### Comprehensive Report on the Rising Demand for Avocado

#### Introduction
As a vegan who consumes avocados daily, it is essential to understand the broader implications of this dietary choice.

The increasing global demand for avocados has significant environmental, economic, and social impacts on producing countries.

This report examines these aspects to help align your food choices with your values.

#### Global Avocado Consumption Trends
Global avocado consumption has seen a dramatic rise over the past decade.

This increase is driven by growing awareness of health benefits, popularity in vegan diets, and culinary versatility.

Countries like Mexico, Peru, and Chile are major exporters, meeting the rising demand from markets in North America, Europe, and Asia.

#### Economic Benefits to Producing Countries
1.

**Revenue Generation**: Avocado exports contribute significantly to the GDP of producing countries.

For instance, Mexico, the world's largest avocado producer, exports billions of dollars worth of avocados annually.

**Employment Opportunities**: The avocado industry creates

### Comprehensive Report on the Rising Demand for Avocado

#### Introduction
As a vegan who consumes avocados daily, it is essential to understand the broader implications of this dietary choice.

Title:

Content: Derek said that carbon finance "20th: the plight of the petrochemical industry - from the storage and production data to see the industry
In this talk, let's use a simple chart to outline the petrochemical industry, and then use a key data to look at the plight of the petrochemical industry.
Hi, I ’ m Derek, and I ’ m highly interested in, and highly skeptical about, carbon finance in the context of climate change.
(Source: https: / / pixabay.com /)
(The mottled old car with spider webs seems like the present of the oil industry, hobbling along...)
In the last lecture, we talked about the brilliant story of Engine No.1 taking three seats in ExxonMobil. In addition to seeing the surprise of Xiaomi defeating the big whales, we must understand the temporal and spatial background factors: If it wasn ’ t for the giant ’ s bad luck and resentment, the basic Xiaomi would not have had a chance.
And this time of bad luck and resentment, not only ExxonMobil family, but the entire petrochemical industry.
In this talk, let's use a simple chart to outline the petrochemical industry, and then use a key data to look at the plight of the petrochemical industry.
First, let ’ s explain the oil industry chain, which can be divided into Upstream, Mid-Stream and Downstream.
(Image source: www.dialogasia.com)
Upstream is mainly related to oil / gas exploration and production.
To find oil from the vast land, it takes a lot of professional geologists, will burn a lot of money, but also a lot of luck.
Of course, after finding oil, drilling wells and extracting oil / gas are also upstream of the industry.
The mid-stream is the part of crude oil and gas that is extracted and processed, including transportation (pipeline or tanker transport), and the construction of tanks to store crude oil.
Downstream (Down-Stream) is the refining of crude oil into various forms of products, including gasoline and diesel, kerosene for combustion and so on.
There are also various gas stations and sales departments that sell products to consumers.
In short, the upstream is mainly exploration and production, and the downstream is mainly refining and marketing.
The oil giants in the market, including ExxonMobil, Chevron, Shell and so on, have taken a vertical integration approach, from upstream to downstream, and have used crude oil to make chemical factories, producing packaging materials, plastic bottles, car bumpers, synthetic rubber, solvents and so on.
The following table is constructed using ExxonMobil ’ s financial data, which is representative of the oil industry.
(Source: Author ’ s collation, according to ExxonMobil ’ s 2021 earnings report)
From the diagram we can see the characteristics of the industrial chain.
Although the downstream revenue is large, the profit generated is small.
On the contrary, the upstream revenue is small, but it accounts for the majority of the profits.
This is a high reward for high risk.
Therefore, the upstream is the most refined and critical part of the petrochemical industry, which affects the direction of the industry.
The oil in the earth is limited, and it is hidden deep underground or under the sea, and it is really very difficult to find them.
Responsible for oil exploration upstream requires very complex technology, requiring a variety of geologists and engineers to perform a number of physical and chemical analyses in order to have the opportunity to find new oil and gas resources.
And the oil and gas that experts have found and haven ’ t yet extracted are what we call “reserves, ” or the resources that are still stored on the planet.
(Image source: https: / / pixabay.com /)
This brings us to our first keyword: “proven reserves. ”
According to Wikipedia, exploratory reserves are defined as "the use of existing equipment and existing operating conditions based on the analysis of existing geological and engineering data."
Estimate with reasonable certainty the amount of reserves extracted from known reservoirs.
If at least 90% of the reserves can be mined economically, the reserves are defined as exploratory reserves. ”
To put it bluntly, this is the amount of oil stored underground that oil companies (or oil states) have found.
But there are two aspects involved, one is technical (there is definitely oil in the ground) and the other is economic (it is worth mining).
If it is technically found that there is oil underground, but the geological conditions are difficult to extract, or the capital expenditure required to extract it is too large, or the resource country has very strict supervision, then oil miners will be less interested in these reserves, and they will not necessarily be included in the "exploratory reserves".
After understanding “Exploring Storage ”, we will move to today ’ s key keyword:“ Reserves-to-Production Ratio ” (RPR or R / P for short).
This is the ratio of reserves to production. The molecule is the "proven reserves" of oil and gas, and the denominator is the "average amount of production" per year.
Therefore, the "reserve production ratio" can be regarded as the current rate of production, the oil and natural gas that has been discovered can still be used for several years.
If new oil fields are discovered and more reserves are used than production, the “reserve to production ratio ” will increase.
On the other hand, if new oil fields are explored and used less than production, the "reserve production ratio" will be reduced.
Just like the car has been driving, but there is no time to refuel, the oil will gradually run out, the fuel tank to light up the warning lights!
It ’ s like the car is running out of gas!
(Image source: https: / / pixabay.com /)
Oil itself is a finite resource on which oil companies essentially operate.
In the past 100 years, finding new fields has been a top priority for oil companies, maintaining a stable or even increasing “reserve / production ratio ”, which has been the competitive performance of these oil companies in the past.
But let ’ s take a look at the picture below.
This is the “storage-to-production ratio ” data of the Big Four (ExxonMobil, Shell, Dell, Chevron) in 2000 and 2020 respectively.
(Source: https: / / blog.gorozen.com / blog / the-incredible-shrinking-oil-majors)
It can be seen that the oil giants have unanimously reduced the "reserve to production ratio".
It is mainly affected by two factors:
First, the world's oil resources are limited, and humans have been mining oil in large quantities for more than a hundred years.
As easy oil fields have been discovered, it will become increasingly difficult to find economically viable ones.
In the words of Ron Oxburgh, former chairman of Shell, “It ’ s clear that the chances of finding a lot of new cheap oil are slim. ”
Any new or unconventional oil is going to be expensive, ” because higher extraction costs will lead to less willingness to drill unless the price of oil increases again to provide an incentive.
Second, the wave of carbon reduction has been blowing around the world, making the future demand for oil bearish, from policy to funding to public opinion, pointing to renewable energy.
Coupled with the rising awareness of ESG, companies may not be allowed to invest such a large amount of money in new oilfield development projects.
This will lead to a decline in storage.
Finally, we use this table to summarize this statement.
(Source: https: / / blog.gorozen.com / blog / the-incredible-shrinking-oil-majors)
From the change of ten years to ten years, it can be seen that the plight of the oil industry is one after another:
First, in terms of 10-year total output data (A), the demand for oil and natural gas has not increased and it is expected that demand will decline in the future because of the carbon reduction trend;
Second, in terms of the replacement rate (B / A), the replacement rate has been less than 100% over the past 20 years, indicating that the rate of new discoveries has not kept pace with the rate of production consumption, and the result will only be a continuous decline in reserves;
Third, the cost is still higher and higher, from $14.96 per barrel to $26.56, the cost increased by more than 70%.
Let 's put ourselves in a different situation and think about it, if you are the boss of a company, facing the revenue can not increase, the inventory is still decreasing day by day, and then the development costs are still getting higher and higher, are you nervous?
How much trust and patience do shareholders have for you?
(Image source: https: / / pixabay.com /)
As a company that eats with oil resources, this is a common dilemma and crisis, and it is also the background of the era in which small shrimp rice can defeat large whales in our previous lecture.
This talk, we use the oil industry analysis and key data "reserve production ratio" to grasp, to understand the industry encountered difficulties.
Next, let ’ s look at three difficult choices.
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How has avocado consumption changed in recent years?

The increasing global demand for avocados has significant environmental, economic, and social impacts on producing countries.

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What negative impact has the increased global demand for avocados had on the environment?

What negative impact has the increased global demand for avocados had on the social structure and the economy of the countries that produce them?

displacement of local communities
labor exploitation

This report examines these aspects to help align your food choices with your values.

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Content: Global warming is destroying grapes: from growing to bottling, the wine industry can be more sustainable
Author photo provided
What we want you to know is
The crisis caused by global warming is not only caused by changes in grape varieties, but will even make the “old vine ” that we emphasize and cherish disappear in the blink of an eye.
If we want to drink wine for ourselves and the next generation for decades to come, now is the time to make a difference.
At the end of August 2019, on a flight back to the UK from Taiwan, I watched the film Ice on Fire, produced and narrated by Leonardo DiCaprio.
This is a documentary about global warming, and it completely caught my attention from the beginning.
Many scientific studies are cited to highlight the facts of global warming and what we can do to slow it down.
It was also the first time I had to doze off and take notes on a long flight to finish a movie.
Even if I look at the notes I made at the time, many places seem to be reading alien language!
At the end of September 2019, Greta Thunberg, 16, sailed across the Atlantic for two weeks to attend the United Nations Climate Action Summit.
In the meeting, she said with a red eye in the face of world leaders, "We are at the beginning of a mass extinction, and all you are talking about is money, and the fairy tale of sustainable economic growth - how dare you?"
In early November 2019, I attended a forum in London called “The Future of Wine ” to learn how different wine industries are dealing with global warming.
There was an in-depth discussion about whether the different regions would have to make any changes in the face of the crisis.
In December 2019, Australia ’ s bushfires have been raging since September, and by Christmas, South Australia ’ s renowned wine region, Adelaide Hills, has lost at least a third of its vineyards (1,100 hectares).
At the time of writing, Australia had lost 3.7 million hectares of land.
Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison, who has always been sceptical about global warming, is a staunch supporter of the coal industry, but has to admit that “perhaps ” extreme weather is one of the causes of the fires.
At the end of 2019, the Oxford Dictionary of the United Kingdom announced that the word for 2019 is “climate emergency. ”
The Guardian even pointed out that the earth is not just warming, but entering the stage of "global heating".
As we enter the new century of 2020, global warming is no longer a topic that needs to be talked about only in one industry or one country.
As a result, almost every industry in the world today is talking about “sustainability / sustainable development. ”
So, what can we do about sustainability in the wine industry?
Understanding the impact of global warming on the wine industry
In 2015, while attending a wine instructor ’ s workshop in Germany, I saw a slide that shocked me tremendously.
According to this map, in 2000, the German wine region was still familiar to us, mainly planting cold white grape varieties such as Riesling and Pinot Blanc, but by 2040, it is expected that due to global warming, the German Mosel region formerly known for Lisling may be hot enough to plant. Nash (Grenache) and Merlot (Merlot).
Imagine that the information we are learning and teaching about global wine regions may soon be reshuffled.
And if your job is wine sourcing, then your job will become more complicated.
And the organic winemakers I know in Moselle, Germany, have been planting Sauvignon Blanc and Portuguese varieties a few years ago to prepare for an unpredictable future.
But the crisis caused by global warming is not only the change in grape varieties, after all, it means that we still have wine to drink.
But the increasing incidence of forest fires in Australia and California also shows us that the “grape vine ” that we often emphasize and cherish can easily disappear in the blink of an eye.
In addition, due to the rising temperature, water shortage has also become a common problem in wine regions.
The rapid melting of snow and ice in the Andes of South America has led to unprecedented water shortages in Argentina ’ s wine regions, which rely on snow water for irrigation.
Not to mention the severe drought in South Africa, which saw the lowest harvest in 14 years in 2019.
Of course, we can ’ t blame “global warming ” for all natural disasters, but the fact that the planet is changing in a way that is visible to the human eye is proof.
Perhaps, we can no longer say that global warming has nothing to do with the wine industry, or that Taiwan is not a wine region, so it is not our business.
The first thing we can do and should do is to care and understand the potential or direct impact this issue will have on the wine industry.
Understand the true meaning of “sustainable development of the wine industry ”
Perhaps the term “sustainable development ” has been overused; it has been overused in a way that we are honestly not sure what the definition of“ sustainable ” is.
This was felt during a conversation I had with the wine industry in London in June 2019.
Even in the UK, everyone has a different definition of sustainability or doesn ’ t understand it at all.
The ambiguity of the definition makes it difficult for wine companies to educate and train their employees in the food and beverage industry or to communicate with consumers on the issue.
So, when we talk about sustainability, what exactly is it? The Taiwan Environmental Protection Agency defines “sustainable development ” as:
1.
To be able to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, that is, to promote and create contemporary well-being, not at the expense of reducing the well-being of future generations.
2.
The principle of making good use of the natural resources of all ecosystems is not to reduce the basic stock of their environment, that is, to maintain their eternal regeneration while using biological and ecological systems.
In short, one of the current questions is, now that we have overused the natural resources of the next generations to meet contemporary needs, what can we do to keep the remaining natural resources on the planet “flowing ”?
Therefore, to talk about the sustainable development of the grape industry, the first thing is to understand how to achieve the goal of reducing carbon in practical ways.
Explain how the wine industry can “reduce carbon ”
In fact, there are many methods, but they are easier to achieve, and I think they are the following three:
1.
Choose wines from organic, natural or sustainably grown vineyards
Generally speaking, when it comes to carbon reduction, the farming methods used in vineyards may be the easiest to examine.
Studies have shown that organic farming soils absorb eight times more carbon from the atmosphere than conventional farming (spraying pesticides) soils.
Therefore, if vineyards can have healthy and living soil, they can absorb and store the carbon content of the atmosphere, so as to achieve the purpose of carbon reduction.
However, in some humid climates, vineyards using organic and natural kinetic methods are sprayed with copper and sulfur to eliminate mildew.
Copper is a heavy metal that can cause damage to the soil, so it cannot be said that this is the best farming option, but it is still more beneficial than harmful compared to traditional farming methods that rely entirely on synthetic pesticide spraying.
However, between the two extremes of organic, natural and traditional farming methods, there is another good choice to take the middle route, which is the certification of sustainable farming methods.
At present, several different countries have their own certification and regulations for sustainable vineyards.
New Zealand and South Africa have been working on this certification for many years, and Chile now has its own sustainability certification label.
But the clearest definition of sustainable farming certification in recent years may be France ’ s Haute Valeur Environnementale.
The requirements for HVE certification are divided into three levels:
Level 1: Must comply with general environmental regulations, self-assessment by winemakers, and must be confirmed by an accredited auditor to obtain Level 1 certification.
Level 2: Complies with 16 environmental practices in four areas (biodiversity, pesticide use, chemical fertilizers, water resources management). The vineyard can obtain a Level 2 environmental certification label after external verification.
Level 3: This is the highest level, and to obtain this level of certification, performance requirements must be measured through comprehensive indicators or comprehensive indicators corresponding to the four themes.
After three years of operation in the second level, it also passes an external audit to verify whether it can be issued to the third level of environmental certification label.
Even if sustainable certification is less stringent than organic or natural power laws, the goal of total carbon reduction can no longer be achieved by the efforts of a small group of people.
As one wine journalist told me at the “The Future of Wine ” forum in London in early November 2019,“ Since there is no perfect way to farm everything, it is better for everyone to participate in carbon reduction in an imperfect way than for only a few people to do it perfectly. ”
1.
Choose transportation and packaging with low carbon emissions
Many people believe that only changes in farming can achieve the goal of carbon reduction, but according to the French Champagne Council ’ s carbon footprint for the past 15 years, the Champagne region ’ s carbon emissions when growing and producing champagne are highest in packaging (32%), followed by transport (17%), and 10% due to farming.
Therefore, even if the winery may not be able to immediately change the way of farming, it can at least start with the way of packaging and transportation.
For example, the choice of lighter glass bottles, bags in boxes, plastic bottles, and even the increasingly red aluminum cans in the UK are good alternatives, because the lighter the material, the lower the carbon emissions generated when transported.
In addition, glass bottle recycling is actually much more difficult than we thought.
In the United Kingdom and the United States, it is estimated that 60-70% of glass bottles are buried rather than reused.
Because with the change of the color of the bottle, the recycling method is also different, and many times it must be processed to be truly recycled, not as ordinary people think, as long as it is thrown into the recycling barrel.
In the January 2020 issue of Decanter, a leading British wine magazine, Andrew Jefford wrote an article on the topic of sustainable wine, mentioning that “The existing carbon footprint of wine is unsustainable. ”
In the article, he mentioned that he had received a sample of wine, and that the wine bottle was made by Garçon Wines.
Last November, I had the opportunity to hear Santiago Navarro, President of Garçon Wines, describe the company ’ s philosophy.
Their wine bottles completely subvert our existing impression: the bottle is flat rectangular, the material is 100% recyclable PET plastic bottles, all bottles are produced in some solar power plants, the bottle body weight is 63 grams, 87% lighter than the average glass bottle.
Andrew Jefford said that even though he didn ’ t like the samples he received, he kept the bottles, partly because the flattened bottle didn ’ t take up much space in the refrigerator, but partly because looking at the bottle made him look forward to the sustainable future of wine.
Some people may say that now that Coca-Cola has announced that it will not use plastic bottles, how can we live more and more back?
But the point is that, like glass bottles, not all plastic bottle materials are the same, and therefore, on the road to carbon reduction on sustainability, information transparency is also very important, recyclable PET and ordinary PET plastic bottles are different, if not promoted, the general people can not understand where the difference.
Santiago Navarro, president of Garçon Wines, said, “The biggest crisis is global warming. If we don ’ t make changes right now, we could die of heat instead of being flooded with plastic bottles. ”
1.
Refurbishment and leftover food
From the above point, we can see that the packaging of wine has considerable room for progress in reducing carbon.
In addition to the manufacturers can choose the most sustainable packaging materials and transportation methods, in fact, they can take a step closer to thinking about upcycling rather than just recycling.
Different from recycling, upgrading is the transformation of old or abandoned objects and materials after recycling, giving them new functions, not only to enhance the original value but also to be more environmentally friendly.
When I was dining and drinking at Silo, a popular restaurant in London, UK, I was impressed by its emphasis on zero waste.
The restaurant claims that there are no trash cans! Because all leftovers or broken cups and bowls have been upgraded.
It ’ s not news that leftovers can be used to compost, but the cabbage that is about to break is not thrown away, so let ’ s ferment it to make Korean kimchi.
There are also various ways to reuse leftovers waiting for the chef to come up with ideas.
The broken cups and bowls will be ground and made into other objects, and the plastic products can be melted into table plates and handles.
There are all kinds of creative ideas, and the food made using ingredients from local farmers in the UK is delicious.
The wine list at the restaurant is also very interesting. British wine is a must, after all, using local ingredients and wine is a good way to reduce carbon.
But in the choice of wine, in addition to the choice of organic, natural power or sustainable farming wine, they also find imported bulk wine merchants, barrels of wine, so the restaurant can directly reuse the bottle to serve wine from the barrel.
If you want to reduce carbon and talk about sustainability, honestly, there are many ways to do it, just waiting for each of us to start doing it.
Greta Thunberg concluded her speech at the World Economic Forum last year by saying, “Almost everything in today ’ s society has to change. ”
The more carbon footprint you create, the more moral obligations you have.
The bigger your outreach platform, the more responsibility you have.
Adults have always said, “We should give young people hope for the future. ”
But I do not want you to be hopeful, I do not want you to be full of hope, I want you to be alarmed.
I want you to feel the fear I face every day, and then I want you to take action.
I want you to act as if you were in a crisis.
I want you to act like our house is on fire!
Because it is indeed on fire. "
If we want to drink wine for ourselves and the next generation in the next few decades, perhaps now is the time to make a change.
Extended reading
Editorial responsibility: Ding Zhaojiu
Editor ： Weng Shihang
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Content: From diesel to ice cream.
How algae can help solve energy and food crises
The use of algae in fuel and food production is still in its early stages and faces many marketing technical challenges.
According to the United Nations, the world ’ s population will reach 8 billion by mid-November.
The report predicts that the planet ’ s population will reach 9.7 billion by 2030 and 10.4 billion by 2080.
Given the planet ’ s finite resources and the increasing severity of climate change, with their impact on energy and food production, current energy and food crises are expected to increase as demand increases, along with political tensions and conflicts that will exacerbate these crises with disruptions and disruptions to the means of production and supply chains.
On this basis, the world will need to find alternative means of production and renewable sources of energy and food to avoid the negative impact of energy and food demand exceeding the capacity of existing limited resources.
Attempts at the level of government, research institutions and private companies to offer new methods and resources for the production of energy and food are almost everywhere in the world.
Environmental challenges
Over the past century, the world ’ s reliance on fossil fuels (oil, gas and coal) for energy production has increased to 83% of total global energy production in 2020, while renewable and clean energy sources (wind, water, nuclear reactors and solar) together account for about 27% of global production.
Fossil fuel sources are limited and non-renewable, and are among the most environmentally and climate-changing industries.
Exploration involves the destruction of vast areas of land, seas and oceans, and the burning of the resulting fuel is a major source of greenhouse carbon emissions.
Experts predict that fossil fuels will gradually run out by 2100 in countries with the largest reserves in the world, while falling to a critical level in most of the world almost half a century earlier, in 2050.
Limited resources for food production
On the other hand, the world depends on agriculture (plant and animal production) for food production.
Arable land accounts for only 15% of the planet, where more than 70% of the surface area is occupied by water.
Animal production accounts for 77% of agricultural land, while plant production, which contributes to higher protein and calorie production than animal production, occupies only 23% of arable land.
According to experts, the expansion of agriculture by traditional means to meet the growing demand for food is also not possible, as agriculture needs an area of land under certain conditions that make it suitable for agriculture and a source of fresh water, which are also limited resources.
Traditional agricultural transactions also result in carbon emissions (from agricultural machinery, farm waste and livestock), and current agricultural practices contribute to the removal of nutrients from land, thereby adding greater amounts of chemicals (fertilizers and pesticides) that contaminate the soil and increase the negative impact on the environment.
So the voices of scientists and specialists began to rise, warning of the imminent depletion of energy and food resources, and the need to work on finding new resources.
Environmentally friendly resources
Many resources have been proposed and tested by scientists to replace or support existing sources of energy and food.
In the field of energy, the terms clean energy, green energy and blue energy have emerged to express renewable energy resources that are not polluting the environment and do not contribute to increased carbon emissions.
Examples include the production of energy from the movement of wind, water dams on rivers and solar energy.
Biofuels, similar to fossil fuels but produced from living sources such as oil-rich plants, have also been on the market for years.
At the food level, attention has turned to non-traditional agricultural methods such as vertical farms that occupy limited areas of land, or cellular agriculture such as the cultivation of meat and plants in the laboratory, using microorganisms as an alternative source of protein production and then manufacturing food from those proteins.
Here algae emerged as a group of organisms proposed for the production of fuel and food.
Algae and Promising Solutions
Algae are a variety of organisms estimated at about 200 thousand species, many of which are characterized by the ability to photosynthesize like plants, and some of them are diverse in the mechanism of their access to energy and production of food.
Algae grow in almost all environments, and in different conditions of light and oxygen availability.
The main advantages that led scientists to think about algae are that some species contain very high proportions of oils, which makes them suitable for the production of biofuels (biodiesel), and others contain high proportions of protein that make them suitable for the production of food.
Algae are characterized by easy breeding, short life cycle and the possibility of using waste water for breeding (in the case of biofuel production), rather than using potable water.
Algae can be used in the production of biofuels (biodiesel and jet fuel), while it is currently produced from other sources in relatively small quantities and at a very high cost, supported by various governments until its production technology matures.
Earlier this year, Airbus flew one of its aircraft with 100% biofuel for the first time.
Biofuels are currently produced from soybean, corn, etc. oils, or from used vegetable oils, both of which are very expensive or available in small quantities.
Early experiments showed that using algae as a source of oil for biodiesel production could reduce the cost of production by a very large percentage, bringing it closer to competing with the price of fossil fuels.
In food, several companies, in collaboration with research institutions in the United States, Singapore, Korea and other countries, have been able to exploit some high-protein algae, grow them, extract proteins from them and then use them in food production.
For example, Singapore ’ s SBN has been able to produce seafood, dairy, cheese and, more recently, ice cream from high-yielding green algae proteins.
The use of algae in fuel and food production is still in its early stages and still faces many technical marketing challenges, but important steps have been taken to position it as one of the most promising resources for solving the food and energy crises.
Source: Websites

#### Global Avocado Consumption Trends
Global avocado consumption has seen a dramatic rise over the past decade.

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Content: America and Europe are in the lead.
FAO announces high per capita consumption of calories in the world - Sunrise Gate
Tuesday 13 December 2022 4: 20 PM Cairo Cairo 24 °
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America and Europe are in the lead.
FAO announces a rise in per capita consumption of calories in the world
Manal Al Waraki
Published on: Tuesday 13 December 2022 - 3: 37 PM | Last updated on Tuesday 13 December 2022 - 3: 37 PM
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the number of calories consumed per capita globally increased by 9% on average over the past year, to 2,960 calories per day.
According to the FAO Statistical Yearbook 2022, people in all regions of the world have been eating more calories since 2000, with the highest rise recorded in Asian countries in 2021.
Europe and North America saw the most calories consumed last year, at an average of 3,540 calories per day, while African countries consumed the least 2,600 calories, and Oceania was the closest to the United States and Europe, at about 3,150.
The Statistical Book is published annually by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), a specialized United Nations organization that leads international efforts to end world hunger, providing a synthesis of key factors that play a role in the global food and agriculture landscape.
The yearbook presents important statistics in the fields of food and agriculture in four chapters, covering the economic importance of agricultural activities, inputs, outputs and factors of production, and their implications on food security and nutrition and their effects on the environment.
The Yearbook provides accurate data by country and topic, as well as a wealth of graphs and maps that provide access to the data, and aims to be an essential tool for policymakers, researchers and analysts, as well as the general public interested in the past, present and future trajectory of food and agriculture.
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How has avocado consumption changed in recent years?

This increase is driven by growing awareness of health benefits, popularity in vegan diets, and culinary versatility.

How has avocado consumption changed in recent years?

Countries like Mexico, Peru, and Chile are major exporters, meeting the rising demand from markets in North America, Europe, and Asia.

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Content: Practical analysis for investment professionals
30 September 2021

When Assets “Disappear,” Climate Risk and ESG Data Needs Remain

Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) considerations are not always as black and white as many anticipate. Take, for example, the recent trend of large extractive companies selling off carbon-intensive assets, partially in an effort to “decarbonize” their portfolios.

Such actions may look like progress towards addressing investor concerns about the economic impacts of a warming planet. But capital markets need relevant, reliable data to assess these transactions, and since the purchasers of these assets are often private entities, that information can be hard to obtain. As such, developing a robust understanding of where and how climate risks are embedded in a diversified portfolio — hint: nearly everywhere — and which companies are managing them effectively is critical.

ESG considerations have enjoyed a strong tailwind of late. Regulatory and market forces have played significant roles in that growth, particularly in the extractives sector. Governments have introduced stricter regulations to accelerate the transition to a low-carbon economy. This has heightened risks associated with certain business activities and created potential opportunities for others. Meanwhile, the economics of alternative energy sources, including wind and solar, have grown more competitive relative to fossil fuels and coal in particular.

The financial implications are already being felt. For example, Repsol and Chevron announced large asset write downs in 2019 due to, in part, the transition from fossil fuels to renewables, and many energy companies have established emissions reduction targets, with BP aiming for net zero by 2050, for example.

Regulators around the world are exploring and even requiring climate-related financial disclosures to facilitate more efficient pricing of risk and smooth the transition to a more sustainable economy. The G7 finance ministers and central bank governors have expressed support for mandatory corporate reporting in line with the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD)’s recommendations. For investors that have been working with incomplete and inconsistent information on climate-related risks, this is welcome progress.

Transition Now or Transition Later

With so much of the ESG spotlight on large public companies, it may come as a surprise that five of the top 10 methane emitters in the United States are small, relatively unknown oil and gas producers. Many of these acquired their assets from larger public entities. The consultancy Wood Mackenzie estimates that $140 billion in oil and gas assets are up for sale. Major companies rarely shed their lowest-cost or cleanest-emitting assets.

This underscores the growing disconnect between capital markets and the real economy and the importance of addressing climate change as a systematic risk. Large corporations sell assets as part of a transition strategy, yet overall emissions — and the associated risks — are unchanged or perhaps even rise, as new owners take over.

Nothing is gained when risky assets in your portfolio simply change hands. So how can financial markets better assess corporate risks and strategies to ensure companies, investors, and society effectively navigate the fraught but imminent economic transformation?

Managing climate risk often boils down to “gray area” decisions. These are rarely as simple as offloading “dirty” assets or simply shutting down facilities. Companies must balance the need to maintain their business’s resilience against climate risks while also generating funds for new business activities. Governments have their own objectives amid the transition, such as ensuring access to traditional energy until sufficient low- or zero-emission options are available. Meanwhile, investors have different investment strategies and time horizons that influence capital allocation decisions.

Ultimately, the combination of market forces, government action, and corporate transparency should help determine the optimal path.

Information Remains a Valuable Asset

Once sold by major public firms, fossil fuel assets don’t disappear. Neither does the need for relevant, reliable risk disclosure. Often the entities that buy them need third-party financing, from commercial banks, bond markets, private equity, pension funds, etc. These capital providers need data to assess and manage the risks and opportunities in their portfolios and align with their investment objectives. In addition, banks and investors both face greater scrutiny as to their own climate- and ESG-related activities.

Over time, government regulation, changing consumer demand, and business pressure from technology and falling renewable energy costs may present an existential challenge to legacy oil, gas, and mining assets.

Companies and their investors will have complex decisions to make and they will need useful, actionable information to make them.

Coal: The Canary in the Mine?

The coal industry’s predicament is instructive in this regard. Cheaper and cleaner alternatives such as natural gas and renewables have put tremendous pressure on the coal sector. Bankruptcies and closures have abounded. According to the Beyond Coal Sierra Club initiative, 345 US coal facilities have been retired, leaving 185 active plants. Last year, coal extraction’s high costs, anticipation of the new Joseph Biden administration, and the larger transition to alternative energy led to record bankruptcies and increased levels of distressed debt in the industry.

Disclosure standards can help firms navigate these sorts of transitions. Those developed by the Value Reporting Foundation’s Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) reveal tangible data on the operating activities that drive emissions and on broader corporate strategy. This can inform investment decision making and serve as the basis to engage with and potentially influence corporate management. As such, SASB Standards are already in wide use in both public and private markets.

ESG and Access to Capital

ESG factors are increasingly influencing capital allocation decisions across the spectrum of sources of funds. These interconnected indirect pressures may result in calls for greater transparency into the financing of legacy oil and gas asset acquisitions.

For example, credit rating agencies are explicitly integrating ESG considerations into fixed-income ratings. Asset managers face mounting regulatory interest in how they market “green” investment vehicles. Asset owners are making formal ESG commitments to the Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI). The risks associated with climate exposure in bank lending portfolios are drawing scrutiny from investors and regulators.

These factors could present growing challenges to prospective buyers of large extractives company assets as they seek capital through these channels.

Credit Markets

S&P reduced credit ratings on Exxon Mobil, Chevron, and ConocoPhillips in February 2021, in part citing “growing risk from energy transition due to climate change and carbon/GHG emissions.” This followed an earlier, broader warning that the industry faces “significant challenges and uncertainties engendered by the energy transition.” Other leading credit rating agencies have also integrated ESG factors into their credit analyses.

A business seeking to finance an oil and gas purchase with rated public debt might confront similar considerations in any rating assessment and, consequently, higher borrowing costs.

Conversely, rising interest in ESG has led to significant growth and more favorable credit costs for green and sustainability-linked bonds. Many such loans are indexed to specific metrics.

The SASB Standard for Oil & Gas Exploration & Production, for example, has a metric that asks companies to discuss “long and short term strategy or plan to manage Scope 1 emissions, emissions reduction targets and an analysis of performance against those targets.” Such corporate disclosures can help investors better assess the risks associated with different transition strategies.

Bank Debt

Sixty of the largest commercial and investment banks funded nearly $4 trillion in fossil fuels since the signing of the Paris Accord, according to “Banking on Climate Chaos 2021.” This indicates a continued source of capital to finance acquisitions in the extractives industry. However, added demands for transparency, in conjunction with the underlying fundamentals, could spark change.

Global central banks have concerns about climate risks embedded in bank loan portfolios. Near-term this means they are mostly gauging the problem and compiling data. But many central banks appear to be trying to guide their financial systems towards green energy. As such, their policies could exact a toll from US firms with overseas operations.

Banks are responding. “We acknowledge we are connected with many carbon-intensive sectors,” Val Smith, Citi’s chief sustainability officer, wrote. “Our work to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 therefore makes it imperative that we work with our clients, including fossil fuel clients to help them and the energy systems that we all rely on to transition to a net-zero economy.”

Indeed, as “Banking on Climate Chaos 2021,” noted, while overall lending continues, UBS, among other banks, has reduced fossil fuel related activity by nearly 75% over the period.

Investor-led initiatives could also focus more scrutiny on access to bank capital. In January, 15 institutional investors representing nearly $2.5 trillion in assets filed a resolution coordinated by ShareAction requesting HSBC “publish a strategy and targets to reduce its exposure to fossil fuel assets, starting with coal, on a timeline consistent with the Paris climate goals.” In June 2020, a Chinese bank walked away from financing a $3 billion coal plant in Zimbabwe. In fact, more recently China has pledged to stop building coal facilities abroad.

The SASB Standards include climate and ESG topics and metrics that reflect the potential financial impacts of loans and investments to industries exposed to transition risk, including several financials industries. The SASB Commercial Bank Standard, for example, asks companies to disclose a breakdown of credit exposure by industry and for a “description of approach to incorporation of environmental, social and governance factors into credit analysis.”

Private Equity

Private equity (PE)-backed ventures have purchased assets from oil and gas majors. These PE firms are not immune to ESG considerations. More and more PE limited partners are embedding ESG into their capital allocation processes. Several have committed to the PRI and markets are increasingly holding firms accountable to these pledges. Furthermore, the Institutional Limited Partners Association industry trade group has incorporated ESG as a core focus.

Separating ESG from fundamental financial considerations is becoming harder and harder. PE funds are directing capital to such fast-growing sectors as solar, carbon capture, and battery storage. Indeed, renewable energy asset funds are raising about 25 times more capital than their fossil fuel counterparts. Some observers have suggested the supply of capital to the traditional energy sector could be drying up.

Recognizing these challenges and opportunities, a group of asset owners representing roughly $4 trillion in assets have launched an effort to share and aggregate select ESG data for closely held companies with participants noting a need for transparency into how these companies are managed.

SASB and other reporting standards reflect these mounting and related needs and are being put to widespread use across private markets. Several case studies have demonstrated how these markets have employed SASB Standards.

Asset Owners and Investors

Many asset owners and managers have signed on to PRI. Given such long-term obligations, pension fund investors, among others, may prefer to avoid transition-exposed assets and gravitate to companies they perceive as better positioned for the energy transition.

Investors and asset owners are not homogeneous. Each has their own strategies, benchmarks, and portfolio needs. While some may steer clear of “dirty” assets, others might see upside to acquiring equity in “ESG laggards” that can improve their performance, engaging with management to identify and execute on business opportunities, or investing with a shorter time horizon in oil and gas markets.

Anglo American, for example, spun off its South African coal mines into a separate company rather than sell it outright. The firm’s leadership recognized that its shareholders had differing perspectives on coal. By executing a spin, Anglo afforded investors the option to hold, divest, or grow positions according to their own investment priorities.

Asset owners need transparency and data to assess these decisions. Even when a company exits certain oil and gas assets, it may retain financial liabilities. A US federal judge recently ruled a bankrupt privately held energy company could pass on environmental liabilities from aging wells. BP and Exxon could each face $300 to 400 million in costs to decommission these wells and insurers could be liable for more than $1 billion. Given the potential financial exposure associated with legacy / sold liabilities, investors might want to engage with management to better understand their asset disposal strategy and how they might contain such risks.

The Reserves Valuation & Capital Expenditure topic in the SASB Oil & Gas Exploration and Production Standard can help investors understand these exposures. This topic asks companies to discuss the sensitivity of hydrocarbon reserves to potential future carbon price scenarios as well as investments in renewable energy and how price and demand for hydrocarbons and climate regulation could influence their capital expenditure strategy.

Insurance

Access to insurance may pose another hurdle for buyers of legacy oil, gas, and mining assets as the financial system acclimates to the transition. Some have speculated that the insurance industry could be the downfall of fossil fuels given climate change–related issues and how the switch from carbon to renewable energy could affect portfolios. This speculation is not idle: Some insurers, including Lloyd’s of London, have committed to no longer sell insurance for some fossil fuels.

In the mining sector, an Australian mine faced challenges securing insurance; BMD Group was among more than a dozen firms that warned that lack of financing because of ESG considerations could destroy Australia’s $20 billion coal export sector.

SASB’s Insurance Industry Standard can help assess such scenarios. Metrics under the topic Environmental Risk Exposure ask companies how they incorporate environmental risks into their underwriting process and their management of firm level risks and capital adequacy. The Insurance Standard also includes metrics related to the incorporation of ESG considerations into investment management.

Nowhere to Hide

As governments worldwide ramp up their efforts to address climate change, legislation, regulation, and oversight could impact businesses dramatically, both to the upside and downside, and affect the relative value of legacy oil, gas, and mining assets. Investors need to consider the potential implications of:

Carbon Taxes and Caps

The EU and China, among other jurisdictions, have implemented carbon trading systems. Businesses covered by such rules may face uncertain and escalating costs. Credits in Europe reached record high costs this year. Such regulations are likely to ramp up. A recent EU proposal could lower the overall emission cap and phase out free emission allowances for some industries. Such regulations could put upward pressure on carbon credit pricing and raise costs in affected industries. The EU and to a lesser extent the United States are also contemplating taxing imports from high-emissions regions.

Mandates and Regulation

New government rules could force the closure of certain assets, establish rigorous emissions standards with costly compliance costs, and drive shifts to new technologies. More governments have adopted mandates to phase out internal combustion engines in favor of zero-emissions vehicles over the next 10 to 15 years. That will decrease demand for the associated fuels and affect the oilfields and refineries that extract and process them. This trend isn’t limited to automobiles. The UN agencies that govern international aviation and marine transport have enacted emissions limits. This may catalyze a shift towards newer, more efficient planes and ships, and alternative, low/no emissions vehicles

Governments could change the permitting processes for materials extraction or for building the infrastructure to move these goods to market. For example, the Biden administration recently cancelled the permit for the proposed Keystone pipeline. They can also incentivize business decisions with subsidies and favorable tax considerations, as the US government has done with tax credits for electric vehicles.

Underlying Markets / Economics

The cost of renewable power generation has plunged. Continued focus and potentially supportive government policy and future technical advances in, for example, energy storage might accelerate this trend.

A potential buyer of long-term oil, gas, and mining assets or a provider of capital to such acquisitions will need to factor these three potential areas of concern into their analysis. All of them could have value-related consequences. And again, understanding how these developments might impact corporate operations and financial performance requires the right information. ESG data can help. Corporate reporting to a global standard will yield consistent and comparable information for the financial markets to trade on.

The nature of ESG considerations rarely make for simple choices. But with more reliable and accessible ESG data, investors and other providers of financial capital — across public and private markets — will have a stronger foundation on which to base theirs amid the transition to a low-carbon economy.

If you liked this post, don’t forget to subscribe to the Enterprising Investor.

All posts are the opinion of the author. As such, they should not be construed as investment advice, nor do the opinions expressed necessarily reflect the views of CFA Institute or the author’s employer.

Image credit: ©Getty Images / JodiJacobson

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About the Author(s)
Gail Glazerman, CFA

Gail Glazerman, CFA, is a sector analyst covering resource transformation and renewable resources for the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB). Previously, she was an equity analyst at Roe Equity Research and executive director in UBS’s Investment Research Department, where she frequently collaborated with the ESG research team. Prior to working in equities, she was a municipal bond analyst. Glazerman has global perspective and extensive industry knowledge. She is a CFA charterholder, and earned an MBA in finance from New York University’s Stern School of Business and a BA in economics from Haverford College. In 2015 she was ranked #1 overall US stock picker by Reuters StarMine. In 2012, the Financial Times included her in its list of the top 10 US stock pickers. Additionally, she has ranked in Institutional Investor’s All America and Global research teams multiple times over the span of her career.

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Content: Economy and Markets
The top of the COB 26.
The world is facing a new test to face climate change « Graf »
Many international reports have identified the serious impacts of climate change on human lives.
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The world is looking forward to the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention on Climate Change on November 1 in Glasgow, United Kingdom, to discuss the serious effects of climate change on human lives and discuss international commitments to reduce carbon dioxide emissions to reduce those changes.
The holding of the various sessions of this international event raises many questions about its importance and the extent of the serious commitment of the major industrial countries to its results, reduce emissions and implement green projects, especially as this affects their industrial plans and costs to implement these projects.
This comes as many international reports have identified the serious effects of climate change on human lives, the most recent of which is a report issued by the International Monetary Fund, in which the average temperature in all countries of the Middle East and Central Asia is expected to rise by 2050 even if a significant reduction in global emissions can be achieved, pointing out that the decline and increasing changes in rainfall movement will exacerbate the challenges resulting from water scarcity.
Dr. Mohamed Bagha, professor of finance and investment at Suez Canal University, said that international commitments may be announced in favor of addressing the problem, but they may not be committed by countries, as happened when US President Donald Trump canceled his country ’ s participation in the Paris Agreement on climate change, which affected the commitments taken by other countries and their desire to implement green projects.
US President Donald Trump announced in 2017 his country ’ s withdrawal from the Paris climate agreement, stressing that he rejects anything that could stand in the way of “reviving the US economy, ” noting that it is time to give the US“ priority over Paris and France. ”
But as soon as new President Joe Biden came to the White House after being sworn in, he issued a decree bringing the United States back to the Paris climate agreement earlier this year.
Sustainable financing
In his statements to Al-Mal, Bagha pointed out that the sustainable financing provided by international institutions for environmental projects is focused on the commitment of countries to implement three elements: governance, social responsibility and the environment.
So the issue here is the extent of the commitment of countries to these three elements, and whether companies listed on the stock exchanges of those countries provide a list of agreed items to preserve the environment and whether the lists of financial positions of companies include environmental and sustainability reports and how to dispose of their waste, stressing that some countries adhere to these dimensions while others do not.
He said that we should not rely on the major industrial countries because they are pragmatic countries in the first place and the industry sector occupies a very important position there, pointing out that for example, the conflict between the United States and China is basically a conflict of the telecommunications sector such as 5G networks and what is talked about that those networks enable the control of humans.
He stressed that one of the international standards that have become advocated by international banks when financing any project is the issue of the green economy, pointing out that the world began to feel the seriousness of the impact of climate change already, for example, summer became hot compared to previous times, and the globe witnessed changes in its topography and began to dry up certain rivers such as the Tigris and Euphrates. of crops and thawing ice and rain in summer.
Read also because of climate change.
Fossil fuel revenues decline will fuel tensions in Middle East
He cited, for example, the problem Egypt experienced last year: the impact on mango production.
He pointed out that the United Nations is organizing another summit to address the climate issue on the sidelines of its meetings, pointing out that Egypt is currently developing its infrastructure and this is part of the contributions to combat climate change.
He added that Egypt was one of the first countries to present a vision for preserving the environment and environmental sustainability due to the real threat of the problem to the world and human lives.
Climate change could force 216 million people in six regions to migrate within their own borders by 2050
The World Bank released a report in late September that concluded that climate change could force 216 million people in six regions of the world to move within their own borders by 2050, noting that hotspots of internal migration caused by climate change could emerge by 2030 and continue to spread and worsen by 2050.
Rapid action to take immediate and coordinated action to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions and support inclusive and resilient green development could reduce the scale of climate change migration by up to 80%, the World Bank report said.
By 2050, Sub-Saharan Africa could see up to 86 million people forced into internal migration due to climate change, East Asia and the Pacific (49 million), South Asia (40 million), North Africa (19 million), Latin America (17 million) and Eastern Europe and Central Asia (5 million).
The COVID-19 epidemic led to an economic contraction in the North African region last year except Egypt, the World Bank report said, noting that extreme poverty has declined in the region over the past two decades.
North Africa includes Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia.
The five countries have made strides in recent decades to reduce poverty and income inequality, as well as in taking broader development measures such as educational attainment and child mortality, the bank said.
These gains have been achieved by expanding public spending, services and employment, and countries have also relied on subsidies, particularly in energy, to boost economic growth and expand access to resources.
Effects of Climate Change on North Africa
The results of the changes in the region show water availability as a key driver of internal climate migration that pushes people out of coastal and inland areas where water has become more scarce, slowing population growth in external climate migration hotspots along Tunisia ’ s northeast coast, Algeria ’ s northwest coast and western and southern Morocco.
In Egypt, he said, the eastern and western parts of the Nile Delta, including Alexandria, could become hot spots for external migration due to low water availability and rising sea level, and at the same time, many places with better water availability are expected to become hot spots for internal migration, including important urban centers such as Cairo, Algeria, Tunisia, Tripoli, the Casablanca – Rabat corridor and Tangier.
Read also iron and cement prices on Saturday 23-10-2021
The industrial, public and service sectors concentrated in urban centres support the livelihoods of many North Africans, and recent institutional and legal reforms in those countries aim to diversify economies.
As a result, FDI has increased, and inflows to Morocco, for example, have helped modernize the economy and improve performance in key industries, particularly in finance, renewable energy, infrastructure and automobiles.
Importance of the Energy Sector
The energy sector remains of paramount importance to North Africa, especially oil and gas, with Morocco, Tunisia and Egypt being oil importers, while Algeria and Libya are oil exporters.
There are transboundary aquifers shared by many neighboring countries and are already a global hotspot for sustainable use challenges of both groundwater and surface water; for example, an aquifer is shared between Libya, Egypt, Chad and Sudan, and a groundwater system in the northern Western Sahara is shared between Algeria, Libya and Tunisia.
The report noted that women ’ s labor force participation rates in the North African region are among the lowest in the world, ranging from 19% in Algeria to 37% in Libya as of 2019.
Environmental stress, including water scarcity, associated stresses on agriculture and water, and accelerated desertification and land degradation, may actually lead to increased internal mobility, a study based on household surveys said perceptions of worsening climate change are linked to a greater likelihood of temporary migration; in Algeria and Morocco, more than 70 percent of households surveyed saw rainfall as more volatile and higher temperatures, while in Egypt, where irrigation is more prevalent. The percentage was 40%.
Severe climate phenomenon
In addition, almost all households indicated that they were exposed to a severe climatic phenomenon, with losses of income, crops and livestock being listed as the main economic impacts.
However, focus groups highlighted that other factors play a bigger role in the decision to move – including a lack of jobs and services – and that migration is not necessarily the first strategy used to deal with adverse weather events.
Remittances from internal and international migrants are an important source of education funding for many families, and many people migrate to make money to pay for education, the report said, adding that despite the coronavirus epidemic, remittance flows to the region grew modestly in 2020, but flows to Egypt and Morocco were strong.
Did the rich countries honor the Copenhagen pledges of $100 billion?
The question is whether rich countries committed to what they announced in 2009, at the Copenhagen climate conference, to raise the value of assistance to countries of the South in the fight against climate change to $100 billion a year by 2020, to help take action to adapt and reduce emissions.
READ ALSO: UAE ’ s agricultural exports hit $131 million last season
The importance of establishing a strong carbon pricing system
In this context, IMF Managing Director Kristalina Georgieva stressed that the global economy needs market signals that work in favor of the new climate economy, not against it, pointing out that despite the political difficulties, there is a need to liberate from all forms of support for fossil fuel products. The equivalent of more than $5 trillion a year, although the cost is much higher for our future.
A strong carbon pricing system will help redirect private sector investment and innovation towards clean technology and promote energy efficiency.
Otherwise, we simply won ’ t be able to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, and the IMF ’ s director stressed that this price signal must gain more traction toward the path — to reach an average working carbon price of $75 per ton by 2030. It is much higher than the current price of $3 per ton.
An agreement among major emitters on a minimum price for carbon would be a good start.
She stressed that we need to intensify green investments.
A research study by IMF experts predicts that green supply chain policies could increase global GDP by about 2% this decade and create millions of new jobs.
We must work to achieve an equitable transition to a low-carbon economy within and between countries; for example, revenues generated from carbon pricing can be used in cash transfers, social safety nets, retraining, etc. Compensation for workers and businesses in high-carbon sectors.
Across countries, a just transition will require financial support and green technology transfers.
Although the world's poorest countries were the least contributors to climate change, they were the most vulnerable to its consequences and least able to afford adaptation. Since many of the least costly mitigation opportunities existed in emerging market and developing economies, it was important for developed countries to meet their commitments. Providing $100 billion a year to finance climate activities in developing countries would be in the interest of the whole world.
We have no time to waste, and we must be ready to act decisively together.
Three Middle East countries successfully develop national climate change strategies
In a recent report, the IMF said that while several countries in the Middle East and Central Asia have successfully developed national climate change strategies, such as Egypt, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, many countries in the region are still in the early stages of developing national climate change adaptation plans.
According to the IMF ’ s AFAC regional report for the Middle East and Central Asia, it is necessary to accelerate these efforts, adding that regional cooperation between countries will support national efforts to adapt to climate change, reduce emissions, manage transitional risks, create green investment opportunities and create jobs.
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Title:

Content: Derek said carbon finance, Lecture 44: The source of life, is being financialized?
The role of water in the twenty-first century, as oil in the twentieth, is a valuable commodity that determines the wealth of nations.
Hi, I ’ m Derek, and I ’ m highly interested in, and highly skeptical about, carbon finance in the context of climate change.
Water resources are tight, can humans freely dance with water?
(Image source: https: / / pixabay.com /)
Happy New Year! "Derek said carbon finance" has been in the series for a year, in order to better interact with readers, I set up a Facebook fan page, interested friends can send me a message on the fan page, I will do my best to respond.
If the topic is larger, I will extend it into a column to respond to the reader.
"Water is as valuable a commodity in determining national wealth as oil was in the 20th century."
As the global population continues to increase, the demand for food, public health, and electricity continues to provide the level of demand for water resources, from the statistics shown in the figure below, the world's demand for freshwater resources has increased tenfold over the past 100 years from 1900 to 2025.
However, while demand has increased tenfold, supply has been declining because of industrial pollution, over-pumping of groundwater, and frequent droughts caused by climate change, which have made freshwater resources even more scarce.
Annual global water consumption from Sampa.
(Source: Wikimedia Commons)
Like all scarce resources, the scarcity of water creates investment opportunities.
If water is treated as a commodity, it may be the most valuable commodity in the world, because human beings cannot survive without water.
As a commodity, like oil, corn, sugar, and gold, the price of water fluctuates, and the price of water fluctuates depending on the relationship between supply and demand.
In addition to short-term fluctuations (such as different rainfall each year), we have seen water supply exceed demand in the long term, and the dual factors of “importance ” and“ scarcity ” make “water ” a profitable investment opportunity.
Let ’ s take a look at how the mainstream media in the world sees this:
New York Times (2019 / 7): “As fresh water becomes increasingly scarce, it could be a good investment ”
The New York Times (2019 / 1): “Wall Street Watches Billions of Dollars in the Colorado River ”
Forbes (2021 / 9): “Billionaires control a key California reservoir in drought ”
How to invest in “water ”?
(Image source: https: / / pixabay.com /)
In general, there are three options for investing in water: buying water rights, investing in farmland (where water is abundant), and investing in water treatment companies (including tap water plants, infrastructure producers, etc.).
Option 1: Purchase water rights directly
To put it bluntly, water rights are about giving owners the right to water, and U.S. billionaire T. Boone Pickens (founder of Mesa Petroleum) has bought a lot of water rights in Texas and estimates that the $75 million investment in water rights will be worth more than $1 billion in three decades.
T. Boone Pickens is a Texas oil tycoon with a strong interest in water rights.
(Source: Time Magazine cover 1985)
Aside from the moral implications of the high price of “water ” for life springs, the law on water rights varies widely across regions, and there is a risk of political and legal litigation.
More importantly, the "right to water" is not the "water" itself, the "right to water" can not drink and can not irrigate farmland, so the "right to water" itself has no real value.
If you are a pure investor, you do not really want to use the water of the Colorado River to irrigate or use, your purpose in buying water rights is to sell it at a higher price one day. This is the "big fool theory" in investment, and this type of investment is more risky.
In conclusion, water rights are only suitable for certain players who are particularly familiar with the regulations in the region.
Boone Pickens has a lot of political influence in Texas.
This type of investment does not apply to the general investor.
Option 2: Invest in farmland (with sufficient water resources)
Agriculture has always been the most water-intensive of all applications, probably far more than you might think.
Guess how much water it takes to produce a simple burger?
The answer is 831 gallons.
How much water does it take to produce a hamburger?
The answer is two bathtubs. (Image source: https: / / alts.co /)
And long-distance water transportation is not a simple thing, whether it is to build long-distance pipelines or canals, it is a huge project.
Therefore, no amount of water in the Amazon Basin can quench the thirst of the Sahara Desert.
Back to the question above, is it easy to transport two bathtubs of water?
Is it easy to move a hamburger?
Food is the form of condensed water, the value is higher, the transportation is easier, and there are fewer regulations to govern it.
That ’ s why Michael Burry, a short seller, is investing in farmland, as we mentioned earlier.
He said, “Food is a way of investing in water.
Grow food in water-rich areas and ship it to water-scarce areas for sale.
This is the least controversial way to redistribute water resources that can ultimately be profitable.
This will also ensure that such redistribution is sustainable, "he said.
Just like water rights, the threshold for buying farmland investment strategy is also high, the payback period is relatively long, and the start-up capital is relatively large.
For the average investor, this is not an easy strategy to get started with.
Buying farmland in water-rich areas is an investment with a higher threshold.
(Image source: https: / / pixabay.com /)
Option 3: Invest in water treatment companies (including tap water plants, infrastructure producers, etc.)
This section is more suitable for general investors. The S & P also launched the Global Water Index, which contains 50 stocks related to water treatment, half of which are in the Industrial category and the other half in the Utility category.
Among the top 10 stocks listed in the table below, readers can look for the background of these companies, and may find attractive investment targets, but also welcome to my fan to leave a message to discuss.
(The top 10 components of the S & P Global Water Index.)
(Source: S & P Global)
If you want to directly follow the S & P water index investment, the following four ETFs are linked: Invesco S & P Global Water ETF, iShares Global Water ETF Comm, iShares Global Water ETF USD Acc, and iShares Global Water ETF USD Dist.
By the way, as mentioned earlier, “water ” is listed on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, the world ’ s largest futures market, a futures contract that tracks the water price index in California.
Why choose California ’ s water price as an index benchmark?
Because California is the largest water trading market in the United States, the amount and value of water traded here is four times that of other states.
With futures markets, water users (such as farmers) can use futures contracts to avoid the risk of high drought and flood prices, while speculators / investors can hope to profit by betting on future water prices.
2022 is a year of drought in the United States, as can be seen from the H2O price of water futures. (Source: https: / / www.nasdaq.com /)
However, as a necessity of life, should water be bought and sold as a pure commodity, and who can get the right to water at a high price, regardless of the lives and deaths of other human beings?
Since 2012, the water crisis has been ranked in the top five on the World Economic Forum ’ s list of global risk impacts almost every year, indicating that water scarcity is a widespread and persistent problem.
In 2017, severe droughts led to even the worst humanitarian crisis since World War II, when 20 million people died in Africa and the Middle East as a result of the ensuing food shortages and outbreaks of conflict.
An international team even produced a chronology of water conflicts, with maps documenting more than 900 water conflicts in history.
This part of East Asia may not be deeply felt, but in the Middle East, Africa and Central Asia, the struggle for water is already a life-and-death conflict.
(More than 900 water conflicts in history. (Source: http: / / www.worldwater.org / conflict / map /)
He said, “Water is good. ”
Perhaps in the future, water will be the most profitable target, but perhaps, it should not be used to make money at all.
This is a complex question that we can all think about.
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What are the countries and regions that produce and export avocados?

What are the positive effects of the global demand for avocados on the countries and regions that produce and export them?

What are the countries and regions that produce and export avocados?

What are the positive effects of the global demand for avocados on the countries and regions that produce and export them?

What are the countries and regions that produce and export avocados?

What are the positive effects of the global demand for avocados on the countries and regions that produce and export them?

#### Economic Benefits to Producing Countries
1.

Title:

Content: Investing in nature gives industry and business a competitive advantage. Here’s why

This article is brought to you thanks to the collaboration of The European Sting with the World Economic Forum.

Author: André Hoffmann, Vice-Chairman, Roche, Switzerland & Katell Le Goulven, Executive Director, Hoffmann Institute, INSEAD

  • On the agenda at the IUCN Congress in Marseille is awareness that investment in a vibrant natural world opens the door to sustainable and sustained prosperity.
  • Forward-thinking business leaders understand that nature and economics are inextricably linked.
  • Industry leaders need to change the measures of growth, bring the true value of nature into market pricing and ensure demands on nature do not exceed the ability to supply.

The world is in danger of losing 10% or more of its total GDP by the end of the century. This is the top takeaway from a recent stress-test study by Swiss Re that looks at the consequences of failing to address climate and environmental risks.

To put that into perspective using the most recent economic and human tragedy, the COVID-19 pandemic trimmed a full 6% of global GDP in 2020. This is widely seen as an economic catastrophe. So what are countries and companies doing to safeguard against an even more precipitous decline in wealth?

This question comes at a moment when environmental impacts are growing too severe and costly to ignore. With the arctic circle sweltering at 48°C, species in decline globally and shareholders demanding new approaches, this is an opportune moment to launch the green recovery and pave the way towards sustainable development and lasting prosperity.

Yet, even with profit in the green recovery, we are not on track to seize this transformative moment. For private-sector leaders, questions remain. Many know that action is needed, but beyond obvious action like energy efficiency and clean energy, potential solutions and their value are less obvious.

Beyond obvious action like energy efficiency and clean energy, potential solutions and their value are less obvious. —André Hoffmann, Vice-Chairman of Roche; Katell le Goulven, Executive Director of the Hoffmann Institute at INSEAD

Potential solutions will be in focus at upcoming meetings of governments and development stakeholders. At events like the IUCN World Conservation Congress in Marseille this week, we hear a clarion call to protect nature. Protecting nature contributes to the stable environment that is a foundation for growth. For companies and countries looking to gain a competitive edge, investing in biodiversity preserves stability and provides a significant competitive advantage.

Biodiversity is emerging as an area of interest for firms looking for that first-mover advantage. Why biodiversity? Simply put, healthy ecosystems are needed for healthy growth. As much as we need a stable climate, we must protect oceans and forests and the life that fills these habitats.

This may sound more like a science project or protest march than a business strategy, but forward-thinking business leaders understand that nature and economics are inextricably linked. The recent State of Finance for Nature report found that half of global GDP depends on healthy ecosystems rich with biodiversity.

Pollinators like bees and hummingbirds enable agricultural production. Drugmakers look to nature to innovate new medicines. Tourists flock to natural parks and beautiful beaches. Fishermen feed billions per day from the world’s oceans. Clearly, our business models rely on the natural world.

The next business frontier lies at the intersection of climate change and biodiversity, and those accounting for nature as a whole will know how to manage risk, meet demand and scale up as the world transforms.

Visionary leaders have sound business reasons to protect, sustainably manage and restore ecosystems to deliver sustained and sustainable growth. In 2021, momentum is building in support of innovative business models and solutions in harmony with the natural world.

The recent G7 meeting saw agreement of the 2030 Nature Compact, with of the world’s largest economies working to conserve or protect at least 30% of global land and at least 30% of the global ocean by 2030. Along with strong statements from the IUCN World Conservation Congress in Marseille, the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) COP15 in Kunming and the UN Climate Change COP26 in Glasgow, corporations have certainty to align with the long-term plans that come from these meetings. They also have more reasons than ever to do so.

The February Dasgupta Review on the Economics of Biodiversity outlines the need for fundamental change in how we approach nature. If you look at natural resources as assets, humanity has failed to manage our portfolio well.

We must change the measures of growth, bring the true value of nature into market pricing and ensure demands on nature do not exceed the ability to supply. A recent INSEAD-supported study by ChangeNOW and The Boston Consulting Group shows both a lack of interest by companies and a great need to take simple steps to consider nature in business.

This represents a fundamental change to our extractive, GDP-driven global economy. It is a change welcomed by more and more consumers and citizens as people wake up to the fact that GDP is a poor measure of wellbeing. Externalities not accounted for in GDP can have real costs in terms of carbon pollution and biodiversity loss.

The recent trend of citizen eco-awakening around the world is unsurprising now that extreme heat, storms and drought affect billions each year. And it is welcome that this trend is seen in developed and emerging economies alike.

The world is looking for change, with younger generations willing to pay for it. A full 75% of US Millennials and 63% of Gen Z are willing to pay more for sustainable products. These groups are increasingly aware of their power of consumer choice, and they demand responsible products that are good for the planet.

Governments are listening and need a strong signal to move forward at COP15 and COP26 with confidence. Business can truly make a difference as a force for good when they give government this confidence and align business models with policy goals.

Forward thinking industry leaders are examining how their business models interact with nature and they are looking beyond the next quarter. This is an ideal moment for every company to examine their operations, see where nature interacts with their supply chains and fortify the foundation for sustainable development. This is a moment to invest in nature.

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“The Stone Age is not over because of the lack of stone, but the oil age will end long before the world runs out of oil. ”
This seems to be one of the slogans raised by environmentalists who oppose the use of fossil fuels.
But, in fact, this was predicted by Sheikh Ahmed Zaki al-Yamani, the former Saudi oil minister, who emerged from the Arab oil embargo in 1973.
Al-Yamani was convinced that innovations in alternative energy sources and fuels would haunt the global economy from the grip of oil.
That hasn't happened yet.
Oil, coal and natural gas still make up more than four-fifths of the world ’ s primary energy supply.
This addiction to these oil derivatives, combined with a series of wars, political mistakes and changing economic trends, has now caused another energy crisis in the world.
Could this lead to a delayed energy revolution?
In No Miracles Needed: How Today's Technology Can Save Our Climate and Clean Our Air, Mark Jacobson points out two reasons to believe that change is coming.
The first, Maalov, is geopolitics.
Five decades ago, OPEC oil monopolists were manipulating energy markets.
This time, it is the role of Russia, an oil power that cannot be ignored.
It was an ugly reminder of the dangers of relying on abhorrent autocracies.
The second is the growing concern about climate change.
To avoid the worst effects of this change, nearly 200 countries have agreed to limit greenhouse gas emissions.
Many are moving towards an energy system without a carbon footprint.
These two reasons have multiplied the combined efforts to phase out fossil fuels.
Strict policies
The European Commission has put in place strict policies to intensify local renewable alternatives, including electricity generated from wind and green hydrogen.
The International Energy Agency predicts that the implementation of current policies will lead to a peak in global coal and gas consumption by 2030, and oil by the middle of the same year.
The hard question is: Will Yamani ’ s predictions correct and end the innovation era of oil?
This hope is supported by a group of thinkers including Bill Gates.
In an influential recent book, Gates argued that “the urgent need to decarbonize the global economy requires big bets on a variety of nascent and promising technologies, from advanced nuclear power to capturing dust directly from the air. ”
He warned against overconfidence in wind and solar power, highlighting the limitations of their intermittent generation.
John Kerry, the US presidential envoy on climate change, also found out otherwise.
In the run-up to the UN climate summit in Glasgow in 2021, Kerry cited scientific assessments that “perhaps half of the greenhouse gas reductions required by the middle of this century will come from technologies we don ’ t yet have. ”
Climate scientist Michael Mann dismissed this as coming from a “malicious tech geek. ”
A green deal.
In this book, Jacobson, a professor of engineering at Stanford University and a researcher on the approach known as the Green New Deal, reinforces the debate.
In his opinion, the world must urgently address the scourges related to global warming, energy insecurity and local air pollution, "and this does not require miraculous technologies, on the contrary, 95 percent of the technologies we need are commercially available.
We know exactly how to get the rest. ”
The core of his plan is the massive expansion of wind and solar power, along with some hydro and geothermal power, and thus energy storage and transmission.
At first glance, it seems reasonable.
Renewable energy is set to grow by 2,400 gigawatts between 2022 and 2027, equivalent to the full capacity of China today.
At the same time, the technologies used in power transmission are so well established that the U.S. National Academy of Engineering has hailed grid power delivery as the greatest engineering achievement of the 20th century.
And while energy storage is not yet ubiquitous and affordable, battery-based systems are working successfully on networks from California to Australia.
Jacobson ’ s book is persuasive in other ways as well.
Like Gates, he believes that everything can be electric.
He is right to denounce the inefficiency of internal combustion engines and other fossil-burning generators compared to electric alternatives.
It also acknowledges that long-distance energy transport requires fuel such as hydrogen, rather than electricity, if carbon emissions are to be reduced.
He cleverly refutes concerns about wind and solar power generation, noting: “Large power plants are often unavailable due to lack of maintenance and power outages. ”
But!
Two flaws.
There are two shortcomings in his argument.
The first is called exaggeration.
Environmentalists are championing the idea of accelerating decarbonisation within two decades.
Jacobson wants complete success in this, by 2035.
So did Magellan aspire to sail around 99 percent of Earth at once?
A study conducted by the U.S. Department of Energy in 2021 found that while approaching 100 percent might be cost-effective, the last few percent would be expensive.
The second drawback is that, by discarding technical miracles, he unnecessarily rejects game-changing factors, such as nuclear fusion, which is a risky but tempting long-term bet and has recently attracted billions of dollars in private investment.
The IEA, which agrees with Jacobson in calling for a peak in fossil consumption, insists on reaching net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, a goal embraced by many countries, and requires “massive leaps in innovation ” in advanced batteries, hydrogen, industrial fuels, carbon sequestration and other technologies that are not yet commercial.

What are the positive effects of the global demand for avocados on the countries and regions that produce and export them?

What are the positive effects of the global demand for avocados on the countries and regions that produce and export them?

What are the positive effects of the global demand for avocados on the countries and regions that produce and export them?

**Revenue Generation**: Avocado exports contribute significantly to the GDP of producing countries.

What are the positive effects of the global demand for avocados on the countries and regions that produce and export them?

What are the positive effects of the global demand for avocados on the countries and regions that produce and export them?

For instance, Mexico, the world's largest avocado producer, exports billions of dollars worth of avocados annually.

What are the countries and regions that produce and export avocados?

What are the positive effects of the global demand for avocados on the countries and regions that produce and export them?

**Employment Opportunities**: The avocado industry creates

Title:

Content: Home > NewsRelease > Future Trends – Green Jobs – Upon My Death Letter.
Future Trends – Green Jobs – Upon My Death Letter.
From:
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Sunday, July 10, 2022

Future Trends – Green Jobs – Upon My Death Letter.

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Experts for interview. Contact directly, or RSVP for full booking service.

Mitchell Davis – www.ExpertClick.com (202) 333-5000

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5 Ways the World Will Look Different in 2100

Greg Womack -- Oklahoma Financial Advisor

Electric vehicles. There may be far more than 25million – estimates suggest 145 million – on the road by 2030.

Household robots. Domestic robots that offer companionship or help with tasks like lawn mowing, vacuuming, and mopping are becoming popular. Estimates suggest about 55 million domestic bots will be sold next year.

Wild elephants. From 1989 to 2018, the number of elephants in the wild doubled to 34,000, reported Earth.org.

Streaming services per household. Currently, the average number of streaming services per household is four. There's room for growth, but probably not that much.

Centenarians. The world is in the midst of a longevity revolution and, by 2100, there may be as many as 25 million centenarians– people age 100 or older – around the globe, according to a source cited by ScienceDirect.

Name: Greg Womack, CFP

Title: President

Group: Womack Investment Advisers

Dateline: Edmond, OK United States

Direct Phone: 405-340-1717

greg@womackadvisers.com

See his press room here: https://www.expertclick.com/ex/Okahoma-Financial-Adviser

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Daniel Villao -- Beyond Green Jobs

Daniel Villao is also Chairman of the Board of the Association of Latino Professionals for America and the former Deputy Administrator for the Office of Apprenticeship for the U.S. Department of Labor under the Obama and Trump administrations. He is the author of the acclaimed Beyond Green Jobs, which addresses a systems approach to diversity and inclusion in the construction sector in a future world defined by climate change. Villao has dedicated his career to analyzing the ever-changing landscape of the workplace and helping organizations navigate the future world of work and creating jobs that make sense in the emerging models.

Daniel Villao

Seattle, WA

United States

Contact Phone: (877) 234-9737

daniel@ipartnerships.net

See his press room at: https://www.expertclick.com/16020

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David Hamilton Nichols -- Transformational Speaker

David invests in startup companies that add value to the planet and her people and in renewable energy projects. These include award-winning Norwegian-based CHOOOSE, recognized by Richard Branson, Skoll World Forum attendee Ovanova, and the new climate-conscious, change-accelerating collective NOW. Overall, he is an early-stage investor in almost a dozen companies and has served as a board member and strategic advisor to many of these. David is executive producer on a soon-to-be-released, pop-culture-friendly series about people who are standing for solutions to some of society's largest issues.

David Hamilton Nichols

Ventura, CA

United States

Contact Phone: +1 805 701 4744

david@DavidHamiltonNichols.com

See his press room at: https://www.expertclick.com/19-4909

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Video: Write Your 'Upon My Death' Letter Today!

Gail Rubin, The Doyenne of Death, Funeral Expert

Here are some ideas for information to include in your own Upon My Death letter:

Contacts for family and friends to be informed of a death.

Account information and contacts for services such as:

Bank and investment accounts;

Cable and/or internet provider;

Home mortgage or auto loans still being paid;

Professionals such as an attorney, CPA, and investment advisor;

Pension and/or IRA accounts that provide income in retirement;

Utilities such as electricity, gas, and water;

Passwords for online accounts.

A listing of valuable assets, such as artwork, musical instruments, and jewelry. You may wish to also dictate to whom you would like to gift these items upon your death.

Some thoughts about what you want for your final disposition and celebration of your life.

A free 10-page planning form is available from AGoodGoodbye.com to help you craft an Upon My Death letter. Simply enter your name and email at the website opt-in box to receive either a Word or PDF document you can fill out on your own time. It's also available in Gail Rubin's award-winning book, A Good Goodbye: Funeral Planning for Those Who Don't Plan to Die. (Amazon affiliate link)

Name: Gail Rubin

Group: A Good Goodbye

Dateline: Albuquerque, NM United States

Direct Phone: 505-265-7215

Cell Phone: 505-363-7514

Email: Gail@agoodgoodbye.com

See her press room at: https://www.expertclick.com/12399

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Now Rather Than Later: A Gift for Everyone!

Barbara Hemphill - Productivity Consultant, Work Life Balance

One of the significant causes of clutter in our society today is the result of my generation collecting and saving items for the next generation – who have no interest.

Perhaps it's because they saw how much effort it was for us to pay for it, store it, clean it, insure it, and worry about it. Perhaps it's because they are just more interested in experiences than material things. Whatever the reason, it's a fact in many families.

This reality causes another major problem. Many people of my generation are continuing to live in homes too big for our needs and too much to care for as we age, but that brings up the big question of "What do I do with all the "stuff" I have collected over the years that means so much to me?

As we often say at Productive Environment Institute, "Progress starts with the truth." Recently I heard a beautiful story of how one family faced with this truth solved the problem in a way that was a blessing to everyone.

I went to visit Diana and her husband, who had moved from a beautiful large home into a small two-bedroom apartment. Frankly, I was quite shocked, because I remembered all the beautiful collections they had in their previous home. My immediate question was, "How did you feel about leaving everything behind?"

"It was quite easy," Diana replied. "My daughter approached me with the question 'Mom, what are you going to do with all this stuff?' Well, I replied, "we'll keep it so that you and your children can have whatever you want when we are gone." "Mom," the daughter replied, "we don't want it, and we have an idea."

At first, Diana was taken aback, but she continued to listen to her daughter. "Why don't we help you get rid of everything you no longer want or need now, and you and dad can move into a smaller place which will be easier to care for, and you'll have more freedom to enjoy your lives? Here's how it could work: You choose the sentimental items that you want to keep -- as many as will fit in your master bedroom closet. Then you go to the beach for a week, and we'll sell everything and give you the money to buy new furniture you love for your new place."

Name: Barbara Hemphill

Dateline: Raleigh, NC United States

Direct Phone: 919-349-9247

barbara@productiveenvironment.com

See her press room at: https://www.expertclick.com/ex/Productivity-Consultant-Work-Life-Balance

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What are the positive effects of the global demand for avocados on the countries and regions that produce and export them?

What are the positive effects of the global demand for avocados on the countries and regions that produce and export them?

What are the positive effects of the global demand for avocados on the countries and regions that produce and export them?

What are the positive effects of the global demand for avocados on the countries and regions that produce and export them?