The traditional craft of glassblowing in Syria has a long history, dating back over 2,000 years to the time of the Phoenicians.

The technique of glassblowing evolved in the region, with the Phoenicians being the first to invent glass.

The craft of glassblowing in Damascus has a significant history, with various techniques and materials being used, such as oxides, heat-resistant colors, and acrylics.

Glassblowing in Damascus was used to create decorative items, including mashrabiya and lanterns.

The cultural significance of traditional glassblowing in Damascus lies in its ability to preserve the city's heritage and cultural identity.

The craft of glassblowing in Syria is considered an ancient heritage, with a history dating back over two thousand years to the time of the Phoenicians.

UNESCO included traditional glassblowing on the list of intangible cultural heritage of humanity that needs urgent preservation in December 2023.

The war in Syria significantly affected the traditional craft of glassblowing in the region, with many artisans forced to close their workshops and shops.

After the liberation of the city from terrorism, some artisans have revived the traditional craft of glassblowing.

The current estimated number of traditional glassblowing artisans in Syria is not explicitly stated in the available documents.

However, at least two artisans, Yassin Arab and Hussein Najjar, are currently practicing the craft of glassblowing in the Aleppo countryside.

Hussein Najjar has been working in the field of glassblowing for 40 years.

The Syrian government, institutions, and organizations like the Syrian Professional Center Association are implementing initiatives to support artisans and preserve traditional glassblowing.

The Syrian Professional Center Association has provided financial grants to artisans and craftsmen to encourage them to continue their work and develop their skills.

The association has also provided training for young people who want to learn traditional crafts and develop them to suit modern tastes and market demands.

UNESCO listed Syrian traditional glassblowing as Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding in December 2023, recognizing its importance in Syria's culture and history.

The listing by UNESCO implies that the craft requires urgent preservation efforts.

The main reasons for the decline of traditional crafts, including glassblowing, include the lack of support, unfair competition, high production costs, and low demand.

The economic crisis has led to a significant increase in the prices of raw materials, making it difficult for artisans to continue producing.

The lack of tourism and foreign demand has also contributed to the decline of traditional crafts.

The decline of traditional professions, including glassblowing, has had a negative impact on the Syrian economy, as they were a major source of employment and contributed significantly to the country's GDP.

The Syrian government's economic and social policies have been criticized for exacerbating the decline of traditional professions, including glassblowing, and failing to provide sufficient support to artisans.

The Syrian Ministry of Culture considers the listing of traditional glassblowing as Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding as an additional step to protect and preserve the national identity.

The ministry thanked the Syrian people, especially those who love and support the traditional glassblowing craft, for their efforts in registering it on the UNESCO list.

The traditional glassblowing craft is considered a mirror of the depth and authenticity of Syrian artistic identity.

The city of Aleppo has been famous for this craft for centuries, and one of its most prominent practitioners was the late artist Sabah Fakhri, who passed away on November 2nd.

The war in Syria significantly affected the traditional craft of glassblowing, but some artisans have revived it after the liberation of the city from terrorism.

Artisans like Yassin Arab are working to restore and preserve the traditional Syrian heritage of glassblowing, using recycled glass and traditional techniques to create beautiful and intricate pieces.

The glassblowing process involves using recycled glass, melting it in an oven at high temperature, and then shaping it into various forms such as hookah bottles, vases, and plates.

The finished products are decorated and colored to give them the required aesthetics, often using white and brown colors.

Syrian glassblowing is considered a type of plastic art, allowing craftsmen to create any shape or glass container using their imagination.

The technique of glassblowing was invented by Syrian craftsmen in the area of Sidon, Aleppo, Hama, and Palmyra in the 1st century BC.

The glassblowing technique has remained essentially the same to the present day.

Syrian glassblowing is notable for its ancient origins and traditional techniques, which differentiate it from other glassblowing traditions in the Middle East and globally.

Syrian glassblowing uses a variety of materials, including oxides, different materials, thermal colors, and acrylic, to create unique designs and patterns.

The glassblowing technique in Damascus has evolved over time, with the Phoenicians being the first to invent glass, and the craft has been developed and refined in Damascus throughout history.

Syrian glassblowing often features Islamic geometric patterns and designs, such as the octagonal shape, which is a distinctive element of Syrian art and architecture.

The use of thermal colors and acrylics in Syrian glassblowing allows for a wide range of colors and designs, making it distinct from other glassblowing traditions in the Middle East and globally.

The traditional craft of glassblowing in Syria has a long history, dating back over 2,000 years to the time of the Phoenicians.

Title:

Content: Art of glassblowing returns again in Aleppo countryside liberated from terrorism

The town of Urem Al-Kubra in Aleppo province in northern Syria has historically been famous for its skilled glassblowing craftsmen. The war considerably affected this traditional craft inherited from our ancestors, but after the liberation of the city from terrorism, some artisans have brought it back to life. The artisan, Yassin Arab learned the glassblowing craft from his father when he was a child, and after the town was liberated from terrorism, he returned to his small facility, where he worked to restore it and start working again. Arab does not hide his enormous passion for the craft of glassblowing and his belief in the need to preserve this ancient Syrian heritage. Regarding the working mechanism, the artisan explained to SANA that he uses recycled glass, melts it again in the oven at high temperature, and then chooses a specific shape for its manufacture, whether hookah bottles, vases, plates, small jugs, fish houses for decoration, decorated cups and antiques of different sizes. After that, t he piece is blown, rotated and processed by the artisan until it takes its final shape using white and brown colors, and once the manufacturing of the product is finished, it is decorated and colored to give it the required aesthetics. For his part, Hussein Najjar noted that he learned the craft of blowing glass manually since he was young and has been working in this field for 40 years. He added that he is able to make any shape or glass container, using his imagination, and considered that the art of glassblowing is one of the types of plastic arts. Traditional glassblowing is a profession that dates back more than two thousand years (since the time of the Phoenicians) and was included in December 2023 by UNESCO on the list of intangible cultural heritage of humanity that needs urgent preservation. Source: Syrian Arab News Agency

The technique of glassblowing evolved in the region, with the Phoenicians being the first to invent glass.

Title:

Content: Samples of the Damascene Literary Heritage Attend an Exhibition and Seminar in the Culture of Infection
Damascus-Sana
In the exhibition “Heritage Crafts are Inherited by the Fragrance of History ” hosted by the Adawi Cultural Center, the artworks varied between glass decoration, Damascene brocade and various handicrafts.
The exhibition was followed by an introductory seminar on these arts for the Sheikhs of Carr and craftsmen specialized in these professions under the supervision of the handicraft trainer Rowaa Yousef.
Youssef Lassana explained that the exhibition was dedicated to traditional professions in general and handicrafts, especially such as brocade, painting on glass, Islamic motifs and handicrafts to maintain their continuity and importance.
Mohammed Bassam Rayhan Sheikh Al-Karar in painting on glass and decoration spoke in his intervention about the history of this craft, its forms, fields of work and materials used in it, pointing out that the glass, which was the first to be invented by the Phoenicians, evolved in Damascus throughout history and was painted on the mishkat and lanterns using oxides and various materials, thermal colors, acrlik and others.
The Damascene brocade craftsman Mohammed Rankous explained in his intervention that this cloth is made of natural silk and golden reed yarns and attributed to Damascus because it took its character, heritage and environment, such as the painting of Omar Khayyam, the Levantine Rose, grape clusters, the lover and the beloved, and the octagonal geometric drawings, pointing out that this craft entered the cultures of different civilizations.
Nasruddin Mohammed is a graduate of applied arts and a drawing teacher who participated in paintings for his students from children and boys. In his intervention, he explained the history of the Damascene plant decoration, its methods, types and schools such as Andalusian, Persian and Damascene, and its differences in decoration, diggings, mirrors and miniatures, indicating that its history dates back to the Andalusian civilization, which was its main creativity in palaces and buildings.
Mohammed Sabha is a bridal craftsman who participated in a group of decorative glass works for brides and explained that he has completed a model of a waterfall flowing from an electric mountain that is operated by hand from cardboard, wood and cork inspired by his ideas.
Rana Ayoub participated in a group of works of three-dimensional models and miniatures of the Levant environment. She explained that she chose this environment because she grew up and lived in it and adored it. It is necessary to inform future generations of their heritage and history, pointing out that she works with cork, wood, natural materials, gypsum, ceramic paste and others.
Bilal Ahmed

The craft of glassblowing in Damascus has a significant history, with various techniques and materials being used, such as oxides, heat-resistant colors, and acrylics.

Glassblowing in Damascus was used to create decorative items, including mashrabiya and lanterns.

The cultural significance of traditional glassblowing in Damascus lies in its ability to preserve the city's heritage and cultural identity.

The cultural significance of traditional glassblowing in Damascus lies in its ability to preserve the city's heritage and cultural identity.

The cultural significance of traditional glassblowing in Damascus lies in its ability to preserve the city's heritage and cultural identity.

The craft of glassblowing in Syria is considered an ancient heritage, with a history dating back over two thousand years to the time of the Phoenicians.

UNESCO included traditional glassblowing on the list of intangible cultural heritage of humanity that needs urgent preservation in December 2023.

The war in Syria significantly affected the traditional craft of glassblowing in the region, with many artisans forced to close their workshops and shops.

After the liberation of the city from terrorism, some artisans have revived the traditional craft of glassblowing.

The current estimated number of traditional glassblowing artisans in Syria is not explicitly stated in the available documents.

Title:

Content: Exhibition of craft products by Syrian and Russian artists in the public park in Aleppo
Halab-Sana
On the grounds of the public park in the city of Aleppo, the activities of the exhibition of craft products were launched today, with the participation of 20 craftsmen and artists from Syria and the Russian Federation.
The exhibition, organized by the Ministry of Industry in cooperation with the Russian Cultural Center in Damascus, the Federation of Artisans in Aleppo and the Syrian Professional Center Association, includes a collection of heritage and artistic works, paintings of Ajami thread, ornaments and handicrafts of wool, orphans, leather, rugs, carpets, bamboo and silver industry.
According to the President of the Union of Artisans in Aleppo, Mohammed Hossam Hallak, in a statement to SANA correspondent, the exhibition aims to highlight the traditional handicrafts and crafts and folklore professions to revive them by training the younger generations and mastering their industry to preserve them.
Mustafa al-Nu, President of the Syrian Professional Center Association, pointed out that the association worked to attract professionals and handicrafts, and provided them with financial grants to encourage them to continue their work, to preserve these crafts from extinction, in addition to training young people wishing to learn these crafts and develop them to suit the times.
The Russian artist Yuri Lishin, famous for the manufacture of blowing on glass, talked about his professionalism for more than 54 years, and his participation in many exhibitions in the world, indicating that his visit to Syria to learn about the glass industry, and participate in workshops on the manufacture of hand glass in Syria.
A number of participants noted the importance of the exhibition, which allows for the marketing of their products, where Zakaria Sultan, who works in the craft of silver and peat breaking, explained that he participates with silver and copper products and accessories made by hand in various forms for swimming pools, steadfastness, image cadres and chandeliers, in addition to grafting copper on wood, calling for providing the necessary support to maintain this profession.
The craftsman Ayman Saeed presented the results of the drawing on wood, which is called Ajami art, and stated that he learned to make this art and plant motifs and painting in Arabic calligraphy in the association, and became a trainer contributing to the revival of heritage, and that the exhibition is an important opportunity to market his products.
Artist Tala Naravyan participated in watercolor, oil and other paintings painted with pencils and charcoal, talking about the Armenian and Arab heritage and the neighborhoods of Aleppo and its citadel, pointing out that she participates to introduce people to the components of the rich Syrian heritage through painting because it constitutes the language of the world.
Samira Misto, who works in the craft of making the ancient traditional macrame, using colored threads and ropes to decorate the Koran, mirrors, clothes and jewelry, pointed out that she is working to develop this profession by adding beads and tree trunks to revive and preserve it.
Qusay Razzouk
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Aleppo Public Park

Title:

Content: damask silkghetty
Will the kings and the rich of the world return to wear the Damascene brocade again?
Syria is witnessing an accelerated return of silkworm breeding, after the industry has been severely affected by war, migration and difficult economic conditions.
Damascus has historically been famous for its Damascus brocade, made of silk, gold and silver threads.
The kings and the rich of the world were keen to wear brocade on occasions, as a sign of luxury and high status.
The silk industry in Syria dates back to the first century AD, and was famous for the days of Queen Zenobia in Palmyra.
Over time, Syria has led the world in the production and manufacture of silk.
The British Queen Elizabeth II is one of the most famous lovers of the Damascus brocade, and at her request, the Royal Palace sent a request to the Syrian Embassy in London, for the Damascene cloth to be designed for the queen's wedding dress.
When she wore it to the party in 1947, it caught the eye with its embroidered beauty.
The Return of the Silk Industry
The silk industry in Syria has been subjected to several setbacks that have made it decline, including local and global wars, economic crises, and the government ’ s monopoly on its industry since 1963, in addition to the emergence of artificial silk.
Despite the disappearance of the Syrian silkworm and its near extinction, the government is now working to import eggs from India and encouraging breeders through financial loans, with the aim of bringing local silk back to the global market.
The head of the Damascus Chamber of Agriculture, Mohammed Jannan, told "Eram News": "We imported 100 boxes of eggs from silk worm, and were presented at a symbolic and encouraging price for breeders, and each box contains 30 thousand eggs."
He added that the coming seasons will see an increase in the import of improved strains of silkworm, with the aim of producing white and yellow silk.
Although there are many difficulties in bringing Syrian silk back to the forefront of global markets, the industry ’ s roots in the countryside, and the experiences of the hereditary families, can lead to a revival of the silk in a short period of time.
Silkworm breeding centers are distributed in the cities of Homs, Hama, Latakia and Tartus.
The Ministry of Agriculture is working to provide consultations and expertise to new breeders, and everyone hopes to restore the glory of Syrian silk, as a favorite cloth for kings and rich people.
Damascene Silk
A Historical Look
The writer Maya al-Shami says in her book "Syrian Silk..
A picture of a living cultural heritage ":" I was struck when I met a family in the mountains of western Syria, who have been creating beautiful silk shawls for more than four generations today.
It ’ s a heritage industry that needs to be preserved. ”
Al-Shami adds: "The silk industry is divided into several crafts, the cocoons need to make silk thread, and the thread needs to weave cloth.
Weavers sell fabrics directly, or send them for dyeing.
And sometimes the strings are dyed first.
These operations are separate, and each of them has its own craftsmen and craftsmen. ”
According to al-Shami, there were 16 Syrian villages breeding silkworms before the crisis in the country.
The production volume was two tonnes of cocoons, compared to 360 tonnes in 1970.
The whole family is engaged in intensive seasonal work, the worms are very sensitive and are adversely affected by pesticides.
“In parallel with the silkworm farming activities concentrated in the villages, artisans in cities such as Damascus produce unique brocade fabrics using metal and silk threads, using centuries-old designs, ” she says.
Each Syrian city is unique in its silk industry, and Maya adds: “Aleppo ’ s pigeons create silk squares embellished with abstract, symmetrical shapes in white, red, and black.
In Homs and Hama, weavers create traditional striped fabrics.
Craftswomen produce dresses that take days to make, dyeing them in a method of attachment and binding called the "waistcoat".
It is not surprising to pass by the neighborhood of Bab Sharqi in Damascus, to read on the entrance of one of the buildings the words: "The textile factory of Anton Elias Mezner, founded in 1890", as the old Damascus embraces a long history of silk weaving.
The silk industry.
Resist!
The city of Drakish is one of the Syrian cities famous for its silk industry.
But its famous factory has been out of operation since 2009, despite the government ’ s announcement in 2017 of a three-phase plan aimed at bringing it back into production.
The last decline in the silk industry began in the early 1990s due to low economic viability and higher costs of raising silkworms than cocoons.
In addition to the import of industrial silk.
Agricultural engineer Ali Ismail told "Eram News": "The difficulties of breeding silkworms boils down to the provision of berries leaves in time.
And the suffering is in the speed of marketing, where the sale must take place within 10 days before the production is ruined. ”
The Ministry of Agriculture says it has distributed more than 150,000 mulberry trees at a nominal price to breeders.
In addition to the support with expertise and equipment almost free of charge.
These grants are expected to bear fruit in bringing Syrian silk back to the global front soon.
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Erm News
www.eremnews.com

However, at least two artisans, Yassin Arab and Hussein Najjar, are currently practicing the craft of glassblowing in the Aleppo countryside.

Hussein Najjar has been working in the field of glassblowing for 40 years.

The Syrian government, institutions, and organizations like the Syrian Professional Center Association are implementing initiatives to support artisans and preserve traditional glassblowing.

The Syrian Professional Center Association has provided financial grants to artisans and craftsmen to encourage them to continue their work and develop their skills.

The association has also provided training for young people who want to learn traditional crafts and develop them to suit modern tastes and market demands.

UNESCO listed Syrian traditional glassblowing as Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding in December 2023, recognizing its importance in Syria's culture and history.

The listing by UNESCO implies that the craft requires urgent preservation efforts.

The main reasons for the decline of traditional crafts, including glassblowing, include the lack of support, unfair competition, high production costs, and low demand.

Title:

Content: What is the reality of traditional and traditional professions in Syria?
DAMASCUS – The traditional professions and crafts in Syria were not immune to the repercussions of the war. In light of the difficult economic and security conditions that the country has been witnessing for more than a decade, these professions are suffering from an unprecedented decline related to production and market conditions, which makes them today threatened with extinction.
The head of the Union of Craftsmen in the province of Latakia Jihad Pro, in a recent statement to the local newspaper Al-Watan, the decline of the production of handicrafts and handicrafts of various kinds by 50% within the province, considering the high costs of production inputs and increased income taxes as direct reasons for this decline.
Bassam Qalaji, head of the artisanal association for confectionery in Damascus, told the local newspaper Global last month that more than half of the confectionery craftsmen had stopped producing and switched to other professions due to low demand and insufficient profits.
Successive statements reveal the reality of Syrian traditional and traditional crafts, which are suffering under the weight of the economic decline that the country is suffering from.
This situation has prompted thousands of craftsmen to close their workshops and shops and switch to other jobs, or migrate and move their work abroad, amid the real threat of the disappearance of many traditional traditional traditional professions and handicrafts, which constitute vital sectors of the economic sector in the country and an integral part of its cultural identity.
What are the main reasons for this decline?
How does it affect the economic life of the country?
Lack of support and unequal competition
Anton, a 42-year-old Damascene craftsman and former owner of a mosaic workshop in rural Damascus, says his struggle for years to keep his workshop open, producing and selling enough to pay its workers has been futile.
He adds in an interview with Al Jazeera Net: "I tried hard to maintain the workshop and its workers for as long as possible, but the constant high prices of wood (local and imported) in an inappropriate manner, the long interruption of electricity (16-18 hours a day), and the low demand for mosaic in the domestic and foreign market, all factors forced me to lay off workers, and later to close the workshop after months, during which I received only two orders."
In addition to these factors, Anton attributed the low demand for "original" mosaics and other handicrafts and heritage artifacts (copperware, damask, antika, textiles) to:
The reality of the market at the moment in the absence of tourists.
• The decline of external demand for the commodity as a result of the interruption of trade relations with foreign markets.
• Migration of brokers and traders and thus reduced export.
• Unequal competition.
With heritage products becoming “more than luxury ” for Syrians suffering from poor purchasing power (average monthly salaries of about $20), and the lack of support for craftsmen and awareness of the importance and authenticity of these products by trade unions and government agencies, Syria ’ s craftsmen face major challenges to continue their craft.
Although there are no accurate figures on the number of craftsmen who have been driven by working conditions to emigrate outside the country, the head of the Damascus Craftsmen ’ s Union, Ali Qarmashti, revealed in an interview with the local news website Click News last year that the percentage of Damascene craftsmen migrating has become very high, especially among young people.
Repellent economic and social policies
In addition to the direct economic factors that led to the decline of traditional crafts during the past few years, represented by the high prices of raw materials, the poor reality of services, and the decline of the sale and purchase movement, there were indirect factors that affected these crafts.
Syrian economist Younis Karim believes that the artisan crisis began in 2008 after being subjected to great pressures due to the change of the general economic orientation in the country.
He said in an interview with Al Jazeera Net: "Since 2008, the authorities have put their hands on the spread of these industries due to the importance of their geographical location, and work to change their features in favor of wealthy investors, or provide them as donations to countries that Damascus seeks to establish bilateral relations with."
According to the expert, the reality of the work of traditional crafts after 2011 became more complex and difficult with "the continued adoption of economic and social policies by the regime that restrict the owners of these crafts, exclude them from support, take their places of deployment, in addition to the cessation of exhibitions and the difficulty of participating in external events because of the political positions of the regime.
Karim explains that the family and social disintegration suffered by Syrians as a result of large-scale migration during the last decade was an added reason for the decline of these crafts, which “relied on inheritance between generations of the same family as a tradition followed by Syrian craftsmen long ago. ”
Kilo to Piece and Pieces
It seems that some traditional crafts and crafts are in the same trench with traditional crafts in their war against extinction, where the owners of many traditional crafts are no less original than those of heritage, especially the confectioners from the high costs of raw materials in production, high costs of energy stands, and successive losses due to the reluctance of citizens to buy expensive Arabic sweets.
Suhaib, 55, owner of a sweets shop in the Jazmatiya area of Damascus, told Al Jazeera Net: "Days pass without selling a total of a kilo of various items, and two years ago the stagnation of goods in the shop became a familiar phenomenon to us, and had it not been for the holiday seasons, and some occasions and weddings held here and there, we would have closed long ago."
Al-Halwani Al-Damascene adds in an interview with Al-Jazeera Net: "Our profits, and the profits of most of the shops of Halwanis in Damascus, have decreased by a large percentage since the beginning of the economic crisis in the country."
Al-Halwani pointed out that the price of a kilo of some varieties of Arabic sweets has exceeded 400 thousand pounds recently, adding: "Which is not able for Syrians to buy, so we have become selling methods in which we rely on small quantities, so we sell baklava, crystal, shaped, asian, brominated and other items in ounces, grain (piece) and two grains to keep the sales movement, and do not stop customers from our shop."
As for the reasons why sweets in Damascus stopped working and many of them emigrated outside the country, Al-Halwani said: “Many reasons start from the large annual taxes that are inconsistent with high operating costs and low profits, in addition to the high prices of commercial electricity and fuel needed to operate shops and laboratories, the huge increase in the prices of raw materials, the high wages of workers, and the reluctance of customers to buy these sweets except on occasions. ”
High prices
Prices of food, nuts and other components of Arabic sweets have risen by varying rates recently, as the price of a kilo of animal margarine reached 150 thousand pounds ($equivalent to about 2511 pounds), while the price of a kilo of pistachio love rose to 300 thousand, and the price of a kilo of walnuts to 120 thousand.
The prices of popular sweets such as Al-Barazek and Al-Ma ’ amoul in Damascus markets, by the holy month of Ramadan, were between 100 and 130 thousand pounds per kilo, while the prices of medium and luxury sweets such as “Al-Belouria ”,“ Al-Mashkeel ”, “Kool and Shakour ”,“ Aish Al-Bulbul ” and “Baklava ” ranged between 250 and 500 thousand per kilo, which is equivalent to the salary of a Syrian employee in the public sector.
The head of the artisanal association for confectionery industry, Bassam Qalaji, attributed this rise in confectionery prices to the government lifting subsidies on oil derivatives, which led to a direct increase in costs by 150%, pointing out that raising the price of electricity by 5 times will lead to an increase in the price of about 650 products.
Qalaji said in a statement to the local newspaper Al-Watan last month that the largest number of confectionery craftsmen emigrated, and their first destination was Algeria followed by Germany.
In March last year, the head of the artisanal association for the confectionery industry revealed that 70% of the workshops of the confectionery industry were closed due to the economic crisis and the low demand for sweets and refreshments.
A severe blow to the economy
This gradual disappearance of traditional crafts is a painful blow to the Syrian economy, says economist Younis Karim, “For decades these crafts have been the largest incubator of Syrian labor, and their contribution to the economy before 2011 ranged from 40 to 50%. ”
This is what Matanios Habib, a researcher and former Syrian oil minister, said in a research paper entitled “The private sector in Syria ” (2005), when he pointed out that the private industrial sector in Syria tended to invest in crafts for fear of nationalization policies, whether during the era of Syrian-Egyptian unity (1958-1961) or after the revolution of March 8 (1967).
Karim stresses that the crisis of workers in traditional crafts, such as confectioners and others, dates back to before 2011, specifically to the period between 2007 and 2009, when there was “an attempt by the regime to pressure the owners of traditional crafts and crafts by forcing them to pay taxes, and to keep them away from city centers in favor of large investors. ”
Younis Karim believes that the gradual demise of these crafts will have negative effects on the Syrian economy because of their role in "providing job opportunities beyond those provided by large laboratories and their excellence in ease of operation and achievement, and the ability to spread.
Source: The Island

The economic crisis has led to a significant increase in the prices of raw materials, making it difficult for artisans to continue producing.

The economic crisis has led to a significant increase in the prices of raw materials, making it difficult for artisans to continue producing.

The economic crisis has led to a significant increase in the prices of raw materials, making it difficult for artisans to continue producing.

The lack of tourism and foreign demand has also contributed to the decline of traditional crafts.

The decline of traditional professions, including glassblowing, has had a negative impact on the Syrian economy, as they were a major source of employment and contributed significantly to the country's GDP.

The Syrian government's economic and social policies have been criticized for exacerbating the decline of traditional professions, including glassblowing, and failing to provide sufficient support to artisans.

The Syrian Ministry of Culture considers the listing of traditional glassblowing as Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding as an additional step to protect and preserve the national identity.

Title:

Content: “The Aleppo Dowds ” on the UNESCO World Heritage List
Culture and Art
Copy Link https: / / en.rt.com / ryqj
UNESCO today inscribed the Syrian Aleppo cod on the list of human heritage, which the Syrian Ministry of Culture described as an additional step to protect and preserve the national identity.
The ministry announced in a statement that UNESCO has classified the Aleppo cod on its list, during the meeting of the 16th session of the Intergovernmental Committee for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage in France, and said that part of the culture and heritage of the ancient Syrian society has been added to the world human heritage.
The Ministry congratulated Syria and all Syrians on the inclusion of the Aleppo cod on the list of human heritage in UNESCO, and thanked “the sons of Syria who love their Aleppo cod for supporting the registration of these cod on the list of the Syrian heritage. ”
She also thanked the Syrian Secretariat for Development for its great efforts in the preparation of the file and follow-up at UNESCO.
She said that the registration of the borders "is an additional step to protect and preserve the national identity," and that "the Aleppo borders are a mirror of the depth and originality of the Syrian artistic identity."
The city of Aleppo has been famous for centuries for this art, and the most prominent pioneer in the great era was the late artist Sabah Fakhri, who died on November 2 last.
Source: RT
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The ministry thanked the Syrian people, especially those who love and support the traditional glassblowing craft, for their efforts in registering it on the UNESCO list.

The traditional glassblowing craft is considered a mirror of the depth and authenticity of Syrian artistic identity.

The city of Aleppo has been famous for this craft for centuries, and one of its most prominent practitioners was the late artist Sabah Fakhri, who passed away on November 2nd.

The war in Syria significantly affected the traditional craft of glassblowing, but some artisans have revived it after the liberation of the city from terrorism.

Artisans like Yassin Arab are working to restore and preserve the traditional Syrian heritage of glassblowing, using recycled glass and traditional techniques to create beautiful and intricate pieces.

The glassblowing process involves using recycled glass, melting it in an oven at high temperature, and then shaping it into various forms such as hookah bottles, vases, and plates.

The finished products are decorated and colored to give them the required aesthetics, often using white and brown colors.

Syrian glassblowing is considered a type of plastic art, allowing craftsmen to create any shape or glass container using their imagination.

The technique of glassblowing was invented by Syrian craftsmen in the area of Sidon, Aleppo, Hama, and Palmyra in the 1st century BC.

Title:

Content: Bella Hadid flashes her toned figure in shorts and a cropped sports top while showing off her creative side as she learns the art of glassblowing

It appears Bella Hadid has found a new hobby that showcases her artistic side.

On Sunday, the catwalk queen took to her Instagram page and posted a step-by-step video of herself making her own glass piece, using classic glassblowing technique in a workshop.

Considering the extreme temperatures it takes to make glass from beginning to end, Bella opted to keep her cloths to a minimum and wore skimpy white shorts with a cropped purple sports top.

Showing her creative side: Bella Hadid, 25, learned the classic art of glassblowing to make her own glass piece and posting a video on her Instagram page on Sunday

Glass is made from the process of heating sand to an extremely high temperature so that it turns into a moldable liquid. When it solidifies, a piece of glass is formed in whatever shape the creator has molded it into.

In the video, viewers will find Bella at the stage where she's working to shape the molten red hot material.

She can be seen sitting down and jabbing a long, sharp wrench-like tool with her scorching hot material, which was attached to a hollow blow pole about three feet long.

She was concerned with safety and wore goggles to protect her eyes.

Shaping: The video shows Bella at the stage where she's working to shape the molten red hot material that is attached to a blow pole

Working it: An instructor can be heard voicing a couple of tips as she spins that object around to the point where a small hole begins to form

Dose of heat: By the end of the first clip, Bella gets up and gives the hot material another dose of intense heat by placing it into a fiery furnace

An instructor can be heard voicing a couple of tips as she spins that object round and round to the point where a small hole begins to form.

By the end of the first clip, Bella gets up and gives the hot material another dose of intense heat by placing it into the fiery furnace.

For the next phase, the instructor assists Bella and slowly spins the blow pole while she sands down the still-molten red piece with two black blocks.

The heat is so intense that you can see steam floating into the air as they continue the sanding-down process.

Honing it: For the next phase, the instructor assists Bella and slowly spins the blow pole while she sands down the still molten red piece with two black blocks

Team work: Bella and the instructor work together to begin molding the molten hot object into shape with those two black blocks

Trippy: Bella gave her 53.7 million Instagram fans and followers a look at how her glass piece is looking at this stage of the process

More intense heat: At one point, the Washington, DC, native can be seen kneeling down using a small propane tank to heat up the object to make a few more changes

At one point, the Washington, DC, native can be seen kneeling down using a small propane tank to heat up the object to make a few more changes.

'Oh yeah, that's the one right there,' a man's voice from behind the camera can be heard saying as they continue to spin the object while jabbing it with that sharp tool.

As the process continues, Bella sits down, spinning the blow pole back and forth as it rests in a round plate that she holds with her right hand.

'It's a perfect shape,' the instructors says in encouragement.

'Here it is, ladies and gentlemen,' the man continues just as Bella gets up to blow into the pole to expand the molten hot material out to form some sort of glassware or vase.

Example: The catwalk queen drew out the shape of her piece she was trying to attain with chalk

Rounding it out: As the process continues, Bella sits down and spins the blow pole back and forth as it rests in a round plate that she holds with her right hand

Major phase: 'Here it is, ladies and gentlemen,' the man from behind the camera continues as Bella starts blowing into the pole

Expanding: Bella then process of blowing into the pole to expand the molten material out to form some sort of glassware

Old technique: Glassblowing is the practice of shaping a mass of glass that has been softened by heat by blowing air into it through a tube, or in this case a pole

The final clips shows a closeup of Bella spinning the glass while adding a few intricate touches to the piece with a prong-like tool.

Glassblowing is the practice of shaping a mass of glass that has been softened by heat by blowing air into it through a tube

It was was invented by Syrian craftsmen in the area of Sidon, Aleppo, Hama and Palmyra in the 1st century BC, according to Britannica.

The technique has remained essentially the same to the present day.

Ancient art form: Glassblowing was was invented by Syrian craftsmen in the area of Sidon, Aleppo, Hama and Palmyra in the 1st century bc, according to Britannica

Lovin' it: The glassblowing technique has remained basically the same to the present day

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Bella Hadid flashes her toned figure in shorts and a crop top while learning the art of glassblowing

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The glassblowing technique has remained essentially the same to the present day.

Syrian glassblowing is notable for its ancient origins and traditional techniques, which differentiate it from other glassblowing traditions in the Middle East and globally.

Syrian glassblowing uses a variety of materials, including oxides, different materials, thermal colors, and acrylic, to create unique designs and patterns.

The glassblowing technique in Damascus has evolved over time, with the Phoenicians being the first to invent glass, and the craft has been developed and refined in Damascus throughout history.

Syrian glassblowing often features Islamic geometric patterns and designs, such as the octagonal shape, which is a distinctive element of Syrian art and architecture.

The use of thermal colors and acrylics in Syrian glassblowing allows for a wide range of colors and designs, making it distinct from other glassblowing traditions in the Middle East and globally.


Ocean acidification, caused by carbon dioxide absorption, can affect various marine species, including cephalopods.

Ocean acidification, driven by CO2 absorption, is occurring 3-4 times faster in the Arctic Ocean than elsewhere, threatening marine ecosystems.

Cephalopods struggle to build and maintain their shells in acidic water, affecting their physiology and behavior.

Changes in ocean acidity and temperature can negatively impact cephalopods, especially in early life stages, with temperature having a greater effect.

Ocean acidification can disrupt marine mammals' nervous systems and harm marine ecosystems, including fish and shellfish populations.

Many animals, including those with calcium carbonate skeletons or shells, can be negatively affected by changes in water acidity.

Ocean acidification threatens marine calcifiers, such as clams, mussels, oysters, and pteropods, by making it harder for them to build and maintain their shells.

Ocean acidification and warming can negatively impact fish, shellfish, and cephalopod populations, although more research is needed.

Ocean acidification can have cascading effects on marine ecosystems, including changes in species distribution and disruptions to food webs, leading to ecosystem collapse.

By the 2050s, the entire ocean may reach a catastrophic level of acidity, requiring collective actions like reducing emissions and protecting marine areas to safeguard human life and ocean health.

Increased ocean acidification may benefit some marine organisms, but can disrupt the food chain, biodiversity, and ecosystem.

Ocean acidification, caused by carbon dioxide absorption, can affect various marine species, including cephalopods.

Title:

Content: How climate change and warming waters are affecting the health of the oceans

(NEW YORK) — Oceans do so much to sustain life on Earth, including bearing the brunt of global temperatures that have been steadily warming for decades.

An IPCC special report published in 2019 found that oceans — which make up more than 70% of the world’s surface — have absorbed between 20% and 30% of human-made carbon dioxide emissions since the 1980s. They’re also responsible for absorbing more than 93% of the “combined heat stored by warmed air, sea, and land, and melted ice” since the 1970s, according to the Fifth Assessment report published in 2013 by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

The tipping point is near, experts told ABC News. But there are collective actions to take that could revitalize oceans to a healthier state — the theme of the United Nations World Oceans Day 2022.

“We really see oceans as the biggest ally in the climate change crisis,” Lea d’Auriol, founder of nonprofit Oceanic Global, told ABC News.

This is how climate change is affecting the health of the world’s oceans:

Species are faced with adapting or becoming extinct

Currently, the oceans “are in a state of complete imbalance” that has nearly doubled since the 1990s, d’Auriol said. Look no further than the fishermen, who supply sustenance to more than three billion people who rely on seafood as their main source of protein, as witnesses that climate change is already here, d’Auriol, said.

“If you wanted to ask someone if climate change is really happening, probably the most surest answer you’d get from anyone aside from a scientist is a fisherman,” Arlo Hemphill, senior oceans campaigner for Greenpeace USA, told ABC News. “Because fishermen are seeing these things happen in real time.”

One of the changes long-time fisherman are witnessing is the presence of new species venturing north as the area with their preferred water temperature expands.

Marine organisms maintain the same temperature as the surrounding water, so that when temperature increases, so does the temperature of the organism, Martin Grosell, professor of ichthyology and chair of the University of Miami’s Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, told ABC News. As the temperature rises, the organisms require more energy to move and survive. But, conversely, the levels of oxygen in the water decrease as the temperature warms, forcing the species to move, Grosell said.

The migrations may seem innocuous, but they are disrupting ecosystems all over the world, such as the phenology, or timing, of when grey seals give birth, Hemphill said.

Conversely, species are continuing to die off due to repeated events of marine heatwaves, Anne Christianson, director of international climate policy for the Center for American Progress, a public policy research organization, told ABC News.

Coral reefs are among the most threatened marine ecosystems in the world, scientists say. Coral bleaching, a process that occurs when water is too warm and the corals expel algae from their tissues, causing them to turn completely white, is happening at “alarming” rates — increasing by a rate of 4% per year — along with an uptick in mortality events along entire regions, d’Auriol said.

A study published in the National Academy of Sciences found that coral reefs could stop growing in 10 years unless greenhouse gases are significantly reduced and that, under a worst-case scenario, 94% of all reefs could erode by 2050.

Reefs are often the indicator of the health of an ecosystem, Brenda Ekwurzel, director of climate science for the Union of Concerned Scientists, told ABC News.

Mammals that rely on Arctic ice, such as polar bears and ringed seals, one of the polar bears’ main food sources that live their lives almost entirely on the ice, are also at risk, Ekwurzel said.

Vegetation such as mangroves, seagrass plants and marshes, some of the largest carbon sinks on the planet, which absorb and store carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, are also at risk of extinction, d’Auriol said.

The number of dead zones are increasing

A dead zone, or the process of hypoxia, occurs when an algal bloom sucks up all the oxygen in an area, making it impossible for marine life to survive — essentially a biological desert, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

A study published in 2008 in Science found that there were 400 dead zones around the world. By 2019, the number of dead zones had increased to about 900, d’Auriol said.

The dead zones often occur in regions with rampant nutrient runoff, such as at the base of the Mississippi River, where it empties into the Gulf of Mexico, Hemphill said.

Sea level rise will change coastal communities

The biggest contributor to sea level rise is the melting ice in the Arctic, which is heating up twice as fast as the rest of the world, according to the 2021 Arctic Report Card by NOAA. Increases in sea level rise of 6 inches to a foot since the Industrial Revolution may seem like small increments, but crucial infrastructure near oceans was not built to withstand the added inches of water, experts say.

Millions of people living in coastlines around the world, including those in mega cities such as New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco, will be displaced by the rise in sea levels, d’Auriol said.

Carbon dioxide emissions sparks ocean acidification

Ocean acidification, which occurs when water’s pH levels are lowered as a result of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, is not directly caused by warming temperatures but rather by excess carbon dioxide emissions, Hemphill said.

“The alarming thing about it is that shellfish everything from from microscopic plankton, to clams and crabs and coral reefs themselves use calcium carbonate to build their shells,” he said. “And as the ocean acidifies, it becomes more difficult to create the shells.”

Ocean acidification, rather than coral bleaching, will likely be the culprit behind the demise of coral reefs, Ekwurzel said.

Collective actions are necessary to protect the oceans

In line with the 2022 theme for World Oceans Day, “Revitalization: Collective Action for the Ocean,” scientists and conservationists are highlighting the need for individuals, communities, nonprofits, the private sector and governments to come together to create solutions, d’Auriol said.

This includes ensuring the health of marine protected areas by eliminating housing, fishing zones and shipping traffic in the vicinity, d’Auriol said.

Governments will need to create policies to protect both human life and the health of the ocean, Christianson said.

“There isn’t one silver bullet for solving this crisis in the ocean and on land,” Christianson said.

However, the ticking time bomb is the race to drastically reduce global greenhouse gas emissions within the next decade, the experts said.

“We can’t afford to delay those solutions any longer,” Ekwurzel said.

Along the path to properly protecting and preserving oceans is ridding the narrative that oceans are a separate environmental issue from climate change and the conservation of biodiversity, d’Auriol said.

“Because we do live on a water planet, and it’s responsible for sustaining all life on Earth,” she said.

Copyright (C) 2022, ABC Audio. All rights reserved.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

What is the main cause of ocean acidification?

water absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Ocean acidification, driven by CO2 absorption, is occurring 3-4 times faster in the Arctic Ocean than elsewhere, threatening marine ecosystems.

Title:

Content: • En
Rising average temperature, melting sea ice Arctic waters acidify faster than other oceans
Scientists warn that this acidification could worsen in the coming decades if sea ice continues to melt.
The rapid melting of Arctic sea ice caused by global warming makes it easier to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, which accelerates the rate of ocean acidification.
(Photo / Associated Press)
Most people agree that the increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere caused by human activities is not only absorbed by forests, but also nearly a third of the world ’ s oceans. However, it is precisely because of the large increase in carbon dioxide needed to be absorbed that ocean acidification is rapidly worsening, especially in the polar regions.
Researchers from the Institute of Polar and Ocean Studies at Jimei University in Xiamen and the School of Marine Science and Policy at Dalawi University have found that rapid melting of Arctic sea ice due to global warming is exposing the lower sea water to the air, making it easier to absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide, thereby accelerating the rate of acidification.
Scientists have long believed that the rate of ocean acidification is related to the rate of increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, but the team looked at data from 1994 to 2020 and found that the Arctic Ocean acidified about three to four times faster than the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean and even the Antarctic Ocean.
Scientists warn that this acidification could worsen in the coming decades if sea ice continues to melt.
Because of the Arctic amplification effect, the Arctic Circle has warmed up to four times the global average in the past 43 years, and as sea ice melts, the sea water will continue to be diluted and the pH will decrease, which will also reduce the ability of the sea to resist acidification.
In addition to the coral reefs that are most directly impacted, ocean acidification affects a wide range of areas and may even make some metals more toxic, although more detailed results may be needed for further analysis.
Updated: 2022-10-01 22: 05 GMT + 08: 00

What is the main cause of ocean acidification?

water absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

Which of the world's oceans is acidifying at the fastest rate?

Which regions are most affected by ocean acidification?

Cephalopods struggle to build and maintain their shells in acidic water, affecting their physiology and behavior.

Changes in ocean acidity and temperature can negatively impact cephalopods, especially in early life stages, with temperature having a greater effect.

Title:

Content: Home of the Day
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In cooperation with the Foundation for the Advancement of Science and the Atomic Energy Agency
« Research » conducted a study on the impact of « acidification » on shrimp
The Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), in cooperation with the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KFAS) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), completed a study project to investigate the impact of ocean acidification and ocean surface warming on the growth and abundance of local shrimp.
In turn, the head of the project, researcher Lamia Muslim at the Center for Environmental and Life Sciences Research at the Institute, said that there are many animals that contain in their skeleton or shell calcium carbonate, and changes in the pH of water can negatively affect these organisms, especially in the early stages of their life. The sea and some phytoplankton species, but that does not mean that this is a positive thing because the increased growth of these organisms can disrupt the food chain, biodiversity and ecosystem mechanisms and construction.
She added that the presence of large amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leads to the occurrence of global warming and the rise of the surface of the oceans by between one and three degrees Celsius, and the rise of the water level to an amount ranging from 0.18 to 0.79 meters, which in turn leads to acidification and warming of the surface of the oceans, and therefore to change the chemistry of the ocean and threaten marine ecosystems.
She pointed out that the shrimp mothers were collected from Kuwaiti territorial waters during the breeding season to obtain eggs and shrimp larvae in sufficient numbers to conduct experiments on all stages of shrimp age, as the study experiments were conducted in the laboratories of the Institute in a controlled system simulating the expected climate changes in the future.
The results of the study confirmed that the warming of the surface of the oceans could have a greater impact than ocean acidification on the early life stages of shrimp larvae, as shrimp larvae exposed to high temperatures showed accelerated growth rates to reach the sizes of older shrimp, but with lower survival rates, it is very likely that lower survival and growth rates under future climate scenarios may lead to the emergence of smaller shrimp larvae. These larvae will undergo multiple molting processes over their life cycle making them vulnerable; furthermore, the study results suggest additional effects of combined exposure to ocean surface warming and acidification on egg-hatching success, survival, and shrimp larval development.
Al-Musallam said: “The study is fully consistent across the entire life cycle of the M Nair shrimp, where high mortality of larvae at low pH and high water temperature indicates a possible collapse of this species of crustacean under conditions of increased ocean acidification and future warming of the ocean surface, which also leads to a significant reduction in shrimp stocks in the Arabian Gulf due to overfishing or reduced larval growth due to climate change. ”
For his part, dr.
Dr. Saifuddin Iqbaluddin, from the Center for Environmental and Life Sciences Research, said experts regularly measure water temperature and pH levels and look at how marine life might respond to these changes in the coming decades.
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At what stage of life are calcium carbonate-based organisms most vulnerable to changes in water pH?

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Ocean acidification can disrupt marine mammals' nervous systems and harm marine ecosystems, including fish and shellfish populations.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

How does elevated water acidity affect fish ability to survive?

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Many animals, including those with calcium carbonate skeletons or shells, can be negatively affected by changes in water acidity.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Ocean acidification threatens marine calcifiers, such as clams, mussels, oysters, and pteropods, by making it harder for them to build and maintain their shells.

Title:

Content: There were 1,862 press releases posted in the last 24 hours and 393,697 in the last 365 days.

Utilizing biogeochemical and genetic tools to understand and support clam populations in a changing ocean

Marine bivalves are at risk due to anthropogenic climate change. This poses a threat to commercial aquaculture, and the communities that depend on bivalves for food security. Ocean acidification, the lowering of seawater pH, is of particular concern for marine calcifiers, including bivalves. Ocean acidification occurs as carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere at a rate faster than natural geologic processes can buffer. It is energetically costly for marine calcifiers like clams, mussels, and oysters, to mineralize under acidic conditions, and low pH leads to the dissolution of calcium carbonate shells and skeletons. This problem warrants research on acidification adaptation strategies that will keep coastal populations healthy. Adding calcium carbonate shell hash to coastal sediments may mitigate negative effects of acidification on infaunal shellfish by altering the chemistry of pore fluids, thus providing a potential mitigation strategy for local populations, including species like the Pacific littleneck clam (Leukoma staminea).

Here, I present the first in-depth description of the shell mineralogy, microstructure, body size variability, and geochemical properties of modern L. staminea, a common eastern Pacific, shallow, infaunal bivalve. Additionally, I document the impact of ocean acidification on the shell growth and gene expression of L. staminea, and test whether adding shell hash to its infaunal environement can promote growth under acidified conditions. Juvenile clams were raised in four experimental conditions for 90 days: control seawater, acidified seawater, control seawater with shell hash, and acidified seawater with shell hash. Clam shell weight, soft tissue weight, and new shell growth were measured. The presence of shell hash increased the pH, alkalinity and aragonite saturation state of pore fluids across all treatments, and increased shell growth on average, although growth metrics were variable across and within treatments. Lastly, RNA-sequencing revealed the impacts of experimental acidification on juvenile clam gene expression. Clams grown in the presence of shell hash had gene expression profiles more similar to those grown in control (non-acidified) conditions. In all, this research suggests that adding shell hash to coastal sediments alters the chemistry of pore fluids and buffers against acidic conditions that deleteriously affects clam mineralization.

Kempf H., 2024. Utilizing biogeochemical and genetic tools to understand and support clam populations in a changing ocean. PhD Thesis, University of California, Davis. 33 p. Thesis (restricted access).

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Which ocean creatures have trouble forming shells due to ocean acidification?

Ocean acidification and warming can negatively impact fish, shellfish, and cephalopod populations, although more research is needed.

Title:

Content: Newswise — When carbon dioxide (CO2) enters the oceans, it can make the water more acidic, which is called ocean acidification. This can make it harder for some ocean creatures, like pteropods, to build and keep their shells. Pteropods are important for the ocean environment.

Pteropods are small sea creatures, including shelled sea butterflies. Not much is known about them because of their size, and they don't survive well in captivity. A team of marine scientists studied the life cycles, abundance, and seasonal changes of shelled sea butterflies in the north-east Scotia Sea, where climate change is happening quickly.

Dr Clara Manno, a researcher at the British Antarctic Survey and the corresponding author of the study published in Frontiers in Marine Science, said that the decrease in pteropod populations in the Antarctic Ocean could have significant consequences for the food web and carbon cycle. She also said that understanding the life cycle of this important organism could help to predict the impact of ocean acidification on the Antarctic ecosystem.

Population stability essential for species survival

To study the life cycle, abundance, and seasonal variability of shelled sea butterflies in the north-east Scotia Sea, a team of marine scientists collected sea butterflies in a sediment trap, a sampling device that was anchored at a depth of 400 meters. Since observing the entire life cycle of sea butterflies in a laboratory setting is impossible, the researchers had to gather information about their spawning, growth rate, and population structure. They were able to reconstruct the sea butterflies' life cycle for a year using the samples from the sediment trap.

The scientists found that the two most commonly collected species, Limacina rangii and Limacina retroversa, have different life cycles and therefore have different levels of vulnerability to changes in the ocean. During the winter months, L. rangii, which is a polar species, can be found as both adults and juveniles, while L. retroversa, a subpolar species, is only found as adults during the winter.

Sea butterflies that exist during the coldest season are more vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification. This is because ocean water is more acidic during this season than during other times of the year due to cooler temperatures that increase CO2 dissolution in the ocean. The researchers explained that the life stages of sea butterflies during this time are more exposed and vulnerable to the effects of ocean acidification.

L. rangii has a survival advantage over L. retroversa because both adults and juveniles coexist during winter, which reduces the risk of population instability if one cohort is vulnerable. In contrast, if one cohort is removed from L. retroversa, the entire population could be at risk.

Prolonged exposure is a survival challenge

The researchers pointed out that although the two species are affected differently, both are likely to suffer harm if they are exposed to unfavorable conditions for prolonged periods.

The scientists cautioned that the intensifying and prolonged events of ocean acidification overlap with the spring spawning period, posing a threat to the most vulnerable life stage, the larvae. This could endanger the future populations of sea butterflies.

The research team plans to further study the sea butterflies in the Scotia Sea to see how they would be affected by the increase in the intensity and duration of ocean acidification events. They will study multiyear sediment trap samples to identify potential changes in the life cycle that may occur due to environmental changes. Dr Jessie Gardner of the British Antarctic Survey, lead author of the study, said this will be the next step in their research.

Journal Link: Frontiers in Marine Science

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

How does elevated water acidity affect fish ability to survive?

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

How does elevated water acidity affect fish ability to survive?

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

How does elevated water acidity affect fish ability to survive?

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Ocean acidification can have cascading effects on marine ecosystems, including changes in species distribution and disruptions to food webs, leading to ecosystem collapse.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

How does elevated water acidity affect fish ability to survive?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

How does elevated water acidity affect fish ability to survive?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

How does elevated water acidity affect fish ability to survive?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

How does elevated water acidity affect fish ability to survive?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

By the 2050s, the entire ocean may reach a catastrophic level of acidity, requiring collective actions like reducing emissions and protecting marine areas to safeguard human life and ocean health.

Increased ocean acidification may benefit some marine organisms, but can disrupt the food chain, biodiversity, and ecosystem.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?


The traditional craft of glassblowing in Syria has a long history, dating back over 2,000 years to the time of the Phoenicians.

The craft of glassblowing is considered a form of plastic art, allowing artisans to create any shape or container using their imagination.

The technique of glassblowing evolved in Lebanon in the 1st century BC, marking a revolution in glass production.

Traditional glassblowing in Damascus has a significant history, with the Phoenicians being the first to invent glass.

The town of Urem Al-Kubra in Aleppo province, northern Syria, has historically been famous for its skilled glassblowing craftsmen.

The war in Syria significantly affected the traditional craft of glassblowing in the region.

After the liberation of the city from terrorism, some artisans have revived the traditional craft of glassblowing.

Glassblowing artisans in Syria use recycled glass, melting it in an oven at high temperatures to create new pieces.

The glassblowing process involves blowing, rotating, and processing the glass to achieve the desired shape, often using white and brown colors.

The finished products are decorated and colored to enhance their aesthetics.

Traditional glassblowing is a profession that dates back over two thousand years, originating from the time of the Phoenicians.

The art of glassblowing was included on UNESCO's list of intangible cultural heritage of humanity in need of urgent preservation in December 2023.

The traditional glassblowing artisans in Syria are facing challenges, including the risk of being displaced from their shops in the Takiya al-Suleimaniya and the decline of their craft due to the war and economic difficulties.

There are still traditional glassblowing artisans in Syria, such as Mamon Al-Halak, who is over 70 years old and continues to work in the field.

The Syrian government and institutions are working to preserve and promote the country's intangible cultural heritage, including traditional crafts like glassblowing.

The Syrian Professional Center Association has provided financial grants to craftsmen to encourage them to continue their work and to preserve traditional crafts from extinction.

The association has also provided training for young people who want to learn and develop these crafts.

UNESCO has recognized several elements of Syrian intangible cultural heritage, including traditional glassblowing, the Damascene rose, and the Qudud Halabiya.

The preservation of traditional glassblowing and other intangible cultural heritage elements is essential for maintaining Syria's national identity and cultural diversity.

The current estimated number of traditional glassblowing artisans in Syria is not explicitly stated in the available documents, but at least two artisans, Yassin Arab and Hussein Najjar, are currently practicing the craft of glassblowing in the region.

The number of traditional artisans in Syria, including glassblowers, has declined significantly over the past decade due to economic and security challenges.

The decline of traditional crafts, including glassblowing, has been exacerbated by the government's economic and social policies, which have squeezed out small artisans and craftsmen.

UNESCO has included traditional glassblowing on the list of intangible cultural heritage of humanity that needs urgent preservation in December 2023.

The organization has included 'نفخ الزجاج' (blowing glass) in its list of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, which implies that UNESCO is taking steps to preserve and promote this traditional craft.

The Syrian Ministry of Culture considers the listing of Aleppine glassblowing on the UNESCO list as an additional step to protect and preserve the national identity.

The preservation and promotion of traditional Syrian crafts, including glassblowing, is seen as essential to preserving Syrian identity and culture in the face of globalization.

The traditional craft of glassblowing in Syria has a long history, dating back over 2,000 years to the time of the Phoenicians.

Title:

Content: Art of glassblowing returns again in Aleppo countryside liberated from terrorism

The town of Urem Al-Kubra in Aleppo province in northern Syria has historically been famous for its skilled glassblowing craftsmen. The war considerably affected this traditional craft inherited from our ancestors, but after the liberation of the city from terrorism, some artisans have brought it back to life. The artisan, Yassin Arab learned the glassblowing craft from his father when he was a child, and after the town was liberated from terrorism, he returned to his small facility, where he worked to restore it and start working again. Arab does not hide his enormous passion for the craft of glassblowing and his belief in the need to preserve this ancient Syrian heritage. Regarding the working mechanism, the artisan explained to SANA that he uses recycled glass, melts it again in the oven at high temperature, and then chooses a specific shape for its manufacture, whether hookah bottles, vases, plates, small jugs, fish houses for decoration, decorated cups and antiques of different sizes. After that, t he piece is blown, rotated and processed by the artisan until it takes its final shape using white and brown colors, and once the manufacturing of the product is finished, it is decorated and colored to give it the required aesthetics. For his part, Hussein Najjar noted that he learned the craft of blowing glass manually since he was young and has been working in this field for 40 years. He added that he is able to make any shape or glass container, using his imagination, and considered that the art of glassblowing is one of the types of plastic arts. Traditional glassblowing is a profession that dates back more than two thousand years (since the time of the Phoenicians) and was included in December 2023 by UNESCO on the list of intangible cultural heritage of humanity that needs urgent preservation. Source: Syrian Arab News Agency

The craft of glassblowing is considered a form of plastic art, allowing artisans to create any shape or container using their imagination.

The technique of glassblowing evolved in Lebanon in the 1st century BC, marking a revolution in glass production.

Title:

Content: General Supervision
Elham Aboul Fath
Editor-in-Chief
Thank you for your patience.
General Supervision
Elham Aboul Fath
Editor-in-Chief
Thank you for your patience.
Two years after the Beirut Port explosion
Documenting the glass production revolution.
Restoration of Beirut ’ s Historic Pots in London
A restoration team at the British Museum has successfully restored historic glassware affected by the Beirut Port explosion two years ago, which was displayed at the British Museum to review the success of the restoration before returning it to Lebanon.
According to the Guardian, restored old glassware damaged in the Beirut Port explosion two years ago has been on display at the British Museum.
Restoration of Beirut glassware
The damaged glassware dates back to Roman, Byzantine and Islamic times, and the team of museum conservation experts succeeded in assembling the eight pieces of the glassware.
Archaeological wares are among the most valuable pieces recovered after the American University of Beirut Museum suffered extensive damage in the Beirut Harbor explosion, which killed at least 218 people, injured 7,000 and displaced 300,000 others.
The glassware was among 74 items from the Roman, Byzantine and Islamic periods held by the American University of Beirut Museum, which were destroyed after being exposed to the explosion, which occurred 3 kilometers away after the explosion of a huge stockpile of ammonium nitrate.
The importance of glassware currently preserved in London lies in documenting the story of the development of glassblowing technology in Lebanon in the 1st century BC, a period in which glass production was revolutionized.
Return of Beirut Glassware
The glassware will be displayed at the museum in London before being returned to Lebanon in October, and the British Museum ’ s director, Hartwig Fisher, said the items on display tell a story of destruction and revival.
Heidi van Siegelen, president of the European Foundation for Fine Arts, said: “We are very pleased to see the restoration of these ancient glass pieces completed again, and the restoration of these pieces to their proper form was a symbol of the capabilities of the restoration team.
A team of experts managed to carefully reassemble hundreds of glass fragments while repairing the bends intact and showing signs of fracture.
Dr. Nadine Panayot, curator of the Archaeological Museum at the American University of Beirut, said: “Rebuilding these glassware, a small piece at a time, has helped to successfully restore them and re-illuminate their heritage value.

Traditional glassblowing in Damascus has a significant history, with the Phoenicians being the first to invent glass.

Title:

Content: Samples of the Damascene Literary Heritage Attend an Exhibition and Seminar in the Culture of Infection
Damascus-Sana
In the exhibition “Heritage Crafts are Inherited by the Fragrance of History ” hosted by the Adawi Cultural Center, the artworks varied between glass decoration, Damascene brocade and various handicrafts.
The exhibition was followed by an introductory seminar on these arts for the Sheikhs of Carr and craftsmen specialized in these professions under the supervision of the handicraft trainer Rowaa Yousef.
Youssef Lassana explained that the exhibition was dedicated to traditional professions in general and handicrafts, especially such as brocade, painting on glass, Islamic motifs and handicrafts to maintain their continuity and importance.
Mohammed Bassam Rayhan Sheikh Al-Karar in painting on glass and decoration spoke in his intervention about the history of this craft, its forms, fields of work and materials used in it, pointing out that the glass, which was the first to be invented by the Phoenicians, evolved in Damascus throughout history and was painted on the mishkat and lanterns using oxides and various materials, thermal colors, acrlik and others.
The Damascene brocade craftsman Mohammed Rankous explained in his intervention that this cloth is made of natural silk and golden reed yarns and attributed to Damascus because it took its character, heritage and environment, such as the painting of Omar Khayyam, the Levantine Rose, grape clusters, the lover and the beloved, and the octagonal geometric drawings, pointing out that this craft entered the cultures of different civilizations.
Nasruddin Mohammed is a graduate of applied arts and a drawing teacher who participated in paintings for his students from children and boys. In his intervention, he explained the history of the Damascene plant decoration, its methods, types and schools such as Andalusian, Persian and Damascene, and its differences in decoration, diggings, mirrors and miniatures, indicating that its history dates back to the Andalusian civilization, which was its main creativity in palaces and buildings.
Mohammed Sabha is a bridal craftsman who participated in a group of decorative glass works for brides and explained that he has completed a model of a waterfall flowing from an electric mountain that is operated by hand from cardboard, wood and cork inspired by his ideas.
Rana Ayoub participated in a group of works of three-dimensional models and miniatures of the Levant environment. She explained that she chose this environment because she grew up and lived in it and adored it. It is necessary to inform future generations of their heritage and history, pointing out that she works with cork, wood, natural materials, gypsum, ceramic paste and others.
Bilal Ahmed

The town of Urem Al-Kubra in Aleppo province, northern Syria, has historically been famous for its skilled glassblowing craftsmen.

The war in Syria significantly affected the traditional craft of glassblowing in the region.

After the liberation of the city from terrorism, some artisans have revived the traditional craft of glassblowing.

Glassblowing artisans in Syria use recycled glass, melting it in an oven at high temperatures to create new pieces.

The glassblowing process involves blowing, rotating, and processing the glass to achieve the desired shape, often using white and brown colors.

The finished products are decorated and colored to enhance their aesthetics.

Traditional glassblowing is a profession that dates back over two thousand years, originating from the time of the Phoenicians.

The art of glassblowing was included on UNESCO's list of intangible cultural heritage of humanity in need of urgent preservation in December 2023.

The traditional glassblowing artisans in Syria are facing challenges, including the risk of being displaced from their shops in the Takiya al-Suleimaniya and the decline of their craft due to the war and economic difficulties.

There are still traditional glassblowing artisans in Syria, such as Mamon Al-Halak, who is over 70 years old and continues to work in the field.

The Syrian government and institutions are working to preserve and promote the country's intangible cultural heritage, including traditional crafts like glassblowing.

The Syrian Professional Center Association has provided financial grants to craftsmen to encourage them to continue their work and to preserve traditional crafts from extinction.

Title:

Content: Exhibition of craft products by Syrian and Russian artists in the public park in Aleppo
Halab-Sana
On the grounds of the public park in the city of Aleppo, the activities of the exhibition of craft products were launched today, with the participation of 20 craftsmen and artists from Syria and the Russian Federation.
The exhibition, organized by the Ministry of Industry in cooperation with the Russian Cultural Center in Damascus, the Federation of Artisans in Aleppo and the Syrian Professional Center Association, includes a collection of heritage and artistic works, paintings of Ajami thread, ornaments and handicrafts of wool, orphans, leather, rugs, carpets, bamboo and silver industry.
According to the President of the Union of Artisans in Aleppo, Mohammed Hossam Hallak, in a statement to SANA correspondent, the exhibition aims to highlight the traditional handicrafts and crafts and folklore professions to revive them by training the younger generations and mastering their industry to preserve them.
Mustafa al-Nu, President of the Syrian Professional Center Association, pointed out that the association worked to attract professionals and handicrafts, and provided them with financial grants to encourage them to continue their work, to preserve these crafts from extinction, in addition to training young people wishing to learn these crafts and develop them to suit the times.
The Russian artist Yuri Lishin, famous for the manufacture of blowing on glass, talked about his professionalism for more than 54 years, and his participation in many exhibitions in the world, indicating that his visit to Syria to learn about the glass industry, and participate in workshops on the manufacture of hand glass in Syria.
A number of participants noted the importance of the exhibition, which allows for the marketing of their products, where Zakaria Sultan, who works in the craft of silver and peat breaking, explained that he participates with silver and copper products and accessories made by hand in various forms for swimming pools, steadfastness, image cadres and chandeliers, in addition to grafting copper on wood, calling for providing the necessary support to maintain this profession.
The craftsman Ayman Saeed presented the results of the drawing on wood, which is called Ajami art, and stated that he learned to make this art and plant motifs and painting in Arabic calligraphy in the association, and became a trainer contributing to the revival of heritage, and that the exhibition is an important opportunity to market his products.
Artist Tala Naravyan participated in watercolor, oil and other paintings painted with pencils and charcoal, talking about the Armenian and Arab heritage and the neighborhoods of Aleppo and its citadel, pointing out that she participates to introduce people to the components of the rich Syrian heritage through painting because it constitutes the language of the world.
Samira Misto, who works in the craft of making the ancient traditional macrame, using colored threads and ropes to decorate the Koran, mirrors, clothes and jewelry, pointed out that she is working to develop this profession by adding beads and tree trunks to revive and preserve it.
Qusay Razzouk
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Aleppo Public Park

The association has also provided training for young people who want to learn and develop these crafts.

UNESCO has recognized several elements of Syrian intangible cultural heritage, including traditional glassblowing, the Damascene rose, and the Qudud Halabiya.

The preservation of traditional glassblowing and other intangible cultural heritage elements is essential for maintaining Syria's national identity and cultural diversity.

Title:

Content: Culture of Al-Baath Newspaper
Intangible heritage contributions to the protection of national identity
Amina Abbas
Heritage researchers and scholars agree that the Levant region is the most important heritage repository for humanity, as it has the oldest and richest heritage, and this heritage, both material and intangible, was coveted by the colonists since ancient times to destroy culture and identity, there is no identity without heritage based on it, and no heritage without identity, so Syria is keen through its institutions and bodies to emphasize the importance of preserving it.
Hence, the Quneitra branch of the Arab Writers Union, in celebration of World Heritage Day, decided to hold a seminar in the Levant Hall of the National Museum entitled “Contributions of Intangible Heritage to the Protection of National Identity ” with the participation of Dr. Amal Daccak, Professor Ruba Al-Diab, Qas Ghassan Houranieh and Dr. Rima Diab, Head of the Quneitra branch of the Arab Writers Union. It represents not only traditions and the past, but society in all its layers, and links the past to the present and the future, and it is a means for each people to prove its existence in the world and its authenticity, while stressing that the intangible heritage contributes to the preservation of identity and personality. Our identity and our heritage in the era of globalization, which is trying to eliminate our heritage and culture to be part of this lost world.
This was also confirmed by Dr. Dakak in her participation: “The Syrian tangible and intangible heritage is rich in its authenticity and civilization that dates back thousands of years, so it was and still is coveted by the colonists who stole many treasures to be in their world museums, and their war on Syria recently was aimed at destroying culture and identity and stealing antiquities. ” It is an integrated cultural unit formed by man throughout his long history with his creative thinking, observations, reflections and experiences accumulated generation after generation, and it is the social environment occupied by man and the components and pillars produced by previous generations until it reached subsequent generations and has the function of supervising the behavior of the individual and his sociocultural upbringing because it is a reflection of the social, intellectual and cultural life of peoples. As Daccak pointed out, the identity is the set of psychological, social and civilizational features of our nation throughout its long history, and the folklore constitutes the identity of a homeland rich in culture and civilization, calling in the era of globalization to seek to preserve our cultural identity and heritage, which represents this identity to face the challenges of globalization that invade us and want to eliminate our identity and culture. And our originality by drawing different borders in which national identity is absent and killing people in their country.
Because the Levantine rose and its associated practices and traditional crafts are important Syrian heritage elements inherited from generation after generation, and was included by UNESCO in 2019 in the list of intangible human heritage was talked about by Professor Al-Diab, who was crowned queen of roses and became Syrian ambassador to the world: “The Levantine rose was found painted on the wall of a palace on the island of Crete and was introduced to France during wars. As the poet Nizar Qabbani wrote about her,“ I am your Damascene rose, O people of the Levant, and whoever finds me should put me in the first vase, ” referring to the areas of its cultivation in Damascus countryside and Ghubartha. The project was launched by the Syrian Secretariat for Development in 2020 with the support of First Lady Asma al-Assad, affirming that Syrians consider the Levantine Rose an important part of their culture. The Ministry of Tourism has taken it as its slogan, in addition to many medical and cosmetic companies and building a path that is architecturally designed in the form of a Levantine Rose, explaining that the elements of the Syrian intangible cultural heritage include: Traditions and expressions “qaṣīda, mawwāl, ataba, dalaouna, zaghārīd, folk proverbs ” and the arts:“ Aleppo qadūd, coastal dabka, Circassian dance, Syriac church music ” Social practices “preparing and serving bitter coffee ” Knowledge and practices related to nature and the universe:“ cupping, traditional architecture ” Skills related to traditional crafts “wooden mosaic, brocade ” The crafts associated with the Levantine Rose ”, and that the elements of the intangible Syrian heritage included in the lists of human heritage are: falcon hunting, shadow fiction theater, Levantine Rose, Aleppo cod, glass blowing and making sticks and playing on them.
It is noteworthy that the seminar included the presentation of a film prepared by dr.
Amal Daccak spoke about heritage in our contemporary lives and its role in preserving our national identity, and the participation of the storyteller Ghassan Houranieh through a short story titled “The Levantine Rose ”.

The current estimated number of traditional glassblowing artisans in Syria is not explicitly stated in the available documents, but at least two artisans, Yassin Arab and Hussein Najjar, are currently practicing the craft of glassblowing in the region.

The number of traditional artisans in Syria, including glassblowers, has declined significantly over the past decade due to economic and security challenges.

The decline of traditional crafts, including glassblowing, has been exacerbated by the government's economic and social policies, which have squeezed out small artisans and craftsmen.

UNESCO has included traditional glassblowing on the list of intangible cultural heritage of humanity that needs urgent preservation in December 2023.

The organization has included 'نفخ الزجاج' (blowing glass) in its list of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, which implies that UNESCO is taking steps to preserve and promote this traditional craft.

The Syrian Ministry of Culture considers the listing of Aleppine glassblowing on the UNESCO list as an additional step to protect and preserve the national identity.

Title:

Content: “The Aleppo Dowds ” on the UNESCO World Heritage List
Culture and Art
Copy Link https: / / en.rt.com / ryqj
UNESCO today inscribed the Syrian Aleppo cod on the list of human heritage, which the Syrian Ministry of Culture described as an additional step to protect and preserve the national identity.
The ministry announced in a statement that UNESCO has classified the Aleppo cod on its list, during the meeting of the 16th session of the Intergovernmental Committee for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage in France, and said that part of the culture and heritage of the ancient Syrian society has been added to the world human heritage.
The Ministry congratulated Syria and all Syrians on the inclusion of the Aleppo cod on the list of human heritage in UNESCO, and thanked “the sons of Syria who love their Aleppo cod for supporting the registration of these cod on the list of the Syrian heritage. ”
She also thanked the Syrian Secretariat for Development for its great efforts in the preparation of the file and follow-up at UNESCO.
She said that the registration of the borders "is an additional step to protect and preserve the national identity," and that "the Aleppo borders are a mirror of the depth and originality of the Syrian artistic identity."
The city of Aleppo has been famous for centuries for this art, and the most prominent pioneer in the great era was the late artist Sabah Fakhri, who died on November 2 last.
Source: RT
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The preservation and promotion of traditional Syrian crafts, including glassblowing, is seen as essential to preserving Syrian identity and culture in the face of globalization.