# Report on Government Efforts to Prevent Borrowings in State Languages

## Introduction

This report examines governmental efforts to prevent linguistic borrowings, particularly from English, in various countries' state languages.

Based on the provided sources, I will analyze specific cases where governments have implemented policies or laws to regulate language borrowing.

## Russia's Approach to Preventing Foreign Borrowings

### Legal Framework

Russia has implemented one of the most comprehensive legislative approaches to preventing foreign language borrowings.

According to the provided sources, the Russian Federation has passed a law that explicitly prohibits the use of foreign words at the state level, with specific provisions that:

- Foreign words are prohibited in official state communications
- Exceptions are made only for words without Russian equivalents that are included in normative dictionaries
- The law defines "norms" as language means and rules reflected in normative dictionaries and reference books
- The government will establish a commission to determine which dictionaries are normative and which foreign words may be permitted

### Implementation Context

# Report on Government Efforts to Prevent Borrowings in State Languages

## Introduction

This report examines governmental efforts to prevent linguistic borrowings, particularly from English, in various countries' state languages.

Title:

Content: Dialogue with the Education Sector: Cheng Yen-hsiang: What is the fate of language education in Hong Kong out of touch with the social function?
Written by: Wei Yang
Published: Updated:
Stepping into Cheng ’ s office is like coming to an art museum: calligraphy and calligraphy are hanging on the walls, clay sculptures in colored pottery are placed on the floor, and a recently published collection of watercolor paintings is on the table.
As an emeritus professor at the Education University of Hong Kong, Cheng Yen-cheung is a respected scholar in Hong Kong ’ s education sector and even in the international academic community.
In recent years, after his retirement, Cheng Yen-hsiang has taken art as a hobby and kept a low profile on education issues, and rarely received media interviews.
However, for the future of Hong Kong society and the future of education in Hong Kong, Cheng Yen-cheung is indeed a reflection of his heart and heart.
Hong Kong 01 ’ s in-depth reporting team sent a letter to invite this educationalist to explore the success or failure of the “biliteracy and trilingualism ” policy. He immediately took the initiative to TELECOM reporters, and then happily agreed to an exclusive interview,“ hoping to arouse a rational discussion of this important issue in the community ” to provide blueprint suggestions for Hong Kong ’ s future language education policy.
At the beginning of the interview, Mr Cheng took out three A4 sheets of paper with handwritten notes on both sides, glued to each other like lecture notes in a classroom – all summarizing Hong Kong ’ s language education policy and planning for the future.
The whole conversation was indeed a valuable lesson.
But during the dialogue, Cheng Yen-hsiang said that he had no heart to write articles and participate in discussions, because of the long-term crux of the education system, "I have not seen improvement for so long," and then fell into silent meditation.
In an exclusive interview with Hong Kong 01, Hong Kong ’ s education sector, Ms Cheng Yen-cheung, “hopes to arouse a rational discussion of this important issue in the community ” and provide blueprint suggestions for the future language education policy in Hong Kong. (photo by O ’ Carroll)
Language education should be for students as well as for society.
Hong Kong 01: How do you assess Hong Kong's biliteracy and trilingualism policy and its implementation?
Zheng Yanxiang: There are two levels of issues involved, namely, what is the function of the language education policy and what is the purpose.
At the first level, what is the function of the language education policy for the entire social system in Hong Kong?
According to sociologist Talcott Parsons ’ model of social functionalism, all social systems have four functions.
If your language education policy can help these four functions, then the policy is sound and the society can run smoothly; if not, the society will face failure, conflict and even collapse.
Therefore, when we discuss the language education policy, we must look at whether the policy has contributed to or neglected these four functions.
The first function is the integration function, which is to encourage social unity, integration, and the establishment of common beliefs.
Now, the most obvious feature of Hong Kong is “division. ”
You say "East", I say "West", you support "what", I oppose "what", year after year to bring down "something".
Do you think that education in Hong Kong can promote social integration and integration, build common beliefs and cooperate with each other?
Based on the above situation, there is no.
It should be said that there is very little, and it is getting less and less.
We used to say that the "Lion Rock spirit" cared about "cooperation" and "I support you, you support me", but now it is "you hit me, I hit you", and some cases are still very violent.
Therefore, the first function of the language education policy is to be reviewed.
The second function is the function of model maintenance, that is, can policies promote institutions and construction, establish good laws, and enable the stable operation of society?
Instead of everything going from the beginning, everyone went to the streets to demonstrate, to fight a “round ”, to sabotage the parliament.
Of course, I said before, now it is a different situation.
Then, the modularity of education is reflected in promoting students to abide by the law and abide by ethics and morality.
Therefore, regardless of language education or education, we must pay attention to how students can cultivate moral ethics, value and uphold the rule of law.
The third function is the adaptation function, which Hong Kong has been very adaptable all the way.
The "best" of Hong Kong people is "students", very flexible, can walk.
So, can education develop the adaptability of students?
Now the school also launched a lot of innovative courses, so I am not very worried about adaptability, education is generally very flexible.
The fourth function is to achieve the goal of success, that is, the plan, there is no clear goal, how to achieve the goal.
In Hong Kong, "achieving the goal" is very obvious, because there is an "exam", to take a high score into the university, to get a good degree.
Hong Kong is more prominent in achieving the goal of success, because the central examination system is "strong" and the target orientation is obvious throughout East Asia.
The second problem is that the multiple objectives of the policy on language education are derived from these four functions.
The first is the goal of "rule of law", in fact, I have paid attention to, no matter how chaotic, now people are very stressed "rule of law".
Everything can be solved by legal means, and it is an important goal.
And then there is the goal of political socialization.
What is “political socialization ”?
For example, the reunification of Hong Kong was in fact a great political change and a great social change. People think that "horses run, dance and dance", in fact, many things have changed.
In addition, there has always been tension between the opposition and the establishment, but can it be settled, how can we make everyone compromise? Based on this, is language education a factor that promotes stability?
The third type of goal is the goal of economic development, which is also Hong Kong ’ s history of “life and death ”.
Since its inception, Hong Kong has always attached great importance to its economy and survival, and sometimes has not talked about principles.
The question is, is our language education now for principle or for survival?
In addition, can language education adapt to future economic development?
In the past, if you do not learn English well, it is difficult to climb up in society.
Therefore, in the past, even if only the education level of primary and secondary schools, they will learn enough by themselves, and each English is very good.
Now, if Hong Kong wants to integrate into the Greater Bay Area, it must consider whether language education can support future economic development.
Then, is the goal of cultural identity.
Under the current language education policy, some students do not know China and have no feelings.
When something happened, it was time to reflect on the fact that the students were "not patriotic" or did not have a "sense of belonging" to Chinese culture, but the design of the school itself did not meet the requirements.
How much cultural identity is reflected in the education system and language education in Hong Kong?
For example, weak schools are mainly teaching in Cantonese, and strong schools are teaching in English, which makes teachers and students in weak schools feel a sense of inferiority, and Chinese is also in a position of not being valued.
In this way, cultural identity and language are closely related.
The use of "English" in powerful schools has made teachers and students in disadvantaged schools feel inferior and Chinese is not valued. (photo by Liang Pengwei)
Hong Kong 01: Why use “social function models ” and“ multiple goals ” to evaluate language policy?
Zheng Yanxiang: If we do not use the framework of multiple goals to discuss, we do not know why the language education policy is "why".
Is it enough for children to learn English, Putonghua, or be able to master bilingualism and trilingualism?
No, it's not that simple.
Language education policy is a multi-layered issue. It should not only take into account the individual level of students, but also the social level.
Education reform in the past was purely for the sake of students.
For example, it is easier for students to learn in Cantonese. These are personal discussions.
Our education cannot only be for students, but also for students and society.
For the sake of society, students will have a future; if students do well, society will have a future first.
Hong Kong 01: How can language education policy be "for students and for society"?
JOHN: This has to be considered at different levels.
First of all, the future of Hong Kong is to be based on the "Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area", pay attention, not just on the "island", and then face the world.
If Hong Kong wants to integrate with the Greater Bay Area in the future, it is no longer possible to say "I do not integrate", "can I do anything else."
It used to be, because there was no concept of the “Greater Bay Area ” before, and China ’ s conditions were not ripe.
But now it ’ s “real, ” and China is rising, rising, and no one else can stop it.
To conform to the trend of the world, to the situation of China's rise, do not go against the trend, "take the hard work."
If Hong Kong does not participate in the "Greater Bay Area", those nine cities will still do it, and then Hong Kong cannot survive.
From the perspective of the development of the Greater Bay Area, high-tech competition is more intense, the population density is higher, and the production chain and expert knowledge complement each other to form a team.
The Greater Bay Area of the future is a high-tech innovation hub that brings together talent from across the country.
Because Hong Kong is also one of the big cities in the Greater Bay Area, it also needs to pool diverse talents, so it needs a diverse language policy.
The main language of the Greater Bay Area is Putonghua, as the vast majority of schools use Putonghua for teaching, and it is most likely that Cantonese will be used in restaurants and restaurants.
Moreover, the requirement for young people in Hong Kong is not only to listen and speak Putonghua, but to grasp the ingenuity of mainland language and culture, and to grasp the feeling of writing and culture.
But it is not enough that Mandarin is good enough, and English is good, because the Greater Bay Area is facing the world.
In the past, in Hong Kong society, only knowing English was enough, and Chinese was required to “pretend not to know ”, indicating that they were educated in pure English and returned to study abroad.
Not now, to master Putonghua, master Chinese, but also to be able to connect with the international.
Think about it, the country is emphasizing the "internal circle" as the main mode of development, can Hong Kong go into the internal circle?
If you can't get in, Hong Kong has to do an external circle, which is not strong enough to enter the external circle?
The "double cycle" strategy and language relationship is very large, we can no longer hold the view of "using Cantonese in the house".
In the future, we must take into account the situation of the entire internal and external cycle, as well as the language requirements of different industry levels, how to prepare and lay a good foundation for primary and secondary schools, and really consider a little less!
Hong Kong 01: This means that we must think about the future language education policy in Hong Kong under the general trend of "double cycle".
CHENG Yen-cheung: We have to look at it from this height, we have to think about how Hong Kong can join the "inner circle" and benefit from it, so what is the corresponding education and language.
These questions must be asked clearly themselves, if you do not ask clearly, "do a round" is useless!
We have made a lot of mistakes over the past 20 years, and I will talk about these “losses ” later.
If we are not far-sighted and do not conform to this trend, then we are "ourselves".
We will find that in the past, the "language" discussed in Hong Kong society was "narrow", and only the "language of instruction" was discussed.
It is taught in Chinese, English, Cantonese or Putonghua.
However, the whole language issue and even the language policy should be "broader" to discuss how the language situation in the society should be, how to balance the Chinese and British languages, and so on.
Second, there is the issue of legal status.
The legal status of the language is also important, with the legal status of the natural enjoyment of rights and roles to contribute to development.
Cheng Yen-cheung urges HKSAR Government to establish legal status for "national language" (photo by Cheung Hao-wei)
HKSAR Government should establish legal status for "national language"
Hong Kong 01: The “legal status ” you mentioned is also mentioned in the“ Report on Language Status in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (2021) ” published by the Ministry of Education.
The Report analyses the status of biliteracy and trilingualism in Hong Kong and provides three language policy recommendations, namely, “clarify the legal status of Putonghua and Simplified Chinese ”,“ properly integrate Putonghua into the assessment system ”, and “work with the Mainland to promote Putonghua teaching ”. How do you rate the Report and these three recommendations?
Zheng Yanxiang: Similar issues were discussed very early on. At that time, there was no concept of the Greater Bay Area, but it was called the “Pearl River Delta Education Hub ”.
At that time, I was still holding an administrative position in the university, and although there were discussions, there were no results, and I did not see that the government had done any real work.
Today, seeing that the whole of Hong Kong is facing difficulties, I do not know how (education) should be done.
For example, the industrialization of higher education mentioned in the past, the government has no policies, no reports, no plans, and has become a "must turn over the word", which wastes a lot of time.
I think that this report of the Ministry of Education, that is, language education, is also one of the directions of inquiry.
It helps us understand the situation first, and then analyze how language (policy) is done, how education is done, and how the education industry is doing.
Specifically, the first recommendation is to clarify the legal status of Putonghua and Simplified Chinese.
I think Hong Kong already has that, right?
Hong Kong 01: The Official Languages Ordinance of Hong Kong states that the official languages are Chinese and English.
The corresponding oral and written form in English is of course English, but the Chinese part does not specify whether the oral form is "Putonghua" or "Cantonese", and the written form is simplified or traditional.
Zheng Yanxiang: So when it comes to school education, you can write simplified or traditional Chinese? (Reporter: Yes.) So it is. It is no wonder that it is recommended to specify “Putonghua ” and“ Simplified Chinese ”.
I find it very strange that Putonghua and Simplified Chinese are basically "one country's languages", and it would be too "humbling" to ask people to suggest that Hong Kong should be "legislated to determine its status".
If this is the case, I think this advice is necessary.
From the point of view of the integration function and the model function, the legal status of Putonghua and Simplified Chinese characters needs to be established.
If there is no legal status, many things can not be implemented at all, reflecting their strong influence on the development of Hong Kong, which can even be higher than the English language.
Hong Kong 01: Could Putonghua be more influential than English?
Zheng Yanxiang: It is possible, of course, it depends on which industries, but Putonghua has a good chance of becoming the mainstream.
In this trend, it is natural to establish the legal status of Putonghua and Simplified Chinese.
The Greater Bay Area in which Hong Kong is participating is not the New York Bay Area, nor the Tokyo Bay Area, but the Greater Bay Area of China.
Then you can ’ t even establish the legal role of the core language of China, that is, Putonghua and Simplified Chinese.
This part should be done as soon as possible, not only "established", but also implemented at the entire social level.
Hong Kong 01: Does the so-called "implementation at the social level" refer to the "integration into the evaluation system" proposal of the Report?
Cheng Yan-cheung: There are two kinds of assessment operation. One is the assessment of people in the community. For example, if you are recruited to work in the Mainland, Putonghua will be required.
Another is the assessment done by schools, that is, how many levels of Putonghua students can graduate to make it easier for students to integrate into society.
Of course, there must be a basic assessment, but there are still several steps to be taken so that young people can “advocate China ” or reduce their difficulties in living in the GBA, just as Hong Kong will naturally return to the motherland.
The final recommendation of the Report is to work with the Mainland to promote Putonghua teaching. In fact, it is very practical, because many Putonghua assessments and examinations are conducted in cooperation with mainland organizations.
These three recommendations are good practical, good low-key, and more operational recommendations, which are reasonable in operation.
I guess the mainland may also be afraid of Hong Kong people being "unable to live".
Cheng Yen-hsiang believes that the influence of Putonghua may exceed that of English. (Photo)
The Dilemma and Countermeasures of Language Education
Hong Kong 01: Based on the previous discussion, what are the difficulties and challenges in language education in Hong Kong?
First of all, the language education policy is disconnected from the four major functions of Hong Kong ’ s social system.
In the past, what we were best at was adaptability, and now we are increasingly unable to adapt.
The society is torn apart, the political conflict is getting bigger and bigger, the operation is getting slower and more difficult, and the expectation of the people is not met.
It can be seen that from the perspective of integrated functions and model functions, the entire language education is very disconnected, and the national feelings and cultural recognition of the same elements in education are becoming less and less, which is an objective fact.
Nowadays, we rarely talk about the national situation in our education system, especially when elite schools adopt an all-English context, and it is difficult to “identify ” with patriotism or cultural roots, that is, identity, in English.
For a long time, the understanding of traditional culture among many young people in Hong Kong has become less and less.
Before the curriculum reform, Chinese Language also retained some traditional ancient texts.
The so-called "learning ancient texts" does not mean that you learn to "write" ancient texts, or "know" ancient texts as simple as that, but requires students to learn "chi", learn "to be human", and learn "patriotism".
However, now that it has all been "cut off", the Chinese culture factor in the Chinese language subject is becoming less and less, and it has become a "language subject", as if learning English.
Second, from the perspective of multiple goals, Hong Kong has not seen a plan so far.
There have been discussions in the past about education hubs, metropolitan areas, and the need to build the Greater Bay Area, all of which have no language policy to match.
For example, even today, even if the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government sends people to the Mainland for discussion, Putonghua may not be familiar with, or may not understand the state of the country, these are related to the language education policy.
Are there any short-, medium- and long-term goals for the overall language education policy?
If Hong Kong is to achieve integration in the Greater Bay Area, what are the language expectations of primary schools, secondary schools and universities? And what contradictions will there be, which we must try to solve?
For example, if you learn Putonghua well, will you learn English badly?
Now that teachers are working under great pressure, will they be unable to cooperate? These need to be discussed.
At present, we do not know that the language policy of Hong Kong is "unworkable".
What are the hidden problems and difficulties in moving to school-based fine-tuning?
The Government and the community have not reported it.
If you have noticed, since the reunification of Hong Kong, most schools have mainly taught Cantonese, and it is difficult to change.
Now the language ability of students is very poor, the annual Secondary 3 "System Assessment", 20% to 30% of the people in the language test is not up to the target.
"System assessment" is not "selection", but "achieving the standard", to meet the level of a Secondary Three student.
Almost 30% of people do not meet this standard, in fact, the society has hidden a "bomb".
This number has not improved every year. Is it difficult for the entire education system to maintain this level? Should it be reviewed?
Moreover, the education system in Hong Kong as a whole is overburdened, and I have written about it in my book (Hong Kong Education Reform: Three Variations).
Teachers do not have time to care about their students and teach students other than textbooks, because they have to take care of the administration and teach many subjects, and the curriculum is always updated.
The effect of the whole education is not achieved, and even if you talk about how wonderful integration is, it is difficult.
These failures to solve the experience, if there is successful improvement experience, do not be "can not hear". Alas, I used to write about this often, but I now do not have the heart to write.
Walking into Cheng Yen-hsiang ’ s office is like coming to an art museum: calligraphy and calligraphy are hanging on the walls, and clay sculptures of colored pottery are placed on the floor. (photo by Tseng Tzu-hsiang)
Hong Kong 01: Why aren't you writing now?
CHENG Yen-cheung: I thought I would "count" after writing "Hong Kong Education Reform", and it was over! You were really "stupid" and went to find this book and asked me about it.
Hong Kong 01: But if you want to understand the context and problems of the entire education system after the reunification of Hong Kong, especially the education reform, this book of yours is one of the books that cannot be bypassed.
CHENG Yan-cheung: It ’ s really “killing ”! The problem is that it ’ s“ useless ”, and I want to use it as a memorial.
The pain points reflected in the data quoted in the book are actually good classic problems, written for many years, but nothing has changed so far.
Hong Kong 01: In the face of these difficulties, what advice do you have?
Cheng Yan-cheung: The government should respond to the development of the Greater Bay Area and China and establish a long-term language education plan.
The Government should set targets for different cycles and formulate a roadmap so that the community can understand the future development direction, so that the whole language education will not be lost.
Let me take “Mandarin to teach Chinese ” as an example, for example, to set a goal of 10 years.
Then society thinks that this is something that will only be "done" in ten years, but if you list what you will do every year from now to the next ten years, and what roadmap is there, society can participate in the discussion and make adjustments.
For example, in the area of Chinese subject education, we can build a language learning roadmap for Chinese teachers based on this roadmap, so that teachers can follow the goals of different periods to do professional development and improve the effectiveness of Putonghua teaching.
Other subjects, as well as other industries.
To take into account the diverse goals, functions at all levels, medium- and long-term goals, and the situation of schools at all levels to do comprehensive planning, then schools, sponsoring bodies, governments and universities need to participate in the discussion together.
As Hong Kong is now exploring the new territory of the Greater Bay Area, it needs the participation of all sectors and cannot "continue as usual".
There should be different levels of discussion in the planning, and then a consensus can be reached to work together to move forward.

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Content: What effect does language have on human thinking, reasoning, and judgment?
What I read in a study conducted by Stanford University in California was that English speakers focused on causes while Japanese and Spanish speakers focused on the event itself without paying attention to the perpetrator.
This reflects their general way of thinking and looking at things and events, and the study links this difference to the impact of language logic on its speakers, as each language has its own logic and way of thinking.
The dialectic of the relationship between language, thought and thinking
Between language and thinking a dialectical relationship occupied the interested and researchers, philosophers and linguists divided and argued, and has emerged in this subject two teams, the first says the separation of thought from language and the inability of language to grasp the ideas of man, and a team says communication because language is the tool of thinking and our means to it.
Descartes, Valerie and others represent the first group, arguing that man ’ s thinking is restless and unstoppable while he can control his language, speech and speech.
Bergson expresses this meaning by saying, "Thought is subjective, and language is objective and social."
They also see language as a template for thinking, and often people are unable to express their thoughts in language, and their argument for this is to stop one while talking or writing about a topic in search of words that express his desire and fulfill his purpose of it.
As the German philosopher Karl Jaspers put it, “Language compels the individual to take the same path, resulting in the members of the same society appearing to think in the same way. ”
Burgson expressed this by saying "words are tombs of meaning" while Hamilton says "words are fortresses of meaning".
Those who hold this view that language is incapable of comprehending ideas and its failure to fulfill the expression of feelings, go on to assert their idea and support it by resorting to various arts such as music and painting to remedy what language is unable to express.
But the deeper question here is: has language really failed, or has people been unable to grasp the treasures of language in terms of words and meanings to express what they think and feel?
Isn't language just a tool for expression and communication?
So why do we stick deficit to it?
The second group, the likes of Hegel and Saussure, go on to say that the flow of language with thinking because they are acquired from the family and the surrounding environment by the experiences and events of living since the early childhood years, when the child learns a new word connects it to its meaning mentally, and prepares himself to use and repeat it in the appropriate situation, so that language goes hand with thinking, and even precedes it verbally to the child's mind during the stages of learning and concepts. Dal and connotation.
As Hegel said, “The word gives to the idea its true and supreme existence. ”
"We think in our own language, we speak in our own mind," Watson says, "so it seems strange that language cannot express ideas as long as its vessel and mouth are in our minds and we survive primarily between ourselves and ourselves.
If one feels unable to express an idea in one ’ s mind, it is evidence that the idea is still hazy and cloudy in oneself.
According to Abdul Salam al-Masadi, "there is no knowledge other than it is derived through the filter of language," because language is a selection, selection, arrangement and presentation of ideas.
Hence the idea of   the dominance of linguistic circulation on human thought, the predominance of the most common and used vocabulary and words, to think and express ideas, no matter how simple or deep.
Linguistic richness in the richness of thought and mind
Based on the aforementioned information review, we can say that the language has different levels of speech, it addresses the mind read, and addresses the mind and the sense of hearing and sight spoken, and from here we enter the talk of style, the expressions of the speaker and his linguistic statements and expressive style supplement what he utters and supports it positively or negatively.
The language that speaks to the mind and the senses is symbolic, unquestionably biased and more influential than others that are devoid of any conditions or tributaries, because it is faster to penetrate the subconscious of the speaker.
Language is in fact the template of thinking and its tool, and asking about the precedence between them is like asking about the primacy of the egg and the chicken!
Did he think before he spoke, or did he think?
What's the point of knowing that?
The language, including its symbols and expressions, is linked to the prevailing patterns of thinking in society, hence the keenness of the Arabs and their acquaintance to send their children to the desert and bear the difficulty of the situation and patience for it. Listen to him.
The biographies say that he was pushing them to do so "what is in the desert air of serenity, what is in its morals of safety and moderation, and away from the spoils of civilization, and because the language of the desert is sound and authentic."
This is an important indication that those who master a particular language master the logic of its people and acquire the prevailing thinking patterns among them in his approach to things and his trial of cases, and therefore those who master more than one language have carried in themselves more than one mind and more than one methodology of thinking according to the number of languages that he mastered.
It is said that "a new language means a new person": mastering languages means mastering their logic and thinking approach, and mastering multilingualism necessarily requires broadening perceptions, broadmindedness and the ability to deal with different issues in broader and more comprehensive ways of thinking.
As long as language is the highest and highest means of expressing human thoughts and providing social connections with his surroundings and environment, his verbal abilities, linguistic richness, the soundness of his style and adaptation to the need of the situation have a real impact on the abundance of thought and the appropriateness of his trials and balance of matters and matters around him. Ah, right.
“Language is an indicator of intelligence, a mirror of the mind and a means of expressing meaning, feelings and understanding with others, ” Chomsky said.
Harlock asserts that language development in children is one of the basic aspects on which it depends to a large extent when measuring the mental, emotional, psychological and social development of the child, the level of language proficiency indicates the degree of mental maturity.
As for the fluidity of the linguistic style and its sobriety, it is the best proof of the wisdom of the mind and the ability of one to arrange his ideas and refine and organize them, to present them in a manner close to the point of the far-reaching impact deep meaning. This generation has a wonderful artistic linguistic template, thought makes language and language feeds thought.
Max Müller says that "language and thought as one coin, the first face is thought and the second face is language, and if any of the two sides corrupt the piece, then the thought for language is like the soul for the body."
Modern Suspicions
In his book "The Formation of the Arab Mind", Mohammed Abed al-Jabri argues that the Arab person suffers from a linguistic crisis, which is that he lives in two different linguistic worlds, the world of the vernacular language used in the streets and used in daily life, and the world of classical Arabic.
The former is a rich language full of extraneous and Arabized terms and words to express the affairs of emergency and contemporary life, but it is not suitable for a language of thought and culture, unlike the classical language, which is the language of thought and the official high-end, but nevertheless falls short of expressing many aspects of real life.
In fact, his statement is a far exaggeration, since he believes that if we use classical to express our thoughts in everyday life as a common language, we would be too silent to express them.
However, the matter is not dealt with in this way or with these inadequate visions, if we used to use the standard in our daily lives, we would have used many words neglected and abandoned, because of the diarrhea and tendency to popular and known and recognized among people in the language of the street, so to speak, one is the outcome of his thought and language, if his attention to one of them appeared the product of that in the other. It is important to understand the language and its language.
As for the ability of the vernacular to meet the expression of man's daily needs, it is based on habituation, ease and dependence on the common man, and it is a pure reflection of one's upbringing and social environment.
While the standard places the intellectuals in a sophisticated linguistic corner, the vernacular tends to degenerate one into the popular environment in which he or she grew up.
To sum up: Whoever wants to take care of his thought and develop his mind, he must take care of his language, and whoever wants to expand his knowledge and enrich his thought, he must think about acquiring new languages and mastering them as much as he can.
Source: The Island

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Content: Thursday 02 May 2024
Chairman of the Board of Directors and Editors
Abdurrahim Ali
Chairman of the Board of Directors and Editorial Board
Abdurrahim Ali
A culture
Recommendations of the 90th Arabic Language Academy Conference
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The Arabic Language Academy, headed by Dr. Abdul Wahab Abdul Hafez, President of the Academy, concluded the activities of its annual international conference on Thursday, May 2, 2024 in its 90th session, entitled: "Arabic Language and the Challenges of the Age: Visions, Perceptions and Suggestions".
The conference was attended by many heads of Arabic language academies and higher bodies concerned with the Arabic language, members of the conference of the Academy and correspondents from Arab and foreign countries.
Abdulhamid Madkour, Secretary General of the Academy, announced the decisions and recommendations of the conference as follows:
In light of the provisions of Law No. (112) of 2008, which stipulates that the educational institutions, the authorities supervising cultural services, ministries and public bodies, local administration units, and other bodies under the supervision of the mentioned authorities shall implement the decisions issued by the Academy to serve the integrity of the Arabic language, facilitate its dissemination and dissemination, develop its teaching and learning methods, adjust its correct pronunciation, standardize its terminology and replace common foreign names. community,.
The Conference recommends that:
It is the right of the teachers of the Arabic language in universities to adhere to the standard Arabic language in its teaching, and in their scientific discussions, and to train their students to use it.
2- The Supreme Council of Universities includes language curricula that will gain its students the basic skills of Arabic language speaking, writing and understanding, especially the departments of the faculties of theoretical sciences.
3 - The Arabic language departments add a curriculum to introduce students to the basics of artificial intelligence, computer programs and scientific codes, and train them on how to employ it in raising the scientific level of students.
The official bodies concerned with translation at the level of the Arab world should strive to develop a unified Arab translation policy, and to establish a quantitative balance between translated works in applied sciences and translated works in theoretical sciences.
To expand the circle of cooperation between the Academy of Arabic Language in Cairo and the National Council for Translation, to include the establishment of incentive prizes in translation from and into Arabic under the supervision of both parties.
Official bodies related to the Arabic language, such as the Ministries of Education, Culture, Information and Endowments, should increase their interest in the dissemination of the Arabic language as an important strategic factor in the unification and development of the Arab world.
and to work hard to increase the Arabic content on the Internet.
7- The Union of Language Academies expands the coordination between the Arabic academies; to become unified and integrated efforts in their work projects, especially in the field of scientific terminology.
There are several recommendations addressed by the Conference to the Cairo Assembly, which will be re-read to the members of the Assembly at the first meeting of the Council after the Conference, in order to discuss them and take appropriate decisions, including:
1 - Set the date of the conference of the complex and its subject at an early period so that researchers can accomplish their research, and the management of the complex can address the concerned parties to be present for the conference members and correspondents.
2 - Take advantage of the work of the linguistic and scientific committees in updating the lexicon of the complex.
The Arabic Language Academy seeks to establish two awards in the field of translation, the first for works translated into Arabic, and the second for works translated from Arabic to other live world languages.
4- Reviving the work of the committees of translation, literature and the Arabic language in education, which have been suspended for some time.
5- To cooperate with the two committees: "Arabic Language and Artificial Intelligence" and "Arabic Language in Education" to design courses dedicated to the applications of artificial intelligence for students of Arabic language and literature.
It is worth mentioning that the conference of the Academy discussed in its closed sessions sections of linguistic and scientific terms presented by the committees: biology and agriculture, education and psychology, environmental sciences, dialects and linguistic research, physics, terminology and methods, geology, computers, the grand lexicon (materials from the letters Ta and Za ’ a), history and archaeology, Islamic philosophy, anthropology, and the lexicon of Arabic poetry. Mathematics, Media, Engineering, Geography, Language Origins, and Oil.
In the public sessions of the conference, in which attendance was made available to the public, research was given: "Defending the Arabic language in the light of contemporary challenges" by Dr. Ahmed Al-Dhabib (Member of the Conference of the Academy from Saudi Arabia), "From computer programs to teaching Arabic: Creating a program that defines the morphological doors of the simple triple act" by Dr. Wafa Kamel (Member of the Academy). Dr. Basma Ahmad Al-Dajani (Professor of Arabic Language at the University of Jordan), Dr. Hassan Bashir Siddiq (Member of the Conference of the Academy from Sudan), "Arabic language and contemporary challenges and ways to face them in light of the availability of artificial intelligence technologies", Dr. Ayman Shaheen (Expert in the Academy), and "Arabic between the ideal perception and life verification", Osama Abu Al-Abbas (Senior Researcher at the Academy), "The Cultural Reality and its Impact on the Arabic Language", by Prof. Dr. Ayed Al-Radadi (Member of the Correspondent Academy from Saudi Arabia), "The Need for Arabic Language in Phonetic Analysis and in Others for International Letters", by Dr. Mohamed Khalifa Al-Aswad (Member of the Libyan Academy), and "Levels of Linguistic Communication between the Reader and the Arabic Novel Text". Dr. Saleh Belaid (Member of the Correspondent Academy from Algeria), "Arabic Language and Education: Language Consciousness and Cognitive Consciousness", research by Dr. Youssef Al-Issawi (Member of the Correspondent Academy from Iraq), and "Towards rooting the applications of artificial intelligence in the departments of Arabic language and literature". Dr. Amr El Gendy (Researcher at the Academy), and then the panel session "Round Table", entitled "Problems of Translation", chaired and moderated by Prof. Dr. Mahmoud El Rubaie (Member of the Academy), and spoke: Prof. Dr. Mohamed Fahmy Tolba (Member of the Academy), Prof. Dr. Mohamed Abdel Halim (Member of the Conference of the Academy), Prof. Dr. Karma Sami Sami Sami (Director of the National Center for Translation), Languages and Translation, Al-Azhar University), "Artificial Intelligence and Arabic Language Teaching and Learning", by Dr. Mohammed Adnan Al-Bakhit (President of the Jordanian Arabic Language Academy), "Duplication in the Marriage of Zain novel by Dr. Bakri Mohammed Al-Haj (Member of the Academy Conference from Sudan), and" Social Acceptance of New Words ", by Prof. Dr. Bakri Mohammed Al-Haj Qasim Taha Al-Sara (Expert in the Academy),“ The Institutional Dimension in the Protection, Promotion and Promotion of the Standard ”, by Dr. Musleh Al-Najjar (Professor of Literature and Criticism at the Hashemite University), “The efforts of the Academy of Arabic Language in bridging the gap between standard and vernacular: proposed solutions to the problem of bilingualism ”, by Dr. Iman Al-Saeed (Expert in the Academy), Dr. Hisham Zaghloul Abdel Fattah (Expert)," Educational Research in Arabic Language Teaching: A Cry of Awakening and Reform ", by Dr. Mahmoud Kamel Al-Naqa (Member of the Academy)," Images of Arabic Digital Content on the Internet ", by Dr. Abdulaziz Al-Subaie (Member of the Academy Correspondent from Qatar), and" Data Processing for Artificial Intelligence Technologies ", by Dr. Mohsen Rashwan (Expert of the Academy).
The conference concluded its activities on Thursday, May 2, 2024, with a final report on the work of the conference by Dr. Abdul Hamid Madkour (Secretary General of the Academy), followed by the announcement of the decisions and recommendations, followed by the speech of Dr. Ahmed Al-Dabib (on behalf of the non-Egyptian members of the Conference), and the closing speech of Dr. Abdul Wahab Abdel Hafez (Chairman of the Academy).

Title:

Content: Labour Party election manifesto 2024: Key current policies at a glance

The Labour Party has begun offering voters the chance to sign up to view its general election manifesto “at the earliest opportunity”, pledging that the document will include “detailed and fully-costed plans” to deliver the party’s missions and “change the country for the better”.

Much of the final wording of the party’s manifesto is likely to be a closely kept secret until the general election campaign, but a recent campaign document provides one of the clearest signals yet of what may be included.

The document – distributed to MPs and prospective parliamentary candidates earlier this year – sets out policy in eight key areas: five national missions and three subsequently announced “strong, stable and secure foundations” of economic stability, “strong national defence” and “secure borders”.

Below are some of the key policy highlights, illustrating current policies the party looks most likely to campaign on come the election.

You can read a more comprehensive overview here on the detail of current party policy signed off last year as part of Labour’s National Policy Forum and a LabourList tracker of many subsequently announced policies, albeit with less certainty about whether they will make the manifesto.

“The rock of economic stability”

Labour will:

  • Stick to tough fiscal rules with economic stability at their heart.
  • Introduce a new fiscal lock to bring economic security back to family finances by empowering the Office of Budget Responsibility. Never again will we allow a repeat of the devastation of Liz Truss and the Conservatives’ mini-Budget that crashed the economy and left working people worse off.
  • Set up a new Office for Value for Money to ensure all taxpayers’ money is spent wisely.
  • Halve government consultancy spending, by bringing in proper spending controls and having a long-term staffing strategy.
  • Appoint a Covid corruption commissioner, equipped with the powers they need to chase down those who have ripped off the taxpayer, take them to court and claw back every penny of taxpayers’ money that they can.
  • End VIP ‘fast lane’ procurement processes that allow party political cronies to make money out of contracts from their political friends.

“Strong national defence”

Labour will:

  • Maintain an unshakeable commitment to NATO and our nuclear deterrent.
  • Conduct a strategic defence and security review in our first year in government to fully understand the state of our armed forces, the nature of threats we face and the capabilities needed.
  • Labour will tackle the poor state of service accommodation to ensure homes are fit for heroes, having commissioned the independent Kerslake review of military housing to help draw up plans in government.
  • Legislate to establish an armed forces commissioner as a strong independent voice to improve service life.

“Secure borders”

Labour will:

  • Smash the criminal gangs by using counter-terror style tactics – strengthening powers and using the full force of Britain’s
    intelligence and policing to destroy the evil business model of human trafficking.
  • Deploy more police and investigators in a cross-border police unit to go after the smuggler and trafficking gangs who undermine our border security and put lives at risk.
  • Set up a 1,000-strong returns unit to ensure failed asylum seekers and others with no right to be here are removed.
  • End hotel use for asylum seekers by clearing the asylum backlog with more staff to process claims and return people to safe countries.

Mission one: “Get Britain building again”

  • Putting economic stability first by introducing a new fiscal lock to bring economic security back to our national and family finances. Because we will never allow a repeat of the devastation of Liz Truss and the Conservatives’ mini-Budget that crashed the economy and left working people worse off.
  • Getting Britain building again by reforming planning laws to kickstart 1.5 million new homes, transport, clean energy and new industries in all parts of the country. Because cheaper bills, the chance to own your own home and modern
    infrastructure are key to growth and the foundations of security.
  • Backing British business with a new industrial strategy created in partnership with business to maximise Britain’s strengths in life sciences, digital, creative, financial industries, clean power and automotive sectors. Creating a national wealth fund to unlock billions of pounds of private investment, crowding in three times the amount of public investment. Because growing businesses are the best route to high-paid jobs everywhere.
  • Kickstarting a skills revolution. A new generation of technical excellence colleges, offering more high-quality apprenticeships and training opportunities tailored to local jobs in all parts of the country. Because higher skills are good for growth and rising living standards.
  • Making work pay by introducing a New Deal for Working People and delivering a genuine living wage, banning zero-hours contracts and ending fire and rehire. Because creating well-paid jobs across all parts of our country will make working people better off and more secure.

Mission two: “Switch on Great British Energy”

  • A proper windfall tax on oil and gas companies. It starts by tackling the cost-of-living crisis. That’s why we have fought for a proper windfall tax on the excess profits of oil and gas companies, so we can support families with the cost of living.
  • Great British Energy. We will create a new publicly-owned champion – Great British Energy – to give us real energy independence from foreign dictators. It will be owned by the British people, built by the British people and benefit the British people. It will invest in clean energy across our country – for example by making the UK a world leader in floating offshore wind.
  • National wealth fund. Alongside GB Energy will be a new national wealth fund that will invest in the jobs that can rebuild Britain’s industrial strength and crowd in private investment in our ports, gigafactories, hydrogen and protect our steel industry. Key to the success of our plans is upgrading the National Grid so that we have the infrastructure we need to move forward.
    This is a once-in-a-generation chance for Britain to lead again on the global stage, forging a clean power alliance with like-minded countries – to seize the opportunities of clean energy, tackle climate change and provide lasting benefits to the country and the generations to come.
  • Warmer homes. Labour would upgrade Britain’s cold, draughty homes, cutting bills and creating thousands of good jobs for electricians, engineers and construction workers across the country.
  • Clean power by 2030. A Labour government would:
    • Pioneer floating offshore wind, by fast-tracking at least 5 GW of capacity.
    • More than double our onshore wind capacity to 35 GW.
    • More than triple solar power to 50 GW.
    • Quadruple offshore wind with an ambition of 55 GW by 2030.
    • Get new nuclear projects at Hinkley and Sizewell over the line, extending the lifetime of existing plants and backing new nuclear including small modular reactors.
    • Double the government’s target on green hydrogen, with 10 GW of production for use particularly in flexible power generation, storage and industries like green steel.

Mission three: “Get the NHS back on its feet”

At the time of the campaign document’s publication, the first two points of Labour’s NHS plan were due to be funded using the revenue raised by scrapping the non-dom tax status, along with its plans to introduce free breakfast clubs in primary schools.

But the Chancellor Jeremy Hunt announced in the Budget in March that the government was abolishing the current tax system for non-doms and will use the money raised “to help cut taxes on working families”, forcing Labour to find new ways to raise cash.

Labour this week announced that it will plug the gap in its spending plans through a new crackdown on “tax dodgers” and by closing loopholes the party has claimed exist in the government’s proposed replacement to the non-dom rules.

  • Ending unacceptable waits. Labour has a plan to drive down waiting times and get patients diagnosed earlier – with an extra two million operations, scans and appointments in the first year. We will pay NHS staff properly for overtime to work evening and weekend shifts to bust the backlog.
  • Dentistry rescue plan. Labour will deliver a dentistry rescue plan to provide 700,000 extra appointments each year. We will introduce a targeted recruitment fund to get more dentists into the communities that need them most. And we will reform the NHS dentistry contract so that everyone who needs an NHS dentist can get one.
  • A neighbourhood health service. At the heart of Labour’s reforms will be a plan to move care closer to communities. The NHS must become a neighbourhood health service as much as a National Health Service – supported by cutting-edge treatment and technology, to prevent illness. We will trial neighbourhood health centres bringing together family doctors, district nurses, care workers, physiotherapists and mental health specialists under one roof.
  • Technology and early diagnosis. Labour’s ‘fit for the future fund’ will double the number of state-of-the-art CT and MRI scanners to ensure early diagnosis. We will put technology at a patient’s fingertips so they can take control of their own medicine, appointments and health needs. At home tests for kidney disease that can send results to your smartphone; AI used to diagnose cancer from scans because we know it saves money and helps reduce missed cancer diagnoses.
  • Better public health. We need proper public health measures to keep our children healthy, like banning the promotion of vaping and junk food to young people and supporting an incremental ban on smoking. Our children’s health is too important not to take action.
  • Mental health. Labour will recruit 8,500 additional mental health staff to drive down waiting lists, funded through closing tax loopholes. Labour will make sure every young person will have access to a specialist mental health professional at school. With Labour’s Young Futures plan, every community will have an open access mental health hub for young people (11-24), providing early intervention through drop-in services. The schools’ element is paid for by ending tax breaks for private schools. The staffing is paid for by abolishing tax loopholes for private equity managers.

Mission four: “Take back our streets”

  • Tackling crime and anti-social behaviour. Labour will put police back in towns centres and neighbourhoods to make our streets safe again, with increased patrols and 13,000 more neighbourhood police and PCSOs. There will be guaranteed police patrols in town centres, zero tolerance of anti-social behaviour, and we’ll give every community a named officer they can get in touch with, to ensure a swift response to crime. We will also clamp down on shoplifting and violence against shopworkers, making it easier to take action against repeat offenders and creating a new specific offence of assault against retail workers.
  • Tackling violence against women and girls. Labour will halve levels of violence against women and girls within a decade because everyone has the right to live free from fear. We will introduce new specialist domestic abuse workers in 999 control rooms and put specialist rape investigation units in every force across England and Wales – so that early opportunities for prevention and protection are not missed. We’ll require police forces to target dangerous repeat offenders with the tactics and tools normally reserved for counter-terror and serious organised crime investigations, to get serious perpetrators off our streets. And we’ll put specialists in the court system to support rape and domestic abuse victims and ensure that justice is done.
  • Preventing youth crime. Labour will introduce a new ten-year Young Futures programme, bringing together services and communities to support our young people, including a new national network of Young Futures hubs, with mental health workers and youth workers, to tackle the crisis in youth mental health, to give teenagers the best start in life and to stop the knife crime that is killing our young people.
  • Police and criminal justice reform. Labour will rebuild public confidence in policing and the criminal justice system. We’ll turn around the collapse in the proportion of crimes solved by fast-tracking the recruitment of detectives who can solve more complex crimes like fraud, dramatically increasing the pool of prosecutors who can bring criminals to justice, and by building the prisons the Tories promised and failed to deliver. We’ll reform the police, overhauling vetting and training processes and introducing new powers to compel failing forces to comply with recommendations from the police watchdog.

Mission five: “Break down barriers to opportunity”

  • Early years: the best start in life. Childcare is important not just because it helps parents to work, but to give every child the best possible start in life. That is why Labour will improve the quality of provision, and work with local authorities to boost the availability of childcare in places where provision is inadequate. At the same time, we will develop vital communication and maths skills early so that every child can find their voice and build the foundations for a brilliant education.
  • School: Preparing young people for work and life. Evidence shows that improving teacher quality is the most significant factor to improving children’s outcomes. To ensure rising standards in all our schools, we will tackle the chronic staffing crisis in schools by recruiting thousands more teachers particularly in shortage subjects like science and maths.
    We will reform Ofsted so it gives parents better information, with a scorecard that values breadth and not just a single headline grade. At the same time, we will reform the curriculum and assessment system so that speaking skills are taken as seriously as reading and writing, creativity and problem-solving are woven throughout and young people have the digital skills needed to thrive.
    We will tackle the attendance crisis, ensuring children enjoy and want to be in school again. We will provide the mental health support to back this up and to boost the wellbeing of young people, many of whom still suffering the effects of lockdown. We will ensure all primary children have free breakfast clubs that set them up for the day – so that no child starts the day hungry and there is a safe space to be supported with friends.
  • Further education and lifelong learning. Retraining and up-skilling will need to be locally based and tailored to the needs of each community – plumbers to fit new heat pumps, engineers to lead the application of AI, solar power fitters to harness renewables. That’s why we are setting up new technical excellence colleges in all parts of the country so people have the specialist skills local businesses need. And it’s why we are transforming the apprenticeship levy to give employers the flexibility they need to train their workforce in new and relevant skills.

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Based on the provided sources, I will analyze specific cases where governments have implemented policies or laws to regulate language borrowing.

Title:

Content: TOP-7 life hacks for quick learning of a foreign language
Mnemonist Yagodkin: classes with a native speaker and studying abroad are ineffective in learning a foreign language
Photo, video: www.globallookpress.com / Sebastian Gollnow; 5-tv.ru
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The effectiveness of some methods of learning a foreign language is greatly exaggerated, while others, on the contrary, are underestimated.
“Today, without a foreign language, nowhere ” is a phrase that everyone has heard at least once.
And this is not surprising!
Computer programs, favorite songs of foreign artists, games and video content - the same English pursues literally everywhere.
It seems that it will not work to run away and hide from cramming (spoiler: and not necessary).
Despite the fact that in adulthood, it is difficult to devote enough time to study, work and household chores interfere, there is still a chance to speak with residents of foreign countries without an interpreter at hand.
Moreover, very soon the autumn time will come, which many have been associated with studying since school days.
A great time to diversify your leisure time with a new occupation.
How to overcome the notorious fear of communicating with foreigners and are there life hacks that help you learn languages most effectively?
Nikolai Yagodkin, a specialist in brain development and learning skills, spoke exclusively to the Fifth Channel about the main secrets of fast and easy learning.
Pitfalls in learning foreign languages
Sometimes stereotypes and conjectures have nothing to do with the real state of affairs.
For example, many people think that professional translators are true gurus of linguistics.
And they do not even realize that a teenager who grew up abroad speaks much better and freer.
And these paradoxes are all around.
So it ’ s time to dispel some common myths!
Myth 1.
Fluent speech is an indicator of knowledge of a foreign language
The human brain is designed to instantly grasp the information necessary for survival and adapt to a new social environment.
For this reason, a deceptive impression may be created that visitors speak Russian well, but this happens only in everyday life and within the boundaries of the profession.
When trying to talk about abstract topics, they can be lost.
The same thing happens with Russian emigrants abroad: it is easy to order a burger on vacation and have a few words with neighbors, and only people with advanced level will be able to maintain a conversation about politics, economy, science or culture.
In addition, even those who know a foreign language well face difficulties when using idioms, slang or jokes.
Myth 2.
Learn a foreign language best with a native speaker
It is believed that the brain of children is more plastic and therefore on the fly grasps new information, including foreign languages.
That is why many parents strive as early as possible to send the child to a language school or send them to study abroad.
“It was effective in the 15th and 19th centuries, when there were no records, YouTube, methods and textbooks as such.
Then the main way of studying was the transfer of knowledge from the tutor directly to the student through some teaching techniques and communication in general.
Today, there are ways to do it much faster, ” says the mnemonic Yagodkin.
And although children do absorb knowledge like a sponge, at an older age they can equal the rest of the children and even forget what they learned.
After all, it is not about learning the language from an early age, but doing it regularly.
“Learning <... > with a native speaker can even be harmful, especially at the initial stage, since he will not be able to explain the grammar <... > without knowing the native language of his student.
The teacher simply will not be able to answer questions, ” the expert argues.
As for bilinguals who grew up in a bilingual family, some studies have shown that such children may have problems transitioning from objective thinking to abstraction.
As a result, speech and the ability to exact sciences, for example, mathematics, suffer.
Myth 3.
The fastest way to learn a language in an environment
There is an opinion that being in the environment of native speakers allows you to quickly and effortlessly learn the language.
After all, the environment somehow forces you to speak, and the brain to work at full strength.
But it's not that simple.
“Learning a foreign language in an environment is the slowest way for every hour of time spent. <... > At the age of 22, I came to South Korea <... >.
Until I began to memorize words and learn grammar, the process was very, very slow.
Now, with the help of mnemonics, I would have mastered the same amount of knowledge in two months <... >, ” explains a neurofitness specialist.
One can argue that many expats work well abroad and after some time after moving easily make contacts with foreigners.
However, this most often applies to children and young people, students.
In adulthood, this adaptation is much more difficult.
Partly because of the psychological barrier and often unwillingness to change your lifestyle and habits.
“Most expats who have lived abroad for more than 10 years know the language just enough to go to the store for groceries.
It will be the same with a normal trip to another country.
Learning in a language environment, as well as practice with a native speaker, will be effective only for those who already have at least a B2 level (Upper Intermediate - above average), "Yagodkin emphasizes.
Preparing for exams correctly, or What is harmful school cramming
Useful life hacks for learning a foreign language
In addition to textbooks, tutoring and lectures, there are more creative and non-standard ways to learn a foreign language quickly and for a long time.
Use of mnemonics
Mnemonics helps best when teaching (a method of memorizing through visualization of information).
Vivid images and associations create more neural connections in the brain, something like logical thinking or memorization by ear.
The essence of the method is to create a colorful story, thanks to which the invented image is firmly imprinted in memory.
“For example, to remember the word ‘ bear ’ in Korean < … >, which translates as ‘ Kom ’, you can imagine an animal rolling a lump of snow and making snow bears out of it. < … > And a fly that sounds like a ‘ bet ’ will soar in Paris on the Eiffel Tower, ” Yagodkin cites an example.
Creating a mind-map
Mind-map, familiar to marketers, is a method of visualizing data that helps to structure information and find relationships between its parts.
Its structure is as follows: in the center a block is drawn with the main theme, from which branches are connected with it on some basis, and branches on other grounds are drawn.
For example, in the center is written the word "fruit", from it come blocks - peaches, apples, oranges, bananas.
Then from each of these concepts there are branches with their characteristics: taste, color, size, smell.
If desired, it can be painted to infinity.
Mindcards are very useful in the study of vocabulary, grammar, times in English.
Consumption of content in a foreign language
Training should be comprehensive: you should train both visual and auditory memory, as well as not forget about speaking.
The best approach is a technique that combines pleasant with useful.
For example, watching your favorite series in the original or with subtitles, reading books, as well as listening to and singing songs of foreign artists.
This helps the brain unconsciously perceive the pronunciation of certain words, without fixing on their meaning.
The main condition is that media content should be liked, then training will be more effective!
Trying to think in another language
While walking alone, on the way to work or school, you can play a useful game.
Conventionally, imagine yourself as a tourist in a foreign city, and mentally pronounce everything that occurs along the way: streets, pavements, transport, buildings, the appearance of people.
At some point it will turn out that some familiar concepts and verbal expressions are not familiar in a foreign language.
This is normal, later they can be “googled ” and written in a notebook.
Communication with foreigners
Finding a foreign interlocutor is easier than it seems.
To do this, it is not necessary to pay native teachers, it is enough to get acquainted by correspondence in social networks and communicate via Skype.
Alternatively, you can make contact using chat roulette or video games.
The advantage of such communication is that in the speech of foreigners you can catch many nuances and actual expressions that can hardly be gleaned from textbooks.
Teach the etymology of words
Language is a moving substance that is in constant change.
And, of course, English did not always exist in its modern version, but changed under the influence of various historical events, including other languages.
For example, the words hippie and hipster, meaning subcultures of hippies and hipsters, respectively, came from the adjective hip, in translation - "fashionable", "knowledgeable", "in topic".
There is even the expression I am hip to it, that is, “I know ” and“ I agree ”.
Thus, you can learn new meanings of words and enrich your speech with new expressions.
Use mobile assistant applications
To replenish the vocabulary and remember some rules from grammar, you can download educational mobile applications.
It is also useful to change Russian to foreign through the settings on your smartphone and computer.
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Content: 22 February 2023, 17: 37
The Federation Council approved the law on the prohibition of the use of foreign words at the state level
Read 360tv in
The Federation Council approved a law implying the inadmissibility of the use of foreign words at the state level.
The exception will be those words that have no analogues in the Russian language and which at the same time are contained in normative dictionaries.
“When using the Russian language as the state language of the Russian Federation, the use of words and expressions that do not meet the standards of the modern Russian literary language (including obscene language) is not allowed, ” the law states.
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The norms are understood as language tools and rules for their use, reflected in normative dictionaries and reference books.
The government on the basis of proposals of the Commission will approve the list of regulatory dictionaries and requirements for them.
It is also understood that they will reflect a list of foreign words, which are acceptable due to the lack of analogues.
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The composition and procedure of the government commission will also be approved by the Cabinet.
According to the law, the state language of the Russian Federation must be used in official relations and official correspondence of all organizations, both with Russians and with foreign citizens.
In addition, the addresses of senders and recipients of telegrams, parcels, postal orders within Russia, information for consumers of goods and services, and so on should be drawn up in the state language.
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Title:

Content: Aggressive behavior.. Understanding this condition and how to treat it
Published 11 March 2022 - 04: 30
Aggressive behavior
According to social psychology, aggressive behavior is any behavior or action aimed at harming a person or animal or damaging material property. Some examples of aggressive actions include acts of physical violence, shouting and swearing and harsh language, gossiping or spreading rumors about a classmate, or intentionally breaking your roommate ’ s favorite cup.
Aggressive behavior and violence often come together as one inseparable term, and although aggressive behavior and violence often coincide, they are actually two different things.
In other words, aggressive behavior does not always involve violence, but violence always involves aggressive behavior.
For example, you might get angry at your brother during an argument and throw your book across the room frustrated, here you did not mean to hit him, but the book hit his head, leaving a bruise, it would be an act of physical aggression, but not necessarily violence, on the other hand, if you push your brother to the wall and then hit him with the aim of hurting him, it would be an act of violence.
Aggressive behavior not only violates social boundaries, it can also affect relationships and even have professional or legal consequences, but recognizing the ways in which aggressive behavior appears in your life can help you take steps toward addressing it, along with anger and any other feelings that may play a role.
Types of Aggressive Behavior
• Aggressive and impulsive behavior
This type of aggression, also known as emotional aggression, tends to stem directly from the feelings you ’ re going through right now and may instead seem uncontrollable or seem to come from nowhere, and if you can ’ t reach the person or thing that ’ s bothering you, you may redirect that aggression toward something or someone you can reach including yourself.
• Cognitive aggressive behavior
This type of aggression, also known as cognitive aggression, involves planning and intention, usually to achieve a specific desire or goal, and all aggression involves a degree of intent to harm a person who does not want to be harmed, but cognitive acts of aggression generally involve more calculation and purpose, without any loss of control.
For example, you just applied for a promotion at work when you hear your supervisor encouraging another co-worker to apply for the role, saying it would be a perfect fit, and you want the job, so you tell some people that you noticed a co-worker drinking in their office, hoping the rumor would reach your supervisor.
Signs of Aggressive Behavior
Sometimes it ’ s more secretive and subtle than straightforward, therefore, you may not even realize that certain behaviors are considered aggressive, aggression often involves physical or verbal harm, but it may also involve coercion or manipulation:
• Physical aggression includes hitting, kicking, punching, slapping, or any actions that cause physical harm.
Verbal aggression can include yelling, swearing, swearing, and other harsh remarks.
Cognitive aggression refers to actions aimed at damaging another person ’ s reputation or relationships.
Aggression describes emotional or reactive actions that involve a specific intent to harm someone or destroy something.
• Negative aggression can include any indirect expression of negative emotions
You may notice that aggressive behavior occurs when:
• Feeling angry, bored or anxious
Things are not going your way.
You want to be equal to someone who is unfair to you.
You think someone has treated you unfairly.
Your emotions are uncontrollable.
What causes aggressive behavior?
Aggression usually does not have a single specific cause; instead, evidence suggests that a number of factors can contribute to aggressive behavior, including:
• Biological factors
Brain chemistry and other biological factors that may play a role in aggression include irregular brain development, as increased activity in the amygdala and decreased activity in the prefrontal cortex by aggression, lesions in the brain can occur, which can occur with cases of neurodegeneration.
Also genetic genes can contribute including monoamine oxidase, where chemical and hormonal imbalance occurs in the brain, unusually high or low levels of certain neurotransmitters, including serotonin, dopamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid, may lead to aggressive behavior, and high levels of testosterone can also lead to aggression in people of any gender.
On the other hand, drugs and substances that cause brain changes can sometimes lead to aggressive behavior, some examples include corticosteroids and alcohol, and aggressive behavior can also occur as a result of certain health conditions that damage your brain, including stroke, dementia, and head injuries.
• Psychological factors
Aggressive behavior can sometimes occur as a symptom of certain mental health conditions, including, conduct disorder, opposition and challenge disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, autism, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, depression, and substance abuse disorders.
• Environmental factors
Conditions and challenges in your daily life and environment can also contribute to aggressive behavior as aggression can occur as a natural response to stress, fear or a feeling of loss of control, and you may also respond with aggression when you feel frustrated or abused.
You may also be more likely to act aggressively if your upbringing exposes you to aggression and violence, as this can happen if you have abusive parents and caregivers or siblings who intimidated you, or grew up in a neighborhood or community where violence and aggression occur frequently.
Treatment of Aggressive Behavior
It ’ s normal to feel frustrated and upset from time to time, and these feelings can easily lead you to respond with aggressive behavior in certain situations, and in fact working to develop and practice stronger skills in emotion regulation can make a huge difference for sure, but communicating with a mental health professional is always a good option when aggressive behavior is:
• Happens frequently
• Causes problems in your personal and professional relationships
• Affects your daily life
• Uncontrollable
Getting help to treat aggressive behavior sooner rather than later is essential because aggressive behavior can easily cause lasting physical or emotional harm to others, animals, and even you.
The best treatment for aggressive behavior depends on the underlying cause, but the therapist can always provide further guidance while identifying the triggers and contributing factors.
Your therapist may recommend different treatment approaches, depending on any underlying mental health symptoms you are experiencing, which include:
• Cognitive behavioral therapy
Cognitive behavioral therapy can help you learn to identify and change unhelpful behavior patterns and practice the most helpful coping techniques, as this approach doesn ’ t focus much on past experiences, but it can help improve symptoms of depression, anxiety, personality disorders, bipolar disorder, and ADHD.
• Dynamic psychotherapy
Dynamic psychotherapy can help you address the symptoms of mental health and emotional distress by tracing their roots to past life events.
• Dialectical Behavioral Therapy
This therapy can help build and practice skills to tolerate distress, regulate emotions, and navigate interpersonal relationships more effectively.
• Personalized therapy in the exploration of challenges
Personalised therapy helps explore challenges that affect your mood and contribute to depression and other mental health symptoms, and in some cases, a therapist may also recommend working with a psychiatrist to explore medication options, as some psychotropic medications may help ease the aggressive thoughts and behaviors that occur with mental health conditions.
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Content: Matvienko read a poem about anglicisms in the Federation Council - RIA Novosti, 22.06.2022
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Matvienko read a poem about Anglicisms in the Federation Council
Matvienko read a poem about Anglicisms at a meeting of the Federation Council
© Press Service of the Federation Council of the Russian Federation / Go to photobanPresident of the Federation Council of the Russian Federation Valentina Matvienko
Chairman of the Federation Council of the Russian Federation Valentina Matvienko.
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MOSCOW, June 22 - RIA Novosti.
Speaker of the Federation Council Valentina Matvienko, during the discussion on Anglicisms and foreign borrowings in Russian, read poems on this topic and did it so artistically that she earned friendly applause from senators.
On Wednesday, all senators received a dictionary compiled by Crimean officials that transmits Russian-language substitutes for foreign borrowing.
Matvienko praised its authors and read out the poems included in the handbook.
Konstantinov told how in the Crimea are struggling with the dominance of foreign words
"And we have a workshop here, and you?
And we got a babysitter hypanula the wrong word.
A year of PR parent together with the child on a talk show.
And we have a famous guru in the field of architecture made a selfie for PR, the bow he chose extreme.
Realizing all our trables, in nostalgic sadness we remember how boyfriends were called grooms, instead of casting, our mothers held and not men, and men gave flowers to girls.
The party was a party, the upgrade was an improvement.
Maybe after all we have enough Russians to offend people? "- read Matvienko.
The senators greeted her reading with loud applause.
The speaker also suggested discussing the possibility of fixing at the legislative level a ban on clogging the Russian language with spilled borrowings.
“Cashback ” as it was, and it is, and all this is pronounced at the government level.
Well, there are analogues in the Russian language, why do we clog our beautiful wonderful unique language with such different words?
We need to look at it at the legislative level.
Our responsibility is to preserve the language of Pushkin, the language of which we are proud and to stop these new trends that are absolutely inappropriate, ” Matvienko said.
According to her, both France and other countries do not allow to clog their languages, and in Russia should avoid the use of foreign words that have analogues in Russian.
The task to study the issue was given to the profile committee on science, education and culture.
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Content: Norkin just one joke about the tsar and boyars brought the audience of the “Meeting Place ” to tears
Society
Russian journalist Andrei Norkin periodically amuses the audience of the “Meeting Place ” with various sarcastic stories or anecdotes.
This time he brought the audience to tears with a joke about kings and boyars.
Within the framework of one of the programs, the topic of introducing a ban on the use of borrowed words in speeches of civil servants was touched upon.
According to the initiators of the bill, these measures will help preserve the Russian language and save it from foreign language.
In this regard, Norkin decided to laugh at the absurdity of this initiative.
“The State Duma adopted a law on borrowed words.
In this regard, the term "president" changes to the term "tsar", the term "deputy" changes to the term "boyar", and the term "term" changes to the term "concept", "Norkin said.
Earlier it was reported that deputies of the State Duma prepared a bill that implies criminal liability for repeated violation of the ban on LGBT propaganda.

Title:

Content: Culture and ArtsHighlights
“In Public ” Reveals the Challenges of Localizing Foreign Words
Regions _ Riyadh
The Secretary General of the King Salman International Academy of the Arabic Language, Dr. Abdullah Al-Washmi, revealed to the program “In Public ” the existence of an entire sector in the King Salman International Academy of the Arabic Language, explaining part of his concerns in the interest of the Arabic language as a global language that should not be subject to initial impressions, but to overcome the stage of how to grow this vocabulary.
"The language that digests, it lives," he said, expressing the refusal of some linguists to Arabize foreign words despite their logical arguments, adding to the great challenge.
They face it to keep up with the speed of the global movement in the Arabization of words to be part of the identity of the Arabic language, rather than arbitrary attempts to find a counterpart of the Arabic vocabulary.
Dr. Al-Wachmi replied, “The role of the media in the use of the Arabic language? ”
“Today ’ s media has swelled dramatically and we have to look at other distinctive aspects, for example, there is a special broadcaster or sports commentator who always uses a distinctive linguistic repertoire reflected on his comment on the game and also there is an influencer in the Twitter platform who gives a speech and may have more impact on young people than language dictionaries, ” he said.
Al-Washmi revealed through the Saudi channel screen the establishment of the artificial intelligence center for processing the Arabic language, which includes a set of factors to make the language for everyone, and the qualitative challenges that the majority of linguists are not proficient in technical matters, noting the Arabic language program, which aims to involve all linguists and computationists around the world and provide a set of challenges that linguists have faced since ancient times.
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## Russia's Approach to Preventing Foreign Borrowings

### Legal Framework

Russia has implemented one of the most comprehensive legislative approaches to preventing foreign language borrowings.

Title:

Content: In Russia, they are determined to protect the language from excessive saturation with borrowings
The Russian language is one of the most popular in Eurasia, and attempts to abolish our culture have failed.
© Video: TRK "Zvezda" © Photo: TRK "Zvezda"
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Store, Department, Home and other foreign words in the names of shops, cafes and restaurants in Krasnodar soon will not be.
The Cuban capital decided to abandon all foreign names.
The Cuban authorities obliged entrepreneurs to translate business into Russian.
“A sign in a foreign language or using transliteration or a sign in Russian has a big difference.
In part of the fact that 100% of our population can read, understand the sign in Russian.
And many, by ignorance and age, do not even understand what is written on these signs, ” said the chief architect of Krasnodar Artem Salamatin.
So far, the business has been given time until September 1.
But many entrepreneurs are ready to change now.
“Everything will be in Russian.
We will translate the site into Russian.
We'll change everything.
With pleasure, ” entrepreneur Hovhannes Hovhannisyan shared.
Words borrowed from foreign languages became an integral part of Russian many centuries ago.
Massive in our speech, they appeared in different iconic historical periods.
For example, the Mongol invasion.
And after the Patriotic War of 1812 - there were a lot of gallicisms, that is, French words.
Now in conversations predominate borrowing from English.
“We began to use foreign words very actively in areas where such activity had not been observed before.
First of all, it is the public sphere.
Social sphere.
Where actually came a lot of foreign words ”, – said the Chairman of the Association of teachers of literature and Russian language Lyudmila Dudova.
Russia is now determined to protect the language from excessive saturation with borrowings.
President Vladimir Putin recently signed a law “on mandatory observance of the norms of the modern Russian language when using it as a state language. ”
What specific rules are we talking about?
It's not clear yet.
They are compiled by a special government commission.
“The normative dictionary of the Russian language will be a single consistent comprehensive publication, which will be formed on the basis of dictionaries of the Russian language.
Interpretive, spelling, ” explained Deputy Minister of Education of the Russian Federation Tatiana Vasilyeva.
Thus, foreign words should disappear as much as possible from all official documents.
In addition, officials should not use anglicisms and other borrowings during public speeches and generally avoid them in their speech.
“There are so many wonderful and beautiful words in the Russian language.
But why then instead of the word mentor we say coach.
Well, it doesn't sound.
It seems to me that we need to get rid of such words that are imposed, ” said Lyudmila Skakovskaya, Deputy Chairman of the Federation Council Committee on Science, Education and Culture.
This law, according to officials, should protect the Russian language from attacks from abroad, where they have long been trying to abolish all Russian.
But now these sentiments have intensified even more.
The Kiev regime has long declared war on our culture and heritage.
Throughout the country, the monument to Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin is being demolished, because it is he who is considered the creator of the modern literary Russian language.
And it was the language issue that became one of the main reasons for the bloody confrontation in the East of Ukraine in 2014.
Residents of Donbass then did not agree with the nationalists, they did not refuse the Russian language.
“They use the term underdogs.
All these years, when the Maidan happened, they etched Russian in the Donbass, for them it is a symbol of communication.
The Russian world is hysterical.
What connects the Russian world?
The Russian language, ” said political scientist Yuri Svetov.
The fact that our language and culture need protection is also said by the leaders of other neighboring states.
During the autumn meeting of the heads of the CIS countries in Astana, the President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev called on his colleagues to create an organization for the protection of the Russian language.
“Our idea is to create an international organization in the image and likeness of the UN.
Using the positive experience of Francophonie.
The headquarters of which is located in Paris, ” said President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev.
Rossotrudnichestvo recently conducted its own study abroad, which showed that openly Russophobic sentiments are present only among politicians.
But ordinary people continue to willingly learn our language and culture.
According to the United Nations, Russian is spoken by 258 million people worldwide.
It is one of the most popular in Eurasia, and attempts to abolish our culture have failed.
Abroad, Dostoevsky, Pushkin and other Russian classics are also read.
Expert opinion and analytics
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read below the following news

Title:

Content: The state Duma adopted in the first reading the bill on the protection of the Russian language
The state Duma adopted in the first reading the bill on the protection of the Russian language from foreign words
On Tuesday, December 13, the State Duma adopted in the first reading a bill on the protection of the Russian language from foreign words.
The document was published in the electronic database of the lower house of parliament
If the bill is adopted in the final reading in the country, control will be established over the observance of the norms of the Russian literary language by officials and citizens.
“The draft federal law assumes the inadmissibility of the use of foreign words, with the exception of those that do not have common analogues in the Russian language, the list of which is contained in regulatory dictionaries, ” the explanatory note reads.
According to the authors of the bill, it is aimed at improving the mechanisms for ensuring the status of the Russian language as the state
Earlier in the state Duma was introduced a bill prohibiting the use of the Latin alphabet in advertising.
The authors of the document were members of the Federation Council from the Crimea Olga Kovitidi and Sergey Tsekov.
According to them, Russian letters play a “unifying role in society ”.
In an interview with Lenta.ru, Coviditi said that “the Cyrillic alphabet is the obvious basis of national identity and the unshakable staple of the Russian state. ”
At the same time, the senator stressed that the use of the symbols of the special military operation Z and V on banners does not contradict the bill, since they are not elements of advertising.
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Title:

Content: The ban on signs in foreign languages means another bickering with entrepreneurs, says the leader of “New people ” Alexei Nechaev.
Alexey Nechaev
Photos of the press service of the party "New people"
“Another ban means new fees from entrepreneurs.
They will either have to change the signs for their money or pay fines.
This will not only affect foreign companies.
Many Russian brands use English in advertising.
And cafes and restaurants lure tourists with inscriptions in a language they understand, ” Nechayev said in a telegram channel.
In his opinion, import substitution went somewhere wrong.
“It is necessary to give business freedom, and not to invent new prohibitions, ” the deputy believes.
Tax incentives and affordable development loans will give much more than replacing the Latin alphabet with the Cyrillic alphabet, he stressed.
As reported earlier IA REGNUM, the Deputy speaker of the state Duma Pyotr Tolstoy (“United Russia ”) does not agree with Nechaev.
In his opinion, in Russia, all signs should be written in Russian, and for tourists (and those who feel themselves in Russia as a tourist), you can place a translation in small letters.
It is important to do this right now: Russia must regain itself and rely on its language, its culture and its people.
The cargo-cult is over, he stressed.
The bill on the prohibition of signs in foreign languages was developed by the State Duma Committee on Culture.
Read earlier in this story: Vice speaker of the state Duma insists on a single language space in Russia

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SPbU Rector Kropachev: the law on the state Russian language does not take into account the differences in its use in different spheres
472
The law on the state Russian language does not take into account the differences in its use in various fields - from advertising to legal acts.
Common standards can lead to difficulties in complying with the relevant norms.
This was stated by the rector of St. Petersburg University Nikolai Kropachev during the parliamentary hearings in the Federation Council, reports on Tuesday, November 14, “SenatInform ”.
“Strict requirements for compliance with the single can not be met in different areas.
I hope you will support it, ” Kropachev said.
According to the rector of St. Petersburg State University, Russia needs organizational decisions on the unjustified use of foreign words, but for this it is necessary to create a single normative dictionary.
Kropachev noted that he should exclude contradictions in the interpretation and use of words and expressions.
In February 2023, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a law on the inadmissibility of the use of foreign words and the use of Russian as the state language in the areas established by law.
Earlier, the State Duma approved a list of areas where Russian is mandatory for use.
It includes information for consumers of goods, works and services, as well as the education sector, state and municipal information systems.
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Content: In Russia began the development of a new dictionary
The Ministry of Education of Russia began the development of a new dictionary of the Russian language
The Ministry of Education of Russia in the framework of the adopted law on the state language began the development of a new dictionary
On Monday, May 15, during a speech at the All-Russian forum of teachers of the Russian language and literature said the head of the department Sergey Kravtsov, writes TASS.
“Today we are preparing a new dictionary, there we have the implementation of the law on the Russian language, which was adopted on the protection of the Russian language.
Within the framework of this law, we must adopt modified dictionaries, we are also completing this work, ” the minister said.
On February 28, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a law on the protection of the Russian language from unreasonable borrowing.
The law restricts the use of foreign words, except for those that have no analogues in the Russian language.
In March, three new words were added to the spelling dictionary of the Russian language of the Institute of Russian Language (IRY) of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS).
It is noted that the dictionary contains normative spelling of more than 200 thousand units of the language.
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Welcome to the real world.

According to the provided sources, the Russian Federation has passed a law that explicitly prohibits the use of foreign words at the state level, with specific provisions that:

- Foreign words are prohibited in official state communications
- Exceptions are made only for words without Russian equivalents that are included in normative dictionaries
- The law defines "norms" as language means and rules reflected in normative dictionaries and reference books
- The government will establish a commission to determine which dictionaries are normative and which foreign words may be permitted

### Implementation Context

Title:

Content: Espionage is the practice of using covert means to obtain confidential information from non-public sources.1 Meanwhile, economic espionage is concerned with the unlawful targeting and theft of critical intelligence, such as trade secrets and intellectual properties.2 The value of such information lies in the ability of its owner to exclusively exploit the said information for economic gain. Because there is inherent economic value in such confidential information, a legal framework which protects against economic espionage is, therefore, a necessity.

Once exposed, confidential information can also no longer be made secret, and the owner of such information loses the ability to exploit such information to the exclusion of others. Hence, civil remedies are also necessary to alleviate the losses which may be a consequence of economic espionage. This article will explore the concept of economic espionage and identifies how the laws of Malaysia have attempted to remedy economic espionage.

Economic Espionage in Malaysia

Unlike the United States of America ("the US") and its Economic Espionage Act 1996, there is no specific law in Malaysia which governs economic espionage. However, as economic espionage often involves the use of technology, and is similar to the crime of theft, there are a few pieces of Malaysian legislation which may be referred to in cases of economic espionage.3 Firstly, when economic espionage involves cybersecurity breaches, provisions contained in the Communication and Multimedia Act 1998 and Computer Crimes Act 1997 are relevant.4 Secondly, when economic espionage is committed against Malaysia, laws such as the Security Offence (Special Measures) Act 2012 and Prevention of Terrorism Act 2015 may be relevant.5

Lastly, as the act of economic espionage is similar to the act of theft, the Penal Code may also be relevant in this case.6 However, the abovementioned laws have their weaknesses in that they are incapable of providing adequate protection for economic espionage.7 For example, section 378 of the Penal Code defines theft as "whoever, intending to take dishonestly any moveable property out of the possession of any person without the person's consent, moves that property in order to such taking, is said to commit theft". The "movable property" in question also includes the "corporeal property of every description".8 Nonetheless, in view of the lack of a statutory definition of economic espionage and the definition of "moveable property" as defined above, it would appear that economic espionage may not necessarily be considered theft according to the Penal Code.9 Overall, Malaysia has yet to criminalise economic espionage and there is no well-founded legislation that governs and defines economic espionage.

Civil Remedies

While Malaysia has no legislation which specifically governs economic espionage, this does not necessarily mean there are no available remedies for the commission of such a wrong. Economic espionage involves the theft of confidential information by a person working for a particular entity. One way to protect against trade secret theft or economic espionage is through the use of non-disclosure agreements.10 The disclosure of confidential information to a third party can be a breach of the confidentiality requirement that an employee may be bound by during the course of his employment.11 Such disclosure of information may also involve the disclosure of trade secrets.12

To date, there are no reported cases with regards to economic espionage in Malaysia that have been committed against it. Nevertheless, the divulgence of trade secrets may be considered analogous to economic espionage.

As such, cases involving the divulgence of the trade secrets of companies may serve as a reference for the types of civil remedies which could be available in cases of economic espionage. For instance, the case of Yukilon Manufacturing Sdn Bhd & Anor v Dato' Wong Gek Meng & Ors (No 4),13 involved the first and second defendants utilising information gleaned from a joint venture with the first plaintiff to manufacture similar products with the fourth defendant.14 To prevent further losses to the first plaintiff, the court granted an injunction preventing the first and second defendants from continuing to manufacture and deal with products that closely resembled the plaintiffs' product.15 A Mareva Injunction was also obtained to prevent the first and second defendant from removing from the jurisdiction, dissipating or dealing within the jurisdiction any assets of the fourth defendant.16 Lastly, an Anton Piller order was also granted for the plaintiffs to enter the premise of the fourth defendant to search for articles and/or documents for inspection and to remove them from the premises to the safe-keeping of the plaintiffs' solicitors.17 As economic espionage is analogous to the theft of trade secrets, the remedies offered in the case of Yukilon may potentially be granted in cases of economic espionage as well.

In cases of economic espionage and/or theft of trade secrets, the prevention of further damage should be prioritised. This would include preventing any further divulgence of trade secrets and/or obtaining damages for any losses suffered thus far. For example, in the case of Ganesh Raja A/L Nagaiah & Ors v NR Rubber Industries Sdn Bhd,18 the Court granted an injunction to prevent the defendants from using the plaintiff's confidential information for their business to the detriment of the plaintiff.19 The Court in this case also granted an Order that damages be assessed by the Registrar.20

Economic Espionage in Other Jurisdictions

As set out above, the US has specific legislation governing economic espionage. The ambit of such legislation was enlarged in year 2016 when the US Congress enacted the Defend Trade Secrets Act ("DTSA") to provide for private civil actions including ex parte orders "providing for the seizure of property necessary to prevent the propagation or dissemination of trade secret".21

DTSA is codified under 18 U.S.C: Crimes and Criminal Procedure. The civil remedies available under 18 U.S.C, section 1836 include the granting of injunctions22, the awarding of damages23, exemplary damages24, and the awarding of costs in cases where the claim of the misappropriation of the trade secret is made in bad faith.25

Additionally, Japan revised its Unfair Competition Prevention Act ("UCPA") that provides civil and criminal remedies for trade secrets.26 Civil remedies provided in this act include injunctions against actual or likely infringement,27 damages of actual loss,28 and restoration of business reputation.29 The UCPA also aims to increase the effectiveness of civil remedies,30 which includes a reduction of the burden of proof for plaintiffs.

The United Kingdom also has in place the Official Secrets Acts 1911-1989 that protects its country from espionage and unauthorised disclosures.31 In a civil context, English law, especially in cases of breach of confidence, provide for a wide variety of civil remedies which include search and seizure orders, injunctive relief, damages, accounting for profits, third party liability, constructive trusts over assets, and an order to reveal the source of disclosed information.32

Conclusion

Ultimately, there is no specific law that provides for civil remedies for economic espionage in Malaysia. There is no reported case law in Malaysia regarding economic espionage as well. However, the characteristics of economic espionage resemble that of the theft of trade secrets.

As such, case laws in relation to the divulgence of trade secrets can act as guidance to the type of civil remedies suitable in cases of economic espionage. In addition, remedies provided in other jurisdictions can also serve as a guideline for the civil remedies which may be available in cases of economic espionage. The above jurisdictions offer civil remedies such as damages, injunctions, and equitable remedies33 that are also available in Malaysia.

Despite the lack of legislation specifically governing economic espionage in Malaysia, the civil remedies currently available in Malaysia are relevant to at least alleviate the losses caused by economic espionage or a similar wrong.

Footnotes

1. Centre for the Protection of National Insurance, "Espionage" (11 March 2021, CPNI), accessed 25 April 2022.

2. Investopedia, "Economic Espionage", (n.d., Investopedia), accessed 20 April 2022.

3. Juriah Abd Jalil et al, 'Business Under Threat: The Criminal Liability of Trade Secret Theft in Malaysia?' (2020), International Journal of Business and Society, Vol. 21, 49-65, 58.

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid.

6. Ibid.

7. Ibid.

8. Section 22 of Penal Code.

9. Juriah Abd Jalil et al (n 5) 60.

10. FindLaw, 'Using Non-Disclosure Agreements to Protect Against Trade Secret Theft', (19 May 2016, FindLaw), accessed 25 April 2022.

11. Ashgar Ali Ali Mohamad, 'Implied Term of Trust and Confidence in Contract of Employment' [2005] 3 MLJ xxi, xxix.

12. Ecooils Sdn Bhd v Raghunath Ramaiah Kandikeri [2014] 7 MLJ 309, page 323.

13. [1998] 7 MLJ 551.

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid.

16. Ibid at page 552.

17. Ibid.

18. [2016] 12 MLJ 461.

19. Ibid.

20. Ibid.

21. Stimmel, Stimmel & Roeser, "The Economic Espionage Act", (n.d., Law Offices of Stimmel, Stimmel & Roeser), accessed 21 April 2022.

22. 18 U.S.C Section 1836(b)(3)(A).

23. 18 U.S.C Section 1836(b)(3)(B).

24. 18 U.S.C Section 1836(b)(3)(C).

25. 18 U.S.C Section 1836(b)(3)(D).

26. Intellectual Property Office, "The Economic and Innovation Impacts of Trade Secrets", (19 April 2021, Gov.UK), accessed 21 April 2022.

27. Article 3 UCPA.

28. Article 4 UCPA.

29. Article 14 UCPA.

30. Thomas Landman, 'The Secret Protection in Japan and United States: Comparison and Recommendations', (2019), Brooklyn Journal of International Law, Vol. 44 Issue 2, 714-761, 750.

31. LawCom, "Reforms to UK's antiquated spying laws published by law commission", (1 September 2020, Law Commission), accessed 21 April 2022.

32. Bradley Limpert & Oxiana Iatsyk, Technology Contracting: Law, Precedents and Commentary, (2005), Carswell.

33. Cheong May Fong & Lee Yin Harn, Civil Remedies, (Second Edition 2016, Sweet & Maxwell)

Originally published May 3, 2022

The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought about your specific circumstances.

Title:

Content: Early Response to 3 Policy Mountains
Comments ‧ World Situation 2022 / 05 / 09
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The election of the Chief Executive has officially ended, and the next step is to organize the next SAR Government to face political challenges.
However, the crisis always occurs without warning, just as the previous government intended to overcome the "real estate hegemony", resulting in an anti-national education struggle, causing the society to continue to amplify the contradiction between the mainland and Hong Kong; and as the current government originally thought it would be tricky to pass the "one place, two inspections", but the final process was smooth. Eventually, it developed to the present day.
It is for this reason that the next Government can make some achievements on the two major problems of "customs clearance" and "speeding up housing supply", or at the very least, can properly manage public expectations; on the contrary, the following three problems may suddenly become a crisis due to insufficient attention or lack of in-depth handling by officials:
(1) Internal problems: The replacement form of the civil service reform -- Li Jiachao's platform at the beginning indicates that it will enhance governance capabilities and enhance co-ordination and implementation, but based on the reactions of the various parties and the criticism of the political parties, it seems that the problem has been simplified to the public opinion of "administrative officials who follow procedures and obstruct affairs" and "AO is not patriotic enough".
If it takes a long time to change administrative grades, it's very difficult.
As the analysis in this column at the end of March, the key lies in the fact that AO is an expert in procedures and documents. If the new team intends to bypass the existing system and replace the posts previously held by administrative grades, it is often difficult to say that the experience is actually quite specialized. People take two to three years, and then when the term of office expires, the actual change may not be obvious, which leads to the failure of public expectations and the emergence of new crises.
Another way is to find retired police officers and retirees from other uniformed teams to assist in governance at all levels, including frontline civil affairs work, middle-level process coordination, and even high-level supervision and control.
This arrangement will undoubtedly allow some action-oriented and familiar government operations to replace departmental bureaucrats, thus breaking through the path dependence model of governance that has emerged under the old framework, at the cost of the so-called "Wen Vs Wu" two different cultures, which will inevitably produce internal contradictions that have never been foreseen.
(2) External issues: In addition to facing the internal contradictions mentioned above, the new team also has a major problem, that is, how to resist the pressure of Western public opinion, because the West is exerting pressure on China, Hong Kong will inevitably become hardened; as for specific smear measures, it is constantly pointed out that one country, two systems have changed and even exist in name.
The challenge is that many of Hong Kong ’ s “dark blue KOLs ” and even Members of Parliament have comprehensively touted the country ’ s institutional advantages, saying that Hong Kong is not working, and in turn, they have responded to the West ’ s falsehood that Hong Kong is“ more and more like one country, one system ”.
In order to break through this strange situation, we should combine external forces (that is, the deep blue camp is aligned with the Western narrative), and the SAR Government must break down the old and set the new record straight, that is, put forward a powerful "New Hong Kong discourse", so that it can start a new chapter, as Li Jiachao said in his campaign slogan.
A New Chapter for Hong Kong
If it is a new discourse, it must be divorced from the old "Lion Rock Spirit", and it must not be used to mean this is Hong Kong by the "rotten" Hong Kong Northern Skyline (that is, the line of BOC and HSBC headquarters plus China Gold II and the Convention and Exhibition), let alone "Under Lion Rock" as a "universal key" in the old and new way.
Excessive focus on execution, there is no inspiration and aspiration (can be understood as "inspiration to bring hope"), everyone is in the camp, the overall energy level of society is reduced, then it will inevitably lead to the next wave of crisis.
Looking at the entire Chief Executive election, as if walking through the stage, may I ask whether the new team can break through the conservative statements of the past and put forward a new statement that is eye-catching?
The most exciting stories of Hong Kong can be seen everywhere. The key lies in whether senior officials are willing to be sentimental. Let ’ s take one example: a husband who wants to eat Hong Kong-style “egg boy ” with his pregnant wife one night while working abroad, but the results stimulate the scientific determination of this“ love wife ”, and finally jointly with the Productivity Council, successfully developed the production line of snow hide eggs operated by artificial intelligence. How many officials are willing to embrace Hong Kong waffle, the emotional story of “love inspires scientific research ”, and how many people are willing to embrace it and say it well?
(3) The whole society is caught between the inside and the outside: Solid waste disposal - about 30% of landfill waste every day, accounting for the highest proportion of municipal solid waste (more than 3,000 tons), but the related recycling facility O. PARK1 has been in operation for more than three years, far from the target of recycling 200 tons of kitchen waste per day (less than 120 tons). Of course, the bigger problem is that O. PARK1 is not yet full, and O. PARK2 is about to open in the next term of government, and will be able to collect an additional 300 tons per day.
Then, last year, when the Legislative Council was extended, the Government agreed that the "municipal solid waste charge" should be approved for 18 months, that is, by March next year at the latest, but some political parties are planning to delay the implementation of the "plastic bottle producer responsibility system", which was promised to be implemented when Leung Chun-ying was the Chief Executive. In view of the Bill, even the implementation of the specific proposal to "press the bottle" has not yet been implemented, but the plastic bottle recycling plant must be officially operational by next month at the latest.
As for the Pilot Scheme for Collecting Plastic Bottles, which has been strongly recommended by the EPD, it is only a few dozen tons per month; even if the more successful "green in the district" is only about 200 tons per month, which is one of 2,300 tons of plastic per day.
Prepare a backup plan for expectation management
The Mainland attaches great importance to recycling and carbon reduction. On the contrary, Hong Kong has a recycling facility for kitchen waste, but it has not collected enough for three years. It may take a year and a half to prepare for the municipal solid waste charge.
Unless the Government and the relevant operators are required to meet a series of "hard targets" for recycling kitchen waste, plastic bottles and other refuse, which is to be regarded as a result, it will not only be an ecological crisis, but also a governance crisis in which the central authorities have lost confidence in the SAR's ability to implement.
To sum up the above analysis and deductions, as pointed out in the first paragraph of this article, crises often occur without warning - if the new SAR Government had prepared for the above three major problems as early as possible, including the preparation of internal contingency plans, and the management of expectations through public education, it would not have caused a greater crisis.
If the new team intends to bypass the existing system and replace the posts previously held by the administrative grades, it is often said that it is difficult to do so, and it will take time, or it will fail to meet the expectations of the public, resulting in a new crisis.
Author: Huang Yong, CEO, Freedom of Expression Walk
Column: Commentary ‧ World
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Content: Farewell briefing and fact-checking!
Officials who juggle foreign words in their official speeches and documents without much reason and meaning must learn to be more restrained, otherwise they will have to spend all their salaries on fines.
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