Linguistic borrowing, or loanwords, refers to the adoption of words from one language into another, a process typically motivated by the need to name new concepts, technologies, or phenomena for which no native term exists.

This phenomenon is particularly pronounced with English borrowings due to English's status as a global lingua franca, cultural influence, and dominance in domains such as business, science, technology, and the internet.

Consequently, English words frequently enter other languages to fill lexical gaps, keep pace with technological change, or reflect contemporary trends and social realities .

Sociocultural and political factors play a central role in the regulation and perception of borrowings.

In Russia, a series of legislative measures have been enacted to prohibit the use of foreign words in official domains unless no suitable Russian equivalent exists.

These laws are broadly framed to control the use of non-native words in areas like media, official communications, and public signage, intending to preserve linguistic purity and cultural sovereignty in the face of perceived Western influence.

However, challenges arise in defining what constitutes a borrowing, especially for terms deeply ingrained in professional or technological spheres, and the enforcement of such laws is inconsistent .

Other countries have adopted various strategies to limit English borrowings and promote their state languages.

Ukraine enforces strict language legislation requiring official and educational use of Ukrainian, with dedicated oversight to ensure that English and Russian are not used in public, official, or educational spaces.

This effort includes renaming institutions, regulating signage, and public reporting of violations .

In South Africa, governmental efforts focus on uplifting indigenous languages to counter the dominance of English in official and educational contexts by mandating language service centers and indigenous language instruction .

Linguistic borrowing, or loanwords, refers to the adoption of words from one language into another, a process typically motivated by the need to name new concepts, technologies, or phenomena for which no native term exists.

Title:

Content: My channel
* Drag categories can be customized sorting
Recover Default OK
Setup
Alert
What Chinese books do Chinese immigrants love to read on World Book Day?
It's more expensive to drink water than to eat burgers, take a taxi, take two miles, three sections of the road.
The Modern Significance of New English Words and Hot Words of the Year
In the past 30 years, with the development and innovation of computer information, network, communication, financial technology and medicine, our society has formed various forms of digitalization in life, and further digital transformation and digital disruption, its progress has exceeded our imagination. And...
The frequency of vax use increased by 72 times during epidemic period
Many English dictionaries, such as the Oxford English Dictionary, the Cambridge English Dictionary, the Macmillan English Dictionary, and others, record and publish each year the words or new words commonly used by people during the year, or buzzwords, which give us an understanding of the changes caused by the times and social changes. Because of this, cultural change or integration, we can also see the direction of new knowledge and new technology.
The most obvious is that the Oxford English Dictionary found that the word vax (i.e. vaccination, vaccination or vaccination) has increased the frequency of use by a factor of 72 due to the outbreak of COVID-19, which has resulted in the word being selected as the Oxford English Dictionary ’ s 2021 buzzword.
The frequency of Covid-19 related words has also increased significantly in 2020 and 2021, such as pandemic, COVID-19, lockdown, social distancing, mask-wearing, quarantine at home, working from home (or WFH). The use of words such as "work from home" has increased significantly.
These annual buzzwords show the dramatic changes in the way people live, work and interact in 2020 and 2021 as a result of the pandemic.
The Merriam-Webster Dictionary has chosen gaslighting as its word of the year for 2022.
Literally, this may seem like a confusing word, but if someone familiar with an old British film or stage play sees gaslighting, they immediately think of the film (stage play) Gas Light (this is British dramatist Partrick Hamilton ’ s 1938 play Gas Light) and the impressive “gas light effect ” in the film.
The word has actually become a psychological term used to describe the victim's loss of confidence and self-doubt due to long-term emotional and psychological manipulation, which is the artificial control of the victim by constantly distorting the facts, known as gaslighting.
Why did Webster choose this word as the hot word of 2022?
Because in 2022 the word in the publisher's website query frequency soared by 1740%!
However, this high frequency is not due to the occurrence of a single event (such as COVID-19), but the word is queried by many people every day.
The publisher believes that it may be because our times and society are full of misinformation, fake news, Twitter trolls, deepfake technologies, etc., which make gaslighting a hot word of the year, and the modern society produces so much gaslighting, mainly because of new technology and media coupled with more complex human and human relationships and Political relationships (such as social media, groups, political parties), and new technologies (such as deep pseudo, artificial intelligence, deep learning) are being used in the wrong direction.
The New Normal: The World After the Epidemic
Even the European and American media often use the so-called "new normal" (ie, the new normal) to describe the world after the baptism of the epidemic.
The "new normal" was originally used to describe life after the 2008 financial tsunami or the 2012 global economic recession, when the economy seemed to be back to normal, in fact, people's life is no longer the old life, but after the economic impact of a new normal life.
Now the new normal refers to people after the COVID-19 epidemic, although gradually unsealed, but life has produced many changes, such as people-to-people communication and interaction, various social activities, shopping, business models, work models, the company's office mechanism and management, and the digital transformation of the industry, are no longer the same as before the epidemic.
For example, the rise of the delivery service industry, people are used to various digital payment methods to pay and pay.
The decline of physical stores and restaurants has replaced the lifestyle of online shopping, take-out, and delivery.
Contactless has become the standard of interaction or transaction, so the rapid rise of various contactless payment forms has also caused the impact of technology on finance and markets, and financial technology (fintech) has become a new phenomenon.
We are becoming familiar with the names of touch ID, face ID, third party payment, cloud, carrier, etc.
Because of digital accounts and online banking, people no longer need to go to the bank often, and do not need to use cash or write checks; transfer or pay, as long as the mobile phone can be slippery, one-click solution, the epidemic has accelerated the demand, development and application of these new technologies.
New words are created and frequently used under these new life patterns and behaviors.
The rise of social media.
Perhaps it is the sociality of people and the need for emotional release windows, when social media emerged, people fell madly in love with these can express their emotions and opinions about appearance (or perhaps a desire to “perform ”?), but can not directly face other people ’ s media.
The use of social media conforms to the principle of non-contact, but can communicate and share personal experiences and opinions; does not need to face people or crowds, but has the effect of stimulating the crowd; in addition, there can be multiple and real-time presentation (text, pictures, video), so this is also the best place to create and use new words.
Words commonly used to describe social media activities or behaviors include:
Post (a message)
Posting (Posting message)
check in check in
Blog (voice blog)
(Personal website in the form of an online diary)
story Limited-time dynamic
data volume Network volume
fan / follower
Comment Message
like Praise
follow / unfollow
Track / Cancel Tracking
emoticon / emoji
The new language of social media has a number of features in common, including:
1. Tone and emotion are expressed in text mode.
Plain text posts, in addition to the commonly used um (well), oh (oh), yeah (ye), etc., in ordinary oral conversation, due to the need to express more of the various emotions of the poster, so a lot of vocal phrases, such as weee (means cheering), boooo (means boooo), meh (means not interested, not how), eww (means bad), hmm (and hesitated).
In very short alphabetical forms, such as TTYL (talk to you later), IDK (I don ’ t know), BTW (by the way), TBH (to be honest), and so on.
Expressed in emojis (emojis or emoticons), new emojis are constantly created, each vivid and lifelike, and endearing.
4. Expression in multiple ways, in addition to text, with sounds or images, such as emojis containing words and actions.
Korean Wave Ends Cultural Exchange
The emergence of new words often shows the changes and exchanges of world culture.
The development of the Internet has brought about wonderful cultural exchanges and changes between people and people far away. For example, Korean dramas have made a huge cultural impact by providing video streaming services directly to people in different countries through the Netflix network.
Among them, the popularity of the Korean series “Squid Game ”, launched in 2021, is No. 1 in many non-Korean video markets, and has also created many topics and discussions.
In addition to fame and fortune, we can also observe that many Korean dramas on Netflix have generated interest in Korean culture and customs around the world, especially in English-speaking countries.
The Oxford English Dictionary added 26 Korean-derived English words to its latest edition last September, noting that everyone is now on the cusp of hallyu, especially in film, music, fashion and language.
These Korean-derived English words that have become popular in recent years include Korean food such as banchan, bulgogi, kimbap, japchae, chimaek (fried chicken and beer), entertainment such as k-drama, mukbang, etc. manhwa (Korean comics), k-pop (Korean pop music), and other aspects such as fighting.
These Korean-derived English words prove that vocabulary innovation is no longer limited to traditional English centers in the United Kingdom and the United States.
The significance of Korean culture is the cultural exchange achieved through popular Korean music, television, film and food. The exchange and absorption of these cultures are gradually manifested in the country of language, which is a more peaceful and beautiful phenomenon than the previous methods of war, conquest, colonization and so on.
The Korean film Parasite, released in 2016, caused widespread discussion around the world, mainly because of the film's trans-social theme of social inequality caused by capitalism, which makes the film's strong black taunts and thrilling tricks equally felt by people of all cultures.
South Korean music "Gangnam Style" was the best-selling single in South Korea in 2012. As its music videos swept the world, the song also topped the music charts in many countries, including France, Germany, Italy, England, Spain and Canada.
The song ’ s catchy beat and fun performance by South Korean singer PSY represent a world trend in electronic music and dance, but it also satirizes the lives of those who are obsessed with money and vanity in Gangnam, South Korea.
New technology creates new words
Most of the new words are related to the innovation or development of new technologies. In recent years, the knowledge and technology of the Internet and artificial intelligence have been continuously innovated and applied in various industries, so that the new words related to the information technology (IT) industry have been expanding.
For example, as everyone knows, many people also use Facebook, Facebook's company changed its name to Meta, in order to declare that the company will develop virtual world technology in the future, hoping to use artificial intelligence (AI, or artificial intelligence), 5G, virtual reality (VR, or virtual reality) and augmented reality (AR, or augmented reality). Such technology allows humans to combine the real world and the virtual world.
Meta comes from Metaverse, verse means universe, meta means beyond, in other words, beyond the real world to create a new universe with new technology.
Dreams come true, new horizons emerge
The development of the metaverse is just the beginning, requiring more time and technology, plus imagination and resources, to bear fruit.
But there are many things that were only a dream a while ago that have come true, such as cardless withdrawals, digital banks, unmanned stores, paperless (such as email, text messages, reports, receipts, signatures, etc., which no longer need to be presented in writing). Technology, and even new industries have created many new words. With these words, we often talk about “smart ” (smart or intelligent) in newspapers and magazines, such as smart car, smart home, smart office, smart manufacturing, etc., and these dreams are mostly based on new technologies (including the Internet). With the development of networking, wireless communication, artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, computer vision, voice recognition, mobile control, and so on, new words in these fields have sprung up and become widely used.
In terms of shopping that is closely related to the lives of most of us, Uniform Superstore launched its first unmanned store X-STORE in 2018 (although there are still service staff in some areas), combining many new technologies and equipment, including identification, electronic tags, self-checkout, and smart technology equipment (such as FUN). Remote temperature monitoring, inventory control system, etc., create a new retail (new retail) shopping environment.
The Internet of Things (IoT) and the Internet of Vehicles (Vehicles to Everything, or V2X) are two other new terms commonly used in newspapers and magazines.
In addition, brand applications (app), e-commerce (e commerce), platform (platform), POS (point of sale) system and other new words are the words that have increased in frequency recently.
Extending New Ideas with Existing Words
We can ’ t help but wonder how new words or hot words are formed.
We are most familiar with borrowing words, or loanwords, that is to borrow words that are already in other languages, such as Chinese blogs, blogs from English, Chinese cool, and English cool.
Second, combine existing words (generating new word combinations), such as shrinkflation = shrink + inflation, sponsor + content, or fintech = finance technology, to express new phenomena and things, or new meanings.
The use of acronyms is also a common pattern for new words, such as COVID-19 (= coronavirus disease 2019), AI (= artificial intelligence), IT (= information technology).
Transliteration is often used in foreign languages in English, such as the previously mentioned words hallyu, banchan, and bulgogi, which are transliteration of the original Korean words.
What is more worthy of our attention is that many new words or hot words are actually new meanings or contexts in existing words, especially new words on the Internet or social media, which often reflect the era or social significance. For example:
traffic (traffic)
website traffic (network traffic)
Incubation (Incubation)
Incubation period (incubation period)
herd (herd)
herd immunity
The cloud (cloud)
Cloud computing (Cloud computing)
slash (slash)
slashie (slanted family)
The virus (virus)
virus (spread as quickly as a virus on social media)
Catfish People who cheat on social networking sites with fake profiles
The rapid changes in technology both confuse us and excite us, and we experience many things in our lifetime that were previously unimaginable, and we cannot help but feel the diversity of human life.
Not long ago sorting out the old things at home, found that there are many 3.5-inch disks and video tapes stored before retirement. Compared to now, even the invoices are in the cloud, like we made a big dream of Li Bo, after 20 years of dreaming, found that the world has been completely different, in order not to miss the world and life that are changing so fast, we must strive to learn a new language, in order to connect new technology and integrate into the new life mode And...
(This article is reproduced from the Joint Supplement)
Social Media Outbreak Movies
The last one.
Guess what it ’ s like to read a book.
The next one.
Cover Story / The Story of Chinese in Irvine Blows Up the Heat of History
Extended reading
Super-popular
More >

This phenomenon is particularly pronounced with English borrowings due to English's status as a global lingua franca, cultural influence, and dominance in domains such as business, science, technology, and the internet.

Title:

Content: Sunday Literature ‧ Literature in the Cellular: The Literary Politics of Israel
Post Date: October 22, 2023
On the West Bank, in the outer city west of Ramallah, a Palestinian town, there is a small hill called Al Rabweh at the end of Tokyo Street, where Mahmoud Darwish, a Palestinian national poet, is buried.
Tokyo Street is named because the local cultural center was funded by the Japanese government.
This is according to the famous British art critic, John Berger.
At that cultural center, Darvish recited the last poems of his life.
Before long he was buried on this mountain, although he had said he wanted to be buried in Galilee, his birthplace.
Tens of thousands of people came to the funeral, and his elderly mother addressed the people.
“He ’ s the son of all of you, ” she said, piercing Berg ’ s heart.
As an important cultural figure of the Marxist left in the Anglo-American world, Berg regarded the poet's death as a pain that must touch the hearts and minds of the Palestinian people.
“What are we talking about when we talk about dead or murdered relatives? ” he suddenly asked.
On the deserted hill, he tried to recall the sound of Darvish ’ s poetry.
His voice was like a beekeeper, so calm, like a passage from his famous poem Mural:
A stone box.
The living and the dead move in the dry clay.
Like a bee in a nest.
When the siege tightens, they go on hunger strike.
Request an emergency exit from the sea.
Since the establishment of the Jewish state in Israel in 1948, the Palestinians have been bees in hives, living in ever-tightening nests.
At one end of the Gaza corridor is the vast Mediterranean Sea.
But to the request, the sea always responds in silence.
Love of the Land: Beekeepers and Honeysuckers
In 2000, Yossi Sarid, then Israel ’ s Minister of Education and Culture, tried to introduce several of Darwish ’ s poems into Israel ’ s high Chinese language curriculum, which met with strong opposition from right-wing members of the Knesset.
Prime Minister Ehud Barak had to compromise, declaring that Israel was “not ready ” to accept Darvish ’ s globally acclaimed poetry.
And by not ready, I mean that there will never be a ready day.
The truth is that since the Jews began to move into this land in large numbers in 1948, Israel and Palestine have engaged in an endless territorial dispute, as well as a cultural dispute over the land.
For conflicts, the mainstream media in the West often takes sides.
This is why we often see news in the media, such as the terrorist attack by the extremist group Hamas, or how the Israeli side uses the Iron Dome missile defense system to intercept each other ’ s missiles.
At first glance, the Palestinians are always on the side of the attack.
However, when it comes to culture and art, you often hear a different argument.
Mainly, there are a lot of Western culture people like John.
Berg, like many others, is a proponent of left-wing ideas, and so references to the literature of the land usually begin with the great Darvish, then often the Syrian poet Adonis in the neighboring Arab region; to say, from Israel, often heard writing about Kibbutz communism, supporting Israeli-Palestinian negotiations to achieve peace and opposing the construction of Israeli settlements. The writer, Amos.
"Amos Oz".
But when Darvish talks about poetry here, he will first mention the Hebrew poet Yehuda Amichai.
The two differed on their positions, but he was full of respect for the Jewish national poet, who was older than himself.
As he says: Ameehe ’ s poetry is “a challenge to me because we write in the same place. ”
He wanted the landscape and history to stand on his side, on my ruined identity.
And so we compete with each other: who is the master of the language of this land?
Who loves this land more?
Who writes better? "When people have different imaginations and different love for the same land, it makes a keen poet reflect on his own country.
Born in Germany, he moved to Jerusalem at a young age, fought against Nazi Germany in World War II, and then fought in the Palestine War from 1947 to 1949.
Amichai ’ s poems are often about war, and images of violence are always filled with them.
But in many works, a poem called "In the Apple" instead describes the plain, violence of life to the fullest (although the poet himself is not necessarily aware of this):
You come to visit the apple.
Together, we listened to the knife.
One by one, carefully,
So as not to break the skin.
You talk to me. I believe in your voice.
A painful lump.
Like real honey.
Condensed into wax in the nest.
I touch your lips with my fingers:
It is also a prediction.
And your lips are red, like burning fields.
It's black.
It's all true.
You came to visit the apple.
And you will be with me among the apples.
Until the knife is done.
Who do you and I represent in the poem? This land is like an apple, and we all live together in this apple, which is being peeled by a knife and waiting to become sweet food on the table.
However, it is ironic that Amee uses the metaphor of a honeycomb and honey to remind us of the situation of a honeycomb in Dalvish poetry.
“Intense lumps / like real honey / coagulated into wax lumps in the hive.
In the Jewish tradition of the New Year (Rosh Hashanah), people dip apples into honey, but here we think of others who bring sweet honey to themselves, but bear sharp pain.
This calm violence is punctuated by the last line of the poem: "You come to visit the apple / And you will stay with me in the apple / Until the knife has finished its work."
It is also out of love for a land, but the image transformed by love is very different.
NIKABA: The Struggle Between Facts and Ideology
Also in 2000, the Lebanese novelist Elias Khoury won the Prize of Palestine for his historical novel Gate of the Sun, about the destruction of Palestinian villages by Israel in 1948.
But from the Israeli side, the novel is nothing more than an unfair historical narrative.
As historian Tom Segev has argued, fiction is a means by which authors attempt to invade facts with literature.
Currie ’ s response is also very clear, directly stating the political implications of the art of fiction: “Literature is not, and cannot be, a historical reference, and all novels and poems involving the nakba are not documents, whether from Israel or Palestine. ”
But they can be seen as a mirror of a situation in the ideological scene. "The word" niqaba ", in Arabic, means disaster, in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, refers to the 1948 Palestinian war, and the subsequent seizure of nearly 80% of its territorial sovereignty, and the historical event of about 700,000 Palestinians fleeing or exiled.
In Curry ’ s eyes, this was all the iron truth that had happened.
The more the mainstream media in the West turns a deaf ear to the background of the Palestinians, the novelist can only hold a magnifying glass to illuminate the mirror of ideology.
The difference in ideology itself has the ability to explain the disputes between literature.
Members of the right wing of the Knesset cannot accept Darvish ’ s poetry precisely because of their fear of literature as an ideological weapon.
Darvish, who was a child at the time, was a victim of Niqaba, who said in his article “Not to Begin at the End ” that Niqaba“ is an extended present and will never die in the future. ”
Darvish was the one who was present, and his poems wanted to perpetuate that presence.
So it ’ s easy to imagine how, on the Israeli side, a few of the poet ’ s poems are enough of a threat to shake up the legitimacy of a regime.
In the context of strong nationalism, the political issues involved in literature became extraordinarily sensitive.
The inclusion of Darvish ’ s poetry in the teaching may be a disguised acknowledgement of Israel ’ s atrocities from 1948 to the present day.
Israel ’ s founding as a nation through the Holocaust in Nazi Germany is reminiscent of the intense public debate in which former victims suddenly become perpetrators.
However, on the other hand, the then Minister of Education and Culture and the Prime Minister were politically left-leaning, believing that the Israeli people should be more tolerant of Palestinian literature, and even understand the voices of different positions in the same land.
Darvish ’ s poetry was influenced by the Hebrew poet Ameeh, who, as he put it, was a poetic contest for love of the land; but at the same time, the contest was founded by the interweaving of Arabic and Hebrew in the land.
Unknown language:
"The Arabic Language"
Today, after most of the centuries-old conflict in Israel and Palestine, it is generally believed that there are two large groups of Hebrew-speaking Jews and Arab-speaking Arabs.
However, the truth is that the two languages have influenced each other since ancient times, and the way they intersect reflects the power structures of both sides.
In this area of research, the scholar Lital Levy (Lital Levy) has expressed a thought-provoking observation with the experience of a movie broadcast conference.
In 2009, Ajami, a film co-directed by a Palestinian director and an Israeli Jewish director, was widely praised by both Israelis and Palestinians for its portrayal of real life, which earned local and international acclaim.
The film tells the story of the dependence of Palestinians and Jews on each other in the crime-ridden Jaffa neighborhood.
Jaffa is a historic city located on the outskirts of Tel Aviv ’ s metropolis.
Naturally, the film is meant to show the real Palestinian community, political tensions, and the police ’ s abuse of violence.
However, behind the apparently clichéd discourse, what really surprised Israeli Jews was the fluid and unfamiliar language of the film ’ s characters.
Many of the Jews of this land, the so-called “majority ”, never spoke to Palestinians and did not understand the language of their place of residence.
In the cinema, they were shocked to hear familiar Hebrew words seamlessly interspersed in unfamiliar, unintelligible, yet word-by-word Arabic.
At the same time, some bilingual speakers responded to the hilarious dialogue with laughter, but more unknown Hebrew speakers responded with silence.
It is an embarrassment to one's own language as a powerful person.
The title of the film is "Ajami", which is Arabic, meaning foreign and unfamiliar, and seems to have a pun on its own.
In the land of Palestine, Hebrew appeared as a foreign language, but in the eyes of those who spoke Hebrew as a native language, the native language was used by others and transformed into unfamiliar, unrecognizable words.
Some linguists call it Arabebrew.
Interestingly, when the Palestinians in the film talk to the Jews, they immediately switch to Hebrew.
Levy says this is a linguistic phenomenon known as code-switching, which occurs in an asymmetrical relationship between the speaker.
As a politically and socially powerless language, all Palestinians speak at least Arabic and Hebrew; but conversely in everyday life, Jews speak only one language.
In other parts of the world, we can find a lot of examples: in today ’ s world of English as a language hegemony, almost all languages are mixed with English words; in countries in the Balkans, there are a lot of words brought from Turkey; in North Africa, almost all languages are a mixture of French and Arabic.
Or take the example of our own culture, before the economic take-off of mainland China, there are many examples of Cantonese language borrowed by Putonghua, and in recent years, it is more common for Putonghua words to be translated into Cantonese.
This is the result of cultural power substitution.
However, from a more optimistic point of view, we can at least see the consensus between languages.
Levy cites the Jewish philosopher Walter Benjamin ’ s The Translator ’ s Task to illustrate the invisible interplay between languages.
When Hebrew was translated into Arabic, the original Hebrew language underwent a reverse linguistic transformation.
The reason is that when it is assumed that the meaning of words can be transferred, it is necessary to assume the existence of the intangible commonality and translatability of the two languages, which he calls “pure language. ”
This philosophy, and I can not help but think of the literature produced in the nest.
Honey is formed by bees traveling between flowers and plants, collecting pollen and extracting nutrients.
That in itself is a transformation.
With regard to the conflict between land and culture, one must have an awareness that everything here has never belonged to any of us, it has been taken from outside.
Or, as in the last lines of Darvish ’ s Mural:
Absurd. Now there's a slight wound in his arm.
History laughs at it as a victim.
And its hero...
Just glanced at them and walked away.
The sea is mine.
The air of the sea is mine.
My name is —
If I misread the coffin...
It's mine.
As for me -
Full of reasons to leave -
I'm not mine.
I'm not mine.
I'm not mine.
WEN • Lentils
Art • CHUNG Kam Wing
Editors • Chow Ling Pu
Email • literature @ mingpao.com
fb: http: / / www.facebook.com / SundayMingpao
Related Words: War Yehuda Amichai Israel Lentils Sunday Literature Palestine Mahmoud Darwish Daily Ming Pao - Culture

Consequently, English words frequently enter other languages to fill lexical gaps, keep pace with technological change, or reflect contemporary trends and social realities .

Sociocultural and political factors play a central role in the regulation and perception of borrowings.

Title:

Content: The ban on foreign borrowings in the Russian language - what should be feared - RIA Novosti Crimea, 16.02.2023
Registration was successful!
Please follow the link from the letter sent to
Radio "Sputnik in Crimea"
The ban on foreign borrowings in the Russian language – what should be feared
Philologists: in the fight against foreign borrowings in the language, it is important to prevent excesses
© Fotolia / daria rizaDictionary of the Russian language.
Archive photo
Read in
SIMFEROPOL, Feb 16 – RIA Novosti Crimea, Alexey Goncharov.
The main risk of the law adopted by the State Duma on the restriction of the use of foreign words is the excesses that can be allowed in the struggle for the purity of the Russian language.
This opinion was expressed by the interviewed website RIA Novosti Crimea and radio "Sputnik in Crimea" experts.
Chancellery is no less an enemy
On Thursday, the State Duma in the second and third reading adopted amendments to the federal law "On the state language of the Russian Federation".
The law, in particular, prohibits the use of foreign words at the state level, with the exception of those that do not have common Russian-language analogues.
Deputies also approved a list of areas where Russian is mandatory for use.
These include information for consumers of goods, works and services, as well as the education sector, state and municipal information systems.
Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor of the Institute of Philology of the Crimean Federal University.
Vernadsky Vladimir Orekhov believes this law is correct and necessary, since the Russian language needs protection.
However, the main problem is how this document will work in practice.
"Indeed, there can be excesses, and on the part of officials, who in many cases are themselves a source of stupid borrowing.
It is this category that often distorts the Russian language with stationery and borrowings, inventing some new formulas.
To make a beautiful project or report, you need to call the old with new words, preferably foreign, and, passing the old for new, somehow raise your prestige.
And then it already diverges, ” the expert explained in comments to RIA Novosti Crimea.
Orekhov also does not believe that young people are the main source of borrowing in the language.
According to him, youth slang is changing so quickly that such loanwords rarely take root for a long time.
At the same time, what is recorded in official documents, already, as they say in a well-known saying, "you can not cut down with an axe."
Down with the Chancellery: Officials Were Requested to Speak Human > >
“Most of the borrowings that this law is designed to save us from are in official documents of different levels.
This also applies to the capital institutions, but to a greater extent provincial.
This is a kind of fashion – to show your knowledge using incomprehensible foreign words.
How to deal with it, I have no recipe.
On the other hand, this law in itself can change this fashion in the administrative environment.
In this case, he by the very fact of his existence will correct the situation, ” the philologist suggested.
Russia will support the creation of an organization to promote the Russian language – Putin
According to Orekhov, the mechanisms that will be able to effectively implement the norms of this law should be developed through a wide public discussion, with the involvement of school teachers, university teachers, cultural figures and all those who are involved in the development of the Russian language.
Define clear criteria
Director of the Crimean Republican Institute of Postgraduate Pedagogical Education, Doctor of Philology, Professor Alexander Rudyakov is also sure that the law adopted by the State Duma and the protection of the Russian language in general is a good thing.
But the question arises: where is the criterion that distinguishes foreign words from non-foreign ones.
After all, in our language there are many Russian words that are originally borrowed from other languages.
"My wife is a German, we often argue with her.
She believes that the word "barrier" is a German word.
And I, a simple Russian, I am convinced that this is a Russian word.
Therefore, it is important that there are clear criteria for all this.
That's what we're talking about.
The law is excellent, but it is important how it will be applied and what criteria will be there, ” the expert said on the radio “Sputnik in Crimea ”.
Another important fact to pay special attention to is professional universal terminology, said Rudyakov.
“In many branches of knowledge, say, in the banking sector, there are words that are, in principle, international.
It is probably not very smart to isolate yourself from the terminology that is inherent in this area.
Another thing is not to drag it into our public vocabulary.
This is also very important to understand and comply with, ” explained the philologist.
"Adapt and switch to Russian": how the schools of Kherson region work > >
At the same time, the professor agreed that today in a number of areas, including administrative and media, there is an excessive use of foreign words, which can be easily and simply replaced by Russian-language analogues.
"When you hear 'communicate', 'collaboration' - the hand reaches for the gun.
Somewhere I read the information that a "Children's Collaboration House" was built in Vladivostok.
That's what's scary, you know.
These are obvious excesses, ” said the doctor of science.
Rudyakov, who is also a member of the Council on the Russian language under the President of Russia, assured that he will raise questions regarding the new law at the next meeting of the organization on March 2.
Read also on RIA Novosti Crimea:
Quoting the classics: how and why great writers quarreled
Than English-language words interfere in advertising – the opinion of senators from the Crimea
Russia will support the creation of an organization to promote the Russian language – Putin
Leave the “barn ” and“ dog ” alone: a linguist about the law on the protection of language
News feed
0
New firstOld firstFirst
loader
On-line
Title of the material to be opened

In Russia, a series of legislative measures have been enacted to prohibit the use of foreign words in official domains unless no suitable Russian equivalent exists.

These laws are broadly framed to control the use of non-native words in areas like media, official communications, and public signage, intending to preserve linguistic purity and cultural sovereignty in the face of perceived Western influence.

Title:

Content: The Arabic Language Between Attendance and Absence
Our Arab present suffers from several crises, foremost of which is the crisis of foreign intervention, which does not interfere with education and openness, but with domination and subordination, and among the manifestations of this hegemony in its best form is the linguistic hegemony that has absent our language and brought its language, as it has folded our culture with urgency and spread its culture.
The foreign language is an absent language in our society, and we do not mean the absence of its presence, because its presence is constant, but it is a prepared language that is not present, and thus remains absent because it is absent in the Arab, and absent from his conscience and imagination, and as a result must be absent from his statement.
The difficulty complained of is not because of the lack of understanding of the foreign language and not speaking it, but the difficulty lies in the inability to communicate and communicate, because the language absent from the imagination and conscience can not replace the language present in this conscience and that imagination, and therefore the difficulty complained of is inherent in the absence of foreign circulation from the conscience and imagination of the Arab, and therefore this foreign language will not be present in the statement. The list, which will be established in the control of the foreign language, will not be more than a technical and not deliberative control, that is, it deals with the language in its horizontal level only and not in its horizontal and vertical level together, as is the case in the present language.
The one who claims that Arabic is absent is sure that he did not see the reality of things, or that he was betrayed by the expression and means that Arabic is absent similar to the foreign language prepared, and as long as the language has been included here in the statement of effectiveness, either it is fighting if it is absent, or it is imposed if it is prepared, and therefore the real interaction is the statement of double interaction No language is more capable of this fruitful mating than the language present in conscience and imagination and then present in creativity and demonstration.
The concept of this is to resemble our language and to resemble our language, that is, to be our language and to be our language, and notice the harmony between the self-denoting “us ” and the self-denoting“ us ” in the self-denoting “our ” language as well, that is, I will not be me until I am who I am.
Therefore, if we are like the language of another, or in other words, if we are like his language, and assume that his language is like us, that is, we are his language, and notice the dissonance between "us" in the word "likeness" of the self and "him" in the word "his" language, the result of all this will be the same. I will not be me until I am He, He, and this for my age only stands as one who is equal to three by two, and logic can answer.
For all this, we see that the preparer of the prepared language does nothing as much as he brings the cultural action of the language, and his marginalization of the linguistic action related to it, believing that the cultural action is the mechanism capable of reproducing its model and continuing its cultural language. He is the One who is the One who is the One who is the One who is the One who is the One who is the One who is the One who is the One who is the One who is the One who is the One who is the One who is the One who is the One who is the One who
And so it becomes like his language, not in terms of being present, so that the ego is equal to "I", but in terms of being absent, so that the "I" becomes "He" in a prior stage, and then "He" becomes "He" into "He", so that in all cases, this sunset may resemble his language, despite his constant quest to disengage from this likeness because of alienation. He is the only one who can do it, and he is the only one who can do it, or he can do it.
The absence of the Arabic language is not due to weakness in the origin of the language as some claim or to its inability to keep pace with the times as others claim, but it is related to the dominant civilizational conflict, which does not seek anything to weaken the models that can match or exceed it in the days, to be sure that this civilizational opponent of the factors of cultural strength, attested by its linguistic reality. For beginners as well as specialists.
Revolutions based on the act of translation are painful for the enemies of Arabic in particular, and therefore we still hear voices within the Arab world that reject all upgrading of this act, but rather minimize and despise it by canceling the material of translation in many schools and institutions and coming to its people in universities and questioning its ability to transfer contents of knowledge and information.
As witnessed by its global reality, geography and culture, as it turned out in concrete terms that all societies that drew the language of others educationally and institutionally only increased backwardness and dependence, and that societies that learned the language of others but did not take it as a means of teaching were able to progress and prosper.
We will not find the example of Japan as a witness to this, as it did not overload its language, but defended its presence and accomplished every act of absenteeism that can be practiced on it, so it commissioned a selection of intellectuals to learn the languages of others, and then translate their useful knowledge to successive Japanese generations, the act of translation was a means to acculturation, learning and development with self-preservation from melting.
This act of translation is the shield with which our language, culture and civilization should face the ostracism of closure and non-openness, because it is openness with the preservation of the minor and the major identity, the preservation of the minor identity by retaining the language of conscience and creativity, and the preservation of the major identity by keeping the windows open to renew ventilation and benefit from the wisdom of the worlds, but without demolishing walls and denying foundations.
This Japanese acculturation based on the act of translation is the same done by the Arab and Islamic civilization when it ruled the world, as it worked hard to translate the Greek, Indian and Persian knowledge into its language and increased its creativity and giving until it became the language of civilization, culture and knowledge that does not enter science without mastery of it, and from it became the nations that want to develop into their languages to maintain their identities and incubation And see her too.
Therefore, we continue to hear voices within the Arab world that reject all promotion of this act, and even minimize and despise it by canceling the translation material in many schools and institutions and coming to its people in universities and questioning its ability to transfer the contents of knowledge and information, and other evasiveness that deliberately put obstacles in the face of the act of translation.
The truth is that there is nothing worse than this act in underestimating the value of man as a free being, as the vilification practiced by the enemies of Arabic on the act of translation, as an act that preserves the language of the nation its being and existence, and the nation its civilization and presence, as it is vilifying the Arab mind by inserting it into a spiral of theoretical categories to distract it from observing historical facts as we pointed out in the Arab and Islamic experience. We nodded to it in the modern Japanese experience.
In conclusion, it is necessary to insist on the development of our Arabic language, for despite the factors of strength that it has in terms of the language of the Islamic religion, which unites more than one and a half billion Muslims, all of them pray in Arabic, pray in it and read the Holy Quran in it, and by it they praise and remember and practice their religious rituals in general, so it is impossible to imagine a Muslim, even if he is not Arab race. The former religious rebuke.
Also, the Arabic language is a unifying means that matches religion and surpasses it in unifying the various races and nationalities that exist in the Arab space, even if they are not Muslim, because of the success of communication between them all because of the unity factor of the language, which is Arabic.
This is in addition to its distinguished presence in international organizations such as UNESCO, the United Nations and its institutions, the League of Arab States and its branches and other international organizations, and this distinguished presence also stands out in the visual and written media despite the many demolition attempts that seek to hide them from the global space.
This distinguished presence did not stop at the borders of the famous Arab channels, but exceeded it to the Western media channels, including the American, British, Russian, French and other news agencies.
All this is attested to by the many newspapers and magazines printed in Arabic and distributed by millions inside and outside the Arab world.
By mentioning the outside, we can refer in this context to another factor of strength of this language, which is its presence as a language of teaching in many Western universities through scientific institutes for the Arab and Muslim communities, and there are other factors that are not here to expand the mention, analysis and study.
In spite of all these manifestations that make Arabic present and alive, it is necessary to take its hand in order to be able to keep up with the world and the worlds, by strengthening its presence in the digital world, and enabling it to manage the technologies of networks and communications. Impact and impact with the need to note the difference of course between the nature of the religious and the nature of the digital data in a systematic, constructive and polarizing manner.
Then it is necessary to reconsider the lists that collect the linguistic balance of Arabic, by renewing the consideration of the composition of the Arabic dictionary in order to preserve the Arabic current and keep up with it, whether at the level of the way of arranging words, the way of explaining terms or at the level of evoking maqām and contexts and the methodology of employing citations.
It is no secret that the development of the Arabic language is no longer the work of individuals alone, but rather the work of universities, laboratories and graduate courses, and the consensus is that Arabic needs institutional work based on institutions that combine their efforts to serve this development and that keep pace.
If we talk about the institutionalization of the language, we must insist on providing a legislative and legal structure by which to protect our language from any violation, pejorative or dwarfism, including the law of respect for the Arabic language in public spaces, like many developed countries.
The institutionalization of the language requires the institutions of the Arabic language to convince all social actors of the usefulness of this language economically, politically and safely, so that each actor contributes to the preservation of this language as a means of profit, a means of management and a means of preserving the safety and security of society.
At the economic level, for example, we can talk about linguistic capital, for printing a book in Arabic is a great profit, because the space for publishing, presenting, receiving and selling it is very wide, extending from Rabat to Jakarta, while printing it in slang or other foreign languages makes it confined to the narrow geographical area in which these dialects or foreign languages live, and the investor and profit shady to manage.
The Arabic language has the status of a fingerprint that distinguishes every human being, because no matter how we adopt the language of others, we have become more detached from ourselves, because the circulation in which the Arab grew up has its own way of dealing with existence and looking at it, which is of course different from the circulation in which the non-Arab grew up. The courses that produce the second circulation, hence the different contents and ways of dealing with the meanings that characterize the civilizational and cultural character of each nation.

However, challenges arise in defining what constitutes a borrowing, especially for terms deeply ingrained in professional or technological spheres, and the enforcement of such laws is inconsistent .

Other countries have adopted various strategies to limit English borrowings and promote their state languages.

Title:

Content: A leap for non-English speakers.
Here is a list of the most widely used foreign languages in America.
One in five Americans speak a foreign language.
Borrowing words creates a cultural history.
Official figures in the United States show that the number of non-English speakers at home has tripled over three decades.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the number of people using a foreign language other than English in the country has risen to about 67 million, equivalent to the population of a country like Britain.
In other words, one in five Americans speaks a foreign language; 78% of Americans speak only English at home, meaning that a growing 21.6% do not speak English at home.
Many may not know that there are between 350 and 430 languages spoken in the United States, making it one of the most linguistically diverse countries in the world, according to the NGO Translators Without Borders, while official figures say there are 350 languages in the country.
English is the most commonly used language in the United States, yet it is not the official language of the country; there is no provision in the US Constitution explicitly stating that English is the official language, as other countries' constitutions do, and the Founding Fathers of the United States did not find the need to grant English such status.
Since the American community is a gathering of immigrants, they speak the language of their origins and speak it with those coming from those origins, according to the US State Department ’ s website America Share.
The list of the most widely used foreign languages in the United States includes Spanish, Chinese, Tagalog (spoken by some Filipinos), Vietnamese, and Arabic, which have been ranked as the most widely used languages in America, being used by more than 3.49 million people, according to Sky News Arabia.
It's not negative.
The increasing use of spoken languages in the United States is enriching the English language, which is constantly evolving by borrowing words from those languages, according to Susan Kemer, professor of linguistics at Rice University.
Kemer says part of the cultural history of English speakers is to borrow words from other languages they came into contact with.
News you might like.
No stories found.
Sabq Electronic Newspaper
sabq.org

Ukraine enforces strict language legislation requiring official and educational use of Ukrainian, with dedicated oversight to ensure that English and Russian are not used in public, official, or educational spaces.

This effort includes renaming institutions, regulating signage, and public reporting of violations .

Title:

Content: "What is a" caress ", I do not know": the language ombudsman spoke about the "Russified" kindergartens
Read ukrainian
Author
In Ukraine, many such institutions
In Ukraine, there are still kindergartens with Russian names.
Among them there are those that do not correspond either to the Ukrainian spelling or even to common sense.
About this in an interview with “Telegraph ” said the Commissioner for the protection of the state language Taras Kremen.
He had recently given a list of examples of such names and had asked local councils for their renaming.
“Parents of children, local deputies began to actively write that our list is far from complete.
There are many other funny names that exactly do not correspond to the Ukrainian spelling, nor the norms of the Ukrainian language, nor even common sense, ” the language ombudsman stressed.
Kremen gave an example when in Sumy his colleagues discovered a very interesting name for a preschool educational institution - "Laskavushka".
He also noted that such violations occur in many regions of Ukraine.
“I don ’ t know what a“ caress ” is, but it must be reviewed by the local authorities, an adequate response must be found.
Therefore, the Commissioner draws attention to distortions not only in the names of educational institutions, but also in the names of settlements, trademarks and brands.
And this is one of the important components of preserving the Ukrainian-language cultural integrity in the context of a full-scale invasion, ” the language ombudsman stressed.
For more details on where the most violations of the language law, what fines, what to do with Russian-language channels and citizens, read the material "Telegraph": Deputies speaking at home in Russian, is becoming less and less - language ombudsman.
We will remind, the language Ombudsman Taras Kremen said that the use of a non-state language during the parent meeting, as well as educational hours with schoolchildren is a direct violation of the language legislation.
Teachers during the educational process should use the state language, regardless of what language they use at home.

In South Africa, governmental efforts focus on uplifting indigenous languages to counter the dominance of English in official and educational contexts by mandating language service centers and indigenous language instruction .

Title:

Content: Free Speech Award for Native Language Teaching to Create Education and Longshu Bonus
◎ Liu Chengxian
Many international linguistics studies have shown that the ability to use more than one language regularly and fluently in daily life can lead to faster and better development of conflict resolution and management skills in children, and can delay the onset of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in old age by an average of 3.5 to 5 years.
Kaohsiung City will set up the first Taiwanese language experimental elementary school in Taiwan. (Photo)
In Taiwan's environment, apart from Chinese, the second language that can be used frequently and fluently by the vast majority of the population is definitely a local language that can be integrated into the community and family, rather than English.
The key to the inheritance of the local language lies in the “multi-use ”. The use of the local language in schools for teaching various subjects is an important way for children who spend most of their time in the school to acquire the local language.
At present, in addition to the Hakka Committee's continuous subsidy classes and schools to teach in the Hakka language as the medium of instruction, news reports have previously reported that Kaohsiung will also set up the first Taiwanese experimental primary school, but with the current policy, there is still a lot of room for advancement.
Actively invest several times the resources used to suppress native languages to achieve language transformation justice
After all, the Government has used huge administrative resources to suppress local languages, and in response to the revival of local languages, the Government should not just "be optimistic about their success", but should "actively invest several times the resources used to suppress local languages" in accordance with the National Language Development Law, in order to realize the right of language transformation, and grasp the education and long-term profit brought by local languages.
The government should not only allow classes and schools to be taught in the local language, but should actively give such classes or schools substantial grants, including free tuition and book fees, as well as grants and scholarships, and teachers should have additional language grants and additional incentives for performance. Only by attaching such a high degree of attention to the public and the teaching staff can the wishes of the general public and the education professionals be changed, and can the government demonstrate its determination to attach great importance to the revival of native languages.
In the current environment, it is impossible to have any children who are not fluent in Chinese, but children who do not have any native language are becoming normal.
Let children at least be fluent in any native language, this not only has a cultural meaning, but also a policy of benefiting the country and the people, the government should pay more attention to the lost sheep and make up for it, it is not too late.
(The author is an associate professor of the Department of Taiwanese Literature at Taiwan Normal University)
Free Speech is an electronic forum that provides public dialogue. Whether it is political, economic, social, cultural and other news issues, you are welcome to express your opinions and express your opinions.
Please do not submit more than one manuscript, the length of the text is 700 words, please attach the real name (must be written).
Please note that you have a pen name, occupation, contact number, e-mail account.
This report has the right to accept and delete the right, no remuneration for the draft; the acceptance or non-acceptance will be without notice.
Submission mailbox: LTNTALK @ gmail.com
No need to smoke, no need to grab, now use the APP to watch the news, guarantee the daily winning point I download the APP
I've added friends, thank you.
Welcome to [Free Commentary]
It's a compliment. Good.
It has been praised, thank you.
Related News
Editor 's Choice