### Ocean Acidification Impact on Marine Life

As the president of your high school's climate justice club, raising awareness about ocean acidification is crucial, especially given its broad impact on marine ecosystems.

While coral bleaching is a well-known consequence, ocean acidification affects a wide range of marine life, including cephalopods like cuttlefish and octopuses, as well as marine mammals and other organisms.

Here's a comprehensive overview to include in your posters and pamphlets:

#### 1.

**Impact on Cephalopods (Cuttlefish, Octopuses, Squids)**
Cephalopods, including your school mascot the cuttlefish, are particularly vulnerable to ocean acidification.

These creatures rely on calcium carbonate to form their internal shells or cuttlebones, which are essential for buoyancy control.

As ocean pH decreases due to increased CO₂ absorption, the availability of carbonate ions needed for shell formation diminishes.

This leads to:
- **Weaken

### Ocean Acidification Impact on Marine Life

As the president of your high school's climate justice club, raising awareness about ocean acidification is crucial, especially given its broad impact on marine ecosystems.

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  1. 1. Tropical Desert Biome - the UAE
  2. 2. Meshkani et al., 2013 Barremian-Aptian (Early Cretaceous) 130-113 MYA Campanian (Late Cretaceous) 72-86 MYA Eocene (Paleogene) 34-56 MYA Recent meaning Holocene (Quaternary) 11,700Years ago till now
  3. 3. Teller et al., 2000
  4. 4. Bray and Stokes, 2004
  5. 5. http://www.richardsdubaiguide.com/dub aiguide_usefulinfo.asp?DG_PAGEID=41 http://travel.nationalgeograp hic.com/travel/abu- dhabi/empty-quarter-desert/
  6. 6. http://www.oneeyeland.com/image .php?imgid=71411 http://pollock- virag.com/UAE/2008_Sandy_Beach/S andy_Beach_2008.htm http://www.memphistours.com /Dubai/Dubai-Shore- Excursions/Dubai-Port-
  7. 7. http://www.desertriders.ae/morning-desert-safari/ http://scienceandfunmh.blogspot.ae/2013/03/tropical- rainforests.html Solar-Driven Air Circulation
  8. 8. • Major Coastal HabitatTypes: •Mudflats, beaches and rocky coastal habitats •Coastal plains, sand sheets and low dunes •Coastal sabkha and sabkha matti • Major Inland HabitatTypes: •Sand sheets, dunes and mega-dunes •Plains (alluvial and interdunal •Mountains, rocky terrain and wadis •Inland standing water habitats and habitats of moist ground
  9. 9. Habitat type code and explicit name of the habitat type 1) Definition – general description of the abiotic features and vegetation 2) Characteristic plant and animal species 3) Geographical distribution 4) Habitat types generally associated in the field 5) Perceived threats 6) Bibliographical references
  10. 10. 1010 Mudflats and sand flats exposed at low tide 1) Mudflats and sand flats exposed at high tide, devoid of vegetation. 2) Plants: Devoid of vegetation. Animals: Important feeding grounds for numerous species of birds, in particular migratory waders. 3)Widespread along the Arabian Gulf coast. Geomorphological unit:VI. 4) Can be associated with all other habitat types listed under 1000. 5) Locally threatened due to coastal development, dredging, etc.
  11. 11. 1) Sand sheets and dunes in which shrubs (i.e. woody plants taller than ca. 1 m) are physiognomically conspicuous elements of the vegetation: 4211*: with Haloxylon persicum (Cyperus conglomeratus, Haloxylon salicornicum or Zygophyllum qatarense often co-dominant); 4212: with Calotropis procera (mainly in the east of the Emirate). Presumably a degradation stage of other communities; 4213: with Leptadenia pyrotechnica (widespread mainly in the east of the Emirate). Presumably a degradation stage of other communities. 2) Plants: Calotropis procera,Cyperus conglomeratus, Dipterygium glaucum, Haloxylon persicum, Haloxylon salicornicum, Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Limeum arabicum, Zygophyllum qatarense. Animals:Stone curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus), Acanthodactylus gongrorhynchatus, A. schmidti, Diplometopon zarudnyi, Eryx jayakari, Phrynocephalus arabicus,Scincus mitranus,Stenodactylus arabicus,S. doriae, S. slevini.
  12. 12. 3) Widespread in the eastern part of the Emirate. Haloxylon persicum characteristic of a narrow, near coastal belt to the south-west and west ofAbu Dhabi island.This habitat type with Haloxylon persicum (4211) is of considerable biogeographical importance and of outstanding conservation value. Geomorphological units: 4211 (with Haloxylon persicum): (II), (III),VI; 4212 (with Calotropis procera): I,V; 4213 (with Leptadenia pyrotechnica): I, II,V. 4) 4310, 4510 and 5200. 4211 also with 3100. 5) Sand sheets with Haloxylon persicum still well-developed, but becoming increasingly fragmented due to the construction of new roads and tracks. 6) Aspinall & Hellyer (2003), Brown & Böer (2005), Brown & Sakkir, (2004a), Mandaville
  13. 13. Sand sheets and low dunes with Haloxylon persicum (Habitat 4211) are characteristic of a narrow coastal belt to the south-west of Abu Dhabi island.The stands are of considerable biogeographical interest and exceptional conservation value. Small mammal and reptile burrows are often found in the mounds of sand which accumulate around the base of the shrubs.
  14. 14. Is there much biodiversity in a tropical, semi-arid desert environment?
  15. 15.  All reptiles apart from sea turtles found in the UAE and northern Oman belong to the Order Squamata  Three suborders  Sauria (lizard) (5 families)  Amphisdaena (worm lizard) (1 family)  Serpens (snakes) (4 families)
  16. 16. ▪ Asaccus ▪ caudivolvulus ▪ gallagheri ▪ Bunopus ▪ tuberculatus ▪ spatalurus(splatulate tail NOTTRUE) ▪ Hemidactylus ▪ flavivirudus(common large one by doors) ▪ robustus (slightly smaller, not turkikus anymore) ▪ persicus (rocky areas) Asaccus caudivolvulus A. gallagheri Bunopus tuberculatus B. spatalurus Hemidactylus robustus H. persicus
  17. 17. ▪ Pristurus ▪ carteri (only added to the UAE list this year) ▪ celerrimus(means fastest) (mountains) ▪ minimus (on plants in the sand, very small) ▪ rupestris (common one in oases) ▪ Ptyodactylus hasselquistii(fan-footed gecko – falaj, fort, mountain caves) Pristurus celerrimus P. minimus P. rupestris Ptyodactylus hasselquistii Pristurus carteri
  18. 18. ▪ Stenodactylus ▪ arabicus(sand) (Stenodactylus = slender finger) ▪ doriae (sand) ▪ khobarensis (sabka margins) ▪ leptocosymbotes (Eastern Sand gecko) (gravel plains) ▪ slevini (Sleven’s sand gecko,W. Abu Dhabi and Sweihan, DhubValley) (hard sandy and gravel plains but doesn’t overlap with leptocosymbotes though same habitat, found at FossilValley) ▪ Teratoskinkus keyserlingii (no longer skinkus because skinkus as a species has a wide distribution throughoutAsia. It was divided up into three subspecies, one being keyserlingii, the Iranian one. Recent genetic work shows distinct difference with Iranian population – allopatric speciation) Stenodactylus arabicus S. doriae S. khobarensis S. leptocosymbotes S. sleveni Teratoscincus keyserlingii
  19. 19.  Distribution appears not to overlap S. leptocosymbotes S. sleveni
  20. 20. 1. Urban Sprawl 2. Habitat Destruction 3. Habitat Fragmentation 4. Introduction of exotic species 5. 6. 7.
  21. 21.  Bray H.E., Stokes S. (2004) Temporal patterns of arid-humid transitions in the south-eastern Arabian Peninsula based on optical dating. Geomorphology, Vol 59, 271-280.  Brown G., Boer B. (2004) Interpretation Manual of the major terrestrial natural and semi-natural habitat types of Abu Dhabi Emirate. ERWDA and UNESCO Publication.  Gardner A.S., Howarth B. (2009) Urbanisation in the United Arab Emirates: The challenges for ecological mitigation in a rapidly developing country. BioRisk, Vol 3, 27-38.  Garzantia E., Vermeeschb, P., Andòa, S., Vezzolia, G., Valagussaa, M., Allenb K., Kadic, K.A., Al- Jubouryd, A. I. A. (2013) Provenance and recycling of Arabian desert sand. Earth-Science Reviews, Vol 120, 1-19.  Meshkani S.A., Mehrabi B., Yaghubpur A., Sadeghi M. (2013) Recognition of the regional lineaments of Iran: Using geospatial data and their implications for exploration of metallic ore deposit. Ore Geology Reviews, Vol 55, 48–63.  Teller J.T., Glennie K.W., Lancaster N., Singhvi A.K. (2000) Calcareous dunes of the United Arab Emirates and Noah's Flood: the postglacial reflooding of the Persian (Arabian) Gulf. Quaternary International, Vol 68–71, 297–308.

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Content: Study: 259 species of marine plastic waste travel around the world, even becoming invasive species
The yellow duckling sailed across the ocean with a gooseneck vase, embarking on an adventure | Photo Credit: Hu Kai-shen
What we want you to know is
Biological "hitchhiking" has a long history, now they have marine debris, under the wind like a skull-sail pirate ship, drift more than 20 times faster than algae, more and more young animals without the ability to float the ocean, are on this can take the wind and waves of the plastic speedboat.
Text: Hu Kai-shen (Chengyang Environmental Consultant)
The news of marine life eating sea waste is often on the news page, and the image of plastic waste harming the marine ecology is deeply rooted in people's hearts.
However, the academic community discovered that there are creatures that take advantage of the opportunity to open up the land through the sea!
In 2015, the academic community counted 395 species of marine life that had been mistakenly eaten or entangled by sea waste.
Surprisingly, 85 species can use the surface of sea waste as a new form of "habitat", and as many as 259 species may use the floating nature of sea waste to travel around and even become invasive species. [1]
From life rafts to pirate speedboats, the plastic age makes biological travel easier
Bio ’ s “hitchhiking ” tour has a long history.
Long before the invention of plastic, organisms such as diatoms, foraminifera, tubeworms, vines, and two shells hitchhiked. They have been attached to floating volcanic pumice, driftwood, seeds, macroalgae, or animal carcasses since floating, forming unique rafting organisms.
However, the buoyancy of these organic drifts will not last for a few days, and they will sink into the deep sea with the screams of passengers.
Now, they have marine litter.
Marine plastic materials are relatively stable and durable and resistant to corrosion.
After entering the water, there is still a large section in the air, like a pirate ship lifting a skeleton sail under the wind of the sea, and the drift speed is more than 20 times faster than that of algae!
As early as 2005, scientists observed that an increasing number of animals that did not have the ability to float in the ocean during their infancy appeared to be riding on the wind-breaking plastic speedboats. They waving flags and waving across the previously inaccessible geographical barriers of wooden or horsetail algae rafts and creeping ashore on unknown coasts. [2]
Ocean plastic debris hitchhikers have formed a unique plastic biosphere. In September 2022, the 7th International Ocean Waste Congress in Busan, South Korea, held a special talk for them to take a look at their transcontinental journey!
If you want to know who loves hitchhiking, throw away all kinds of plastic to attract them.
Ana Luzia Lacerda, a researcher from the Sorbonne University in France, Italy, Ireland, Spain and Brazil, dipped into nine types of plastic sheets in five geographically diverse seas, using the natural environment to cultivate microorganisms and invertebrates on the plastic surface, and then analyzed the DNA of these microorganisms by molecular biology.
Preliminary analysis has found that the dominant species in some locations are two types of tiny diatoms.
Tube worms were found in samples from four sites. Ninety days later, the plastic removed in France showed filamentous green algae not found anywhere else.
The authors believe that to solve the mystery of the marine plastic biosphere, important clues lie in their diversity, variations in different environmental conditions and plastic properties.
Keep swimming! Those who swim to Hawaii with the sea bus
The North Pacific Gyre is the world ’ s largest ecosystem, and its central Pacific Garbage Patch is the world ’ s largest bowl of “ocean plastic soup. ”
The US research team analyzed 1,500 underwater images of marine debris taken by volunteers in two waters in the North Pacific between 2018 and 2020 to identify small fish hiding in hitchhikers.
Clara Benadon, a researcher at Bowdoin College in the United States, said they divided the sea waste into 43 categories, and the fish floating in the sea waste is not diverse, but there are differences in composition.
In addition, the area covered by marine waste can also affect clustered species.
The study found four species of fish that have no record of settlement in the area east of the Hawaiian Islands, including the striped beanfish, naked frogfish, grouper, and an unknown species of rockfish. They may have traveled thousands of miles to reach the eastern Pacific Ocean with their fishing nets.
The study speculates that a growing number of persistent floating sea wastes, like regular buses, help fish cross geographical barriers into previously inaccessible waters.
Smuggling to Missy? Finding the answer in the garbage stranded on the coast
Driven by ocean currents and monsoons, the west coast of North America is a major disaster area along the coast from Alaska, British Columbia to Washington.
Washington State University, in collaboration with beach cleaning groups, also records the types of organisms attached to the surface of the garbage, the coverage rate, etc.
Kathryn Willis, a Fulbright Scholar at the university, used five years of long-term data to study the impact of marine waste materials and geographic regions on biological attachments.
The study found that the hydrological differences between the open coast and the inner coast of the fjord may have contributed to the difference in the composition of the attached species in the two places, but the rattan is the most dominant in both places.
In addition, when a coastal area has more plastic waste, the total weight of the attached biological waste is also higher.
Researchers believe this could be an indicator of ocean plastic.
Join the Ocean Traveler program and find out about the sea plastic stowaways.
Taiwan is like a rest stop on the Kuroshio Highway, the most powerful ocean current in the Pacific.
The bottles washed ashore are covered with algae and vines, and the foreign characters in the gaps indicate the country of origin like a passport.
Similarly, Taiwan also has garbage accidentally falling into the sea, becoming a vehicle for small creatures to travel to other places.
At the conference, Martin Thiel, a nearly two-meter-tall marine waste researcher and professor of marine biology at the Catholic University of the North in Chile, warmly hugged me and invited Taiwan to join Ocean Travelers, a citizen science project launched in September.
He wants us to pick up 100 pieces of sea waste at the beach, record information about types, floating / sinking, attached creatures, and put them on the ground, take photos, and upload data. [3]
This multinational detective project sounds great! In fact, we have been photographing and documenting strange creatures on the surface of sea waste for over a year.
Maybe beach cleaners, like you, also have private and private floating hot spots, suitable for this special investigation, join our multinational detective program!
Annotation
1.
Gall, S.C., & Thompson, R.C. (2015).
The impact of debris on marine life.
Marine pollution bulletin, 92 (1-2), 170-179.
2.
Thiel, M., & Gutow, L. (2004).
The ecology of drafting in the marine environment.
I. The floating submarine.
Oceanography and Marine Biology: an annual review, 42, 181-264.
3.
"Ocean Traveler" English version of the website.
Please contact us at info @ indigowaters.org
This article was published with permission from the Environmental Information Center, and the original was published here.
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In cooperation with the Foundation for the Advancement of Science and the Atomic Energy Agency
« Research » conducted a study on the impact of « acidification » on shrimp
The Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), in cooperation with the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KFAS) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), completed a study project to investigate the impact of ocean acidification and ocean surface warming on the growth and abundance of local shrimp.
In turn, the head of the project, researcher Lamia Muslim at the Center for Environmental and Life Sciences Research at the Institute, said that there are many animals that contain in their skeleton or shell calcium carbonate, and changes in the pH of water can negatively affect these organisms, especially in the early stages of their life. The sea and some phytoplankton species, but that does not mean that this is a positive thing because the increased growth of these organisms can disrupt the food chain, biodiversity and ecosystem mechanisms and construction.
She added that the presence of large amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leads to the occurrence of global warming and the rise of the surface of the oceans by between one and three degrees Celsius, and the rise of the water level to an amount ranging from 0.18 to 0.79 meters, which in turn leads to acidification and warming of the surface of the oceans, and therefore to change the chemistry of the ocean and threaten marine ecosystems.
She pointed out that the shrimp mothers were collected from Kuwaiti territorial waters during the breeding season to obtain eggs and shrimp larvae in sufficient numbers to conduct experiments on all stages of shrimp age, as the study experiments were conducted in the laboratories of the Institute in a controlled system simulating the expected climate changes in the future.
The results of the study confirmed that the warming of the surface of the oceans could have a greater impact than ocean acidification on the early life stages of shrimp larvae, as shrimp larvae exposed to high temperatures showed accelerated growth rates to reach the sizes of older shrimp, but with lower survival rates, it is very likely that lower survival and growth rates under future climate scenarios may lead to the emergence of smaller shrimp larvae. These larvae will undergo multiple molting processes over their life cycle making them vulnerable; furthermore, the study results suggest additional effects of combined exposure to ocean surface warming and acidification on egg-hatching success, survival, and shrimp larval development.
Al-Musallam said: “The study is fully consistent across the entire life cycle of the M Nair shrimp, where high mortality of larvae at low pH and high water temperature indicates a possible collapse of this species of crustacean under conditions of increased ocean acidification and future warming of the ocean surface, which also leads to a significant reduction in shrimp stocks in the Arabian Gulf due to overfishing or reduced larval growth due to climate change. ”
For his part, dr.
Dr. Saifuddin Iqbaluddin, from the Center for Environmental and Life Sciences Research, said experts regularly measure water temperature and pH levels and look at how marine life might respond to these changes in the coming decades.
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How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

How does elevated water acidity affect fish ability to survive?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

How does elevated water acidity affect fish ability to survive?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

How does elevated water acidity affect fish ability to survive?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

While coral bleaching is a well-known consequence, ocean acidification affects a wide range of marine life, including cephalopods like cuttlefish and octopuses, as well as marine mammals and other organisms.

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Content: Supplement
Sunday WorkShop
Green Living: Exploring Coastal Habitats and Playing with Sand as an Ecologist
[Ming Pao News] Lung Mei Beach has recently become a "lack of oxygen aquarium", making everyone more concerned about the beach ecology.
The sandy shore is one of the major habitats in Hong Kong. At present, the STEM electives in junior high school science and senior high school, including biology and integrated science, have a field visit, which allows students to become “ecologists ” to study and sample the coastal habitats.
"Students usually go to the beach to pile up sand and swim, and less observe organisms from a scientific point of view. Through these inspection techniques, they can understand that the beach is an important place for life in the ecosystem."
Janice Cheung, Education Project Supervisor and Evaluation Manager of WWF Hong Kong, led the related research activities for more than 10 years. She said that this research method for students is not complicated and encourages the public to refer to it. In addition to swimming, you can also bring simple tools and do scientific experiments.
Choose the beach according to the purpose of the visit
Janice refers to the natural beaches in Hong Kong, including beaches frequented by the public, which can generally be divided into two categories: exposed and sheltered, depending on the geographical location and the intensity of the waves.
The former usually faces the open ocean, has strong scouring power, the sand is larger, it is drier when stepping on it, and the water is faster when the tide is receding, such as Big Wave Bay on Hong Kong Island, for example, the latter is protected by features such as cape and other features, and the sand grains are small.
The two habitats are different, and different species can be observed. "A lot of time to visit the mudflats, because they are outside the mangrove forest, so you can see multiple organisms at the same time."
She refers to the ecological links, according to different inspection purposes, you can choose to nearby mangroves, coastal plants or rocky beaches.
The artificial beach is still worth exploring.
She also reminded that although artificial beaches do not fall into these two categories, it is still worth carrying out exploration activities: "It is not certain whether species will return after artificial beaches are stabilized, but the public can use these tools and observation techniques to compare the difference between artificial and natural beaches and see if the creatures of artificial beaches will return."
Most of the time, she will choose to visit the location near the education center, in Hoi Ha Wan or Yuen Chau Tsai, but pay attention to the fact that Hoi Ha Wan is a marine park, the public is not allowed to dig sand, only to observe the sand surface.
You can consider some convenient locations, such as Ting Kok, Tai Po, "we can see whether there is a balance in the environmental aspects of the development of Tai Po town", or Hoi Sing Bay, near Wu Kai Sha, "hidden small, but not too much sediment, it will be safe."
The most important thing is to choose the ebb time to ensure that you can see more creatures while ensuring safety. Although the usual public ecological tours will also take participants to the beach, the activities mainly observe the biodiversity of the beach with the naked eye, such as various crab cave shapes, the footprints of birds passing by, and take photos.
The learning activities focus on scientific inquiry, using the biological and environmental knowledge and applied ecological knowledge that students have learned in the classroom, dividing the beach into different parts, trying to hypothesize, random sampling, classification, measurement, using tools to record the distribution and number of organisms, on-site experiments, and inspecting nearby habitats.
Intertidal zone horizontal and straight sampling observation
After arriving at the beach, Janice will roughly determine the area of the intertidal zone. "Generally, there are two tides per day, the highest level of water coverage at high tide, and the lowest level of water coverage at low tide is the intertidal zone at low tide.
Then randomly place a sample size of 1 meter by 1 meter in each area. Students will first estimate the number of species, such as clams, snails, crabs, hermit crabs, fish, shrimp, insects, etc., based on their normal knowledge of the beach.
She pointed out that the sample square and sample strips are scientific instruments. The public can simply draw out 50 cm by 50 cm with a rope, and narrow the sampling range. "The beach is so large, so that you can focus on some of the organisms."
After that, you can leave the sample for 15 to 30 minutes, and then go back to observe, "We may disturb some organisms when we put the sample, and wait for a short period of time, the crab will have a chance to see the environment is stable, and then walk back and observe more."
Students will first examine the sand creatures, and then dig the sand to a depth of 10 to 15 cm to compare the creatures in the sand.
She advised the public to bring tools such as shovels and tweezers to facilitate dredging of sand. If any creatures or burrowing animals are found in the gaps, they can be easily picked up for observation and put back.
In addition, you can also refer to “Hong Kong Field Map: The Beach ”, a guide that she herself has consulted from time to time. If you travel with your children, you can pre-print WWF ’ s study worksheets (bit.ly / 3iESVVc, page 1).
If you want to study more carefully, you can prepare magnifiers, paper and pens, small nets, and a sorting tray containing organisms.
After years of investigation, she said that Hong Kong beaches generally have the following distribution laws:
High tide zone: closer to the land (back beach), the time of immersion is the least, the creatures do not like to stay in this area, due to long sun time, less water, difficult to find food, no matter the sand or sand in the creatures are not many.
It is possible to see dead or dying marine life, fallen leaves from the land and debris from the tide.
Middle tide area: When the tide is rising and low, there are not many organisms on the sand surface, but there are usually many clams in the sand. Like Hoi Ha Wan, she often sees 20 or 30 different kinds of clams. She estimates that the tide brings the clams here at high tide, but she does not want to stay on the sand. Sari.
Low tide area: Long soaked in shallow water, more food, more prey and competition interaction, for example, some snails will be exposed to decomposition on the surface of the beach when the feeding tide is down.
Usually there are crabs or host crabs, mainly eating dead organisms or eating debris from sand grains. There are fewer organisms in the sand, she concluded, because there is less oxygen in the water for a long time.
Lack of oxygen caused black sand is not unique to artificial beach
The same sand beach, the landform may also change with time, like Hoi Ha Wan in the past, in recent years, the accumulation of sand in the middle of the sand, the formation of sand spit (sand spit), Janice describes as a very high sand dunes, from the original mid-tide area into a high tide area, the sea water is difficult to cover, the biological distribution also changed.
She will briefly explain to students how the sand is formed by the accumulation of rocks and ocean sediment. Then she will pick up the sand and observe it, so that the students can understand that the sand has different colors and is mixed with other minerals.
There are boulders and gravel scattered along the coast, so there are scattered gravel beaches on the beach.
When digging sand to study the vertical distribution of organisms, students occasionally see black sand like dragon tail recently exposed, it turns out that this is not only a problem of artificial beaches: "The lower the beach, the less oxygen, the composition of anaerobic bacteria, some chemicals make the beach black, forming a hypoxic environment."
In general, the oxygen content decreases with increasing beach depth.
Because anaerobic bacteria breed and move in the deeper layers of the beach, the sand will be black and emit a smell like a stinky egg.
This situation is more likely to occur in small sand beaches, because the accumulation of seawater tends to cause insufficient oxygen, and organisms generally do not live in such anaerobic layer, so digging sand is not better, "usually by the water flow to bring in some oxygen, some organisms, such as the shell at the bottom of the sand, will stretch out a siphon to extract the water with oxygen on the surface of the beach, will not go to the bottom of the oxygen."
She mentioned that the shellfish studied in recent years showed signs of diminishing in size and number, and when they used to bring their students to life, they put the animals and sand back to their original places and filled the holes they had dug.
If the public wants to pick up clams during the inspection, it is recommended to first refer to the "Clam Conservation Ruler", measure the size of the clams, and follow the principle of "fine clams remaining".
The students were surprised by the results.
After sampling, the students had to pick up five shells in each area and observe them on the sand for 5 to 10 minutes. The results showed that the shells would slowly drill into the sand, as Janice said, to their great surprise: “The shells they see are not very active, but when they are put on the sand, they will feel safer. ”
In response to different subject areas and student interests, she will observe with students the food chain from primary producers to predators, as well as the beach microhabitat, including stone bottoms, crevices and water bodies, such as stone oysters stacked together, snails or shells attached to loose stone heads, and sheds hiding in rock pits when the tide is receding. of the predators.
If you are a junior high school student, you can teach some taxonomic knowledge, from the shape of the identification of spiral shell, double shell and other organisms.
Students go to the beach, at a glance, usually feel flat, there are no creatures, "some starfish color and beach like, to pay attention to find, like every summer will find the entire beach covered with white maple starfish, they come up to breed."
The students were happy to see.
Janice said that the intertidal zone is the breeding ground for many marine life: "Many fish, shrimp and crabs, marine life are small plankton when they are young, need to hide in the sheltered beach, slowly grow up, go to the open sea life, we have marine resources." An ideal “outdoor laboratory ” for studying biodiversity.
Hong Kong is a coastal city with a long coastline, which she believes provides a unique ecological environment, convenient transportation, and the public deserves to visit the beach and discover the other side of nature.
■ Common Hong Kong Beach Creatures
Hermit crab
It is commonly found on the sandy surface of the low-tide area that covers the beach, and is also known as the surface-dwelling animal.
Most of them are fast-moving crustaceans, most of them scavengers, feeding on dead creatures or eating debris from sand.
Some bottomed animals also use protective colors to hide themselves from hunters and prey discoveries.
Pseudochromis cleavage
The shellfish are light brown, usually with black stripes or black patches. They are burrowing animals, also known as endosaurs. Most of them are bivalves and insects.
Feibai Maple Starfish
A carnivorous creature found on the sand at low tide in a sheltered beach, this is a small five-armed starfish, brown and sometimes with dark patches on its arms, often hiding in the sand.
Amphipus polymorpus
A high-pitched scallop that covers the sand in the high reaches of the beach and lives on the biofilm and humus that covers the sand. Depending on the tidal cycle, it can be a surface dwelling or a burrowing animal. Although burrowing animals are not easily swept away by the waves, they can avoid predators and reduce the risk of dehydration, they face difficulties in finding food and partners and risk of oxygen deprivation.
Oleichthys aureus
Usually found in the middle of the beach, it is an intermittent burrowing animal. It is only about 1 cm long. It is a small, round shell. It is pure brown, light beige, orange, sometimes with spots, stripes or wavy lines.
Reference: Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department website, "Hong Kong Field Map: Beach"
by Vincent Leung
{Photo} Photo provided by interviewees
{Art} Chang Yu-chi
{edit} Lin Hsiao-hui
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Content: Overfishing: African Fishermen Paying the Price for Their Malpractice | Politics and Economics | In-depth Analysis with a Broader Perspective | DW | 21.05.2023
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Overfishing – African fishermen are paying the price for their wrong practices
African fishermen in countries bordering the Atlantic Ocean are suffering from a shortage of fish, while overfishing has become a major problem due to harmful fishing practices and large fishing operations in international waters.
Overfishing is threatening the livelihoods of fishermen off the coast of Africa.
The sight of a fishnet coming out of the sea full of fish is often drooled by any fisherman, but it has become rare in African countries bordering the Atlantic, where harmful fishing practices and overfishing have for years destroyed fish stocks and marine life.
Fishermen face many difficulties in fishing, whether to earn a living or feed their families, while large global fishing vessels are forced to resort to innovative and often destructive methods to maintain their marine activity, but these methods are not sustainable, which poses a threat to the marine environment, especially as the phenomenon of climate change worsens.
The crisis was the focus of a panel discussion held on the sidelines of the Ministerial Conference on Fisheries Cooperation among African States bordering the Atlantic Ocean (ATLAFCO) in Rabat, where attendees tried to explore new ways to balance fishing and biodiversity conservation.
The reality for African fishermen seems bleak, with many, including Burton, a fisherman in Benin, stressing the lack of fish.
Burton, who has been fishing in the Bay of Benin for more than 30 years, said: “Once, I could trap fish in the net ten minutes after putting underwater water lamps.
Mr Burton, 50, said fishing had been a lucrative business in the past, but that had changed in recent years.
Miserable measures.
He said the crisis has been exacerbated by large foreign fishing boats fishing for the fish that are supposed to be the day of his comrades who go out at sea on boats and small boats, but competition with large ships seems impossible.
The suffering of Benin fisherman Burton appears to be frequent in other African countries bordering the Atlantic, where years of overfishing have reduced fish catches by almost half over the past 15 years.
Similar to large fishing operations on the high seas, fishermen in countries such as Ghana are looking for innovative ways to catch and keep fish, but many fishermen resort to dangerous practices such as poisoning fish and using dynamite to kill fish at night.
Fishing was a lucrative activity in Ghana, but now fishermen cannot earn a living.
“I ’ ve seen fishermen in Ghana use chemicals like soap powder while others use heavy means like dynamite where they can catch fish using these techniques, ” Burton said.
Hunters have some responsibility.
Experts confirm that these practices inflict heavy losses on the environment as well as being contrary to the law, while these methods have become common amid the efforts of fishermen to secure their livelihood, especially with the failure of governments to work on this problem.
As a result, fishers have become part of the problem as a result of their harmful fishing practices.
Rodrigue Bilibe, a researcher at the Africa Regional Centre for Excellence in Coastal Resilience at the University of Cape Coast, Ghana, said the use of dynamite and chemicals "damages the marine and aquatic environment and exacerbates the crisis".
He added in an interview with DW that these practices “contribute to the destruction of coral reefs which hinders the marine ecological balance of coral reefs and eliminates the entire food chain.
Even if the authorities curb these illegal practices, fishermen continue to find new ways to destroy the seabed.
They are still developing other harmful practices to capture what remains of the fish from the seafloor. ”
Although there is a fact that dwindling fish populations are enough evidence of the disastrous impact of harmful fishing practices, Pelepi said fishermen still do not understand the seriousness of the issue and are flouting the rules.
According to the United Nations, fishing is the source of livelihood for about 2.7 million people in Ghana, accounting for 10% of the total population, while fish and seafood are the source of 60% of the protein consumed in the country.
In the face of these figures, the problem of fish shortage is a serious nutritional problem.
A vicious circle.
Participants at the Rabat symposium agreed on the need to find solutions to estimates that the damage caused by this problem in the coastal West African countries alone is estimated to be at least $2.3 billion annually.
Abdelnaji Lamarish, head of cooperation and information systems at TLAFCO, said improving monitoring mechanisms is an important step to start assessing and addressing the problem, adding that African countries should “fight harmful and illegal fishing methods. ”
Amadou Tall, head of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) programme, highlighted another issue: identifying harmful methods among fishermen is less difficult than identifying the latest fishing methods by global vessels in international waters.
Illegal and unauthorized fishing activities are the main problem because they are responsible for 26 million tons of fish caught annually, he said, adding that such practices occur on the high seas, which means that they are impossible to control since they fall outside the jurisdiction of coastal States.
He stressed that although illegal fishing activities take place on the high seas, they do much damage to coasts as coastal populations bear the brunt of illegal overfishing practices.
Fishermen are caught in a vicious cycle as they try to stay active, even through harmful fishing practices, while fish in the Atlantic waters off the coast of West Africa do not feed.
Kosevi Tiasu / M.
p.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Here's a comprehensive overview to include in your posters and pamphlets:

#### 1.

**Impact on Cephalopods (Cuttlefish, Octopuses, Squids)**
Cephalopods, including your school mascot the cuttlefish, are particularly vulnerable to ocean acidification.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

These creatures rely on calcium carbonate to form their internal shells or cuttlebones, which are essential for buoyancy control.

Title:

Content: Supplement
Sunday WorkShop
Dining Table Learning: Leave the Ocean a Bowl to Breathe
[Ming Pao News] In coffee shops or Western-style restaurants that provide light meals, in addition to avocado, salmon is often found on the menu – a popular ingredient that can increase the price in an environment with high operating costs, and is simple and convenient to handle (especially smoked salmon), high plasticity, and any sauce or side dishes are safe dishes.
In Hong Kong, we can always choose to eat a certain kind of fish, so most restaurants only use a few popular and convenient seafood.
I also love seafood, but I can ’ t help but worry about what ’ s left of our ocean when I see cheap sushi restaurants, snow-covered fish fillets, and comments on social media groups showing off that I ’ ve eaten a variety of rare species of fish.
Gifts of the Ocean
The ocean covers about two-thirds of the earth. More than 80% of human discoveries about the ocean are still unknown, but 80% of the earth's living creatures are home to the sea.
Oceans are just as important as rainforests. The entire ecosystem regulates the Earth ’ s temperature and absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, providing abundant food for humans.
Humans feed from rivers, lakes, and coasts when they are present, especially when gathering and hunting are unable to provide enough food, and fish is abundant and endlessly abundant as a transitional food.
As humans evolved from harvesting and hunting to domesticating wild animals and plants to farming and animal husbandry, until the Industrial Revolution, the methods of obtaining fish were largely the same: fishing with forks and nets, fishing with fishes or dams, and collecting mollusca (shellfish, octopus, squid, etc.) on the coast.
Archaeologists and historians view fish as the food that has underpinned the development of human civilization.
China had a regular fishery industry as early as 3500 BC. Since 475 BC (the Warring States Period), it has developed a complete set of aquaculture management methods. After more than 1,000 years, the business derived from fish farming, such as planting mulberry trees next to fish ponds to raise silkworms, making fish sauce, etc., has led to economic development.
In addition to beer and bread, dried fish was an important food for the craftsmen, priests and civilians involved in the huge pyramid project in ancient Egypt (circa 2560 BC).
Pickled fish and dried fish were the daily food of the Roman Empire (27 BC to 476 AD), feeding sailors, armies and slaves.
Fish played a very important role in Japan from the Ribbon Period (about 14000 BC to 300 AD), especially after Buddhism came to Japan in the 7th century AD and the Emperor issued a meat ban. In 1883, British biologist Thomas Henry Huxley was convinced that cod, herring, sardines and mackerel fisheries, and possibly all large marine fisheries, were inexhaustible. It does not affect the number of fish.
It has now been proven that this great biologist far underestimated the destructive power of this human creature.
The Sea of Sorrow
Since trawling began in the 1300s, mankind has been “evolving ” its destructive power since the industrial revolution. In the 1890s, steam trawlers caught up to eight times more than windswept fishing boats, and diesel-powered trawlers sometimes caught up to 40% more than steam trawlers.
After World War II, sonar (also sonar), originally used to detect enemy positions in the ocean, was used to detect fish stocks, nylon nets replaced cotton nets, and larger steel boats replaced wooden fishing boats, which were able to go farther to catch deeper fish.
The documentary “Seaspiracy ” points out that the current trawl is as big as a football field, towing along the seabed, leveling the entire seabed into wasteland faster and larger than leveling the rainforest. Today, the average forest area that is leveled every minute is equal to 27 football fields, and the average seabed area that is leveled every minute is 4,316 football fields, equivalent to one year. It flattened Greenland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Turkey, Iran, Thailand and Australia.
Leading international fisheries experts estimate that if current fishing trends continue, the oceans will be wiped out by 2048.
While the bottom trawl destroys all benthic habitats, a quarter of the fish catch is immediately discarded, because these by-catch have no market value, and the by-catch also includes high-ranking and important organisms in the marine life chain such as dolphins and sea turtles, seriously disrupting the ecological balance.
According to the Plastic Pollution Coalition, more than half of all marine litter is plastic fishing gear, especially fish nets.
Some fish products, such as canned tuna, are labeled with the Marine Stewardship Council Certified Sustainable Seafood label or the Dolphin-Safe label issued by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. There are thousands of connections, and no one has ever been sent to a fishing boat to monitor the actual operation, so long as the money can buy these labels.
These labels can increase the price of products and become a more profitable tool for fishery enterprises.
Since the 1970s, trophic levels such as halibut, cod and bluefin tuna have been at the highest, with numbers falling by 86 to 99%.
Once a 12-year veteran of the MICHELIN Samsung in Japan, Jiro Ono, the god of sushi, lamented that he could not find good seafood when he was young, and the seafood that used to be easy to get is now rare.
Utilizing quotas to support sustainable fisheries
As fewer and fewer fish are available, fish are raised to meet the market ’ s demand for seafood, and nearly half of all fish now come from farms.
It looks like aquaculture is a way out, but that doesn ’ t reduce the impact on the ocean.
Although there are sustainable natural farms, the quality of fisheries is even better than that of wild capture, but most of the world's farms for economic efficiency, fish are crowded in a high-density living environment, swimming in their own excrement, antibiotics and uneaten feed pollution the surrounding water quality, once the genetically unified fish escape will endanger the diversity of endangered wild species.
In addition, meat or scavenging species (salmon and shrimp) feed mainly for fishmeal, in fact, it is also consuming non-protected wild fish, and it is very inefficient (1.2 kg of feed per 1 kg of salmon; 1.5 kg of Bluefin Tuna per 1 kg).
At present, the only way to protect the ocean is to not eat seafood.
I always want to eat seafood.
David Toutain, the French chef who received two Michelin stars and a green star in Paris, suggested that we should leave the table to nature, avoid eating from time to time, eat less fish and meat, and leave the quota for eating quality, quality and quantity.
I envy my friends living in Paris who participate in the community to support sustainable fishing, get to know fishermen and learn about ocean-friendly fishing methods. Members can only order the seafood that the fisherman is expected to catch during the week, not what kind of seafood the fisherman is asked to provide.
Use what you can and don't waste it.
Slow Food has set up an international network, Slow Fish, to focus on marine biodiversity, promote sustainable fisheries and promote responsible seafood consumption. Unfortunately, the Slow Fish network in Asia is only in Taiwan. Although there is no organization support in Hong Kong, as a consumer, you can think about and consciously choose before eating fish.
WWF-Hong Kong has produced the Seafood Selection Guide, which covers the seafood varieties commonly found in local markets, supermarkets, refrigerated food stores and restaurants. It is divided into three categories: Preferred, Second Choice and Avoid.
The revised Taiwan Seafood Selection Guide by the Taiwan Ocean Conservation and Fisheries Sustainability Foundation is also worth a look.
Australian chef Josh Niland, who specializes in fish cooking, said that fish should not be regarded as an immutable and readily available commodity. Quality fish is not easy to come by, and should be treated as a precious and important place to encourage consumers to know and choose different fish, learn to handle whole fish and make the best use of them, and reduce waste.
I am still planning to cook a weekly seafood soup for dinner. After reading a lot of information, I still have to wait for a special day to eat seafood. Instead, I will cook vegan weekly mixed vegetable soup, replace fresh cream with chickpeas and potatoes, and add fresh flavor with kombu and salted yeast.
Chow Ta Miso Soup. Recipe
【 Ingredients 】 (4 to 5 servings)
• kumbu … … 8g
• Water … … 800g
• Dried chickpeas … 120g
• Onion … 1 piece (180g)
• Garlic … 1 piece
• Extra virgin olive oil … about 60 to 90 grams (about 4 to 6 tablespoons)
• Carrot … … 200g
• Potato … … 320g
• Mushrooms … 250g
• Laurel leaves … … 1 slice
• Thyme … 0.5g (about half a teaspoon)
• Coriander … … a little (chopped)
• Salt Koji … 40g (about 4 teaspoons)
• Lemon juice … 2g (about half a teaspoon)
• Black pepper … 0.6g (about half a teaspoon)
• Overnight sourdough bread … … 1 slice
• Sea salt … about 3g (half a teaspoon)
【 Practice 】
1. Put kunbu in the water, put it in the refrigerator overnight (8 hours), put it in the pot the next day, cook for half an hour on a low heat, do not cook until the water boils, the water is slightly out of steam, ready (after cooking the kunbu can be left to make other cold dishes).
Wash and peel the onion, rinse the chickpeas, put in a pot, add 360 grams of kunbu soup, half an onion, bay leaf, 2 grams of salt, heat over medium heat, roll the soup over a low heat, and cook until the chickpeas are softened.
2. Preheat the oven to 180 ℃. Cut the garlic in half. Drain 1 teaspoon of olive oil on each side and sprinkle 1 / 5 teaspoon of sea salt. Bake in tin paper for 40 minutes or until the garlic is softened.
3. Dice sour bread, drizzle with olive oil, bake in oven for 15 minutes until golden brown, set aside.
4. Peel and diced potato and carrot, and diced mushrooms and another half onion, set aside.
5. After the chickpeas are boiled, add half of the potatoes to the chickpeas and cook until softened.
6. Baked garlic meat, cooked potatoes and half chickpeas, add 200g of kombu soup and beat into a paste.
7. In another pot, add 4 to 5 tablespoons of olive oil, heat over medium heat, add onions and fry until transparent.
Add the mushrooms, fry until dry, add the carrot and potato, fry until slightly golden on the surface.
8. Add the mashed potato chickpeas, the remaining chickpeas, and the water of the chickpeas to the pot. Cook on a low heat for 10 to 15 minutes. If too thick, add the remaining kombu soup and dilute.
Serve with thyme, salt yeast, lemon juice and black pepper.
Serve with bread, drizzle with olive oil and sprinkle with chopped coriander. Finish.
Text, photos and photos by Lin Nu
{Art} Chang Yu-chi
{edit} Wang Cuili
fb: http: / / www.facebook.com / SundayMingpao
Previous / Next News

What do shellfish use to build their shells?

What do shellfish use to build their shells?

What do shellfish use to build their shells?

As ocean pH decreases due to increased CO₂ absorption, the availability of carbonate ions needed for shell formation diminishes.

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

What is the main cause of ocean acidification?

water absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

This leads to:
- **Weaken


# Report on Syria's Traditional Glassblowing

## Introduction

Traditional glassblowing represents one of Syria's most significant artisanal crafts, with deep roots in Damascus and other Syrian cities.

This ancient craft has been practiced for centuries and holds immense cultural value for the Syrian people.

However, the tradition faces serious threats that have prompted UNESCO to recognize its urgent need for safeguarding.

## History of Glassblowing in Syria

Glassblowing in Syria has ancient origins dating back to the Roman period, when Syrian glassmakers were renowned throughout the Mediterranean world for their exceptional craftsmanship.

Damascus, in particular, became a center of excellence for glass production, with techniques passed down through generations of skilled artisans.

The craft flourished particularly in the medieval period, when Damascus was a major cultural and commercial center.

Syrian glassblowers developed distinctive techniques and styles that became highly prized across the Islamic world and beyond.

The city's artisans became famous for their intricate decorative patterns, vibrant colors, and technical mastery.

## Importance

# Report on Syria's Traditional Glassblowing

## Introduction

Traditional glassblowing represents one of Syria's most significant artisanal crafts, with deep roots in Damascus and other Syrian cities.

Title:

Content: General Supervision
Elham Aboul Fath
Editor-in-Chief
Thank you for your patience.
General Supervision
Elham Aboul Fath
Editor-in-Chief
Thank you for your patience.
The industry in Syria.
An art that resists extinction.
The "Cairo News" channel presented a television report entitled "The manufacture of clogs in Syria..
An art that resists extinction. ” In the past, the Kabbaq market was crowded before the holidays, to buy what was considered essential with the new Eid clothes, until the Shami proverb said, “The one who doesn ’ t get around the Eid money. ”
The report said that the market no longer has a share of its name, with the approach of Eid, we found only a few shops specialized in Qabqab, pointing out that uncle Abu Abdo, who has been a professional manufacture of Qabqab for more than 60 years, is keen to bequeath it to his children and grandchildren for fear of extinction.
Despite his age and illness, which exhausts him, he supervises himself daily on the details of the production and how to produce it in the form that people are familiar with and loved, as is firmly established in the character of Ghawar al-Tousha.
Abu Abdo said: "All of our relatives enter the Eid with clogs, and we are working to feed the Gulf countries with them, and we try to make clogs in fashion so that it suits all customers."
According to the report, which was presented by the Cairo News Channel, customers buy it as a souvenir after it has been turned into a heritage, and the customer does not distinguish between its various types such as Zahaf, Araissi and Shabrawi, and does not distinguish between the type of Khasbah, whether it is Hura, Safsafa or pine.

This ancient craft has been practiced for centuries and holds immense cultural value for the Syrian people.

Title:

Content: Egypt / Russia / Ukraine
Egyptian President Orders Secret Provision of 40,000 Rocket Missiles to Russia
The US Department of Defense ’ s “Leak Door ” continues to ferment.
According to a leaked U.S. intelligence document, Egyptian President Abdel Fatah El-Sisi recently ordered his subordinates to produce up to 40,000 rocket bombs to be secretly shipped to Russia and asked for secrecy “to avoid problems with the West. ”
Egypt is one of America ’ s closest allies in the Middle East and a major recipient of U.S. aid.
Advertisement
Parts of a top-secret document, dated 217, summarize conversations purportedly between Sisi and senior Egyptian military officials, and also mention plans to supply Russia with artillery shells and gunpowder.
In the document, Sisi instructed Egyptian officials to keep the production and transportation of the rockets secret "in order to avoid problems with the West."
The Washington Post obtained the document from a library of confidential document images released in February and March on Discord, a popular chat software for gamers.
This document has not been reported before.
The document ’ s disclosure comes at a time of war between Russia and Ukraine, where both sides are seeking supplies from depleted weapons depots.
In response to a question about the authenticity of the document and the dialogue it describes, Egyptian Foreign Ministry spokesman Ahmed Abu Zeid said: “Egypt ’ s position from the beginning was based on non-participation in the crisis and a commitment to keep the same distance from both parties to the conflict, while affirming Egypt ’ s support for international law in the UN Charter and UN General Assembly resolutions. Programme.
“We don ’ t know any implementation of the program, ” said a U.S. government official, who requested anonymity, referring to Egypt ’ s export initiative to supply rockets to Russia mentioned in the document.“ We don ’ t see that happening, ” the official added.
Sabrina Singh, deputy press secretary for the Department of Defense, said the Justice Department has launched an investigation into the leak of classified documents.
Providing weapons for Russia ’ s invasion of Ukraine is a potentially explosive gamble for Egypt, which, despite Cairo ’ s deepening relationship with Moscow, remains deeply invested in its partnership with the United States, which has provided more than $1 billion a year in security assistance to the country for decades.
The leaked intelligence document does not explicitly state why Russia is interested in acquiring the rockets, but the Russian military has been consuming large quantities of ammunition in the war, with the U.S. government claiming that North Korea is secretly supplying Russia with artillery shells, and that China is considering doing so.
Egypt and other U.S. partners in the Middle East are trying to stay out of the West ’ s standoff with Russia over Ukraine in search of a potential confrontation over a declining U.S. role in the region, as well as new means of ensuring its economic and military security.
Russia ’ s invasion of Ukraine has raised global commodity prices and put severe pressure on Egypt, the world ’ s largest importer of wheat, which in recent years has sourced more than 80% of its wheat from Russia and Ukraine.
"Egypt is one of our oldest allies in the Middle East, and if it is true that Sisi is secretly building rockets for Russia that could be used in Ukraine, we need to take a serious account of the state of our relationship," said Senator Chris Murphy, a Democrat on Capitol Hill.
According to the report, the intelligence document described Sisi as issuing instructions on the 21st to keep the supply of rockets confidential to “avoid problems with the ‘ West ’ ” and told a person known only as Salah al-Din that he should tell factory workers that the rockets were for the Egyptian army. Egypt's Minister of State for Military Production.
The document states that the ammunition supplied to Russia will come from Plant 18, the name of a chemical manufacturing plant with a history of several decades.
The document quoted Salah Din as saying that he would “order his men to work shifts when necessary, as this is the least that Egypt can do in return for Russia ’ s unspecified help ”.
The document does not explicitly state what help came from Russia earlier. The leaked document quotes Salah Din as saying that Russians told him they were willing to “buy anything. ”
Moscow and Cairo recently signed several important deals, including an agreement this year for Russia to build a large railway workshop in Egypt.
Russia ’ s Rosatom also began construction of Egypt ’ s first nuclear power plant last year.
Perhaps most importantly, Cairo began to rely heavily on Russian food purchases after the war in Ukraine disrupted supplies of Ukrainian wheat.
This arrangement has helped Egypt avoid a wheat shortage that could trigger social unrest, as there is bread for almost every meal in this generally poor country.
Egypt is eager to avoid an uprising at home, and the country ’ s severe economic crisis, including a devaluation of its currency, high inflation, and soaring food prices — fueled in part by the war in Ukraine — is stirring up popular discontent.
Sisi is quoted in the document as saying he is considering selling “ordinary things ” to China to make room for“ more Sakr-45 production, ” referring to an Egyptian-made 122-mm rocket.
The document does not explicitly state that the rocket projectile that will be produced for Russia is the Falcon 45, but this rocket will be compatible with Russia's Grad rocket launcher (Grad) The supply of weapons to the Russian government may also trigger sanctions against Egypt by countries such as the United States and Europe.
Under Sisi ’ s rule, Egyptian military-owned companies flourished.
In recent years, he oversaw the opening of several new military factories, including a factory called 300 in 2020 that makes small arms, ammunition and missiles.
In the same year, Egypt proposed a plan to expand the production of such materials, including the production of more ammunition and parts for different types of weapons.
While the document does not say how the U.S. government collected details of the Egyptian deliberations, some of the information in the recently leaked document appears to have come from signal intelligence, which refers to technical means such as communications interception.
The U.S. government has a long history of wiretapping and intercepting communications from foreign leaders.
The 21 day talks involving Sisi were supposed to take place just days after U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken met with the Egyptian president during his visit to Cairo.
Immediately after Blinken ’ s visit, Egyptian Foreign Minister Sameh Shoukry went to Moscow for talks with Russian leaders.
Relations between the United States and Egypt have been strained in recent years as the Biden administration ratcheted up pressure on Cairo over the Sisi government ’ s record of suppressing civil society, jailing dissidents and using force against critics.
Human Rights Watch ’ s Washington director, Sarah Yager, said selling rockets to Russia would lead to more abuses abroad, and the group had previously called for an arms embargo on Egypt ’ s security forces for their involvement in abuses.
“I would also question whether any U.S. security assistance has been used to create these weapons that could be shipped to Russia, ” Mr. YAG said.
Last September, U.S. officials announced that they would withhold $130 million in security assistance from Egypt ’ s $1.3 billion annual appropriation because of Cairo ’ s human rights record.
Washington cited steps to release political prisoners in its decision not to withhold more aid as part of an attempt by the U.S. government to balance human rights concerns with U.S. and regional security interests. Successive U.S. administrations have valued Egypt ’ s role in brokering an agreement to curb violence in the long-running Israeli-Palestinian dispute.
But for its part, the Egyptian authorities are increasingly dissatisfied with U.S. relations, including Washington ’ s conditions for human rights and democratization.
Jon Alterman, director of the Middle East program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, a Washington-based think tank, said Cairo believes its position will be weakened if it relies too heavily on the United States and tries to use its long-standing relationship with Russia as a way to exert influence.
Altman said: "The Egyptian military feels that it is taken for granted by the United States."
Michael Hanna, director of the U.S. program at the International Crisis Group, said the fact that the partnership between the two countries has endured bitter disagreements in the past may encourage the Egyptian government to believe it can risk taking actions that are sure to be strongly opposed in Washington.
“The story of this relationship is that it just continues, ” Hannah says.
"There's a lot of inertia and path dependence here," he added.
Hanna noted that the Biden administration has been leading Western efforts to deny Russia and its mercenaries the technology and weapons needed in the Ukraine war, and to punish U.S. adversaries such as Iran and North Korea, which have already done so. “The idea that Egypt will play that role — that ’ s a disgrace to the United States, ” he said.

However, the tradition faces serious threats that have prompted UNESCO to recognize its urgent need for safeguarding.

Title:

Content: Syrian Oud on World Cultural Heritage List
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has inscribed the Syrian oud on its list of intangible world cultural heritage.
The oud represents a distinctive place within modern and contemporary Arabic music.

## History of Glassblowing in Syria

Glassblowing in Syria has ancient origins dating back to the Roman period, when Syrian glassmakers were renowned throughout the Mediterranean world for their exceptional craftsmanship.

Damascus, in particular, became a center of excellence for glass production, with techniques passed down through generations of skilled artisans.

The craft flourished particularly in the medieval period, when Damascus was a major cultural and commercial center.

Syrian glassblowers developed distinctive techniques and styles that became highly prized across the Islamic world and beyond.

The city's artisans became famous for their intricate decorative patterns, vibrant colors, and technical mastery.

Title:

Content: Your device does not support JavaScript!
Listeners
Based on matching tastes
Oh, wow!
You seem to be the only one,
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Albums
Rossini: Il Barbiere di Siviglia (Greatest opera collection)
Philharmonia Orchestra, Alceo Galliera, Mario Carlin, Philharmonia Chorus, Roberto Benaglio, Luigi Alva
Classical Digital Remasterings • Classical Music • 2012

## Importance


# Syria's Traditional Glassblowing: A Report for the Artist Co-op Workshop Series

## Introduction

As program chair for your artist co-op's summer workshop series, I'm pleased to provide you with background information on Syria's traditional glassblowing craft to help you introduce our expert glassblower from Syria.

This report covers the essential aspects of this endangered art form.

## History of Glassblowing in Syria

Syria has a rich tradition of glassmaking that dates back centuries, with Damascus serving as a significant center for this craft.

The art of glassblowing in Syria has been passed down through generations of skilled artisans, creating distinctive pieces that reflect both local traditions and broader Islamic artistic influences.

Traditional Syrian glassblowing has been particularly known for creating decorative items, vessels, and functional objects that were integral to daily life and cultural celebrations.

Historically, glassblowing workshops were concentrated in specific areas of Damascus, where families specialized in this craft for generations.

The technique involves heating glass to

# Syria's Traditional Glassblowing: A Report for the Artist Co-op Workshop Series

## Introduction

As program chair for your artist co-op's summer workshop series, I'm pleased to provide you with background information on Syria's traditional glassblowing craft to help you introduce our expert glassblower from Syria.

Title:

Content: “Made in Syria ” at the Galaa Hall in Damascus
Photo by Samar Ibrahim
Look, too.
Syria participates for the first time in the Arab-Gulf Cancer Awareness Week
Damascus - SANA participates in Arab Gulf Cancer Awareness Week for the first time

Title:

Content: Egypt / Russia / Ukraine
Egyptian President Orders Secret Provision of 40,000 Rocket Missiles to Russia
The US Department of Defense ’ s “Leak Door ” continues to ferment.
According to a leaked U.S. intelligence document, Egyptian President Abdel Fatah El-Sisi recently ordered his subordinates to produce up to 40,000 rocket bombs to be secretly shipped to Russia and asked for secrecy “to avoid problems with the West. ”
Egypt is one of America ’ s closest allies in the Middle East and a major recipient of U.S. aid.
Advertisement
Parts of a top-secret document, dated 217, summarize conversations purportedly between Sisi and senior Egyptian military officials, and also mention plans to supply Russia with artillery shells and gunpowder.
In the document, Sisi instructed Egyptian officials to keep the production and transportation of the rockets secret "in order to avoid problems with the West."
The Washington Post obtained the document from a library of confidential document images released in February and March on Discord, a popular chat software for gamers.
This document has not been reported before.
The document ’ s disclosure comes at a time of war between Russia and Ukraine, where both sides are seeking supplies from depleted weapons depots.
In response to a question about the authenticity of the document and the dialogue it describes, Egyptian Foreign Ministry spokesman Ahmed Abu Zeid said: “Egypt ’ s position from the beginning was based on non-participation in the crisis and a commitment to keep the same distance from both parties to the conflict, while affirming Egypt ’ s support for international law in the UN Charter and UN General Assembly resolutions. Programme.
“We don ’ t know any implementation of the program, ” said a U.S. government official, who requested anonymity, referring to Egypt ’ s export initiative to supply rockets to Russia mentioned in the document.“ We don ’ t see that happening, ” the official added.
Sabrina Singh, deputy press secretary for the Department of Defense, said the Justice Department has launched an investigation into the leak of classified documents.
Providing weapons for Russia ’ s invasion of Ukraine is a potentially explosive gamble for Egypt, which, despite Cairo ’ s deepening relationship with Moscow, remains deeply invested in its partnership with the United States, which has provided more than $1 billion a year in security assistance to the country for decades.
The leaked intelligence document does not explicitly state why Russia is interested in acquiring the rockets, but the Russian military has been consuming large quantities of ammunition in the war, with the U.S. government claiming that North Korea is secretly supplying Russia with artillery shells, and that China is considering doing so.
Egypt and other U.S. partners in the Middle East are trying to stay out of the West ’ s standoff with Russia over Ukraine in search of a potential confrontation over a declining U.S. role in the region, as well as new means of ensuring its economic and military security.
Russia ’ s invasion of Ukraine has raised global commodity prices and put severe pressure on Egypt, the world ’ s largest importer of wheat, which in recent years has sourced more than 80% of its wheat from Russia and Ukraine.
"Egypt is one of our oldest allies in the Middle East, and if it is true that Sisi is secretly building rockets for Russia that could be used in Ukraine, we need to take a serious account of the state of our relationship," said Senator Chris Murphy, a Democrat on Capitol Hill.
According to the report, the intelligence document described Sisi as issuing instructions on the 21st to keep the supply of rockets confidential to “avoid problems with the ‘ West ’ ” and told a person known only as Salah al-Din that he should tell factory workers that the rockets were for the Egyptian army. Egypt's Minister of State for Military Production.
The document states that the ammunition supplied to Russia will come from Plant 18, the name of a chemical manufacturing plant with a history of several decades.
The document quoted Salah Din as saying that he would “order his men to work shifts when necessary, as this is the least that Egypt can do in return for Russia ’ s unspecified help ”.
The document does not explicitly state what help came from Russia earlier. The leaked document quotes Salah Din as saying that Russians told him they were willing to “buy anything. ”
Moscow and Cairo recently signed several important deals, including an agreement this year for Russia to build a large railway workshop in Egypt.
Russia ’ s Rosatom also began construction of Egypt ’ s first nuclear power plant last year.
Perhaps most importantly, Cairo began to rely heavily on Russian food purchases after the war in Ukraine disrupted supplies of Ukrainian wheat.
This arrangement has helped Egypt avoid a wheat shortage that could trigger social unrest, as there is bread for almost every meal in this generally poor country.
Egypt is eager to avoid an uprising at home, and the country ’ s severe economic crisis, including a devaluation of its currency, high inflation, and soaring food prices — fueled in part by the war in Ukraine — is stirring up popular discontent.
Sisi is quoted in the document as saying he is considering selling “ordinary things ” to China to make room for“ more Sakr-45 production, ” referring to an Egyptian-made 122-mm rocket.
The document does not explicitly state that the rocket projectile that will be produced for Russia is the Falcon 45, but this rocket will be compatible with Russia's Grad rocket launcher (Grad) The supply of weapons to the Russian government may also trigger sanctions against Egypt by countries such as the United States and Europe.
Under Sisi ’ s rule, Egyptian military-owned companies flourished.
In recent years, he oversaw the opening of several new military factories, including a factory called 300 in 2020 that makes small arms, ammunition and missiles.
In the same year, Egypt proposed a plan to expand the production of such materials, including the production of more ammunition and parts for different types of weapons.
While the document does not say how the U.S. government collected details of the Egyptian deliberations, some of the information in the recently leaked document appears to have come from signal intelligence, which refers to technical means such as communications interception.
The U.S. government has a long history of wiretapping and intercepting communications from foreign leaders.
The 21 day talks involving Sisi were supposed to take place just days after U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken met with the Egyptian president during his visit to Cairo.
Immediately after Blinken ’ s visit, Egyptian Foreign Minister Sameh Shoukry went to Moscow for talks with Russian leaders.
Relations between the United States and Egypt have been strained in recent years as the Biden administration ratcheted up pressure on Cairo over the Sisi government ’ s record of suppressing civil society, jailing dissidents and using force against critics.
Human Rights Watch ’ s Washington director, Sarah Yager, said selling rockets to Russia would lead to more abuses abroad, and the group had previously called for an arms embargo on Egypt ’ s security forces for their involvement in abuses.
“I would also question whether any U.S. security assistance has been used to create these weapons that could be shipped to Russia, ” Mr. YAG said.
Last September, U.S. officials announced that they would withhold $130 million in security assistance from Egypt ’ s $1.3 billion annual appropriation because of Cairo ’ s human rights record.
Washington cited steps to release political prisoners in its decision not to withhold more aid as part of an attempt by the U.S. government to balance human rights concerns with U.S. and regional security interests. Successive U.S. administrations have valued Egypt ’ s role in brokering an agreement to curb violence in the long-running Israeli-Palestinian dispute.
But for its part, the Egyptian authorities are increasingly dissatisfied with U.S. relations, including Washington ’ s conditions for human rights and democratization.
Jon Alterman, director of the Middle East program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, a Washington-based think tank, said Cairo believes its position will be weakened if it relies too heavily on the United States and tries to use its long-standing relationship with Russia as a way to exert influence.
Altman said: "The Egyptian military feels that it is taken for granted by the United States."
Michael Hanna, director of the U.S. program at the International Crisis Group, said the fact that the partnership between the two countries has endured bitter disagreements in the past may encourage the Egyptian government to believe it can risk taking actions that are sure to be strongly opposed in Washington.
“The story of this relationship is that it just continues, ” Hannah says.
"There's a lot of inertia and path dependence here," he added.
Hanna noted that the Biden administration has been leading Western efforts to deny Russia and its mercenaries the technology and weapons needed in the Ukraine war, and to punish U.S. adversaries such as Iran and North Korea, which have already done so. “The idea that Egypt will play that role — that ’ s a disgrace to the United States, ” he said.

Title:

Content: General Supervision
Elham Aboul Fath
Editor-in-Chief
Thank you for your patience.
General Supervision
Elham Aboul Fath
Editor-in-Chief
Thank you for your patience.
The industry in Syria.
An art that resists extinction.
The "Cairo News" channel presented a television report entitled "The manufacture of clogs in Syria..
An art that resists extinction. ” In the past, the Kabbaq market was crowded before the holidays, to buy what was considered essential with the new Eid clothes, until the Shami proverb said, “The one who doesn ’ t get around the Eid money. ”
The report said that the market no longer has a share of its name, with the approach of Eid, we found only a few shops specialized in Qabqab, pointing out that uncle Abu Abdo, who has been a professional manufacture of Qabqab for more than 60 years, is keen to bequeath it to his children and grandchildren for fear of extinction.
Despite his age and illness, which exhausts him, he supervises himself daily on the details of the production and how to produce it in the form that people are familiar with and loved, as is firmly established in the character of Ghawar al-Tousha.
Abu Abdo said: "All of our relatives enter the Eid with clogs, and we are working to feed the Gulf countries with them, and we try to make clogs in fashion so that it suits all customers."
According to the report, which was presented by the Cairo News Channel, customers buy it as a souvenir after it has been turned into a heritage, and the customer does not distinguish between its various types such as Zahaf, Araissi and Shabrawi, and does not distinguish between the type of Khasbah, whether it is Hura, Safsafa or pine.

This report covers the essential aspects of this endangered art form.

## History of Glassblowing in Syria

Syria has a rich tradition of glassmaking that dates back centuries, with Damascus serving as a significant center for this craft.

Title:

Content: People 's Network > > International
Digital tourism abroad accelerates development
April 11, 2022 05: 33 | Source: People's Daily - People's Daily
Small number
Italy ’ s historic city of Venice has launched a number of digital tours in recent years, including a live view of the canal via a gondola (small local cruise ship).
People's Vision
Through the “Experience Egypt at Home ” cultural program, visitors can log on to the relevant tourist attractions and historical sites for a“ cloud ” tour using devices such as computers and mobile phones.
"Experience Egypt at Home" Cultural Project
On March 12, at the Los Angeles Travel and Adventure Exhibition, visitors experience virtual reality tourism projects.
At the Chiba Zoo in Japan, camera robots provide services for online tourism activities.
People's Vision
In order to cope with the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic, the new model of digital tourism has accelerated development.
In some countries, tourist attractions not only use digital technology to put attractions or exhibits on the Internet, but also strengthen the digital construction of scenic spots, focusing on the post-epidemic era, to provide tourists with a richer interactive experience and intelligent services.
Egypt -
Give visitors a different experience.
Our reporter Huang Peizhao
"It is a completely different feeling, in addition to the real feeling of the immersive, there is a sense of playing games, three-dimensional clear picture is more visual impact than visiting the scenic spots, and I can master the rhythm of the move at any time." "It's wonderful to stop at any place of interest, or to go as fast as you want," he said.
In order to meet the spiritual and cultural needs of people during the epidemic prevention and control period, the Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities and the Institute of Science and Archaeology jointly launched a series of boutique cultural projects entitled “Experience Egypt at Home ”.
Under this framework, dozens of Egyptian museums and archaeological sites have been incorporated into the digital virtual tourism cloud space, with high-definition, lifelike images of scenic spots, accompanied by graphic, video and audio presentations.
"Experience Egypt at Home" cultural project not only covers the three pyramids in the Giza Highlands, the Egyptian National Museum, the Coptic Museum and other famous attractions, but also some attractions that are usually unpopular or even under closed maintenance. "This has greatly expanded the scope of people's travel and stimulated people's interest.
"There are some places that I have never visited before, but now I have made up for it and I feel like I have gained a lot of knowledge," Ibrahim said.
Ibrahim also said that he had visited the Ladder Pyramid several times before, but did not know much about the details of the oldest pyramid in Egypt.
"In the real scene, many details can not be seen, and with many tourists, there is rarely a chance to calm down and watch a person carefully."
Now into the digital virtual tourism cloud space, the 3D tour of the high-definition interface can achieve 360 degrees rotation, as if through time and space, back to the depths of Egyptian history thousands of years ago, some murals of patterns, texture and even wrinkles, cracks, etc., are clearly seen, which is difficult to see on site tourism. "
Journalists log on to Ibrahim ’ s website to experience the experience.
Sure enough, the picture is spectacular and the scene is grand, and the image completely simulates the real design of the tourists entering the ladder pyramid, moving, moving forward and retreating are very comfortable.
The whole process is educational and fun, and it is very helpful to stimulate people's interest in history.
At present, there are still some shortcomings in digital tourism, such as the sense of interaction between people and scenes needs to be improved.
At the same time, some digital virtual cloud travel space pages need high network speed, and sometimes there will be a phenomenon such as stuck or the page can not be opened in some browser environments.
Abraham said, “This is not a good thing, it is not a bad thing.
Under the special circumstances of the epidemic, it is inconvenient for people to walk out of their homes, and “Experience Egypt at home ” is a fairly good digital product for visiting Egypt.
Even after the epidemic, I will continue to use digital tourism, and I can even combine offline and online tourism to have a more comprehensive and detailed understanding of the attractions. "
Italy –
Click the mouse face to face with the artwork
Our reporter Xie Yahong
The Basilica of Our Lady of Flowers, located in the center of Florence, Italy, was founded in the late 13th century and houses many famous Renaissance carvings and paintings.
When visitors wander between them and enjoy Michelangelo ’ s works, they can open the mobile app and have a dialogue with the artificial intelligence version of Michelangelo “across time and space ”.
Visitors can ask questions ranging from works to everyday life, and "Michelangelo" not only answers one by one, but also introduces visitors to his works.
Timothy Weldon, director of the Museum of the Basilica of the Flowers, said that through such a digital interaction, visitors can better understand Michelangelo ’ s artistic heritage and innovation, and his contribution to the time and the world today.
Italy is rich in human and natural tourism resources, with some 65 million foreign tourists visiting Italy in 2019 before the outbreak of COVID-19.
As a historical and cultural city, Florence received more than 4 million visitors at that time, 10 times its resident population, and some popular attractions were often overloaded, which also prompted the city to take the lead in the application of digital technology.
For example, as early as 2016, the city of Florence cooperated with mobile operators to analyze the volume of mobile data, determine the number of tourists in different time and place and propose scientific and reasonable countermeasures.
In 2017, the Italian government jointly developed a tourism strategic plan for the next five years to support tourism-related enterprises to actively use digital technology.
Many art institutions have invested in the digital boom to bring a better experience to tourists.
The Uffizi Museum is one of the most prestigious museums, and in 2018 the museum collaborated with Italian and American universities on the “Uffizi Digital Project ”, which digitized the collection of more than 1,200 ancient Greek and Roman sculptures.
The Uffizi Museum also put more than 70 of its most famous works online in HD, allowing art lovers around the world to come face-to-face with works of art with a click of a mouse.
At present, the Uffizi Museum regularly holds virtual exhibitions, and as long as you open the "Super Vision" page on the official website, you can browse the different thematic exhibitions currently held.
Many exhibitions have also set up virtual exhibition halls based on the real exhibition hall, and visitors can watch the works of art as if they were in the offline exhibition hall.
In 2021, on the 700th anniversary of Dante ’ s death, the Uffizi Gallery has a special online exhibition of paper illustrations by 16th century illustrators for The Divine Comedy.
Ike Schmidt, director of the Uffizi Art Museum, said that because the paper collection is very fragile, only a few of these beautiful paintings have been shown to the public before, "now through the Internet, all interested people can enjoy".
Germany –
Driving Digital Transformation of Tourism
Our reporter Zhang Huizhong
The city of Herenberg is located in the German state of Baden-Württemberg and has about 31,000 residents.
The city's picturesque, environmentally friendly half-wood buildings and an ancient church with a bell tower museum are the tourist features of the city.
Now, thanks to the "digital twin" model developed by institutions such as the High Performance Computing Center in Stuttgart, Germany, people around the world are expected to enjoy the beautiful scenery of the small city of Herenberg through virtual reality technology.
The "digital twin" model was developed from the concept of spatial syntax.
Dr. Fabian Demsky of the Stuttgart High Performance Computing Center team said that, just as human bones provide a support for other human systems and functions, spatial syntax constructs the physical grid outline of a city, providing a basic framework for performing spatial analysis.
In addition, the team added data such as geographic information systems and traffic control systems to integrate information such as urban terrain and traffic flow.
Tourism is one of Germany's pillar industries.
According to statistics, in 2019, the total number of foreign tourists to Germany is about 190 million.
The sudden outbreak of COVID-19 has dealt a huge blow to the German tourism industry.
According to the report of the World Tourism Council, Germany ’ s tourism revenue was as high as 344bn euros in 2019, and fell sharply to 183bn euros in 2020.
While the epidemic has brought challenges to the German tourism industry, it has also prompted it to accelerate its digital transformation.
During the epidemic prevention and control period, Germany launched virtual tourism websites for tourist attractions in various cities; Bode Museum, the Berlin State Opera, the Berlin Philharmonic and other institutions have also launched virtual tours, online operas or concerts, so that tourists from all over the world can visit Germany's natural scenery and experience culture and art without leaving their homes.
Virtual tourism is an aspect of the digital development of the German tourism industry, and digital technology has a wider application in the field of tourism. In 2019, the German government proposed the “Innovation Demonstration Project to Enhance Tourism Capacity ”.
With the support of the project, a traffic management system called “Intelligent Crowd Control ” has been developed in Lübeck Bay, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; and the Black Forest National Park in Baden-Württemberg, southwestern Germany, has been developed to provide real-time information on visitor flows.
At present, Germany is still increasing its efforts to continue to promote the digital transformation of the tourism industry.
He Peya, chairman of the board of the German National Tourism Board, said that digital forms and information technology have opened up more opportunities, expanded the precise dialogue between tourism institutions and customers, and strengthened the links between the German and international tourism industries.
Layout: Cai Huawei
People 's Daily (April 11, 2022, 18 pages)
(Editor: Yang Guangyu, Hu Yongqiu)
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The art of glassblowing in Syria has been passed down through generations of skilled artisans, creating distinctive pieces that reflect both local traditions and broader Islamic artistic influences.

Traditional Syrian glassblowing has been particularly known for creating decorative items, vessels, and functional objects that were integral to daily life and cultural celebrations.

Historically, glassblowing workshops were concentrated in specific areas of Damascus, where families specialized in this craft for generations.

The technique involves heating glass to