### Report: Causes of the Woolly Mammoth’s Extinction

#### Introduction
The extinction of the woolly mammoth (*Mammuthus primigenius*) is a complex event influenced by both environmental changes and human activities.

Understanding the interplay between these factors provides insights into how species become extinct and highlights the impact of humans on prehistoric ecosystems.

#### Environmental Factors: Climate Change
Climate change played a significant role in the decline of the woolly mammoth population.

As the last Ice Age ended, global temperatures began to rise, leading to dramatic shifts in climate patterns.

These changes resulted in:

1.

**Habitat Loss**: The warming climate caused the retreat of the cold, dry steppes that mammoths depended on for food.

As these grasslands shrank, they were replaced by forests and wetlands, which were unsuitable for mammoths.

This habitat transformation reduced the availability of the vegetation necessary for their survival.

**Vegetation Changes**:

### Report: Causes of the Woolly Mammoth’s Extinction

#### Introduction
The extinction of the woolly mammoth (*Mammuthus primigenius*) is a complex event influenced by both environmental changes and human activities.

Title:

Content: Climate change, military conflicts and the resulting famine will lead to the migration of hundreds of millions of people to more prosperous and cooler countries in the next few years.
To resettle these migrants, receiving states will have to sacrifice the well-being of their own citizens, because resources for all are not enough even now, and global warming leads to their further reduction in most countries (except for high-latitude regions).
NEWS.ru has found out whether Europe is turning into a place where its inhabitants want to escape to Africa.
The great migration of peoples that is taking place before our eyes has no precedent over the past 1,500 years, because several “migratory ” factors converged at one point at once, the head of the International Organization for Migration (IOM) Antonio Vitorino stated on Wednesday.
The main such factors, he called war, terrorism, climate change and poverty.
Vitorino participated in the conference “The Future of Hope ” held in Portugal in early September.
It focused on how the unfavorable changes taking place in the world affect the fate of the younger generation, which comes into life, where these people are not welcomed with open arms.
The vast majority of migrants are young people.
And in those countries where they will arrive, they will also have to communicate primarily with young people.
Unfortunately, we predict that the current migration crisis will last for a long time.
And we need to think about how to provide all migrants with food, water, energy, a roof over their heads, money...
And not once there in the future, but right now, because winter is just around the corner, ” he explained the priorities that face the IOM.
At the moment, the main headache for European countries, both for governments and for residents, is created, however, not by “climatic ” and not even economic migrants, but by refugees from Ukraine.
Unpredictably, their large flow (according to the UN, more than 5 million people) led to a revision of the migration policy usual for the European Union.
If before the start of the exodus of refugees from Ukraine, Poland and Hungary directly sabotaged orders from Brussels on quotas for migrants, then since the spring of 2022, these two countries are setting an example to “colleagues ” in terms of how to receive involuntary guests.
Photo: shutterstock
As noted by Antonio Vitorino, the crisis in Ukraine has led to the fact that in one knot tied all the causes of mass migration, which in a number of other situations and countries arise separately.
It is the fact that in this case these reasons manifested themselves as a “package ” that led to a rapid“ domino effect ” in regions that have no geographical or political connection with Eastern Europe.
As a result, food shortages threaten countries thousands of kilometers away from the war zone in Africa, and hunger will inevitably lift millions more people from their places there, who will have nowhere to flee except to the same Europe.
Europeans in the current migration crisis is not just worried, but causes a natural panic that the resources of their countries are obviously not enough not only to feed migrants, but also themselves.
The past summer, with its extreme weather events, primarily drought and floods, caused damage to the agriculture of European countries (especially southern ones), from which they will not recover for several more years - and then on the condition that in the coming years such cataclysms will not continue.
But unlike Ukrainians and Africans, Spaniards, Greeks and French have nowhere to escape.
Therefore, the IOM, as well as the UN Food Programme, sees the way out not so much in creating acceptable conditions for refugees in European countries (which indirectly only encourages migrants to go there), but in creating such conditions in their native places.
The size of humanitarian aid has its limits, in any case.
In addition, its size is greatly limited by political conditions such as sanctions and other restrictions, including by the governments themselves, as is the case in Afghanistan.
Therefore, the international community has to develop long-term strategies for alleviating humanitarian crises, while current tasks have to be addressed in a targeted manner, the head of IOM laments.
Everything goes to the fact that in a couple of decades, if not earlier, a situation may arise that never before (at least after the Second World War) simply could not have imagined: the Europeans themselves will begin to think about emigration.
Natalia Eremina, professor of the Department of European Studies at the Faculty of International Relations of St. Petersburg State University, said that such a break in the template is possible.
Natalia Eremina [Professor of the Department of European Studies, Faculty of International Relations, St. Petersburg State University]
For several years, there has been a process of re-emigration when residents of European countries who came there from somewhere else begin to return to their homeland, because the standard of living in these countries is equal to the level of those countries from where they once left in search of a better life.
Even refugees from Ukraine, and those in the last month or two, too, have reached back.
If we talk about the indigenous inhabitants of Western Europe, the process of resettlement from depressed countries from the Baltic States, Greece or Southern Italy to relatively prosperous ones is in full swing.
Formally, this does not fall under the concept of “immigration ”, because it takes place within a single economic space, but from a demographic point of view it is not much different from the migration of Syrians or Africans to the same countries.
This year, a phenomenon that has not been observed before has arisen, when “walls ” against refugees, physical or legal, begin to be erected not only by European countries.
This week, the Turkish Iyi party said that illegal migrants should be isolated in special camps and sent to where they came from, without any sentiments.
Photo: shutterstock
However, the leader of the Iyi party Meral Aksener only reinterpreted the statement of the official Turkish Foreign Ministry, which in July announced that there could be no question of “turning ” Turkey, which for the past eight years has received the most refugees in the world, into a“ refugee camp ”.
However, this approach of the Turkish side is not much different from the plans of the penultimate British government (resigned this week) to expel illegal immigrants to Rwanda.
It is these plans that the Turkish Foreign Ministry referred to, stressing that any assumptions that Turkey can conclude a similar agreement with the UK have no basis.

How did climate change affect mammoth' habitat?

How did humans contribute to the wooly mammoth extinction?

What environmental factors contributed to the wooly mammoth extinction?

Understanding the interplay between these factors provides insights into how species become extinct and highlights the impact of humans on prehistoric ecosystems.

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Content: International scientists and academics sound the alarm.
Climate change and natural disasters.
Terrifying scenarios that threaten the world
T + T - normal size
“No corner of our planet is immune to the devastating effects of climate change, ” according to the United Nations, which notes that“ rising temperatures are fueling the direct cause of environmental degradation, natural disasters, extreme weather conditions, food and water insecurity, along with economic disruption, conflict and terrorism. ”
The link between natural disasters and the climate crisis is inextricably linked, given the manifestations of climate change and the consequences of extreme weather and climate events that have made disasters more frequent and severe, including extreme heat waves, droughts, devastating hurricanes, floods, wildfires and other disasters for which the world is paying a heavy bill.
According to United Nations data.
The number of natural disasters caused by bad weather has increased fivefold in half a century.
Between 1970 and 2021, there were 11,778 disasters caused by climate-related extreme events (more than 2 million deaths).
From 2000 to 2020, 7,348 natural disasters were recorded worldwide (killing 1.23 million people), with eight of the 10 most disaster-prone countries located in Asia.
By 2030, the number of natural disasters could reach 560 (1.5 per day).
While other drivers of natural disasters, along with the consequences of the climate crisis, are linked to the policies pursued by some governments in terms of their reliance on unsustainable development projects.
However, the climate factor remains firmly established as a key driver of these current and future disasters, requiring faster progress in crisis reduction and commitment to the 1.5 ° C goal to save the Earth, including the energy transition and increased funding for mitigation measures.
In this context, international scientists and academics, in separate statements to Al-Bayan, explain the link between climate change and natural disasters.
They also provide insights into the severity of potential crises more broadly than the world is currently experiencing, as well as specific scenarios of measures needed to prevent such catastrophic scenarios.
Possible exacerbation
"We expect to see more extreme events."
Jeffrey Schlegelmilch, director of the National Disaster Preparedness Center at Columbia University ’ s Columbia Climate School, opens his talk with Al Bayan about this future dimension associated with a possible exacerbation of natural disasters due to the climate crisis and other factors.
"The exact effects of these extreme events will be mixed, but in general, we can expect events such as more intense and longer-lasting heatwaves, more powerful storms, as well as floods," he said.
At the same time, some areas will also experience long-term drought, with ripple effects on agriculture, power generation and various other aspects of society.
We can expect to see more of what we ’ re seeing now, with “worse and more ” impacts in areas that may have been historically affected by these types of disasters.
Jeffrey Schlegelmilch added: “We are seeing measurable impacts as a result of climate change, particularly in terms of increased rainfall in some storms, as well as heatwaves and wildfires.
“Areas already prone to disasters will be the worst (in terms of vulnerability), especially coastal areas facing sea level rise. ”
However, we must also acknowledge that climate change is only one aspect of the causes of such disasters, but the role of national policies and development projects cannot be overlooked.
“There are governments that blame climate change for what is essentially land use or water management policies.
“The impact of disasters will continue to be made worse by unsustainable development practices that leave many people in harm ’ s way. ”
He believes that reducing emissions will contribute in the long run to overcoming these challenges, “but we need significant investments in climate change adaptation now.
“Building codes, new building types, and assistance to the most vulnerable and impoverished communities will be essential to reduce the risk of loss of life. ”
New strategies
This could include new strategies for managing water runoff, the use of fire-resistant building materials in forest areas, and planning for evacuation routes and early warning systems.
Greater attention to disasters will also be required in non-disaster management debates, such as planning for economic development and infrastructure, and even how to educate people, with a focus on disasters and climate literacy.
Drought and hurricanes
Professor emeritus at the University of British Columbia, Peter Nimitz, said: “Rising temperatures are expected to increase the frequency and severity of natural disasters. ”
"The world will see a continuation of this trend, which is manifested in droughts, floods, hurricanes and excessive heat that threaten to make some parts of the world uninhabitable by the end of the century."
These areas may include parts of South Asia.
It is believed that one of the biggest threats, along with mass migration, will be the threat to global food supplies, due to the worsening climate crisis.
“These measures will take time, including a faster transition to renewables, increased funding for mitigation measures such as moving populations away from low-lying areas, stricter building codes and emergency measures in times of disaster, ” he said.
He also talks at the same time about the size of the reliance associated with the Conference of the Parties (COP28) held in the UAE, explaining that «..
"The crucial issue is the degree of responsibility that developed countries have towards developing countries, as how to address their problem will be very important from a global perspective, and we are counting on strong and fruitful discussions at COP28 to draw conclusions that protect the planet from the consequences of climate change."
The world is expected to move to radically rethink how risk is managed and funded.
Severe consequences.
John J. Klage, editor of Natural Hazards, a professor in the Department of Earth Sciences at Simon Fraser University in Canada, told Al Bayan that rising temperatures are affecting the cycle of the Earth ’ s oceans and atmosphere, with dire consequences and disasters.
A hotter atmosphere is capable of capturing more water vapor, which could lead to an increase in intensity and duration of heavy rainfall, which in turn could lead to more catastrophic flooding than we have seen in the recent past.
“If extreme summer temperatures continue to rise in India, Pakistan and sub-Saharan Africa, we can expect significant loss of life and increased food insecurity, especially in poor and war-torn countries. ”
Warming the atmosphere and oceans also cause glaciers and ice sheets to shrink, causing sea level to rise slowly.
Many major coastal cities are expected to experience flooding later this century.
Moreover, hotter subtropics are capable of producing more severe hurricanes than in the past.
There are some questions about whether the number of hurricanes will change as the world warms, but it is likely that the land trajectories of these hurricanes will take different trajectories from those of the past; for example, hurricanes may extend further up the Atlantic coast of North America than was common during the last century.
Hurricane trajectories may also change and perhaps their intensity, as hurricanes in the central United States begin to move eastward into densely populated areas.
The constant increase in population means that the risk of natural disasters is increasing in most parts of the world.
At a time when the number of people living in areas prone to climate-related disasters is increasing, a large part of this growth is accompanied by an increase in vulnerability.
Consider, for example, the recent catastrophic floods in Libya, where the risk of severe floods and storms is increasing in most countries, but especially in countries that do not have the resources to deal with the problem.
Necessary measures
According to Professor Simon Fraser University ’ s Department of Earth Sciences, the measures needed to counter these potential repercussions are to reduce our global dependence on fossil fuels and move to an economy based on renewable resources.
Such a shift would be costly and would therefore be to the disadvantage of developing countries.
But until we achieve this transformation, we can expect a continued increase in costly climate-related disasters.
Other measures are related to the assumption that climate-related disasters will increase in number and severity.
A range of actions can be taken to manage these crises, including educating local populations about the risks they face from climate disasters, protecting critical infrastructure from the expected impacts of these events, developing and funding robust preparatory evacuation plans, and preparing and funding emergency response plans.
Two main features
Adam Rose, a research professor at the University of California ’ s Sol Price School of Public Policy, and director of the University ’ s Center for Risk and Economic Analysis of Threats and Emergencies (CREATE), told Al Bayan that climate change has two main manifestations: a long-term trend toward global warming and conflicting weather patterns in terms of temperature extremes and precipitation.
In this context, he talks about the link between the manifestations of climate change and natural disasters, pointing out that the climate crisis has repercussions on the increase in the intensity of hurricanes, the increase in the number and intensity of heat waves, as well as the increase in the number of vector-borne diseases.
As well as an increase in the number and intensity of forest fires (exacerbated by increased rainfall, periods of time, droughts, etc., providing further intensification of these fires), as well as an increase in the number of floods caused by melting ice and snow (as well as by hurricanes).
“Most experts suggest that higher temperatures will be felt more in mid-latitudes (near the equator); however, more damage and losses will also be experienced in highly vulnerable areas elsewhere in the world that are prone to drought, in the path of hurricanes, and near floodplains, ” says Rose.
On actions that can be taken to address disasters linked to climate change, the director of the Center for Risk and Economic Analysis of Threats and Emergencies at the University of California, points out that reducing greenhouse gases is the most important countermeasure.
He also talks about different patterns of carbon capture (planting trees, injecting carbon dioxide into depleted oil and gas wells and into the deep ocean), as well as efforts to adapt to the consequences of climate change, such as building sea fences, improving forest management practices, and eliminating breeding grounds for disease-carrying insects.
Expensive bill.
Natural disasters usually have a significant economic cost.
The World Bank estimates that since 1980, more than 2.5 million people have lost nearly $6 trillion to disasters caused by natural hazards globally.
Total damage increased by about 350 percent, from $52 billion a year in the 1980s to $207 billion a year in the last decade and $232 billion over the first three years of the 1920s.
According to data from Swiss Re, the global economy suffered losses of $202 billion in 2020, $270 billion in 2021, $275 billion last year and $120 billion in the first half of this year due to natural disasters.
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3D printing community in southern Canada completed at the end of the year, each unit sold for more than 970,000 yuan
iPhone 15 overheating Apple recognized the iOS 17 vulnerability will be updated as soon as possible
British study: Three factors hit 250 million years after human extinction reptiles dominate the earth
The New York Times reported that 250 million years ago, reptiles evolved into mammals; the same 250 million years later, under the influence of the hot sun, the large deformation of the land, and the continuous increase of carbon dioxide, mammals, including humans, may not be able to continue.
A research team led by paleoclimatist Alexander Farnsworth of the University of Bristol in the UK, based on various research data computer simulations of the future of the Earth, published in the journal "Natural Geosciences" on the 25th.
Astronomers have speculated that after 7.6 billion years, the Sun will “expand ” enough to swallow up the Earth, but the life on Earth can ’ t wait that long, and it has long been“ smothered ” by the overheated atmosphere – the water vapor of the oceans and land will evaporate, and the water vapor may become a strong greenhouse gas, “circling ” more hot air over the Earth.
In about two billion years, the sea will be hot enough to boil.
According to the history of the Earth's continents, Pangea, which formed between 330 and 170 million years ago, will form a new "supercontinent" 250 million years later.
The new supercontinent can be called the “ultimate continent. ” He explores how life on Earth will adapt to the new supercontinent and finds that climate change is even more frightening.
According to the historical rule that the Sun releases 1% more energy every 110 million years, the Earth will be much hotter when the “Ultimate Continent ” forms than it is today.
As the six continents gradually become a "supercontinent," the temperature of the interior will increase rapidly.
Because the "interior" is so large, the current interaction between rain, carbon dioxide and minerals, that is, the minerals on the slopes of mountains and hills are washed into the ocean by rivers and fall to the bottom of the sea, will become very slow.
When ancient continents formed, the land was full of volcanoes, spewing carbon dioxide, causing the temperature of the atmosphere to soar, the team said.
In addition, humans burn fossil fuels, burning more than 40 billion tons of carbon dioxide every year. If this "unnatural" amount of carbon dioxide continues, biologists believe that more and more species will become extinct on Earth, and humans, because they cannot withstand high heat and humidity, will eventually become one of the "extinct species".
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Content: Science and Technology
Study: Wildfires may have caused the biggest mass extinction event
Study: Wildfires may have caused the biggest mass extinction event, now with details
Researchers believe the Permian mass extinction event 248 million years ago that wiped out nearly every species on Earth may have been due to large-scale wildfires, where greenhouse gas emissions from volcanoes, rising temperatures and dry landscapes led to wildfires in areas that were previously wetlands.
As wetlands no longer capture carbon from the atmosphere, this in turn has led to further warming.
Chris Meese, a lecturer in paleontology at University College Cork (UCC) and lead author of the study, says that coal abundance reached a prominent peak at the top of the last coal strata in the Permian, indicating a significant but short-lived increase in wildfires, followed by coal decline over the next three million years of the early Triassic.
The fossil and plant charcoal records of the Sydney and Bowen Basin in eastern Australia and Antarctica provided information to researchers that wetlands are disrupted by regular wildfires.
However, the researchers noted that warming climate and increased fire activity during the extinction event seemed to push all plants, including those that tried to adapt, to a breaking point, and it took millions of years for the planet ’ s ecosystem to recover after this extinction event.
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Content: Climate change: an environmental scourge almost completely defeated by humanity
Human beings and nature complement each other and destroy each other. After the industrial revolution, human survival and development activities have caused damage to the environment and also suffered the consequences of environmental retaliation.
Conspiracy after a crisis, began to find ways to remedy and reverse man-made environmental disasters.
Global warming remains one of the major threats to humanity ’ s survival, but as in the past, humanity is beginning to join forces to deal with it.
The biggest joint action to date is the climate summit COP26 in Glasgow.
What experiences have we had to overcome environmental hazards, and are there still lessons to be learned, such as the once-infamous acid rain, and the hole in the ozone layer that shields off deadly ultraviolet rays, which is now almost legendary?
BBC environment correspondent Helen Briggs has this to say:
Acid rain: 1970-1990s
In the 1980s, acid rain occurred on the earth, and fish and shrimp were killed in the waters of the Upper Creek Lake on the Scandinavian Peninsula, and once lush forests became mottled, and after a storm, trees became withered and bald.
North America was not spared either.
Some of the Great Lakes have become burial grounds for fish, shrimp and other aquatic creatures, and the waters have a strange translucent indigo color.
The reason is now well known, because the rain clouds are full of sulfur dioxide, and the sulfur dioxide that returns to the earth with the rain comes from coal power stations. The burning of coal to generate electricity and heat creates acid rain, which destroys the ecology of forests, grasslands and rivers and lakes.
One of the key figures in the headlines about the causes, harms and ways to deal with acid rain is a Swedish scientist named Peringe Grennfelt.
“In the 1980s, the biggest environmental problem people thought of as history was it (acid rain), ” he said.
Acid rain on the front page people are used to. There are confusion, ambiguity, denial, denial and diplomatic confrontation between countries around the environmental scourge of acid rain.
Many countries have signed international agreements to control pollution sources and gradually reduce the use of fossil fuels, the source of acid rain, which releases harmful substances to pollute the air.
Several leading countries and regions have also enacted their own legislation, formulated rules, and established corresponding regulatory and enforcement agencies.
The Clean Air Act (Clean Air Act) was introduced to guide and encourage industrial and mining enterprises to reduce sulfuric acid and nitric acid emissions, stipulating emission caps and trading systems, allowing enterprises to trade surplus quotas in the system.
Moreover, the emission cap is lowered annually until harmful acid gas emissions are substantially reduced.
Acid rain has largely disappeared in Europe and North America, mostly in textbooks, databases, and historical documents, but remains a major environmental hazard in Asia and elsewhere.
However, Canadian scientist John Smol believes that in many ways, the human fight against acid rain should be seen as a success story because it shows that countries can work together to solve international problems.
He added: “If pollution is not clearly priced, people will continue to pollute regardless. ”
This is the lesson we have learned. "
Ozone Layer Hollow: 1980s
In 1985, another pressing environmental issue made headlines.
Scientists at the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) have warned the world that there is a huge hole in the ozone layer above the South Pole, and it is growing.
The main culprit for this void was chlorofluorocarbons, the so-called greenhouse gases, a more familiar name for CFC, which was widely used in aerosols and refrigerants at the time.
BAS polar scientist Anna Jones points out that the ozone layer, which shields everything on Earth and humans from the destructive ultraviolet rays, is rapidly thinning. “It ’ s breaking with a sudden bang, and it ’ s dropping dramatically. ”
Ozone over Antarctica has been decreasing since the 1970s, but it is little known and is not a cause for concern.
British scientists sounded the global alarm. The destruction of the ozone layer has become a major international event.
In 1987, world leaders in Canada signed the Montreal Protocol, one of the most successful environmental treaties of all time.
Subsequently, ozone-depleting chemicals were phased out and the industry transitioned to a “CFC free ” aerosol tank welcomed by green consumers.
“It ’ s a global problem, and industry, scientists, and policymakers came together … They moved quickly and adopted a mechanism that allowed for a constant tightening of the terms of the agreement, ” Jones noted.
This is a very important model, very effective. "
The Montreal Protocol was both a success and a setback.
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), developed as alternatives to ozone-depleting chemicals, have been found to be a potent greenhouse gas.
In addition, the CFC once mysteriously soared and was tracked to China.
These two things lead to further movement.
Now the ozone hole is “recovering ”, that is, slowly shrinking, but the chemicals that deplete the ozone layer will stay in the atmosphere for a long time, which means that the repair will be a long and slow process.
Leaded petrol: 1920s - 2020s
For decades, we ’ ve used leaded gasoline as a fuel — because companies have added lead additives to help gasoline burn more efficiently.
Lead-containing gasoline releases lead particles into the exhaust of an inhalable car, causing a variety of health problems, including heart disease, stroke, and impaired mental development in children.
After a long struggle among scientists, regulators and industry to reach a consensus around health risks, rich countries banned leaded gasoline from the 1980s.
However, since this fuel is cheaper to produce than unleaded gasoline, its use in developing countries continues.
After a long campaign by NGOs, industry groups and governments, the last drop of leaded gasoline was injected into car tanks months ago under the protection of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
Although the world has officially eliminated leaded fuels, lead pollution is still present in dust and soil in the environment and will persist for a long time.
Lesson learned
With climate change increasingly dominating the international agenda and news agenda, news of environmental disasters such as acid rain and the ozone hole is rarely mentioned.
However, there are similarities between climate change and these issues that have emerged and are largely defeated.
Acid rain has long been a source of international conflict, with some denying its existence, while the fossil fuel industry is at odds with environmentalists.
Is this pattern familiar?
Professor Smoll said that the debate and discussion around acid rain was training on the more complex issues of climate change. “The first lesson I learned was that the results must be disseminated in a timely and effective manner, not only to other scientists, but also to policymakers and the general public. ”
"Once there is an information vacuum, it will immediately be exploited by vested interests," he said.
The big difference, of course, is that with the development of social media and the spread of misinformation, today ’ s situation is more complicated.
Commenting on international efforts to eliminate leaded fuels, Rob de Jong, head of the UN Environment Agency ’ s Sustainable Transport Department, said a valuable experience was a coordinated approach.
"The whole campaign has invested heavily in raising public awareness, in social and community level action, and in raising awareness of the impact of leaded petrol on children."
The measures taken by the international community to reduce ozone-depleting chemicals show, to a lesser extent, the framework and forms of cooperation needed to tackle global warming.
“The climate change issue is much more complex than the ozone issue because we don ’ t have direct alternatives to fossil fuels like CFCs, ” Jones said.
However, this is not a reason for inaction – the problem is too big and needs to be addressed on an ongoing basis.
“In the past, when industry and government worked together, an environmental problem that threatened the world was solved; now they need to prove that they can do it again. ”

#### Environmental Factors: Climate Change
Climate change played a significant role in the decline of the woolly mammoth population.

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Content: Climate change means seeing more rainbows in the future
According to a new study by researchers from the University of Hawaii ’ i at Mānoa, one of the unexpected consequences of extreme climate change is that by 2100, the frequency of rainbows worldwide will increase by up to 5% compared to the beginning of the century.
While seeing more rainbows may not be a great consolation in the face of large-scale droughts and heavy flooding, the research team wanted to highlight just how much our natural world is changing — and should be considered — because of climate change.
Rainbows have been an important part of human culture throughout history and around the world; they are aesthetically pleasing and express different things in multiple cultures around the world; for example, they are a symbol of hope because hope comes in the form of rain coming.
Rainbows are formed when sunlight is refracted by water droplets in the air, so sunlight and rainfall are essential components of rainbows, but human activities such as burning fossil fuels overheat the atmosphere, altering rainfall patterns and amounts and cloud cover.
More rainbows.
According to the study published in November in Global Environmental Change, the researchers, drawing on crowdsourced imagery, global climate data and a computer model, found that as a result of global warming, 21 to 34 percent of land areas will see fewer rainbows, while other regions, representing 66 to 79 percent, will see an increase in rainbows.
Kimberly Carlson, the lead author of the study who now works in the Department of Environmental Studies at New York University, says, “When I lived in Hawaii I was grateful, because amazing rainbows were part of my daily life, and wondered how climate change could affect the chances of seeing rainbows. ”
According to Science Daily, the question caught the attention of Camilo Mora, from the Department of Geography and Environment at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, and was put to be the focus of a graduate course project.
We often study how climate change directly affects people ’ s health and livelihoods, but few researchers have studied how climate change can affect the aesthetic qualities of our environment, and no one has bothered to map the rainbow as well as climate change.
To answer that question, a team of students at the University of Hawaii in Manoa examined images uploaded to the social platform Flickr, on which people post images, and then sorted tens of thousands of images taken around the world with the word "rainbow", to identify rainbows caused by the refraction of light by raindrops.
Next, the scientists trained a rainbow color prediction model based on the location of rainbow images, rainfall maps, cloud cover, and the angle of the sun, and then applied their model to predict future rainbow states to all regions of the world.
History of Humanity with the Rainbow
According to the press release published on the university ’ s website, the researchers found that regions with smaller populations in the upper highlands and at higher latitudes such as the Tibetan Plateau would notice an overall increase in the number of days that would see the rainbow.
The islands will be one of the best places to see rainbows in the coming years, in particular, and islands like Hawaii — recently dubbed the “rainbow capital of the world ” — will remain a rainbow hotspot because of its topography.
Highly populated areas, where smog abounds, as well as areas expected to experience more drought and less rain, such as the Mediterranean, are also expected to see fewer rainbows.
On the other hand, the study ’ s researchers didn ’ t get too far into discussing how such changes in rainbow frequency might affect our attitudes or well-being, but they did point to humanity ’ s long history with rainbows and shared human culture across the globe stretching back to ancient times.
They noted that the relationship that natural phenomena – such as the rainbow, mirage and auroras – create between humankind and nature must be taken into account, and that part of the challenge of successfully tackling the climate crisis is to get people to care enough about their natural surroundings to protect it.
Facts about Rainbow
According to National Geographic, the rainbow is in the form of multiple colors and is formed by the refraction of light on the spray of water.
However, it is an optical illusion, because it doesn ’ t really exist in a certain spot of the sky.
The most common rainbow is produced when sunlight hits raindrops, but rainbows can also be seen around fog, sea spray, or waterfalls.
The rainbow sequence consists of 7 colors and never changes.
The seven colors within the rainbow spectrum include red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet.
The appearance of a rainbow depends on where you stand and where the sun shines or any other source of light and the source of light is usually behind the person who sees the rainbow.
The primary center of the rainbow is the opposite point of the sun or the imaginary point exactly opposite the sun.
Rainbows formed by sea spray are smaller than rainbows formed by rain, because salt water has a higher refractive index than fresh water.
The angle between the beam of light entering and the beam coming out of the raindrops is 42 degrees for red and 40 degrees for violet.
Although we see a rainbow in the shape of an arc, true rainbows are full circles but we cannot see them full when we stand on the ground.
Airline passengers and high-altitude climbers can see the rainbow in its full form, because they can see below the horizon.
One of the most fascinating facts about the rainbow is that no two people can see the exact same rainbow, everyone has a different point opposite the sun.
The center of the rainbow you see is on an imaginary line that runs from your eye to the sun.
Because your eyes and the eyes of everyone else — even the person next to you — can ’ t be on the same line in space, you can ’ t both see the same bow.
Rainbows can also occur at night, and the evening rainbow is called the "moon rainbow".
"Moon arcs" arise when the light reflected from the moon hits water droplets in the air.
Source: Science Alert + Websites

Title:

Content: Opinion: Startup to recreate mammoths, toilet for cows and epidemics due to warming
25.09.2021, 21: 28, Miscellaneous
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1.
American geneticists promise to develop GMO elephants equivalent to mammoths in just a few days.
The furry creatures will be released into the tundra to trample and eat it to the state of the tundra steppe, thereby saving the planet from global warming:
https: / / nplus1.ru / news / 2021 / 09 / 14 / resurrection-of-mothers
Biologist George Church and entrepreneur Ben Lamm announced the creation of a company Colossal, which will be engaged in the “resurrection ” of mammoths – obtaining genetically edited frost-resistant elephants with signs of mammoths.
So far, the startup has received $15 million in funding.
Specialists of the company expect to get the first cubs of such elephants within 4-6 years.
The woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) is an extinct member of the elephant family, whose closest modern relative is the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus).
Scientists have been discussing the possibility of reviving mammoths for many years and even making some progress in this direction.
For example, Japanese and Russian researchers forced the nucleus of cells from mammoth tissues to divide.
Harvard geneticist George Church and American entrepreneur Ben Lamm announced the creation of the company Colossal, whose activities will be aimed at the return of woolly mammoths.
To do this, they plan to use the CRISPR / Cas system to edit the genome of the Asian elephant.
The company ’ s website states that a genetically edited Asian elephant embryo will be carried by a female African elephant to eliminate the extra burden on the population of the Asian elephant, whose conservation status is Endangered.
Colossal experts intend to return mammoths to the Arctic expanses, restoring with their help the disappeared tundra steppes - this should prevent the melting of permafrost, which releases a large amount of methane - a greenhouse gas.
The company also believes that the technologies that will be developed for this project can be used to return other extinct species and to save endangered organisms.
The Colossal website also states that the animals that the company is going to get are more correctly called not mammoths, but “frost-resistant elephants with all the main biological features of a woolly mammoth. ”
Russia will be glad to continue warming, because it brings us more pluses than minuses.
But still, the American development should be supported, it is also necessary to immediately engage in its import substitution.
We are interested in the revival of mammoths.
Tundra makes up 10% of the territory of Russia, and if with the help of polar elephants it is possible to turn it into a more biologically productive and liveable tundra steppe, it will be a great help for our agriculture and tourism.
Just imagine: obese herds of elephant mammoths graze on snow-covered fields, and joyful tourists roam between them on safari jeeps.
This is more interesting than reindeer digging moss out of an impassable swamp.
2.
Western environmentalists have come up with another way to save the world.
To do this, you just need to force livestock to use the toilet carefully.
Moreover, the daring experimenters did succeed – they accustomed the cows to the pot!
https: / / nplus1.ru / news / 2021 / 09 / 14 / cows
German and New Zealand biologists have proven that cows can be taught to urinate in the same place.
This is good news for the environment, because the urine of free-grazing cattle pollutes the soil and water bodies, and also contributes to climate change.
If cows from one herd begin to relieve themselves in a certain specially equipped room, it will be easier for farmers to collect and dispose of waste.
The results of the study were published in an article for the journal Current Biology.
Animal husbandry is the cause of many environmental problems, one of them is waste.
Cattle urinate and defecate abundantly, which leads to pollution of soils and water bodies, as well as emissions of significant amounts of greenhouse gases.
The worst situation is where animals are kept in free grazing.
One of the possible solutions to this situation is to teach cows and bulls to relieve themselves in certain places, so that it would be easier for farmers to collect and send the urine of their wards for processing.
Theoretically, this is possible: the excretory system of cattle has no fundamental differences from that of species that can go to the toilet in specific places, for example, domestic cats.
However, attempts to develop this idea in practice have so far had limited success.
The team, led by Jan Langbein of the Leibniz Association Institute for Animal Biology, decided to start the process of raising cows from a young age.
The researchers selected 16 five-month-old female Holstein calves and placed them two in a room equipped with a cow toilet with a floor covered with plastic grass.
Before the start of each experiment, the animals were injected with diuretics.
At the same time, after each urination in the toilet, the calf received a treat through an automatic dispenser.
This phase of the experiment had a dual purpose.
First, the researchers wanted the animals to understand that the toilet is a place to cope with natural needs.
Second, the authors tested whether cow urination could be controlled with rewards.
It turned out that this is possible: shortly after the beginning of the experiments, 10 of the 16 calves began to urinate, turning or moving in the direction from which the delicacy appeared.
The remaining six learned this a little later.
At the next stage, all the same calves were taught to pass from the corridor to the toilet and urinate there.
In order to enter, they had to activate the gate.
Individuals who did everything right received a treat, after which the gate opened automatically and released them into the corridor (the course of the experiment you can see in the video below).
However, if the calf urinated in the corridor, instead of a reward, it was exposed to an unpleasant stimulus - it was sprayed with water for three seconds.
As a result, 11 of the 16 individuals quickly learned to restrain the urge and urinate in the designated place.
At the same time, calves that learned poorly urinated as often as their more trained relatives.
Well, the experiments are inhumane, of course, but it's better than cow muzzles with gas traps:
https: / / olegmakarenko.ru / 2160373.html
We look forward to the new achievements of Western geniuses.
3.
Doctors frighten us with all sorts of epidemiological misfortunes due to global warming.
As if Russia could turn into a kind of tropical Africa with its many unpleasant diseases:
https: / / lenta.ru / news / 2021 / 08 / 30 / virusi _ i _ klimat /
Climate change leads to the fact that on the territory of Russia, the emergence and spread of diseases characteristic of warmer regions are increasingly recorded.
About this “Tape.ru ” told the doctor-therapist, clinical pharmacologist Andrei Kondrakhin.
In 10-15 years, epidemics of such dangerous diseases as malaria, yellow fever and others can become a serious problem for the country, the expert predicts.
Rospotrebnadzor earlier reported that in the fall in Russia may appear mosquitoes that are carriers of West Nile fever.
According to Andrei Kondrakhin, the climate in Russia is becoming increasingly suitable for insect carriers of dangerous viral diseases.
Despite the fact that in the cold season they often die, in the summer they are often brought by travelers, after which mosquitoes and flies quickly multiply in the Russian regions.
“Everything goes to the fact that dangerous viral diseases we will become more and more, — said the doctor. — It would seem that where is the West Nile, and where are we?
But insects get to us quite easily: in the suitcases of travelers, they are transported by warm air currents - it is not difficult at all.
And, despite the fact that in the winter so far they die in our country, in the next season the situation repeats itself.
The warmer the climate becomes, the milder the winters, the more favorable conditions will be for insect carriers of diseases, gradually they will begin to assimilate. ”
Kondrakhin is confident that over time, such a severe tropical disease as malaria will become routine for Russia.
The same, for example, with yellow fever, a virus of Japanese encephalitis that causes inflammation of the brain, the doctor believes.
“And yet this will not be observed throughout the country, ” the expert reassured. – For mosquitoes, not only a warm, but also a humid climate is extremely important, so most likely, the epidemic will not reach the same Moscow as other large Russian cities. ”
He added that since climate change and the emergence of new diseases on the territory of Russia are inevitable, it is necessary to prepare now to repel possible epidemics.
“We ’ ve had our own problems before, like ticks that carry encephalitis and Lyme disease.
Now they wake up earlier.
In 10-15 years, flies can be added to this, carrying typhoid fever, cholera and dysentery and other diseases that previously seemed exotic to us, ” Kondrakhin concluded.
Perhaps it is necessary to prepare in advance for such threats.
Countermeasures have already been developed, it remains to take them into service.
These are gene drive technologies that reduce insect populations, as well as special antimosquito fungi:
https: / / lenta.ru / articles / 2019 / 01 / 25 / genetic _ weapon /
https: / / lenta.ru / news / 2019 / 06 / 03 / mosquitos /
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Title:

Content: People love stories about the end of the world.
But in describing the possible demise of civilization, we have become excessively fascinated by science fiction.
Today, the word “apocalypse ” for fans of the genre is tantamount to an alien invasion or a zombie virus pandemic.
Both options seem incredible so the apocalypse doesn ’ t scare anyone anymore.
In fact, if there is someone intelligent in the universe, he is unlikely to fly through endless space for one tiny planet in a small galaxy.
With the zombie virus, the situation is similar: in theory, it is possible to invent a disease like in The Walking Dead, but this makes no sense - we already have COVID-19.
And while we talk about movies and TV shows, civilization is slowly but surely moving towards extinction.
Some researchers even talk about the onset of a new ice age – it turned out that warming can lead to cooling, writes Hi-News.ru.
Change for the Worst
Three years ago, few people could have imagined how much the world would change.
The first blow was caused by a pandemic, the second – the aggravation of military conflicts.
Today, the very existence of nuclear weapons is alarming.
Agree, this is the situation.
The new IPCC report on climate change adds fuel to the fire.
To put it simply, we have not been able to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
Moreover, we have increased them, and the consequences will be catastrophic.
Thus, an increase in the average temperature on the planet may bring a new ice age closer.
The main problem with global warming is that all changes come slowly.
For this reason, as such, there will be no “X Day ”, instead we will witness a humanitarian catastrophe against the background of fires, droughts, floods and cooling.
In 2004, the disaster film “The Day After Tomorrow ” was released, in which part of the land was frozen due to the stoppage of the Gulf Stream.
Of course, “The Day After Tomorrow ” is a fantastic blockbuster, but some of the problems are described in the film quite well.
Thus, the results of the conducted studies indicate a serious slowdown in the Gulf Stream.
The Ice Planet
Since the climate on Earth has always changed, after the heat often comes cooling.
For example, in the early 14th century, the cold period led to glaciation in the mountains and the expansion of some areas of sea ice (as well as crop failures, hunger and disease throughout Europe).
In other words, the usual summer was replaced by a harsh winter, and the rivers simply froze.
The reason for this has not been answered for a long time.
Scientists explained the cooling by an increased level of volcanic activity and a decrease in solar activity.
Now, researchers from the University of Massachusetts have discovered new data according to which the temperature of the seas and oceans is critical.
“Surprisingly, the cooling appears to have been caused by an unusually warm episode, ” write the authors of the new scientific paper.
The rapid rise in sea temperature is a key factor explaining why the temperature on Earth has fallen to its lowest value in the last 10,000 years.
According to researchers, this problem has not been noticed in the past.
Water temperature
Meanwhile, a previously published study has developed a reconstruction of sea surface temperature in the North Atlantic about three thousand years ago.
The results revealed a sudden shift from very warm weather at the end of the 13th century to unprecedented cold at the beginning of the 14th century.
These changes occurred in just 20 years.
Using various sources to obtain detailed data on sea temperatures, the team found that at the end of the 13th century there was an anomalous transfer of warm water to the north, which peaked in about 80 years.
“When warm water from the tropics flows north along the coast of Northern Europe, it reaches higher latitudes and meets cold Arctic waters, ” the paper says.
During the encounter, the water loses heat and becomes denser, sinking to the bottom of the ocean.
This deep-sea formation then follows south along the coast of North America and continues to circulate around the world.
But at the end of the 13th century, there was more warm water, and the transition of the current to the north led to the rapid loss of Arctic ice.
As a result of the changes, a huge amount of ice was in the North Atlantic.
The additional ice not only cooled the waters, but also diluted their salinity, which led to a stoppage of the flow.
It was his stop, according to scientists, was the cause of further cooling.
But can something like this happen today?
Solar activity
According to scientists at the University of Massachusetts in a paper published in the scientific journal The Astrophysical Journal Letters, the same atmospheric situation occurred shortly before the Little Ice Age.
To find out if this is actually allowed... the trees.
Comparing the results with new solar activity data detected using radiocarbon isotopes preserved in tree rings, scientists found that at the end of the 13th century there was an unusually high solar activity.
At the same time, there were fewer volcanic eruptions on Earth, which means there was less ash in the air.
The "clean" atmosphere meant that the planet was more sensitive to changes in solar energy.
"Consequently, the effect of high solar activity on atmospheric circulation in the North Atlantic was particularly strong," the authors explain.
But could the Little Ice Age now come today?
The authors of the study point to the amount of Arctic sea ice, which is much less today due to the climate crisis.
Therefore, an event similar to what happened in the early XIV century, associated with the transfer of sea ice, is unlikely.
However, it is necessary to monitor the accumulation of fresh water in the sea north of Alaska, which has increased by 40% over the past two decades.
Glaciers are also rapidly disappearing.
But if more fresh water enters the North Atlantic, it could potentially lead to the weakening or collapse of the AMOC, the current system in the Atlantic Ocean that moves warm water from the tropics to Greenland and northern Europe.
Spots on the Sun
Another possibility of cooling comes from sunspots, or rather from their number.
Since the Sun is in an 11-year cycle of rising / falling temperatures, the unusual solar minimum may turn out to be cold, which correlates with lower temperatures in some parts of the planet.
According to estimates, we are at risk of witnessing a 7% decrease in solar activity and heat.
A similar large minimum occurred around the middle of the 17th century and led to the freezing of the River Thames as well as the Baltic Sea.
The first “frost fair ” on the River Thames in Great Britain was held in 1608 and was held almost annually until 1814.
The exact timing and intensity of the disaster are being discussed, but available data indicate that the situation will peak around 2050, but could occur as early as 2030.
The cooling effect of a large minimum is only a small part of the warming caused by the growing amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
It turns out that solar activity and AMOS stop can really lead to cooling and a small ice age.
Fortunately, humanity has 10 years to reduce the amount of harmful emissions and the atmosphere.
But if the situation does not change, you and I will have to watch the slow end of the world, in the hope of, for example, an alien invasion or the fall of the moon.
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According to most recent research, what is the primary cause of wooly mammoth extinction?

How did climate change affect mammoth' habitat?

What are the causes of the wooly mammoth extinction?

What aspects of climate change contributed to the wooly mammoth extinction?

What environmental factors contributed to the wooly mammoth extinction?

According to most recent research, what is the primary cause of wooly mammoth extinction?

How did climate change affect mammoth' habitat?

What are the causes of the wooly mammoth extinction?

What aspects of climate change contributed to the wooly mammoth extinction?

What environmental factors contributed to the wooly mammoth extinction?

According to most recent research, what is the primary cause of wooly mammoth extinction?

How did climate change affect mammoth' habitat?

What are the causes of the wooly mammoth extinction?

What aspects of climate change contributed to the wooly mammoth extinction?

What environmental factors contributed to the wooly mammoth extinction?

As the last Ice Age ended, global temperatures began to rise, leading to dramatic shifts in climate patterns.

What are the causes of the wooly mammoth extinction?

What aspects of climate change contributed to the wooly mammoth extinction?

What environmental factors contributed to the wooly mammoth extinction?

What are the causes of the wooly mammoth extinction?

What aspects of climate change contributed to the wooly mammoth extinction?

What environmental factors contributed to the wooly mammoth extinction?

What are the causes of the wooly mammoth extinction?

What aspects of climate change contributed to the wooly mammoth extinction?

What environmental factors contributed to the wooly mammoth extinction?

These changes resulted in:

1.

Title:

Content: WomenDraiv.ru
Science and technology
5
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What happens to the planet if all the insects disappear?
Without insects, our world will plunge into chaos, and human civilization will disappear from the face of the Earth.
Honestly, I don ’ t like insects.
Especially spiders, and others are not particularly pitiful, even butterflies scare me at times (have you seen their antennae?)
But no matter how we treat these tiny creatures, without them, life on our planet would be simply impossible.
Insects are needed for pollination of our crops, processing of manure, maintaining soil health, pest control - all you can not list.
Moreover, they are a source of nutrition for many animals, such as birds, frogs and fish.
Yes, what is there, even wildflowers rely on insects for pollination.
Meanwhile, most of us live in cities, which means that since childhood we practically do not see insects, except for domestic flies, mosquitoes and cockroaches - in fact, that's why we do not favor them.
Insects are often called "creepy creeping creatures" - unpleasant, running, dirty creatures living in darkness and spreading disease.
Therefore, few realize how important these creatures are to our own survival.
Researchers believe that as insects become smaller, our world will gradually sink into chaos.
The Inconspicuous Apocalypse: A World Without Insects
I will be frank - there is little good news for scientists for you and me.
Take, for example, the latest study of coronavirus, rapid climate change and the state of the Earth ’ s ecosystems – wherever you look, the situation is critical.
Mutations of SARS-CoV-2 continue despite vaccination, and the results of a very recent study, according to The Washington Post, and did show that vaccinated people can infect the unvaccinated with the Delta variant.
But back to the insects.
Scientists call what is happening an unnoticed apocalypse: their number is rapidly declining - 41% of insect species face extinction.
“If this mass insect death continues, the consequences will be catastrophic, ” said Dave Goulson, a professor of biology at the University of Sussex in the UK and author of the report on insect decline.
“Three-quarters of our crops depend on pollinators.
The crops will begin to disappear.
About strawberries, for example, you can forget, ” he said in an interview with CNN.
Without insects, the familiar to us simply cannot exist.
See also: Insects and spiders are rapidly disappearing from the face of the Earth.
What does that mean?
In addition to their role as food, insects perform many other vital functions in ecosystems.
For example, 87% of all plant species require animal pollination, most of which is delivered by insects.
The colorful petals, fragrance and nectar of flowers have evolved to attract pollinators.
Without pollination, the wildflowers would not produce seeds, and most of them would eventually disappear.
But the lack of pollinators will have far more devastating environmental consequences than just the loss of wildflowers.
About three-quarters of the crop species we grow also require insect pollination, and if the bulk of plant species could no longer produce seeds and become extinct, every community on Earth would suffer.
We cannot feed nearly 8 billion people without insects.
Reduction of insect population
An interesting study has shown that land - use changes in agriculture are the main cause of the decline in the number of insects in the world.
“The industrialization of agriculture in the second half of the 20th century included agriculture on a significantly expanded scale, monoculture, the use of increasing amounts of pesticides and fertilizers, and the elimination of intermittent hedges and other wildlife habitat fragments.
All these methods contribute to the death of insects and reduce biodiversity, ” write the authors of the scientific work.
We do not often think about this, driving away an annoying fly, but the death of insects can destroy us and you.
It is important to understand that the problem of insect death is widespread – currently about 11% of the Earth ’ s area is used for growing crops, and another 30% is used for grazing livestock.
The authors of the study are particularly concerned about the effects of agricultural activities in tropical regions where deforestation is widespread to clear land for agriculture.
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"Given that the vast majority of insect species live in the tropics, deforestation there is undoubtedly among the greatest threats to insect biodiversity in the world," the study said.
Since scientists estimate that less than 15% of insects in the tropics have not yet been discovered by humans, this means that many species will die out before we know they exist.
This can make it difficult to understand the impact of their loss on forest ecosystems as a whole.
Another study showed that the climate crisis contributes even more to the dangerous decline in insect populations than the direct effect of land-use change.
“From invasive species to habitat loss, pesticides and pollution, the Anthropocene stressors are numerous and multifaceted, but none are as geographically distributed or as likely to interact with all other factors as climate change, ” the study said.
The destruction of insects has far-reaching consequences for entire ecosystems, experts warn.
The authors conducted a meta-analysis of the literature based on the results of long-term monitoring of insect populations and found many cases of decline in their numbers.
For example, in the mountains of California, rising average daily minimum temperatures have led to a sharp decline in some butterfly populations, especially in the arid years, as warmer climates disrupted their mating schedule and access to nectar-producing plants.
The same was true for moths in warmer temperatures in Finland and the UK, where there were problems maintaining optimal body temperature.
This is interesting: What bacteria and insects are lurking in your bed linen?
What to do?
In a forward-looking paper that combines the findings of 11 studies, scientists outline key ways in which world leaders could achieve insect reduction.
These efforts should include closer monitoring of the health and abundance of insect populations, as well as stress factors, from rising temperatures to pesticide use.
In addition to creating a new monitoring, the authors call for more resources to be used to analyze existing data, many of which are hardly analyzed or not considered at all.
Comment

**Habitat Loss**: The warming climate caused the retreat of the cold, dry steppes that mammoths depended on for food.

According to most recent research, what is the primary cause of wooly mammoth extinction?

How did climate change affect mammoth' habitat?

restricted habitat
shrank grassland
food sources disappearing

What are the causes of the wooly mammoth extinction?

What aspects of climate change contributed to the wooly mammoth extinction?

What environmental factors contributed to the wooly mammoth extinction?

According to most recent research, what is the primary cause of wooly mammoth extinction?

How did climate change affect mammoth' habitat?

restricted habitat
shrank grassland
food sources disappearing

What are the causes of the wooly mammoth extinction?

What aspects of climate change contributed to the wooly mammoth extinction?

What environmental factors contributed to the wooly mammoth extinction?

As these grasslands shrank, they were replaced by forests and wetlands, which were unsuitable for mammoths.

Title:

Content: The science behind rewilding revolutionizes biological recovery strategies for nature conservation
American entrepreneur, philanthropist and environmentalist Kristine Tompkins, with Infobae, takes an exclusive look back at the Rewilding Foundation ’ s more than 20 years of work in Argentina and ponders the urgency of implementing a proactive recovery mission for our survival on Earth.
Over the last 5 million years, there have been 1 million endangered species, extreme and prolonged droughts, catastrophic floods and fires, and the highest concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, one of the major gases contributing to climate change.
This bleak picture is a product of human impact on the planet's wildlife and natural ecosystems.
Thousands of years ago, with the extinction of the first large birds and mammals, it began to be validated, and with the advent of new technologies, the situation deteriorated in recent centuries and reached catastrophic levels after the Industrial Revolution.
In this context, wilderness is positioned as one of the most effective strategies for restoring the integrity of natural ecosystems and their ability to mitigate environmental crises affecting the planet, such as biodiversity loss, climate change and the emergence of epidemics
In order to achieve this goal, Fundación Rewilding Argentina is a group of conservationists and activists, supported by its strategic ally Tompkins Sanctuary, united to respect the intrinsic values of all species and fought for more than 20 years to protect and restore our natural resources in the ecosystem. Ross built this transformative vision.
Today, Kristine Tompkins celebrates her legacy in the Argentine teams she helped form, which are now independent of Tompkins Conservation and continue to work in five provinces of the country.
He took the first step after 25 years with these teams, 70 years after Corrientes went extinct, he would establish the Iberian National Park and reintroduce the Jaguar Rewilding Argentina Foundation in Iberia beyond all my expectations.
Today, it is an independent organization that has grown in the country, leading unique restoration projects for other ecosystems, such as the Patagonia Prairie, Coast and Chaco, with tangible results for wildlife and communities. ”
In an interview with Infobae, Tompkins is a donor to one of the most prominent charitable companies in Argentine history, the 195,094 hectares of Iberian National Park, a promoter of the wilderness process and a promoter of environmental activism.
Founded in 2010 under the name Flora y F auna Argentina, Rewilding is the heir to the Argentine Trust for the Conservation of Land, founded by Tompkins in 1997.
Its main projects include the Iberá Park in the province of Corrientes - where the reintroduction of anteaters, jaguars or giant otters is prominent - El Imperable National Park in Chaco - the second largest continuous forest in South America after the Amazon; Patagonia Park Santa Cruz is highly sensitive to climate impacts and intensive land use, most recently the Blue Patagonia of Chubut.
After finishing college, he started working with Yvon Chouinard, the founder of a company focused on the Patagonia environment, when he was only 22.
He always kept in touch with climbers and ventured up the mountain.
Over time, he began participating in several discussions with biologists and environmentalists about the extinction crisis and the importance of protecting large swaths of territory to protect large predators.
“On top of that, I remember very clearly when we started coining the term ‘ rewild ’ in the ’ 90s, everything was new, but passion and scientific knowledge showed that taking action was her responsibility, ” the expert said.
During the 30 years of his life, he worked to preserve and restore the beauty and biodiversity of the Iberian wetlands. “In a sense, they were a pretty good adventure.
Teamwork, there are incredible people who have taught me so many things that have pushed me beyond the limits of my dreams.
When you work for the public good, anything is possible, and despite the climate and environmental crisis, it ’ s worth doing your best.
"Without vibrant nature, there is no beauty, there is no economy, and we cannot survive," he stressed.
He added: “The heritage of the Tompkins Reserve is that it has contributed on land to the establishment of many parks in Argentina and Chile, and it is the job of positioning new natural tourism destinations so that everyone can experience the experience of being part of and in contact with wildlife and generating local economies from it. ”
It is also to help Rewilding Argentina become an independent NGO and to be able to move forward by helping to restore the nature of its country, "he said.
Rewilding: What, why and how
This process is unique in the world, with two main goals: to protect biodiversity and ecological processes of ecosystems, and to turn these places into engines of economic development while respecting the natural world. Rewilding is a fundamental tool for reversing the extinction crisis that ravages the planet and mitigating other environmental crises such as climate change and epidemics.
However, in order for the impact of rewilding to be global, governments need to be involved in promoting, funding and leading these initiatives.
It is a restoration strategy aimed at restoring the integrity of natural ecosystems by transforming them into intact ecosystems (the species that have inhabited them since modern history) and functioning in sufficient numbers to fulfil their ecological role.
Complete and functional ecosystems provide ecosystem services that support life on Earth, including human survival.
A complete and functional natural ecosystem also provides opportunities for local development based on wildlife observations and natural tourism, which today has become the “engine ” of diverse communities.
“A healthy ecosystem basically depends on the large number of interactions (many of which are still unknown) between individuals of different species, rocks, soils, climates and all elements.
If some of these “key parts ” disappear, everything starts to change.
There is a cascading effect because everything is interconnected.
Tompkins explains that if species go extinct – and we know that in the last 500 years since the industrial age, the number of extinct species has increased due to human behavior – the chances of survival will diminish in the face of catastrophic change. ”
“As humans, we rely on the whole ecosystem to survive, ” the expert asserted.“ Rewilding is basically the condition to manage species that have become extinct and make sure they don ’ t become extinct again. ”
That is, to change the territory, economy and value of use that puts these species at risk.
Once the species that play a key role in the ecosystem returns, it is easier to restore the function of the entire ecosystem.
For example, the key species are top predators, such as jaguars or giant otters.
But what is a complete ecosystem?
Where all the species that evolved coexist, that is, it contains the population of all the species that have inhabited it since history.
However, the restoration of all forms of wildlife typical of ecosystems that have become extinct for human reasons is a difficult and sometimes impossible task, and therefore some of these wildlife must be prioritized.
We know that all species in an ecosystem are important, but science points out that some species are more important than others for the integrity and functionality of the ecosystem, and these are the so-called key species.
We say that in terms of its abundance, a key species can have a disproportionate impact on the ecosystem it inhabits because, through different mechanisms, it determines the distribution of other species (the areas in which they inhabit) and abundance.
One of these mechanisms is called the nutritional cascade.
In the trophic cascade, key species act from higher levels of the food chain (e.g., top predators such as cougars) to lower levels (herbivores such as Guanaco, and therefore vegetation).
Cougars feed on Guanaco and in this way determine its distribution and abundance, as well as the distribution and abundance of the vegetation consumed by Guanaco.
In the trophic cascade, mechanisms activated at the top of the food chain regulate the ecosystem from the top down.
Scientific evidence suggests that if a predator at a higher nutrient level in an ecosystem is lost, it triggers a cascade of reactions that affect the lower levels of the food chain to which it belongs.
These reactions can lead to imbalances in ecosystems, affecting their structure and dynamics, resulting in systems that are poorer, more homogeneous and therefore less diverse.
Most dangerously, these poor ecosystems are less resilient and therefore more vulnerable to adverse changes, many of which are caused by humans.
In addition to integrity, ecosystems must also be functional: the presence of key species is not enough, but they must also exist in sufficient numbers to play their ecological role.
When the number of individuals of a species is reduced to a minimum in an area, we can say that we are facing functional or ecological extinction, which occurs before the number or total extinction, represented by the disappearance of all individuals.
In other words, the presence of a small number of individuals in a species in an area does not ensure that the species plays its role in the ecosystem, which includes important interactions between different species.
This is why rewilding is concerned not only with restoring key species that are not present in the natural system (a process known as reintroduction), but also with increasing the number of species whose populations are declining (the replenishment process).
In both cases, the absence or reduction will continue only if it is the result of human activity.
It is worth mentioning that as a process of ecological restoration, wilderness is complex and there is a degree of uncertainty about the end result, and its focus is on the restoration process, not necessarily the restoration of the original state.
In other words, once the work is done, it is possible that some features of the original ecosystem will not be restored and that new features that are missing from it will be observed.
There is also a close link between biodiversity and climate, and there is growing recognition in the scientific community and society at large that complete and functional natural ecosystems capture and store atmospheric carbon and contribute to mitigating climate change.
This storage capacity can be increased from 1.5 to 12 times by implementing rewilding projects that restore species that play a key role in the ecosystem and the ecological interactions to which they belong. The concept of an “animated carbon cycle ” explains the increased carbon capture and storage capacity of ecosystems as a result of the execution of wilderness projects.
Past, Present and Future: Implementing Rewilding in Argentina
“For this reason, we have a responsibility to act not only to protect what is left, but also to restore what we have lost; there is an urgent need to restore our natural environment, even in places we wrongly believe to be pristine, ” said Sebastián di Martino, a biologist and conservation director at Rewilding Argentina. Such as our country's national parks and other protected areas," he said.
“We have been working in Iberia since 2007 and the results are very satisfactory, not only because of the large number of reintroduced and extinct species, but also because a large nature park covering 750,000 hectares has been built or designated.
Both activities were carried out with strong social and political support.
"Today, Argentines are very proud to say that Iberia has become the most ambitious multi-species reintroduction project in the Americas," he explained.
"Argentina is a country where knowledge and technology have been developed and human resources have been trained to implement this strategy," the expert said.
We have accumulated the knowledge to connect work with people and the economy.
We had the opportunity to climb it to other areas, like we do now in El Imperable or Patagonia Park.
This strategy is largely underdeveloped in Latin America, and there is no doubt that the Iberian results put our country on the global conservation map. "
Finally, Tompkins emphasizes: “I believe in human entrepreneurial ability and attitude.
We like to do, develop and act.
That ’ s why I think we need to channel this energy into responsible regenerative actions that bring back and restore habitats for species that are our travel partners.
In order to continue to share the planet, we need each person to play their own unique role in the ecosystem.
I believe in peace between us and other species.
I believe that we need more peace and tolerance not only among people, but also among all living beings. "
A few days ago, as part of World Wilderness Day, the Rewilding Foundation Argentina published a free book that introduces more than two decades of Iberian project experience, reviews the general history of rewilding and presents a vision for the future of this conservation strategy for Argentina and Argentina in South America.
He concluded by saying that I hope that the event in Revelding, Argentina, will help to reverse the extinction crisis.
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According to most recent research, what is the primary cause of wooly mammoth extinction?

How did climate change affect mammoth' habitat?

restricted habitat
pastures becoming swampy
shrank grassland

What are the causes of the wooly mammoth extinction?

According to most recent research, what is the primary cause of wooly mammoth extinction?

How did climate change affect mammoth' habitat?

restricted habitat
pastures becoming swampy
shrank grassland

What are the causes of the wooly mammoth extinction?

This habitat transformation reduced the availability of the vegetation necessary for their survival.

According to most recent research, what is the primary cause of wooly mammoth extinction?

How did climate change affect mammoth' habitat?

restricted habitat
shrank grassland
pastures becoming swampy
food sources disappearing

What are the causes of the wooly mammoth extinction?

**Vegetation Changes**:

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Searching for climate change indicators on tree tops
September 11, 2023
The health and activity of algae and lichens on tree tops reveal the state of the forests: the higher the humidity of the algae, the higher the degree of forest safety, so research teams at the University of Kaiserslautern are studying climate change on tree tops.
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DW in Africa.
Eyewitnesses to the phenomenon of climate change!
Stuart Brown
December 5, 2023
As climate change worsens, humans are experiencing extreme weather events with many suffering.
DW has been asking some African residents to see how their lives have changed due to climate change.
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The climate is changing dramatically as the effects of climate change worsen with temperatures rising by 1.2 ° C compared to pre-industrial levels (1850-1900), largely due to the burning of fossil fuel sources by humans, the main cause of the greenhouse gases that heat the Earth.
Many people wonder how climate change can change our daily lives.
How has life changed compared to the past?
In order to get to the bottom of this, DW went to Africa to talk to a number of residents of the continent, which is one of the most vulnerable regions of the world to the effects of climate change, to find out how their lives have been changed by climate change.
Momino Ruble: Climate displaced in Somalia
“The area we lived in was prosperous; during the dry season we went to the farms and in the rainy season we grazed our animals in an area called Pula Valai.
Cattle roamed the fields and fed on crop or plant residues during the dry seasons because they were grassy even in times of drought.
It was not the same as it is now, as we no longer have agricultural land to plow and the river dried up with the scarcity of rain, leaving many without work.
In the past, we lived among wild animals such as elephants, antelopes and wild birds where they grazed with our livestock.
But now everything has changed.
There is now nothing to eat that has driven wild animals to migrate.
Desertification has ravaged our regions and the land has become uninhabitable.
The rains have been blocked as climate change has worsened and this has changed our country.
These circumstances prompted us to move after the river dried up and the rain ran out.
We humans are the cause of all this, we created this problem with our own hands.
Humans are the cause.
Nancy: Extreme weather hits South Africa
It rains profusely sometimes during the summer in an unusual sight.
As a child, we didn ’ t experience this kind of rain as it rained normally and naturally.
Now I don't know what happened.
The weather has changed dramatically at the moment.
During the rainy season in the past we used to see birds, especially large birds, but now we no longer see such wild birds, they are gone.
At the moment it is raining heavily.
A lot of rain.
Many say it ’ s because of climate change and say it ’ s climate change, and we can see it through the changing temperatures as summers get too hot and winters get harsher.
Abdulkadir Alu: Nostalgia for the rains in Somalia
When I recall from my childhood days what the environment was like in our childhood and how it has changed now.
As a child, we would watch the rain fall on Somalia and we would see it while we were at school and see how the land around us would become grassy and green after two weeks of rain.
The environment around us was prosperous, beautiful and filled with the fragrance of green plants.
It happened every year.
After the rains, we grew crops and enjoyed a beautiful life and environment.
But now it ’ s turned upside down: we have very little rain, it doesn ’ t fall regularly, the river has dried up and all our crops have died because of lack of water.
The rain is not what it was in the past, it is just a sporadic spray, so our lives have become difficult and we have become overburdened, and I think it ’ s all because of climate change.
Ibrahim Jawamna Mcheliza: Climate change is hitting Nigeria fast
I grew up somewhere in the savannah of northern Nigeria.
When I was young, there were lots of trees and rivers and we used to have fun and play in the wild while wild animals were all around us.
But everything has changed over time: trees that were dense as children have died and been cut down for firewood, and people no longer plant trees as they did when we were young.
During childhood, we played a lot and wild animals migrated to our areas.
Today we can barely see a few of these animals that we enjoyed seeing when we were young.
Interviews edited and abbreviated for clarification
Prepared by: Mohamed Farhan

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Content: Climate change affects more than half of the world ’ s oceans
PARIS (AFP) - Over the past 20 years, the color of large areas of the Earth's oceans has changed, and the closer they are to the tropics, the greener the ocean is.
Researchers say this highlights the impact of climate change on the ecology of the world's oceans.
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Scientists say they have detected color changes in more than half of the world ’ s oceans, a range larger than the world ’ s land mass combined.
The study was published in the scientific journal Nature.
According to the study authors, this is the result of ecosystem changes, especially small plankton, which are the center of the marine food web and play a key role in stabilizing the atmosphere.
Lead author of the paper, B.B. Cael of the British National Oceanography Centre, told AFP: “The reason we care about these color changes is because they reflect the state of the ecosystem, so changes in color mean changes in the ecosystem. ”
""
Observing the color of the ocean from space can outline the upper waters.
If the ocean is dark blue, it means that there are very few organisms in the water; if the sea is green, there may be more biological activity, especially from photosynthetic phytoplankton, which like plants contain chlorophyll.
These phytoplankton produce large amounts of oxygen and are an important part of the global carbon cycle and the basis of the ocean's food web.
While the researchers say more research is needed to find out what these color changes might mean, climate change is likely to be the cause.
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Factors such as land use change Decrease in the number of terrestrial insects in Brazil
2022 / 9 / 17 09: 48 (Updated on 9 / 17 09: 58)
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A study in Brazil found a decrease in the number of terrestrial insects in Brazil due to changes in land use, pesticide use and climate change.
(Image taken from Pixabay library)
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A study by three Brazilian universities has found a decrease in the number of terrestrial insects in Brazil, such as bees, butterflies, wasps, ants and beetles, due to changes in land use, pesticide use, and climate change.
The study, titled “Insect Reduction in Brazil: An Assessment of Current Evidence, ” was conducted by the Federal University of San Carlos (UFScar), the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) and the State University of Campinas (Unicamp) in a collaboration published in the scientific journal Biology Letters.
One of the researchers, Kayna Agostini, a professor in the Department of Natural Sciences, Mathematics and Education at the Federal University of San Carlos, said that terrestrial insects are essential for maintaining ecosystems and agricultural activities.
Researchers analyzed trends over the past five years based on 45 published studies and surveyed 156 Brazilian scientists studying insects.
According to the researchers, the main reasons for the decline of terrestrial insects include changes in land use, the replacement of native vegetation by agriculture, the use of pesticides, and climate change.
The introduction of exotic species, although less common, can also interfere with the survival of local animals, as exotic species may compete with native species and destroy populations.
In the case of bees, as vegetation is removed, asphalt and lighting are laid, the environment changes dramatically and the space available to build nests is reduced, which may result in a decrease in the number of such insects.
The study also looked at the number of aquatic animals in recent years, and the results showed no decline, but it was not certain that the living space was well maintained.
Agustini said that most of the studies were conducted recently and that the areas where the insects were found were already affected; because there was no monitoring before pollution and environmental changes, the researchers did not know what changes were occurring over a longer period of time.
Agustini noted that knowledge and monitoring are important steps in conserving species, with a lot of unknown or incomplete scientific data, so the challenge is to increase investment so that researchers can continue to study and obtain these findings and monitor insects annually to help make decisions about conserving species.
Insects play a key role in food production and ecosystem protection by breaking down biological structures, speeding up decomposition processes and helping to replenish soil; they also feed birds, bats and small mammals.
Agustini noted that in addition to serving as a valuable food source for other species and serving ecosystems through recycling, insects also provide an important function of pollination, which is essential for food production. (Editor: Chen Huizhen) 1110917
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Agricultural Open Data Hacker Open Run Prize up to 150,000 yuan

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A change in the balance of nature.
New report by the United Nations Environment Programme
A new report by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) highlights three issues that have profound implications for our societies, economies and ecosystems: noise, wildfires and the changing balance of nature caused by climate change.

What are the causes of the wooly mammoth extinction?

What are the causes of the wooly mammoth extinction?

What are the causes of the wooly mammoth extinction?

What are the causes of the wooly mammoth extinction?

What are the causes of the wooly mammoth extinction?

What are the causes of the wooly mammoth extinction?

What are the causes of the wooly mammoth extinction?

What are the causes of the wooly mammoth extinction?