis, is the same as the book of Genesis.
Source: The Island

It examines the sociocultural and political contexts in which these borrowings occur and investigates governmental attempts to regulate or prevent such borrowings through laws and policies.

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Content: 22 February 2023, 17: 37
The Federation Council approved the law on the prohibition of the use of foreign words at the state level
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The Federation Council approved a law implying the inadmissibility of the use of foreign words at the state level.
The exception will be those words that have no analogues in the Russian language and which at the same time are contained in normative dictionaries.
“When using the Russian language as the state language of the Russian Federation, the use of words and expressions that do not meet the standards of the modern Russian literary language (including obscene language) is not allowed, ” the law states.
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The norms are understood as language tools and rules for their use, reflected in normative dictionaries and reference books.
The government on the basis of proposals of the Commission will approve the list of regulatory dictionaries and requirements for them.
It is also understood that they will reflect a list of foreign words, which are acceptable due to the lack of analogues.
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The composition and procedure of the government commission will also be approved by the Cabinet.
According to the law, the state language of the Russian Federation must be used in official relations and official correspondence of all organizations, both with Russians and with foreign citizens.
In addition, the addresses of senders and recipients of telegrams, parcels, postal orders within Russia, information for consumers of goods and services, and so on should be drawn up in the state language.
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Content: The project implies a de facto complete ban on the use of the Russian language in the city.
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"Social advertising" in Ukraine
Draft Resolution
The draft resolution proposes to establish a ban on the use of any languages, except Ukrainian, in the paperwork and documentation of local authorities, enterprises and organizations of communal property.
In the same Ukrainian language should be all ads, signs, posters, posters, messages "and other forms of audio and visual advertising products", as well as price tags.
If the name is not written in Ukrainian, it must be transliterated.
In addition, it is proposed to oblige all sellers and waiters to speak with customers only in Ukrainian, and to switch to any other language only in case of initiative on the part of the client.
In the same language there should be a menu, the menu in other languages should also be presented only on request.
It is difficult to even imagine what would be the reaction of the world community if somewhere in Russia adopted a bill on who to speak what language.
Not to mention the Western countries, where this is impossible in principle.
However, our Western partners, as usual, demonstrate selective observation, and Maidan such antics, if they are translated into reality, will calmly get away with it.
Hence the long-understood conclusion: the claims of Western partners to the role of judge are inappropriate, because judges are not characterized by lies and hypocrisy.
Kiev historical
You can pay attention to the very name of the project: “On overcoming the consequences of the Soviet occupation in the language sphere. ”
From the point of view of MP Sirotiuk, who seems to have studied poorly at school, the city of Kiev was occupied by the Soviet Union, and before that, apparently, was part of not the Russian Empire, but some other state entity.
In addition, MP Sirotiuk suggests that the Russian language in Kiev began to speak only during the “Soviet occupation ”.
Previously, they probably spoke some other language, for example, in a non-existent Ukrainian.
The meaning of the phrase “mother of Russian cities ” is apparently unknown to him.
It is interesting to get acquainted with the list of famous natives of the city of Kiev.
Among them are many outstanding figures of Russian culture and history, in particular Mikhail Bulgakov, Nikolai Berdyaev, Alexander Vertinsky, Kazimir Malevich, Alexander Tatarsky.
There are also global celebrities like Mila Jovovich and Golda Meir.
The only category that is not on this list are the famous Ukrainian nationalists.
They were born anywhere, but not in the Russian city of Kiev.
Kiev today
Even after the translation of the vast majority of Kiev schools and universities into Ukrainian, after 25 years of propaganda, it is not so easy to understand what language the capital speaks.
In 2000 and 2001, two consecutive surveys were conducted: from one it followed that 48% of Kyivans speak Russian in their families (three times less in Ukrainian), from the other that 72% of Kyivans call Ukrainian their native language.
To understand how such a combination is possible, it is enough to recall the data of the famous Gallup poll conducted throughout Ukraine in 2006.
Sociologists offered a questionnaire with many points on national issues.
No one read the answers later.
Sociologists simply measured how many citizens took questionnaires in Russian, and how many in Ukrainian.
And the Russian-speaking figure of 83% was the answer to all questions.
We are talking about the fact that under the influence of aggressive propaganda, people begin to identify themselves as Ukrainians, although they continue to speak Russian.
We can also add that now more than half of the residents of the capital are first-generation citizens of Kiev, very recently the so-called Khutoryans.
But even in such a half-bleeding Kiev, there was no anti-Moscow fuse, as a result of which people for the second Maidan had to be imported from Galichin villages and towns.
The image of the enemy
The ban on the Russian language proposed by MP Sirotiuk in Kiev in the near future, most likely, will not be approved, at least in its current form.
Although you can expect anything from the Maidan authorities.
The faster credit billions are stolen, the less confidence in all political forces without exception, the less control the state has over its own territory, the more this control the outright bandits have, the greater the need for inflating the image of the enemy.
This is not the first such initiative.
In January, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Culture Vyacheslav Kirilenko spoke about the preparation of a bill on the introduction of quotas for songs in the Ukrainian language on radio.
It should be at least 75%.
To the main goal - to create an image of the enemy and to write off all troubles on it - is added a secondary goal: to oust everything Russian from public space.
True Ukrainian culture cannot oppose Russia because it is part of Russia.
Against Russia stands only the culture of “Novoukrainskaya ”, created artificially and losing competition with a crushing score.
The only way to win it is to turn off the competitor.
Why do that?
The reason is that the current Ukraine does not support the ideology of the Maidan.
This ideology triumphed only because the majority remained silent and the aggressively obedient minority acted.
The majority cannot be united.
First of all, it needs to be cut off from the tongue.
Language is both a symbol and a source of identity.
Creating a new person
The consequence of all these actions is the de facto “cultivation of a new person ”.
In such a short historical period, it is impossible to wean a person to speak one language and force him to speak another, to abandon some cultural roots and acquire others.
It is possible to make it look like this, but the species will never become the essence, "New Ukrainism" will always have the disgusting smell of a sectarian test tube, and this education, like any unnatural formation, will never be viable.
However, we have nothing to rejoice at, despite the “non-Ukrainian Kiev ” and despite the absurdity of the Maidan ’ s attempts to come up with a history and identity.
While we laugh at all this, millions of Ukrainians are subjected to serious psychological and ideological processing, and it will take a very long time for their heads to be cleaned of this garbage.
And the Russian side has not yet found a way to do something with the current Ukraine, which lost the Maidan.
When the Maidan began, Moscow ’ s “liberals ” who sympathized with it argued that they were not against Russia, they were only against Putin.
That this was not the case was clear then and even more so now.
Ukraine ’ s second president, Leonid Kuchma, once wrote a book called “Ukraine is not Russia. ”
This is the whole ideology, both cultural and political, of Maidan power.
There is no second meaning there.

Title:

Content: Matvienko read a poem about anglicisms in the Federation Council - RIA Novosti, 22.06.2022
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Matvienko read a poem about Anglicisms in the Federation Council
Matvienko read a poem about Anglicisms at a meeting of the Federation Council
© Press Service of the Federation Council of the Russian Federation / Go to photobanPresident of the Federation Council of the Russian Federation Valentina Matvienko
Chairman of the Federation Council of the Russian Federation Valentina Matvienko.
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MOSCOW, June 22 - RIA Novosti.
Speaker of the Federation Council Valentina Matvienko, during the discussion on Anglicisms and foreign borrowings in Russian, read poems on this topic and did it so artistically that she earned friendly applause from senators.
On Wednesday, all senators received a dictionary compiled by Crimean officials that transmits Russian-language substitutes for foreign borrowing.
Matvienko praised its authors and read out the poems included in the handbook.
Konstantinov told how in the Crimea are struggling with the dominance of foreign words
"And we have a workshop here, and you?
And we got a babysitter hypanula the wrong word.
A year of PR parent together with the child on a talk show.
And we have a famous guru in the field of architecture made a selfie for PR, the bow he chose extreme.
Realizing all our trables, in nostalgic sadness we remember how boyfriends were called grooms, instead of casting, our mothers held and not men, and men gave flowers to girls.
The party was a party, the upgrade was an improvement.
Maybe after all we have enough Russians to offend people? "- read Matvienko.
The senators greeted her reading with loud applause.
The speaker also suggested discussing the possibility of fixing at the legislative level a ban on clogging the Russian language with spilled borrowings.
“Cashback ” as it was, and it is, and all this is pronounced at the government level.
Well, there are analogues in the Russian language, why do we clog our beautiful wonderful unique language with such different words?
We need to look at it at the legislative level.
Our responsibility is to preserve the language of Pushkin, the language of which we are proud and to stop these new trends that are absolutely inappropriate, ” Matvienko said.
According to her, both France and other countries do not allow to clog their languages, and in Russia should avoid the use of foreign words that have analogues in Russian.
The task to study the issue was given to the profile committee on science, education and culture.
From Proto-Slavic to Modern: Evolution and Features of the Russian Language
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Content: SuperJob: 52% of Nizhny Novgorod residents supported the bill on combating Anglicisms
More than half of Nizhny Novgorod residents (52%) expressed support for the bill introduced in the State Duma of the Russian Federation on combating anglicisms and foreign words that are used in signs, texts, names of goods, residential areas and complexes.
This is reported by the service for job search SuperJob on the basis of its own research conducted among the economically active population of Nizhny Novgorod.
This bill was opposed by 27% of respondents, another 21% found it difficult to answer.
Supporters of the legislative initials argued their position that "it is necessary to protect the Russian language" and that "in our country everything should be clear for us."
Opponents of the bill said that “there is no point in changing the names of existing ones. ”
He also noted that now “clearly there are areas where funding is much more needed, and if the extra money remains, you can do signage ”.
Supporters of the initiative are more among Nizhny Novgorod citizens over 45 years old (80%).
Non-English-speaking respondents support the bill more often than those who speak it fluently (65% vs 48%, respectively).
Andrey Repin
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Content: The state Duma in the first reading approved the bill on the prohibition of foreign words
On the eve of the State Duma of the Russian Federation in the first reading approved the draft law on the prohibition of excessive use of foreign words in the country.
According to the document published in the electronic database of the lower house of parliament, the measures do not apply to those terms that cannot be replaced by Russian analogues.
It is assumed that such restrictions will increase the scope of use of Russian words and preserve the language of Pushkin, and the original vocabulary will replace the borrowed, including in official documents.
It is also noted that the implementation of the proposals of the bill will improve the overall literacy rate of the population.
It is specified that the list of dictionaries will be determined by the government on the basis of proposals from the commission on the Russian language.
The explanatory note states that the project introduces concepts such as normative dictionaries, normative grammars and normative reference books that fix the norms of the modern Russian literary language.
Earlier, the State Duma, in order to protect the “future of the country from darkness, ” adopted a package of laws banning LGBT propaganda and pedophilia in Russia, as well as demonstrating LGBT information that motivates adolescents to change sex.
Fines are up to 10 million rubles.

Title:

Content: Farewell briefing and fact-checking!
Officials who juggle foreign words in their official speeches and documents without much reason and meaning must learn to be more restrained, otherwise they will have to spend all their salaries on fines.
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Content: Point of view
Jiang Yuhuan
Jiang Yu-fan: "Co-ordination" between the Executive and Legislative Councils in Hong Kong Today
In today's Hong Kong, when it comes to Hong Kong's political system, we have to mention the term "executive-led".
The concept should be more specific to today's Hong Kong society, regardless of its connotation or extension.
To what extent can the new SAR Government achieve its administrative capability and self-confidence in governance in order to be able to bear the term "leading"?
One of the keys to answering this question is where the new administrative and legislative relationship is headed.
The concept of “executive-led ” originated in the British Hong Kong era, when political power was concentrated in the Governor of Hong Kong during the colonial period.
For example, unlike the many questions raised by Members of the Legislative Council on the Budget today, Members of the then Legislative Council cannot introduce bills affecting government expenditure unless they have the consent of the Governor.
It was not until 2004 that “executive-led ” first appeared as an official language in the HKSAR Government ’ s report to the National People ’ s Congress.
To this day, discussions continue on the relationship between the Legislative Council and the HKSAR Government.
When it comes to the relationship between the executive and the legislature of Hong Kong, it is difficult to bypass the storm of legislative amendments in 2019.
This incident detonated the long-hidden imbalance in the relationship between the executive and the legislature, causing an impact on Hong Kong society that is difficult to repair and tearing up social emotions.
Today, more than three years later, social sentiment is gradually settling, and a new group of legislators took office last year, and the new SAR government has begun its governance process.
In his speech in Hong Kong last year, President Xi Jinping defined the relationship between the executive and the legislature as “checks and balances and co-ordination between the executive and the legislature. ”
“checks and balances ” are easy to understand, but why do you think“ co-ordination ”? Here are some thoughts to share with readers on this topic.
The council and the government should be honest with each other.
One of the ways of "co-ordination" between the executive and the legislature in Hong Kong is openness.
There is a famous saying that "there is no saying, there is no saying, there is no saying, there is no encryption of the reputation of a hundred people, and there is no sparing of the destruction of a hundred people."
As practitioners of one country, two systems, both the Legislative Council and the SAR Government should face each other in an open and honest manner.
According to the Basic Law, the Legislative Council has the obligation and the power to protect the SAR Government from administering the SAR in accordance with the law. It is also necessary to remind and question the Government in a timely manner, to truthfully reflect the people's feelings and public opinions collected by the Government to the Government. The report should be timely, not rigid, and full of information. In the face of the public opinion on behalf of Members, it is the Government's sincerity to face it, not to evade or excuse it.
Recently, the city's hot talk - simple public housing, the reason for some adverse reactions from the public, the important reason is that the authorities and legislators, the public did not have a frank consultation, the published project information is insufficient, there is not enough time for consultation, and the voice of the legislators has not been paid enough attention.
I wrote to the Administration a month ago about the topic of simplified public housing, and I have not received a reply so far.
The effectiveness of governance lies in the fight for public trust
Mutual trust is the second way of “co-ordination ” between Hong Kong ’ s executive and legislative authorities. Confucius said,“ A man without trust is a man without knowledge. ”
The relationship of mutual trust between the executive authorities and the legislature is deeper than the relationship of mutual trust between the executive authorities and the public.
Any trust is not built overnight. It takes a lot of time and effort to gather sand into a tower. The foundation is that the government's administrative procedures are legal, scientific and efficient, the whole process is transparent, can be monitored, and the results of governance can be complained about and can be feedback.
Members should have objective and rational analysis of the effectiveness of the administration, confirm the achievements, criticize the lack of, and channel public opinion to channel.
For example, the Development (Town Planning, Land and Works) (Miscellaneous Amendments) Bill 2022 has recently attracted the reaction of the real estate sector and some people facing the redevelopment of old areas. Among them, the most controversial new section 16AA in the Lands Resumption Ordinance is the new section of the Land Resumption Ordinance. And...
While the government is justifiably self-explanatory, trust at the policy level can only be guaranteed by law.
If the above cases want to ensure the efficiency of land resumption and gain the trust of the public, they should promptly supplement the corresponding supporting supervision and claims measures, and not only the development director should be the only one to protect the population.
Otherwise, people who own a house or real estate developers who own a large amount of land should be concerned when faced with government land resumption.
Trust is formed by the "small things" that seem to be small, but behind them are countless legal principles and the fate of the citizens.
To get rid of negative impressions, you need to have confidence and listen to opinions.
The third way of "co-ordination" between the executive and the legislature in Hong Kong is self-confidence.
Returning to the topic of the article, one of the main points of how the SAR Government can assume the term "leading" is whether it is confident enough and bold enough in its own ability.
In the past, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region government always regarded itself as a “small government ”, which was called to respect the laws and regulations of the capitalist market economy.
"Small government" for a long time, often in the impression of people become weak or even timid - face unreasonable vested interests do not dare to correct; weak administrative power leads to capital hijacking the public interest; face the inherent defects of capitalist development but turn a blind eye.
At the same time, the legislation faces a cowardly government to impose a "deep responsibility of love" is often counterproductive, resulting in an inefficient entanglement of the executive and legislative in a state of insufficient self-confidence.
Any country or region, a self-confident government, must start from the people, convince people with reason, serve people with results, and serve people with science.
Persistence is not self-confidence, deaf ears is not self-confidence.
On the contrary, the more we must get rid of the negative impression of the Hong Kong Government in the past, the more we must have the confidence to strengthen sincere exchanges with Members of the Legislative Council and with the public.
Members of the Legislative Council should also have the confidence to put forward their views, no longer afraid that their views will be ignored, their voices will be drowned, and they will resolutely not be assholes and assholes - agree to agree, and they must have reason to debate and convince the other party if they do not agree.
In this case, why not make the argument more clear?
Thinking back to the “needle-free ” incident I experienced in the second half of last year is a good illustration of this.
After claiming that my advice to the authorities was based on the law and based on reason, I made my voice heard on social media, but I was branded by some public opinion.
I think this is the expression that the executive and the legislature are not confident enough: the government is not confident enough to respond to the debate and even criticism of whether the policy is legal or not, and the parliamentary group is not confident enough to put forward different opinions, which is worth discussing or reflecting on.
The stage of one country, two systems is very broad, whether it is the expectations of the central government or the international eye, all bring great energy.
There is a voice, there is a discussion, then there is an audience, is a kind of progress.
Both the legislature and the executive should act with confidence, not with their hands and feet tied.
The Government and the Legislative Council should have a common goal.
The fourth way of "co-ordination" between the executive and the legislature in Hong Kong is "two things": one is the same goal, and the other is the same perspective.
In the first place, the heavens are opened, and the heavens are opened, and the earth is opened, and the earth is opened.
The HKSAR Government and the Legislative Council should share a common goal: to promote Hong Kong to achieve a truly harmonious society and make the people live in peace and contentment.
In other words, the goal of the Government is not to “cope ” with the Legislative Council, nor is it the goal of Members of the Legislative Council to criticize the Government. Both the starting point and the ending point are to seek the welfare of the public.
"Consistent Perspective" means to put oneself into the perspective of the grassroots to consider problems and formulate policies, as Members should, and even more so, civil servants.
Councillors come from every constituency, and civil servants pay their salaries from every taxpayer, both of which are inherently responsible for the people.
This "two congruences" should go through the whole process of co-ordination between the executive and the legislature.
In summary, it is easier to understand that “executive-led ” is the inevitable trend and historical choice of Hong Kong ’ s political system in the light of the past history of Hong Kong ’ s political system.
However, "executive-led" does not mean a strong government, and the social atmosphere in Hong Kong today needs more consultation and tolerance.
Only by working with honesty, mutual trust, self-confidence, and a consistent vision of purpose can we achieve the "co-ordination" of good executive and legislative work.
The author is a legislator.
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#### Sociocultural and Political Context of Borrowings
Linguistic borrowings, especially from dominant global languages like English, often reflect broader sociocultural and political dynamics.

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Content: 00: 00
Expo 2020 Dubai Today
The danger of intellectual alienation on the homelands
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One of the most common terms in recent times on the lips of intellectuals is the term “Westernization ”, which has become a cognitive, social, political and civilizational issue, what is meant by it?
Expatriation in our Arabic language means: deportation and exile from the homeland.
The intellectuals call it the state of fascination, tradition and admiration that occurs from the individual or group or society and a simulation of the Western culture and the adoption of its values and ways of life, so that the individual or group or society becomes a position that is alien to his tendencies, habits, lifestyle, orientations and emotions. To progress as an individual or a nation.
Manifestations of intellectual alienation
There are many manifestations of intellectual alienation within the homelands, for example:
• Striving to destabilize national minds and underestimate achievements so that their ideas can be broadcast and others can be led by them.
• Blind imitation of Western customs and traditions that do not fit with our Arab and Islamic identity in clothing, personal appearance and others.
• Influence through the media in order to direct it to broadcast their ideas and beliefs, believing in the role played by the media and its strong impact on the individual, the family, and even society.
• Create think tanks that spread their ideas, and this is done through the axis of progress and prosperity.
The danger of intellectual alienation on the homelands
Westernization takes many forms, but the most dangerous of which is intellectual Westernization, where the thought and culture of the individual is replaced and replaced by culture and foreign thought, and the subsequent manifestations of change and change, has been associated with the European imperialist movement in the 19th century, it is not an innovation of the East, this term appeared in the lexicon of the West, which is intended to spread Western civilization in African and Asian countries that fall under their grip through any thought An opponent that works to preserve its entity, traditions and customs, and the most important of these forces is identity and language in order to ensure their economic and scientific control.
Therefore, intellectual Westernization aims to hit the Islamic constants of the Ummah in general and the Muslim families in particular, manifested in the Holy Quran and in the Arabic language, through its encouragement of the vernacular language in the fields of media and literature, and the latest disturbances within the Muslim family as the pillar of society. Those who were fascinated by the civilization of the West and admired its deceptive manifestations.
Although the Westernization trend has succeeded with some, there are still many of them who are steadfast in their thought of national identity, culture and inherited traditions calling for stopping the methods of Westernization and working to refute the calls of Westerners, so the challenge and confrontation is imperative in order to protect the identity and preserve the entity of the Muslim family and its morals.
Despite the impact of Westernization on the individual and the same owner of Islamic culture, we cannot forget the positives that we see in scientific and technological progress, so there must be a kind of mind arbitration and differentiation between the positives and negatives, and here comes the role of religious scholars such as the Council of Muslim Elders and other moderate scholars who add to the people of the homeland and the effective impact in benefiting from constructive ideas.
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The spread of English as a global lingua franca due to economic, technological, and cultural globalization has led to its extensive adoption in various non-English speaking countries.

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Content: "Englishwoman reptiles": nationalism, snobbery and arrogance - the old main features of the English character
The English are a nation that conquered almost the whole world and believed that it was at home everywhere.
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We have a relationship with England that goes back more than 500 years.
Unfortunately, we were most often used.
We gave them the most duty-free trade, fought for them and received from them all sorts of assurances of respect.
What nasty things over the centuries about the Russians did not write the local media and did not say the powers that be.
Although usually Russophobia most often affected only the aristocracy, the middle class.
The lower classes didn ’ t care.
They thought of daily bread, which was always expensive in England.
Mr. Bean is not the real England.
Today, England is different, filled with Asian migrants and Russian nouveau riche.
The more curious is the look of our ancestors on the nation there on the eve of the First World War.
Especially since England was at a crossroads at that time, not knowing on whose side to get involved in the war.
She has always been distinguished by mercantile, not banal words about peace and justice.
At the beginning of the last century, many nations called the British hypocrites and traitors.
However, their defenders tried to justify unpleasant reviews about them in one word – great egoists.
In recent centuries, they had essentially no peasantry, so they grew up in cities and colonies, to which they were indebted for their proud arrogance or, as foreigners said, swagger.
They allowed only foreigners to bow to the British.
Moreover, the English have a rather rude, without shades, language.
There is no ambiguity in it, whereas the French language is designed to play on words, sometimes to the point of indecency.
In late Sherlock Holmes England, it was accepted that certain themes were permissible only in clubs, smoking rooms, or bedrooms.
Thanks to this snobbery, even the lower classes were not allowed to show their emotions in their circle.
Unambiguity or flat jokes were not allowed even in the kitchen of the servants at the common table.
Benny Hills and Mr. Bina are just TV shows, the goal of which is to gain more money audience.
Like our current post-Soviet humor.
A contemporary of Kipling noted that after spending several months in the area of a large industrial center in England, she had never seen such disgusting scenes that teem with Paris boulevards.
An Englishman may be corrupted to the bone, but in conversation he will always be decent.
Some will call it hypocrisy, others civilization.
As the foreigners wittily observed, John Boole, of course, is no less susceptible to the temptation to wish his neighbor ’ s wife or his donkey, and also transgresses the seventh commandment no less often than other nations do.
But he does not brag about it, but on the contrary, he tries to hide it.
An Englishman never comes out of his shell.
He lacks initiative, he finds it difficult to assimilate with foreigners and despises a foreign language.
All this was more than compensated by immigrants from the same England, who, having stuffed their face to their homeland, created the United States in the 18th century.
However, even foreigners most often saw treachery not in the people, but in the rulers of England.
And what nationalities there were only and are still there...
Both German kings and prime ministers are not at all because of King Arthur ’ s Round Table.
It is they who for centuries set traps for different countries, entering into their trust, they bought everyone and oversold everyone.
Whiskey, Costume and Nationalism
It is funny that our ancestors more than a hundred years ago noted the main "microbe" of England - alcohol.
Yes, most often several bottles of beer are pulled by degrees on a bottle of whiskey.
But cheaper.
The rich and the poor drink.
The first, the Germans reported, swallow whiskey, cocktails and expensive wines from France, and sit on cheap overseas gin and beer.
In this respect, there is a complete classless "catch" society.
Already in the time of Charles Dickens, it was not unusual for servants to pick their masters and guests from under the table in the morning.
Batteries of bottles were taken to the trash.
True, the tables were made of mahogany, and the booze cost the owner a lot of pounds.
At the podium, at the pulpit, at the elections, the Englishman is most often attached to some idea.
And as a mantra, he repeats the same phrase, driving like a nail into the head of himself and his interlocutors.
The purpose of his oratory is to convince a person, not to charm him like the French do.
There is no need for emotions here, this is the guarantee of a correct policy.
Although not everything is so clear, world history tells us.
After the five Britons are caught on your nail, a club appears.
Or a party?
A good place for like-minded people, where you can smoke and talk.
But only about his "nail".
We don ’ t always care about our clothes.
They liked to dress in England.
“The English love their costume more than the woman their dress, ” said Jerome Klapka ’ s contemporaries.
One of the themes other than the same politics is fashion.
Most often you could hear on the street - what a gorgeous coat you have.
If an Englishman notices a manly chin or sensual lips, there will be no vegetation on his face.
It is not surprising that on the eve of the First World War, many officers went insane.
Which was not the case in India or the Boer War.
Here the opinions about the British are very reminiscent of an interesting report from 1966 about the boom of London fashion.
The French look at women, the English want women to look at them.
Sixty years later, everything was back in place.
Walks through Hyde Park, Piccadilly, Bond Street, where men exhibited the creations of their tailors, hats, shoes.
But most often the Englishman before the "light bulb" was what their women were wearing.
But the middle hand philistine was ready to lose the dress, so that only her lover had a decent suit.
And finally, the British, as our ancestors claimed, were full nationalists.
They are proud of their race and no other.
Perhaps this is why, speaking of the inhabitants of the Foggy Albion, they noted: "No wonder they managed to conquer the whole world and everywhere are located as at home!"
On the character of the English - in a series of lectures on linguistics
Author Sergey Lebedev
Sergei Valentinovich Lebedev — freelance correspondent of Pravda.Ru
Editor Kirill Yanchitsky
Kirill Yanchitsky – Publishing editor of Pravda.Ru.

Title:

Content: Dialogue with the Education Sector: Cheng Yen-hsiang: What is the fate of language education in Hong Kong out of touch with the social function?
Written by: Wei Yang
Published: Updated:
Stepping into Cheng ’ s office is like coming to an art museum: calligraphy and calligraphy are hanging on the walls, clay sculptures in colored pottery are placed on the floor, and a recently published collection of watercolor paintings is on the table.
As an emeritus professor at the Education University of Hong Kong, Cheng Yen-cheung is a respected scholar in Hong Kong ’ s education sector and even in the international academic community.
In recent years, after his retirement, Cheng Yen-hsiang has taken art as a hobby and kept a low profile on education issues, and rarely received media interviews.
However, for the future of Hong Kong society and the future of education in Hong Kong, Cheng Yen-cheung is indeed a reflection of his heart and heart.
Hong Kong 01 ’ s in-depth reporting team sent a letter to invite this educationalist to explore the success or failure of the “biliteracy and trilingualism ” policy. He immediately took the initiative to TELECOM reporters, and then happily agreed to an exclusive interview,“ hoping to arouse a rational discussion of this important issue in the community ” to provide blueprint suggestions for Hong Kong ’ s future language education policy.
At the beginning of the interview, Mr Cheng took out three A4 sheets of paper with handwritten notes on both sides, glued to each other like lecture notes in a classroom – all summarizing Hong Kong ’ s language education policy and planning for the future.
The whole conversation was indeed a valuable lesson.
But during the dialogue, Cheng Yen-hsiang said that he had no heart to write articles and participate in discussions, because of the long-term crux of the education system, "I have not seen improvement for so long," and then fell into silent meditation.
In an exclusive interview with Hong Kong 01, Hong Kong ’ s education sector, Ms Cheng Yen-cheung, “hopes to arouse a rational discussion of this important issue in the community ” and provide blueprint suggestions for the future language education policy in Hong Kong. (photo by O ’ Carroll)
Language education should be for students as well as for society.
Hong Kong 01: How do you assess Hong Kong's biliteracy and trilingualism policy and its implementation?
Zheng Yanxiang: There are two levels of issues involved, namely, what is the function of the language education policy and what is the purpose.
At the first level, what is the function of the language education policy for the entire social system in Hong Kong?
According to sociologist Talcott Parsons ’ model of social functionalism, all social systems have four functions.
If your language education policy can help these four functions, then the policy is sound and the society can run smoothly; if not, the society will face failure, conflict and even collapse.
Therefore, when we discuss the language education policy, we must look at whether the policy has contributed to or neglected these four functions.
The first function is the integration function, which is to encourage social unity, integration, and the establishment of common beliefs.
Now, the most obvious feature of Hong Kong is “division. ”
You say "East", I say "West", you support "what", I oppose "what", year after year to bring down "something".
Do you think that education in Hong Kong can promote social integration and integration, build common beliefs and cooperate with each other?
Based on the above situation, there is no.
It should be said that there is very little, and it is getting less and less.
We used to say that the "Lion Rock spirit" cared about "cooperation" and "I support you, you support me", but now it is "you hit me, I hit you", and some cases are still very violent.
Therefore, the first function of the language education policy is to be reviewed.
The second function is the function of model maintenance, that is, can policies promote institutions and construction, establish good laws, and enable the stable operation of society?
Instead of everything going from the beginning, everyone went to the streets to demonstrate, to fight a “round ”, to sabotage the parliament.
Of course, I said before, now it is a different situation.
Then, the modularity of education is reflected in promoting students to abide by the law and abide by ethics and morality.
Therefore, regardless of language education or education, we must pay attention to how students can cultivate moral ethics, value and uphold the rule of law.
The third function is the adaptation function, which Hong Kong has been very adaptable all the way.
The "best" of Hong Kong people is "students", very flexible, can walk.
So, can education develop the adaptability of students?
Now the school also launched a lot of innovative courses, so I am not very worried about adaptability, education is generally very flexible.
The fourth function is to achieve the goal of success, that is, the plan, there is no clear goal, how to achieve the goal.
In Hong Kong, "achieving the goal" is very obvious, because there is an "exam", to take a high score into the university, to get a good degree.
Hong Kong is more prominent in achieving the goal of success, because the central examination system is "strong" and the target orientation is obvious throughout East Asia.
The second problem is that the multiple objectives of the policy on language education are derived from these four functions.
The first is the goal of "rule of law", in fact, I have paid attention to, no matter how chaotic, now people are very stressed "rule of law".
Everything can be solved by legal means, and it is an important goal.
And then there is the goal of political socialization.
What is “political socialization ”?
For example, the reunification of Hong Kong was in fact a great political change and a great social change. People think that "horses run, dance and dance", in fact, many things have changed.
In addition, there has always been tension between the opposition and the establishment, but can it be settled, how can we make everyone compromise? Based on this, is language education a factor that promotes stability?
The third type of goal is the goal of economic development, which is also Hong Kong ’ s history of “life and death ”.
Since its inception, Hong Kong has always attached great importance to its economy and survival, and sometimes has not talked about principles.
The question is, is our language education now for principle or for survival?
In addition, can language education adapt to future economic development?
In the past, if you do not learn English well, it is difficult to climb up in society.
Therefore, in the past, even if only the education level of primary and secondary schools, they will learn enough by themselves, and each English is very good.
Now, if Hong Kong wants to integrate into the Greater Bay Area, it must consider whether language education can support future economic development.
Then, is the goal of cultural identity.
Under the current language education policy, some students do not know China and have no feelings.
When something happened, it was time to reflect on the fact that the students were "not patriotic" or did not have a "sense of belonging" to Chinese culture, but the design of the school itself did not meet the requirements.
How much cultural identity is reflected in the education system and language education in Hong Kong?
For example, weak schools are mainly teaching in Cantonese, and strong schools are teaching in English, which makes teachers and students in weak schools feel a sense of inferiority, and Chinese is also in a position of not being valued.
In this way, cultural identity and language are closely related.
The use of "English" in powerful schools has made teachers and students in disadvantaged schools feel inferior and Chinese is not valued. (photo by Liang Pengwei)
Hong Kong 01: Why use “social function models ” and“ multiple goals ” to evaluate language policy?
Zheng Yanxiang: If we do not use the framework of multiple goals to discuss, we do not know why the language education policy is "why".
Is it enough for children to learn English, Putonghua, or be able to master bilingualism and trilingualism?
No, it's not that simple.
Language education policy is a multi-layered issue. It should not only take into account the individual level of students, but also the social level.
Education reform in the past was purely for the sake of students.
For example, it is easier for students to learn in Cantonese. These are personal discussions.
Our education cannot only be for students, but also for students and society.
For the sake of society, students will have a future; if students do well, society will have a future first.
Hong Kong 01: How can language education policy be "for students and for society"?
JOHN: This has to be considered at different levels.
First of all, the future of Hong Kong is to be based on the "Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area", pay attention, not just on the "island", and then face the world.
If Hong Kong wants to integrate with the Greater Bay Area in the future, it is no longer possible to say "I do not integrate", "can I do anything else."
It used to be, because there was no concept of the “Greater Bay Area ” before, and China ’ s conditions were not ripe.
But now it ’ s “real, ” and China is rising, rising, and no one else can stop it.
To conform to the trend of the world, to the situation of China's rise, do not go against the trend, "take the hard work."
If Hong Kong does not participate in the "Greater Bay Area", those nine cities will still do it, and then Hong Kong cannot survive.
From the perspective of the development of the Greater Bay Area, high-tech competition is more intense, the population density is higher, and the production chain and expert knowledge complement each other to form a team.
The Greater Bay Area of the future is a high-tech innovation hub that brings together talent from across the country.
Because Hong Kong is also one of the big cities in the Greater Bay Area, it also needs to pool diverse talents, so it needs a diverse language policy.
The main language of the Greater Bay Area is Putonghua, as the vast majority of schools use Putonghua for teaching, and it is most likely that Cantonese will be used in restaurants and restaurants.
Moreover, the requirement for young people in Hong Kong is not only to listen and speak Putonghua, but to grasp the ingenuity of mainland language and culture, and to grasp the feeling of writing and culture.
But it is not enough that Mandarin is good enough, and English is good, because the Greater Bay Area is facing the world.
In the past, in Hong Kong society, only knowing English was enough, and Chinese was required to “pretend not to know ”, indicating that they were educated in pure English and returned to study abroad.
Not now, to master Putonghua, master Chinese, but also to be able to connect with the international.
Think about it, the country is emphasizing the "internal circle" as the main mode of development, can Hong Kong go into the internal circle?
If you can't get in, Hong Kong has to do an external circle, which is not strong enough to enter the external circle?
The "double cycle" strategy and language relationship is very large, we can no longer hold the view of "using Cantonese in the house".
In the future, we must take into account the situation of the entire internal and external cycle, as well as the language requirements of different industry levels, how to prepare and lay a good foundation for primary and secondary schools, and really consider a little less!
Hong Kong 01: This means that we must think about the future language education policy in Hong Kong under the general trend of "double cycle".
CHENG Yen-cheung: We have to look at it from this height, we have to think about how Hong Kong can join the "inner circle" and benefit from it, so what is the corresponding education and language.
These questions must be asked clearly themselves, if you do not ask clearly, "do a round" is useless!
We have made a lot of mistakes over the past 20 years, and I will talk about these “losses ” later.
If we are not far-sighted and do not conform to this trend, then we are "ourselves".
We will find that in the past, the "language" discussed in Hong Kong society was "narrow", and only the "language of instruction" was discussed.
It is taught in Chinese, English, Cantonese or Putonghua.
However, the whole language issue and even the language policy should be "broader" to discuss how the language situation in the society should be, how to balance the Chinese and British languages, and so on.
Second, there is the issue of legal status.
The legal status of the language is also important, with the legal status of the natural enjoyment of rights and roles to contribute to development.
Cheng Yen-cheung urges HKSAR Government to establish legal status for "national language" (photo by Cheung Hao-wei)
HKSAR Government should establish legal status for "national language"
Hong Kong 01: The “legal status ” you mentioned is also mentioned in the“ Report on Language Status in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (2021) ” published by the Ministry of Education.
The Report analyses the status of biliteracy and trilingualism in Hong Kong and provides three language policy recommendations, namely, “clarify the legal status of Putonghua and Simplified Chinese ”,“ properly integrate Putonghua into the assessment system ”, and “work with the Mainland to promote Putonghua teaching ”. How do you rate the Report and these three recommendations?
Zheng Yanxiang: Similar issues were discussed very early on. At that time, there was no concept of the Greater Bay Area, but it was called the “Pearl River Delta Education Hub ”.
At that time, I was still holding an administrative position in the university, and although there were discussions, there were no results, and I did not see that the government had done any real work.
Today, seeing that the whole of Hong Kong is facing difficulties, I do not know how (education) should be done.
For example, the industrialization of higher education mentioned in the past, the government has no policies, no reports, no plans, and has become a "must turn over the word", which wastes a lot of time.
I think that this report of the Ministry of Education, that is, language education, is also one of the directions of inquiry.
It helps us understand the situation first, and then analyze how language (policy) is done, how education is done, and how the education industry is doing.
Specifically, the first recommendation is to clarify the legal status of Putonghua and Simplified Chinese.
I think Hong Kong already has that, right?
Hong Kong 01: The Official Languages Ordinance of Hong Kong states that the official languages are Chinese and English.
The corresponding oral and written form in English is of course English, but the Chinese part does not specify whether the oral form is "Putonghua" or "Cantonese", and the written form is simplified or traditional.
Zheng Yanxiang: So when it comes to school education, you can write simplified or traditional Chinese? (Reporter: Yes.) So it is. It is no wonder that it is recommended to specify “Putonghua ” and“ Simplified Chinese ”.
I find it very strange that Putonghua and Simplified Chinese are basically "one country's languages", and it would be too "humbling" to ask people to suggest that Hong Kong should be "legislated to determine its status".
If this is the case, I think this advice is necessary.
From the point of view of the integration function and the model function, the legal status of Putonghua and Simplified Chinese characters needs to be established.
If there is no legal status, many things can not be implemented at all, reflecting their strong influence on the development of Hong Kong, which can even be higher than the English language.
Hong Kong 01: Could Putonghua be more influential than English?
Zheng Yanxiang: It is possible, of course, it depends on which industries, but Putonghua has a good chance of becoming the mainstream.
In this trend, it is natural to establish the legal status of Putonghua and Simplified Chinese.
The Greater Bay Area in which Hong Kong is participating is not the New York Bay Area, nor the Tokyo Bay Area, but the Greater Bay Area of China.
Then you can ’ t even establish the legal role of the core language of China, that is, Putonghua and Simplified Chinese.
This part should be done as soon as possible, not only "established", but also implemented at the entire social level.
Hong Kong 01: Does the so-called "implementation at the social level" refer to the "integration into the evaluation system" proposal of the Report?
Cheng Yan-cheung: There are two kinds of assessment operation. One is the assessment of people in the community. For example, if you are recruited to work in the Mainland, Putonghua will be required.
Another is the assessment done by schools, that is, how many levels of Putonghua students can graduate to make it easier for students to integrate into society.
Of course, there must be a basic assessment, but there are still several steps to be taken so that young people can “advocate China ” or reduce their difficulties in living in the GBA, just as Hong Kong will naturally return to the motherland.
The final recommendation of the Report is to work with the Mainland to promote Putonghua teaching. In fact, it is very practical, because many Putonghua assessments and examinations are conducted in cooperation with mainland organizations.
These three recommendations are good practical, good low-key, and more operational recommendations, which are reasonable in operation.
I guess the mainland may also be afraid of Hong Kong people being "unable to live".
Cheng Yen-hsiang believes that the influence of Putonghua may exceed that of English. (Photo)
The Dilemma and Countermeasures of Language Education
Hong Kong 01: Based on the previous discussion, what are the difficulties and challenges in language education in Hong Kong?
First of all, the language education policy is disconnected from the four major functions of Hong Kong ’ s social system.
In the past, what we were best at was adaptability, and now we are increasingly unable to adapt.
The society is torn apart, the political conflict is getting bigger and bigger, the operation is getting slower and more difficult, and the expectation of the people is not met.
It can be seen that from the perspective of integrated functions and model functions, the entire language education is very disconnected, and the national feelings and cultural recognition of the same elements in education are becoming less and less, which is an objective fact.
Nowadays, we rarely talk about the national situation in our education system, especially when elite schools adopt an all-English context, and it is difficult to “identify ” with patriotism or cultural roots, that is, identity, in English.
For a long time, the understanding of traditional culture among many young people in Hong Kong has become less and less.
Before the curriculum reform, Chinese Language also retained some traditional ancient texts.
The so-called "learning ancient texts" does not mean that you learn to "write" ancient texts, or "know" ancient texts as simple as that, but requires students to learn "chi", learn "to be human", and learn "patriotism".
However, now that it has all been "cut off", the Chinese culture factor in the Chinese language subject is becoming less and less, and it has become a "language subject", as if learning English.
Second, from the perspective of multiple goals, Hong Kong has not seen a plan so far.
There have been discussions in the past about education hubs, metropolitan areas, and the need to build the Greater Bay Area, all of which have no language policy to match.
For example, even today, even if the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government sends people to the Mainland for discussion, Putonghua may not be familiar with, or may not understand the state of the country, these are related to the language education policy.
Are there any short-, medium- and long-term goals for the overall language education policy?
If Hong Kong is to achieve integration in the Greater Bay Area, what are the language expectations of primary schools, secondary schools and universities? And what contradictions will there be, which we must try to solve?
For example, if you learn Putonghua well, will you learn English badly?
Now that teachers are working under great pressure, will they be unable to cooperate? These need to be discussed.
At present, we do not know that the language policy of Hong Kong is "unworkable".
What are the hidden problems and difficulties in moving to school-based fine-tuning?
The Government and the community have not reported it.
If you have noticed, since the reunification of Hong Kong, most schools have mainly taught Cantonese, and it is difficult to change.
Now the language ability of students is very poor, the annual Secondary 3 "System Assessment", 20% to 30% of the people in the language test is not up to the target.
"System assessment" is not "selection", but "achieving the standard", to meet the level of a Secondary Three student.
Almost 30% of people do not meet this standard, in fact, the society has hidden a "bomb".
This number has not improved every year. Is it difficult for the entire education system to maintain this level? Should it be reviewed?
Moreover, the education system in Hong Kong as a whole is overburdened, and I have written about it in my book (Hong Kong Education Reform: Three Variations).
Teachers do not have time to care about their students and teach students other than textbooks, because they have to take care of the administration and teach many subjects, and the curriculum is always updated.
The effect of the whole education is not achieved, and even if you talk about how wonderful integration is, it is difficult.
These failures to solve the experience, if there is successful improvement experience, do not be "can not hear". Alas, I used to write about this often, but I now do not have the heart to write.
Walking into Cheng Yen-hsiang ’ s office is like coming to an art museum: calligraphy and calligraphy are hanging on the walls, and clay sculptures of colored pottery are placed on the floor. (photo by Tseng Tzu-hsiang)
Hong Kong 01: Why aren't you writing now?
CHENG Yen-cheung: I thought I would "count" after writing "Hong Kong Education Reform", and it was over! You were really "stupid" and went to find this book and asked me about it.
Hong Kong 01: But if you want to understand the context and problems of the entire education system after the reunification of Hong Kong, especially the education reform, this book of yours is one of the books that cannot be bypassed.
CHENG Yan-cheung: It ’ s really “killing ”! The problem is that it ’ s“ useless ”, and I want to use it as a memorial.
The pain points reflected in the data quoted in the book are actually good classic problems, written for many years, but nothing has changed so far.
Hong Kong 01: In the face of these difficulties, what advice do you have?
Cheng Yan-cheung: The government should respond to the development of the Greater Bay Area and China and establish a long-term language education plan.
The Government should set targets for different cycles and formulate a roadmap so that the community can understand the future development direction, so that the whole language education will not be lost.
Let me take “Mandarin to teach Chinese ” as an example, for example, to set a goal of 10 years.
Then society thinks that this is something that will only be "done" in ten years, but if you list what you will do every year from now to the next ten years, and what roadmap is there, society can participate in the discussion and make adjustments.
For example, in the area of Chinese subject education, we can build a language learning roadmap for Chinese teachers based on this roadmap, so that teachers can follow the goals of different periods to do professional development and improve the effectiveness of Putonghua teaching.
Other subjects, as well as other industries.
To take into account the diverse goals, functions at all levels, medium- and long-term goals, and the situation of schools at all levels to do comprehensive planning, then schools, sponsoring bodies, governments and universities need to participate in the discussion together.
As Hong Kong is now exploring the new territory of the Greater Bay Area, it needs the participation of all sectors and cannot "continue as usual".
There should be different levels of discussion in the planning, and then a consensus can be reached to work together to move forward.

Title:

Content: Return to the era of Kivalov-Kolesnichenko?
Why the road to the EU has turned into a language scandal
Read ukrainian
Author
After the war, Russian songs can return
In Ukraine, the issue of language was again actualized.
This time, the Cabinet of Ministers noted, submitted to the Parliament draft law No. 10288 on the rights of national minorities.
The draft law has been heavily criticized.
They say that it significantly narrows the scope of use of the state language, rehabilitates Russian, and generally provokes the rollback of all achievements in the matter of national language policy.
Is it really that bad, the Telegraph?
Changed the laws
Changes in education.
The bill allows private universities to freely choose any official language of the EU as the main language of instruction, and the state language in this case is studied as a separate discipline.
In addition, in schools and specialized institutions of secondary education, the right to use the language of the national minority concerned alongside the State language should be guaranteed.
Changes in public life.
The current legislation during elections and referendums allows to duplicate election campaigning in the languages of indigenous peoples and national minorities.
But in some localities.
The bill proposes to allow to withdraw the language of the national minority from the status of duplicate to the status of the main language of campaigning, even without the mandatory translation of materials into Ukrainian.
And it will be possible to do this throughout the country, and not in “individual settlements ”.
In two cases, the local government is granted the right to use the languages of national minorities.
The first is if in the settlement representatives of the national minority make up a significant part of the population.
The second is if representatives of national minorities traditionally live in the settlement.
Changes in book publishing.
According to the current law "On ensuring the functioning of the Ukrainian language as the state", the range of bookstores in Ukraine 50% should consist of publications Solovyina.
But if you create a specialized bookstore, as the bill allows, then it is not necessary to comply with the requirements of 50%.
Changes in the media.
The changes proposed in the law “On Media ” caused a special stir.
Now the quotas for the state language on television are distributed as follows: national and regional TV channels are obliged to speak 90% of their airtime in Ukrainian, and local media - 80%.
The bill proposes that TV channels that broadcast in the languages of indigenous peoples and national minorities, allocate 30% of the time for Ukrainian.
The norm of 30% (in fact even less) exists in the current legislation, but only for TV channels using the language of indigenous peoples.
And it is one thing when the TV channel speaks 30% of the time in Ukrainian, and 70%, for example, in Crimean Tatar and quite another, when the distribution of 70 to 30 will be carried out on the TV channel of a national minority in favor of the same Russian.
In addition, now when broadcasting a film, you can use another language without duplication or dubbing in Ukrainian, if it is the language of the indigenous people.
The bill proposes not to translate the languages of national minorities, for example, the same Russian.
BUT.
The Russian language, however, had to be somewhat restrained by the legislators.
The bill proposes to limit all the above-mentioned language rights for the language of the aggressor state for the period of martial law, and for another 5 years after its abolition.
Some kind of guard against returning to the era of Kivalov-Kolesnichenko.
Why is it relevant?
The rights of national minorities in Ukraine have been a long-standing concern of our European allies.
The adoption of a new law on national minorities, instead of the law of 1992, was one of the official demands of Brussels on the path of Kiev to the EU.
“It is normal for the EU to protect the rights of national minorities.
This is the correct European practice, ” explains the “Telegraph ” MP, member of the parliamentary Committee on humanitarian and information policy Vladimir Vyatrovich.
Another thing is that the adoption of a new law, which, it would seem, should not be a problem (well, when the issue of national minorities was acute in Ukraine), has turned into a big policy.
In December last year, the Rada adopted the law, but without consulting the Venice Commission (although it should have been consulted).
Hungarian and Romanian friends of Ukraine criticized the document.
“There is a foreign policy factor.
We are talking about the government of Hungary and Orban, which under the pretext of “protecting national minorities ” is really trying to block the European integration of Ukraine.
It is not about protecting the rights of the Hungarian minority, which is not persecuted or restricted in Ukraine in any way.
The point is to use this situation to further blackmail the EU and obtain additional resources, or to fulfill the wishes of its key partner, which [for Orban] is Putin, ” he added.
“Venetian ” on its own initiative took the new Ukrainian law on national minorities to develop its recommendations.
In October, such recommendations appeared, and based on the wishes of European partners in the government, they developed a draft law, and even called it “The Draft Law on Amendments to Certain Laws of Ukraine on Taking into Account the Expert Assessment of the Council of Europe and its Bodies ”.
And yet …
Is the bill threatening the nightingale?
Ah, yes!
This is unanimously claimed by language activists, deputies and even the language ombudsman Taras Kremen, who criticized the bill and called on the Verkhovna Rada to finalize it.
According to the commissioner, the bill will significantly “worsen the functioning of the Ukrainian language ”, reduce the presence of the state language on television, and the 5-year delay of the law for the Russian language“ is not an adequate safeguard against Russian. ”
What exactly is the danger?
“We can see in separate articles, in particular changes to Article 40 of the Law on Media, that TV channels and radio stations will be able to speak Ukrainian not 80-90% of the time, but only 30%.
TV and radio, which speak the language of any minority, will immediately be able to fill 25% of the broadcast in Russian.
Later, Russian-language TV channels and radio stations, including national ones, will also be able to legally operate on 70%, ” Anastasia Rozlutskaya, an activist and founder of the E-mova platform, explains to Telegraph.
"The concept of a program or film in Ukrainian turns into an empty sound, since in formally Ukrainian-language programs or films" it is allowed to use other languages without duplication or dubbing. "
What does that mean in practice?
This is when we have during the program two phrases in Ukrainian and the rest in Russian.
We have already done it all, ” continues Rozlutskaya.
Even more risky, according to the writer Larisa Nice, are changes to the law “On ensuring the functioning of the Ukrainian language as the state ”.
"He's already weak!
The Ukrainian language was not introduced by this law in Ukraine, but by Russian missiles.
The law on the protection of minorities introduces such norms, which already weak law on the Ukrainian language, further weaken.
If now the Russian language on television sounds in violation of the law, then after the adoption of the bill it will be legal.
Secondly, this bill continues to create a contradiction between citizens in society.
Ukrainians will not give up, and will continue to assert the Ukrainian worldview, and minorities will rely on the legislation and say: "And I have the right."
Now they say in violation of the law: “I want ”, and then they will say“ I have the right ”.
And the tension will increase, ” Nietzoy comments to the Telegraph.
"As it is, this bill actually returns us to the realities of the bill Kivalov-Kolesnichenko", — sums up "Telegraph" MP, member of the Verkhovna Rada Committee on humanitarian and information policy Nikolai Knyazhytsky.
At the same time, even a five-year embargo on Russian after the end of martial law will not save Ukraine from a rollback in language policy.
"Well, it'll be five years, so what?
The hooded will wait these five years and will flourish again.
It gives them hope.
The hope is that they will continue to sing Russian songs, watch Russian films, because a Russified citizen will need a cultural product in his language.
And if the countries of Europe will be even more tolerant, then Russia will trample.
And again we will face a huge threat, ” warns Nietzoy.
"It is an illusion that the delay will decide something, - adds" Telegraph "Deputy Director General for scientific work of the National historical and memorial reserve" Bykovnyanskie graves "Tatiana Sheptytskaya. - After this five-year period, we will get the danger of a rollback and return to previous positions.
Such a pullback can get an economic rationale, for example, business wants to enter the markets that will remain in Russia, or after Russia, and entering these markets will entail the Russian language in advertising, the media.
And what about the government?
Does the Cabinet not see the risks?
The government needs to pass its bill through the crucible of the session hall in a very short time.
At the end of November, Volodymyr Zelenskyy promised the President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen, “that Ukraine will implement all the recommendations for the December meeting of the European Council (will be held on December 14-15. – Ed.), including those relating to the rights of national minorities, ” the President assured.
Therefore, the authorities decided to “hit ” the opposition, accusing Vyatrovich that he catches hype on the language issue.
“The Russian language was, is and always will be a red line.
There is no expansion of opportunities for the Russian language in any provision of the bill, ” Olga Stefanishina, deputy prime minister for European and Euro-Atlantic integration, wrote on Facebook.
But the Cabinet understands that an easy walk with the bill 10288 will not work (which could not happen with the language issue), so they decided to take into account the indignation of the expert environment led by the language ombudsman.
“We are working with the factions and with the government to make changes to this bill that would be acceptable to preserve the values we stand for.
We have a lot of criticism of the bill.
Members of the public met with Stefanishina, and the Government promised to take into account the comments of members of the public.
The rules that the government introduced into the bill were not a requirement of the EU.
From my point of view, these are some lobbyists of Russian films and TV series, and the Russian language on television have integrated it there.
But I hope there will be changes.
The government promises this, - summed up Nikolai Knyazhytsky.

This adoption is not merely linguistic but also symbolic of modernity, progress, and international connectivity.

Title:

Content: TOP-7 life hacks for quick learning of a foreign language
Mnemonist Yagodkin: classes with a native speaker and studying abroad are ineffective in learning a foreign language
Photo, video: www.globallookpress.com / Sebastian Gollnow; 5-tv.ru
Read us in: Zen News
The effectiveness of some methods of learning a foreign language is greatly exaggerated, while others, on the contrary, are underestimated.
“Today, without a foreign language, nowhere ” is a phrase that everyone has heard at least once.
And this is not surprising!
Computer programs, favorite songs of foreign artists, games and video content - the same English pursues literally everywhere.
It seems that it will not work to run away and hide from cramming (spoiler: and not necessary).
Despite the fact that in adulthood, it is difficult to devote enough time to study, work and household chores interfere, there is still a chance to speak with residents of foreign countries without an interpreter at hand.
Moreover, very soon the autumn time will come, which many have been associated with studying since school days.
A great time to diversify your leisure time with a new occupation.
How to overcome the notorious fear of communicating with foreigners and are there life hacks that help you learn languages most effectively?
Nikolai Yagodkin, a specialist in brain development and learning skills, spoke exclusively to the Fifth Channel about the main secrets of fast and easy learning.
Pitfalls in learning foreign languages
Sometimes stereotypes and conjectures have nothing to do with the real state of affairs.
For example, many people think that professional translators are true gurus of linguistics.
And they do not even realize that a teenager who grew up abroad speaks much better and freer.
And these paradoxes are all around.
So it ’ s time to dispel some common myths!
Myth 1.
Fluent speech is an indicator of knowledge of a foreign language
The human brain is designed to instantly grasp the information necessary for survival and adapt to a new social environment.
For this reason, a deceptive impression may be created that visitors speak Russian well, but this happens only in everyday life and within the boundaries of the profession.
When trying to talk about abstract topics, they can be lost.
The same thing happens with Russian emigrants abroad: it is easy to order a burger on vacation and have a few words with neighbors, and only people with advanced level will be able to maintain a conversation about politics, economy, science or culture.
In addition, even those who know a foreign language well face difficulties when using idioms, slang or jokes.
Myth 2.
Learn a foreign language best with a native speaker
It is believed that the brain of children is more plastic and therefore on the fly grasps new information, including foreign languages.
That is why many parents strive as early as possible to send the child to a language school or send them to study abroad.
“It was effective in the 15th and 19th centuries, when there were no records, YouTube, methods and textbooks as such.
Then the main way of studying was the transfer of knowledge from the tutor directly to the student through some teaching techniques and communication in general.
Today, there are ways to do it much faster, ” says the mnemonic Yagodkin.
And although children do absorb knowledge like a sponge, at an older age they can equal the rest of the children and even forget what they learned.
After all, it is not about learning the language from an early age, but doing it regularly.
“Learning <... > with a native speaker can even be harmful, especially at the initial stage, since he will not be able to explain the grammar <... > without knowing the native language of his student.
The teacher simply will not be able to answer questions, ” the expert argues.
As for bilinguals who grew up in a bilingual family, some studies have shown that such children may have problems transitioning from objective thinking to abstraction.
As a result, speech and the ability to exact sciences, for example, mathematics, suffer.
Myth 3.
The fastest way to learn a language in an environment
There is an opinion that being in the environment of native speakers allows you to quickly and effortlessly learn the language.
After all, the environment somehow forces you to speak, and the brain to work at full strength.
But it's not that simple.
“Learning a foreign language in an environment is the slowest way for every hour of time spent. <... > At the age of 22, I came to South Korea <... >.
Until I began to memorize words and learn grammar, the process was very, very slow.
Now, with the help of mnemonics, I would have mastered the same amount of knowledge in two months <... >, ” explains a neurofitness specialist.
One can argue that many expats work well abroad and after some time after moving easily make contacts with foreigners.
However, this most often applies to children and young people, students.
In adulthood, this adaptation is much more difficult.
Partly because of the psychological barrier and often unwillingness to change your lifestyle and habits.
“Most expats who have lived abroad for more than 10 years know the language just enough to go to the store for groceries.
It will be the same with a normal trip to another country.
Learning in a language environment, as well as practice with a native speaker, will be effective only for those who already have at least a B2 level (Upper Intermediate - above average), "Yagodkin emphasizes.
Preparing for exams correctly, or What is harmful school cramming
Useful life hacks for learning a foreign language
In addition to textbooks, tutoring and lectures, there are more creative and non-standard ways to learn a foreign language quickly and for a long time.
Use of mnemonics
Mnemonics helps best when teaching (a method of memorizing through visualization of information).
Vivid images and associations create more neural connections in the brain, something like logical thinking or memorization by ear.
The essence of the method is to create a colorful story, thanks to which the invented image is firmly imprinted in memory.
“For example, to remember the word ‘ bear ’ in Korean < … >, which translates as ‘ Kom ’, you can imagine an animal rolling a lump of snow and making snow bears out of it. < … > And a fly that sounds like a ‘ bet ’ will soar in Paris on the Eiffel Tower, ” Yagodkin cites an example.
Creating a mind-map
Mind-map, familiar to marketers, is a method of visualizing data that helps to structure information and find relationships between its parts.
Its structure is as follows: in the center a block is drawn with the main theme, from which branches are connected with it on some basis, and branches on other grounds are drawn.
For example, in the center is written the word "fruit", from it come blocks - peaches, apples, oranges, bananas.
Then from each of these concepts there are branches with their characteristics: taste, color, size, smell.
If desired, it can be painted to infinity.
Mindcards are very useful in the study of vocabulary, grammar, times in English.
Consumption of content in a foreign language
Training should be comprehensive: you should train both visual and auditory memory, as well as not forget about speaking.
The best approach is a technique that combines pleasant with useful.
For example, watching your favorite series in the original or with subtitles, reading books, as well as listening to and singing songs of foreign artists.
This helps the brain unconsciously perceive the pronunciation of certain words, without fixing on their meaning.
The main condition is that media content should be liked, then training will be more effective!
Trying to think in another language
While walking alone, on the way to work or school, you can play a useful game.
Conventionally, imagine yourself as a tourist in a foreign city, and mentally pronounce everything that occurs along the way: streets, pavements, transport, buildings, the appearance of people.
At some point it will turn out that some familiar concepts and verbal expressions are not familiar in a foreign language.
This is normal, later they can be “googled ” and written in a notebook.
Communication with foreigners
Finding a foreign interlocutor is easier than it seems.
To do this, it is not necessary to pay native teachers, it is enough to get acquainted by correspondence in social networks and communicate via Skype.
Alternatively, you can make contact using chat roulette or video games.
The advantage of such communication is that in the speech of foreigners you can catch many nuances and actual expressions that can hardly be gleaned from textbooks.
Teach the etymology of words
Language is a moving substance that is in constant change.
And, of course, English did not always exist in its modern version, but changed under the influence of various historical events, including other languages.
For example, the words hippie and hipster, meaning subcultures of hippies and hipsters, respectively, came from the adjective hip, in translation - "fashionable", "knowledgeable", "in topic".
There is even the expression I am hip to it, that is, “I know ” and“ I agree ”.
Thus, you can learn new meanings of words and enrich your speech with new expressions.
Use mobile assistant applications
To replenish the vocabulary and remember some rules from grammar, you can download educational mobile applications.
It is also useful to change Russian to foreign through the settings on your smartphone and computer.
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Title:

Content: Espionage is the practice of using covert means to obtain confidential information from non-public sources.1 Meanwhile, economic espionage is concerned with the unlawful targeting and theft of critical intelligence, such as trade secrets and intellectual properties.2 The value of such information lies in the ability of its owner to exclusively exploit the said information for economic gain. Because there is inherent economic value in such confidential information, a legal framework which protects against economic espionage is, therefore, a necessity.

Once exposed, confidential information can also no longer be made secret, and the owner of such information loses the ability to exploit such information to the exclusion of others. Hence, civil remedies are also necessary to alleviate the losses which may be a consequence of economic espionage. This article will explore the concept of economic espionage and identifies how the laws of Malaysia have attempted to remedy economic espionage.

Economic Espionage in Malaysia

Unlike the United States of America ("the US") and its Economic Espionage Act 1996, there is no specific law in Malaysia which governs economic espionage. However, as economic espionage often involves the use of technology, and is similar to the crime of theft, there are a few pieces of Malaysian legislation which may be referred to in cases of economic espionage.3 Firstly, when economic espionage involves cybersecurity breaches, provisions contained in the Communication and Multimedia Act 1998 and Computer Crimes Act 1997 are relevant.4 Secondly, when economic espionage is committed against Malaysia, laws such as the Security Offence (Special Measures) Act 2012 and Prevention of Terrorism Act 2015 may be relevant.5

Lastly, as the act of economic espionage is similar to the act of theft, the Penal Code may also be relevant in this case.6 However, the abovementioned laws have their weaknesses in that they are incapable of providing adequate protection for economic espionage.7 For example, section 378 of the Penal Code defines theft as "whoever, intending to take dishonestly any moveable property out of the possession of any person without the person's consent, moves that property in order to such taking, is said to commit theft". The "movable property" in question also includes the "corporeal property of every description".8 Nonetheless, in view of the lack of a statutory definition of economic espionage and the definition of "moveable property" as defined above, it would appear that economic espionage may not necessarily be considered theft according to the Penal Code.9 Overall, Malaysia has yet to criminalise economic espionage and there is no well-founded legislation that governs and defines economic espionage.

Civil Remedies

While Malaysia has no legislation which specifically governs economic espionage, this does not necessarily mean there are no available remedies for the commission of such a wrong. Economic espionage involves the theft of confidential information by a person working for a particular entity. One way to protect against trade secret theft or economic espionage is through the use of non-disclosure agreements.10 The disclosure of confidential information to a third party can be a breach of the confidentiality requirement that an employee may be bound by during the course of his employment.11 Such disclosure of information may also involve the disclosure of trade secrets.12

To date, there are no reported cases with regards to economic espionage in Malaysia that have been committed against it. Nevertheless, the divulgence of trade secrets may be considered analogous to economic espionage.

As such, cases involving the divulgence of the trade secrets of companies may serve as a reference for the types of civil remedies which could be available in cases of economic espionage. For instance, the case of Yukilon Manufacturing Sdn Bhd & Anor v Dato' Wong Gek Meng & Ors (No 4),13 involved the first and second defendants utilising information gleaned from a joint venture with the first plaintiff to manufacture similar products with the fourth defendant.14 To prevent further losses to the first plaintiff, the court granted an injunction preventing the first and second defendants from continuing to manufacture and deal with products that closely resembled the plaintiffs' product.15 A Mareva Injunction was also obtained to prevent the first and second defendant from removing from the jurisdiction, dissipating or dealing within the jurisdiction any assets of the fourth defendant.16 Lastly, an Anton Piller order was also granted for the plaintiffs to enter the premise of the fourth defendant to search for articles and/or documents for inspection and to remove them from the premises to the safe-keeping of the plaintiffs' solicitors.17 As economic espionage is analogous to the theft of trade secrets, the remedies offered in the case of Yukilon may potentially be granted in cases of economic espionage as well.

In cases of economic espionage and/or theft of trade secrets, the prevention of further damage should be prioritised. This would include preventing any further divulgence of trade secrets and/or obtaining damages for any losses suffered thus far. For example, in the case of Ganesh Raja A/L Nagaiah & Ors v NR Rubber Industries Sdn Bhd,18 the Court granted an injunction to prevent the defendants from using the plaintiff's confidential information for their business to the detriment of the plaintiff.19 The Court in this case also granted an Order that damages be assessed by the Registrar.20

Economic Espionage in Other Jurisdictions

As set out above, the US has specific legislation governing economic espionage. The ambit of such legislation was enlarged in year 2016 when the US Congress enacted the Defend Trade Secrets Act ("DTSA") to provide for private civil actions including ex parte orders "providing for the seizure of property necessary to prevent the propagation or dissemination of trade secret".21

DTSA is codified under 18 U.S.C: Crimes and Criminal Procedure. The civil remedies available under 18 U.S.C, section 1836 include the granting of injunctions22, the awarding of damages23, exemplary damages24, and the awarding of costs in cases where the claim of the misappropriation of the trade secret is made in bad faith.25

Additionally, Japan revised its Unfair Competition Prevention Act ("UCPA") that provides civil and criminal remedies for trade secrets.26 Civil remedies provided in this act include injunctions against actual or likely infringement,27 damages of actual loss,28 and restoration of business reputation.29 The UCPA also aims to increase the effectiveness of civil remedies,30 which includes a reduction of the burden of proof for plaintiffs.

The United Kingdom also has in place the Official Secrets Acts 1911-1989 that protects its country from espionage and unauthorised disclosures.31 In a civil context, English law, especially in cases of breach of confidence, provide for a wide variety of civil remedies which include search and seizure orders, injunctive relief, damages, accounting for profits, third party liability, constructive trusts over assets, and an order to reveal the source of disclosed information.32

Conclusion

Ultimately, there is no specific law that provides for civil remedies for economic espionage in Malaysia. There is no reported case law in Malaysia regarding economic espionage as well. However, the characteristics of economic espionage resemble that of the theft of trade secrets.

As such, case laws in relation to the divulgence of trade secrets can act as guidance to the type of civil remedies suitable in cases of economic espionage. In addition, remedies provided in other jurisdictions can also serve as a guideline for the civil remedies which may be available in cases of economic espionage. The above jurisdictions offer civil remedies such as damages, injunctions, and equitable remedies33 that are also available in Malaysia.

Despite the lack of legislation specifically governing economic espionage in Malaysia, the civil remedies currently available in Malaysia are relevant to at least alleviate the losses caused by economic espionage or a similar wrong.

Footnotes

1. Centre for the Protection of National Insurance, "Espionage" (11 March 2021, CPNI), accessed 25 April 2022.

2. Investopedia, "Economic Espionage", (n.d., Investopedia), accessed 20 April 2022.

3. Juriah Abd Jalil et al, 'Business Under Threat: The Criminal Liability of Trade Secret Theft in Malaysia?' (2020), International Journal of Business and Society, Vol. 21, 49-65, 58.

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid.

6. Ibid.

7. Ibid.

8. Section 22 of Penal Code.

9. Juriah Abd Jalil et al (n 5) 60.

10. FindLaw, 'Using Non-Disclosure Agreements to Protect Against Trade Secret Theft', (19 May 2016, FindLaw), accessed 25 April 2022.

11. Ashgar Ali Ali Mohamad, 'Implied Term of Trust and Confidence in Contract of Employment' [2005] 3 MLJ xxi, xxix.

12. Ecooils Sdn Bhd v Raghunath Ramaiah Kandikeri [2014] 7 MLJ 309, page 323.

13. [1998] 7 MLJ 551.

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid.

16. Ibid at page 552.

17. Ibid.

18. [2016] 12 MLJ 461.

19. Ibid.

20. Ibid.

21. Stimmel, Stimmel & Roeser, "The Economic Espionage Act", (n.d., Law Offices of Stimmel, Stimmel & Roeser), accessed 21 April 2022.

22. 18 U.S.C Section 1836(b)(3)(A).

23. 18 U.S.C Section 1836(b)(3)(B).

24. 18 U.S.C Section 1836(b)(3)(C).

25. 18 U.S.C Section 1836(b)(3)(D).

26. Intellectual Property Office, "The Economic and Innovation Impacts of Trade Secrets", (19 April 2021, Gov.UK), accessed 21 April 2022.

27. Article 3 UCPA.

28. Article 4 UCPA.

29. Article 14 UCPA.

30. Thomas Landman, 'The Secret Protection in Japan and United States: Comparison and Recommendations', (2019), Brooklyn Journal of International Law, Vol. 44 Issue 2, 714-761, 750.

31. LawCom, "Reforms to UK's antiquated spying laws published by law commission", (1 September 2020, Law Commission), accessed 21 April 2022.

32. Bradley Limpert & Oxiana Iatsyk, Technology Contracting: Law, Precedents and Commentary, (2005), Carswell.

33. Cheong May Fong & Lee Yin Harn, Civil Remedies, (Second Edition 2016, Sweet & Maxwell)

Originally published May 3, 2022

The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought about your specific circumstances.

In many countries, the influx of English words is associated with:
- **Economic Influence**: The dominance of English-speaking countries in global markets.

- **Technological Advancement**: The prevalence of English in the tech industry