Borrowing, the process by which one language adopts words from another, is a common and longstanding phenomenon in the development of world languages.

In the current global context, English serves as a major source of borrowings for many languages due to its status as a global lingua franca and its prominence in fields such as science, technology, business, entertainment, and popular culture.

Factors influencing borrowing from English include rapid technological development, international media presence, economic globalization, and social aspirations, making English-derived terms especially prevalent in modern vocabulary related to the internet, marketing, youth culture, and new technologies.

The prevalence of borrowings from English in world languages often reflects underlying sociocultural and political dynamics.

In many countries, English words are associated with modernity, innovation, and prestige.

For example, new technological terms may lack local equivalents, leading speakers to utilize English borrowings for convenience and immediacy.

Additionally, younger demographics and urban populations may incorporate English terms into daily speech to signal cosmopolitanism or alignment with international trends.

Media globalization further accelerates this process by regularly introducing English terms into popular discourse.

At the same time, this process can evoke concerns about national identity, linguistic purity, and cultural autonomy, especially when such borrowings are perceived as overwhelming or replacing traditional vocabulary.

These tensions are particularly evident in countries with strong historical or cultural regulatory traditions.

Governments around the world have experimented with legislative and policy measures to regulate or prevent language borrowing, with particular attention to English influence.

Russia provides a prominent and recent case study in active government intervention aimed at limiting linguistic borrowings.

The Russian State Duma has enacted laws that explicitly prohibit the use of foreign words—especially anglicisms—in official documents, state signage, advertising, media, courts, cultural events, and education.

These restrictions apply except in cases where no widely used or established Russian equivalent exists.

The principle is to create a "nationally oriented environment" and protect the state's linguistic integrity by fostering usage of Russian equivalents rather than foreign borrowings .

These Russian language purity laws are particularly enforced in official, legal, and media spheres but do not aim to restrict everyday conversation or informal speech, especially among youth or in private life .

As part of the broader initiative, regulatory bodies have produced official handbooks and dictionaries listing Russian substitutes for common borrowings, and these resources are distributed among state agencies.

Compliance is mandatory at all levels of government, public institutions, and formal communication, and the legislation is underpinned by parliamentary debate and codified review processes .

The sociocultural context driving Russia's policy includes a desire to defend national identity and cultural sovereignty.

Policymakers have framed unrestricted borrowing—particularly from English—as a form of cultural "invasion" or "clogging," likening their efforts to historic language purism movements and drawing inspiration from similar policies in countries like France .

France is frequently referenced as a paradigm of active linguistic interventionism.

The French government, especially since the enactment of the Toubon Law in 1994, has pursued strict measures against unnecessary borrowings from English and other languages.

The law mandates that French be used in official government publications, contracts, advertisements, workplaces, and broadcast media.

Institutional oversight comes from the Académie Française and specialized bodies that coin French alternatives to foreign loanwords, which are then recommended or required for use in the public sector.

The French model is admired elsewhere, including in the Arab world, for its comprehensive, government-led approach to linguistic protection and sovereignty .

Similarly, in many Arab countries, there are ongoing advocacy efforts aiming for legislative intervention to bolster Arabic against the encroachment of foreign vocabulary, particularly from English and French.

These efforts include calls for the formation of national language committees, the regular publication of official dictionaries of standardized terms, the prohibition of foreign-language signage, and the exclusive use of Arabic in public communication.

Each attempt at controlling linguistic borrowing sparks ongoing debates and diverse reactions within society.

Advocates argue that linguistic purity supports national identity, consistent communication, and cultural pride.

Critics, however, emphasize potential drawbacks—such as practical enforcement difficulties, the artificiality of circumventing widely accepted borrowings, and the risk of stalling language modernization.

Some critics draw parallels between contemporary language purism policies and historical authoritarian efforts at linguistic control, such as those undertaken in Fascist Italy and other regimes.

Linguists often note that borrowing is an organic part of language development and that efforts to curtail it too forcefully may not only disrupt natural linguistic evolution but also create confusion, particularly when "pure" neologisms fail to gain traction among the general public .

The practical outcomes of such interventions vary.

In some cases, official neologisms and native equivalents become established parts of the lexicon, especially when promoted through education and media.

In other situations, artificial substitutes fail to displace popular borrowings, resulting in parallel usage or public disregard for official recommendations.

For instance, many Russian and French speakers continue to use English-derived terms informally, regardless of regulatory prohibitions.

To summarize, borrowing from English has become a widespread feature of many world languages, especially in areas linked to technological progress and global cultural exchange.

While sociocultural and political motivations for borrowing range from perceived prestige to practical necessity, concerns about language purity and national sovereignty have prompted several governments—most notably Russia and France—to legislate against unnecessary foreign borrowings.

Such measures typically target the official and public domains, with varying levels of success and controversy, reflecting the tension between organic language evolution and the desire for cultural self-determination.

Borrowing, the process by which one language adopts words from another, is a common and longstanding phenomenon in the development of world languages.

Title:

Content: city news Yelets, news Yelets, Yelets news, Yelets newspaper, Red banner
Better than any passport.
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The Russian government has submitted to the state Duma a bill to protect the Russian language from excessive use of foreign words.
The document implies control over the observance by officials and citizens of the norms of the Russian literary language and the inadmissibility of the use of foreign words, with the exception of those that do not have common analogues in the Russian language.
"Wet feet"
by "toptalische"
Fighters for the purity of the native language waited, because the discussion about it among linguists, writers, scientists goes on constantly, then quiet, then flaring up with renewed vigor.
The initiative of the Government of Russia, which decided to wedge itself into the disputes of professionals, is quite understandable and understandable.
Today, when the United States and the entire Western world are in a rush to destroy, eradicate, wipe out all Russian, the frequent use of Anglicisms in everyday life is at least unpatriotic.
In fairness, it should be noted that borrowing from other languages is a constant process.
Lenin also proposed "to declare war on the use of foreign words unnecessarily", and the intricacies of relations and mutual accusations of Slavophiles and Westerners entered the textbooks, as well as the textbook proposals to replace other people's "galoshes" with their "wet feet", and "sidewalks" - with "toptalisches".
In the 1940s, a new wave: the struggle against cosmopolitanism suggested “for everything Russian against foreign ”, including in the language.
A printer is a printer?
Meanwhile, all – both supporters and opponents – agree that there are concepts in their native language that came after the phenomena, realities created in other countries, and therefore the words denoting them, well, not ours, but they can not do without them.
A striking example is the computer, IT technologies and everything related to them.
The word “printer ” cannot be replaced by a Russian translation from English, since“ printer ” does not mean a device for printing, but a person engaged in this process.
By the way, this phenomenon is not new: even under Peter I, who “cut through the window to Europe ”, dozens of Dutch and German words for technologies and mechanisms poured into Russia.
And in opera, many terms are borrowed from Italian and have long been part of the Russian language.
And we calmly use such words as “federation ”,“ sphere ”, “national ”,“ commission ” and many others that came from foreign languages, but are firmly entrenched in our own.
How to be
in one bow
Meanwhile, one cannot but agree with the authors of the bill: recently, the speech of deputies of different ranks, officials, political and economic experts, heads of federal and regional, and sometimes local authorities is simply replete with foreign words that have simple and understandable analogues in their native language.
And if we are almost reconciled with merchandisers (commodity scientists in our own way), then what do you think of the expression from the fashion world “in one bow ”?
The well-known vegetable has nothing to do with it: in English look - look, therefore, in Russian it is an image, appearance, look, etc. In texts related to business, "marketplace" (literally from the English place of trade), as well as "startup" (start, start, take the first steps) or "webinar" (training video conference live).
In the field of education, they like to talk about “bullying prevention ”: this word means ridicule, bullying of children at school by peers.
Increasingly, “campus ” sounds, while the translation from Latin is a familiar campus for many of us, or“ coach ” instead of the usual “coach ”,“ mentor ”.
Abilympics
with WorldSkills
I will also swing at my favorite “quest ” recently: again with the English“ game, search ”.
I do not like the sequestered budget, because it is “cut ”, but transparent is more to my liking, because it is“ open ”, “transparent ”.
And who will prove to me that “exchange of practices ” is better than the usual“ exchange of experience ”?
Or for days on TV reported about the participation of Russians in the championship "Abilympics".
You will break the language by pronouncing, although this is only a competition in professional skills among the disabled, in another way they are also called the “Olympics of opportunities ”.
From the same series, the widely distributed “WorldSkills ” (WorldSkills) is also a competition, but students studying a particular profession.
We have such competitions took place in the times of the USSR, then they were safely forgotten, and now they are back again, only in a Western manner.
And here is another illustrative example: the all-Russian social project “Agrofoodsharing ”.
We divide abracadabra into parts: agro - of course, something related to agriculture.
In English, food – food, share – share.
As a result, we get a movement of agricultural producers who want to share with other people the surplus of their crops.
The idea, of course, is good, right, but why break the language?
And finally from the sore: "solving cases." Brilliant!
In English, the word “case ” has two meanings: a briefcase, a suitcase and the second – circumstances.
Therefore, in Russian literally "the decision of circumstances" or, as the know-it-all Internet interprets, "the study of the situation and the choice of a suitable solution."
They will leave themselves
on your own?
Most likely, the desire to cleanse the language by introducing a law at the state level is an attempt to distance oneself from the West, its influence, to isolate oneself from someone else ’ s and alien mentality, lifestyle and dubious values.
However, it is not very clear what it will look like in practice: will there be lists of prohibited words and expressions or just recommendations, and addressed to high-ranking officials and other “persons in the TV ” – after all, it is with their filing that all sorts of newfangled borrowings from foreign languages often go“ to people ”.
However, a few decades ago, our teachers at the Yelets Pedagogical Institute hammered us, students, that the language is a self-cleaning system, and all harmful, fake after a while will simply disappear.
It has always been so, and I want to believe it will be so.
KSTATI:
I assume that all borrowings are from our haste, eternal saving of time even on pronunciation and writing of words.
We usually write in sms a short, indifferent “OK ”.
While in the native language for this almost a dozen words: “good ”,“ okay ”, “agree ”,“ give ”, “let ”,“ good ”, etc. No wonder there is a catch phrase: “Speech is better than any passport ”...
Tatyana SHCHERBATYKH
VRF News

In the current global context, English serves as a major source of borrowings for many languages due to its status as a global lingua franca and its prominence in fields such as science, technology, business, entertainment, and popular culture.

Title:

Content: The ban on foreign borrowings in the Russian language - what should be feared - RIA Novosti Crimea, 16.02.2023
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Radio "Sputnik in Crimea"
The ban on foreign borrowings in the Russian language – what should be feared
Philologists: in the fight against foreign borrowings in the language, it is important to prevent excesses
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SIMFEROPOL, Feb 16 – RIA Novosti Crimea, Alexey Goncharov.
The main risk of the law adopted by the State Duma on the restriction of the use of foreign words is the excesses that can be allowed in the struggle for the purity of the Russian language.
This opinion was expressed by the interviewed website RIA Novosti Crimea and radio "Sputnik in Crimea" experts.
Chancellery is no less an enemy
On Thursday, the State Duma in the second and third reading adopted amendments to the federal law "On the state language of the Russian Federation".
The law, in particular, prohibits the use of foreign words at the state level, with the exception of those that do not have common Russian-language analogues.
Deputies also approved a list of areas where Russian is mandatory for use.
These include information for consumers of goods, works and services, as well as the education sector, state and municipal information systems.
Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor of the Institute of Philology of the Crimean Federal University.
Vernadsky Vladimir Orekhov believes this law is correct and necessary, since the Russian language needs protection.
However, the main problem is how this document will work in practice.
"Indeed, there can be excesses, and on the part of officials, who in many cases are themselves a source of stupid borrowing.
It is this category that often distorts the Russian language with stationery and borrowings, inventing some new formulas.
To make a beautiful project or report, you need to call the old with new words, preferably foreign, and, passing the old for new, somehow raise your prestige.
And then it already diverges, ” the expert explained in comments to RIA Novosti Crimea.
Orekhov also does not believe that young people are the main source of borrowing in the language.
According to him, youth slang is changing so quickly that such loanwords rarely take root for a long time.
At the same time, what is recorded in official documents, already, as they say in a well-known saying, "you can not cut down with an axe."
Down with the Chancellery: Officials Were Requested to Speak Human > >
“Most of the borrowings that this law is designed to save us from are in official documents of different levels.
This also applies to the capital institutions, but to a greater extent provincial.
This is a kind of fashion – to show your knowledge using incomprehensible foreign words.
How to deal with it, I have no recipe.
On the other hand, this law in itself can change this fashion in the administrative environment.
In this case, he by the very fact of his existence will correct the situation, ” the philologist suggested.
Russia will support the creation of an organization to promote the Russian language – Putin
According to Orekhov, the mechanisms that will be able to effectively implement the norms of this law should be developed through a wide public discussion, with the involvement of school teachers, university teachers, cultural figures and all those who are involved in the development of the Russian language.
Define clear criteria
Director of the Crimean Republican Institute of Postgraduate Pedagogical Education, Doctor of Philology, Professor Alexander Rudyakov is also sure that the law adopted by the State Duma and the protection of the Russian language in general is a good thing.
But the question arises: where is the criterion that distinguishes foreign words from non-foreign ones.
After all, in our language there are many Russian words that are originally borrowed from other languages.
"My wife is a German, we often argue with her.
She believes that the word "barrier" is a German word.
And I, a simple Russian, I am convinced that this is a Russian word.
Therefore, it is important that there are clear criteria for all this.
That's what we're talking about.
The law is excellent, but it is important how it will be applied and what criteria will be there, ” the expert said on the radio “Sputnik in Crimea ”.
Another important fact to pay special attention to is professional universal terminology, said Rudyakov.
“In many branches of knowledge, say, in the banking sector, there are words that are, in principle, international.
It is probably not very smart to isolate yourself from the terminology that is inherent in this area.
Another thing is not to drag it into our public vocabulary.
This is also very important to understand and comply with, ” explained the philologist.
"Adapt and switch to Russian": how the schools of Kherson region work > >
At the same time, the professor agreed that today in a number of areas, including administrative and media, there is an excessive use of foreign words, which can be easily and simply replaced by Russian-language analogues.
"When you hear 'communicate', 'collaboration' - the hand reaches for the gun.
Somewhere I read the information that a "Children's Collaboration House" was built in Vladivostok.
That's what's scary, you know.
These are obvious excesses, ” said the doctor of science.
Rudyakov, who is also a member of the Council on the Russian language under the President of Russia, assured that he will raise questions regarding the new law at the next meeting of the organization on March 2.
Read also on RIA Novosti Crimea:
Quoting the classics: how and why great writers quarreled
Than English-language words interfere in advertising – the opinion of senators from the Crimea
Russia will support the creation of an organization to promote the Russian language – Putin
Leave the “barn ” and“ dog ” alone: a linguist about the law on the protection of language
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Factors influencing borrowing from English include rapid technological development, international media presence, economic globalization, and social aspirations, making English-derived terms especially prevalent in modern vocabulary related to the internet, marketing, youth culture, and new technologies.

The prevalence of borrowings from English in world languages often reflects underlying sociocultural and political dynamics.

In many countries, English words are associated with modernity, innovation, and prestige.

For example, new technological terms may lack local equivalents, leading speakers to utilize English borrowings for convenience and immediacy.

Additionally, younger demographics and urban populations may incorporate English terms into daily speech to signal cosmopolitanism or alignment with international trends.

Media globalization further accelerates this process by regularly introducing English terms into popular discourse.

At the same time, this process can evoke concerns about national identity, linguistic purity, and cultural autonomy, especially when such borrowings are perceived as overwhelming or replacing traditional vocabulary.

These tensions are particularly evident in countries with strong historical or cultural regulatory traditions.

Title:

Content: How can we restore the Arab world to its leading position?
There is no doubt that the achievement of Arabic leadership among the languages of the world, as it was in the past, requires concerted efforts at all levels, politically, socially and economically.
These are four steps that can be adopted by any Arab country, and I believe that they will bring the Arab world a tremendous leadership, in the medium and long term.
Giving the Arab heritage and the sciences of the Arabic language, the highest priority in literary university studies.
There are university professors today who specialize in Arabic literature, yet they have never studied a house from Ibn Malik ’ s millennium, nor heard of Ibn Hisham ’ s testimonies.
Step one.
Fill the courses with the ancient Arab heritage of stories, proverbs, books, and poetry, especially poetry.
The frequent exposure of the student to poetry, grows his sobriety and strengthens his linguistic faculty..
Because the ancient Arabic poet is necessarily a linguist, his poetry is a precise linguistic selection.
This is why the Mahathir people in Mauritania are keen to memorize the old poetry of children, and the result is clear for the graduates of the old Mahathir.
The more the child memorizes old Arabic poetry, the easier it is for him to learn Arabic, and it is not important to understand what he memorized at the time of memorization, but it is important to drink his subconscious mind of tens of thousands of linguistic examples scattered in his archives, so he has a straight language quality, without realizing it.
Step two.
Giving the Arab heritage and the sciences of the Arabic language, the highest priority in literary university studies.
There are university professors today specialized in Arabic literature, yet they have never studied a house from the millennium of Ibn Malik, nor have they heard the testimonies of Ibn Hisham, and the reason is that the modernist trend prevailed in the university halls, and the predominance of interest in Western literary models such as Dadaism, Surrealism and others. The Arabic language and its sciences must be a priority in the university environment.
If the opposite happens as it is today, you will find many specialists in language and graduates of the Department of Arabic Language, have nothing to do with language or literature, just as we saw an Arab university professor, specializing in rhetoric, can not read a paper she wrote, this is because the faculties of Arabic literature - except God 's mercy - neglect the science of language, and interested in modern curricula intrusive, resulting in "language specialists" They don ’ t know the language!
We have also seen from the results of this, that many graduates of the literary departments, know the leaders of literature in the West and boast about it, and are ignorant of the leaders of Arabic literature and are not ashamed of it.
These professors, except from the mercy of God, were raised in their universities to marginalize the science of the Arabic language and its heritage, and to provide modern literature translated from English, French and others, they are not specialists in the Arabic language, but specialists in the Arabic version of English literature.
Step three.
Protect the Arabic language by laws, and protect it from the invasion of foreign languages.
It is not right to see a shop in an Arab country that places a sign in a foreign language, a restaurant in an Arab country, a menu in a foreign language, a school in an Arab country that makes sure that its students are proficient in a foreign language at the expense of Arabic, or goods entering an Arab market with posters and information in a foreign language, or a doctor in an Arab country who writes a prescription in a foreign language.
This leniency leads to distorted Arab societies, alien to this world, in which every country protects its language with iron and fire.
We have seen some Arabic language synagogues, which are supposed to be the protector of Arabic, tolerate the introduction of all incoming and outgoing into Arabic, and people have taken note of them and warned them of their error.
The Arab state must also use all its institutions to serve and protect Arabic, just as the proud nations do in their own language.
You have, for example, the French model, where the state uses all its organs to protect the French.
In translation alone, the whole state stands against every foreign word, where ministerial committees work to monitor the new words and propose translations for them, then those translations are presented to another party, the French Language Enrichment Committee, for approval, then they are presented to another party, the French Academy, for approval, and then they are submitted to another party, the Prime Minister for approval. Sovereign, in which all France cooperates, because the state sees the protection of French as an existential matter, and does not leave it to a linguistic college, university or institution, as we have the Arabs.
STEP FOUR
Linguistic censorship of art and media, especially art.
The Arabic series and films today are full of ridicule and neglect of Arabic, as well as many linguistic errors, and also full of many foreign words that these bullies have succumbed to: the writer, actor, director and producer, and they want to pass it to the poor Arab listener, to get used to listening to the intruder and his writing.
This is for works of art that are issued in Arabic dialects, and historical works that are issued in classical Arabic, you find a great chaos: you find an Abbasid or Umayyad series that speaks the language of the Mexican dubbed series: "I'm sorry, dear," "I'm a little upset," "Let me disagree with your point of view."
Although the proofreader of these works may be a university professor specialized in Arabic literature, but as I told you in a previous paragraph, these professors - except God 's mercy - were raised in their universities to marginalize the science of the Arabic language and its heritage, and provide modern literatures translated from English, French and others, they are not specialists in the Arabic language, but specialists in the Arabic version of English literature, it is not surprising that they write and authenticate Old historical baskets, you feel like you hear Google Translate!
These are the four steps: the first is related to elementary and intermediate education (filling courses with Arab heritage), the second is related to university education (giving the sciences of Arabic language and heritage, the highest priority, and not to modern translated literature), the third is at the legislative and executive level (protecting and fortifying the Arabic language by laws and the work of state agencies to implement those laws), and the art industry. from Arabic or ridicule them or work to spread foreign words at the expense of Arabic).
There may be other important steps, but these four steps, I believe, are one of the most important that can restore the Arabic language to its place in the world, as it was in previous centuries.

Governments around the world have experimented with legislative and policy measures to regulate or prevent language borrowing, with particular attention to English influence.

Russia provides a prominent and recent case study in active government intervention aimed at limiting linguistic borrowings.

The Russian State Duma has enacted laws that explicitly prohibit the use of foreign words—especially anglicisms—in official documents, state signage, advertising, media, courts, cultural events, and education.

These restrictions apply except in cases where no widely used or established Russian equivalent exists.

The principle is to create a "nationally oriented environment" and protect the state's linguistic integrity by fostering usage of Russian equivalents rather than foreign borrowings .

Title:

Content: The State Duma has developed a bill to combat anglicisms - RIA Novosti, 26.04.2022
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In the state Duma has developed a bill to combat anglicisms
Head of the State Duma Committee on Culture Yampolskaya is preparing a bill to combat anglicisms
© RIA Novosti / Maxim Blinov / Go to photobankSigns of tour operators "Intourist" and Thomas Cook
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MOSCOW, April 26 – RIA Novosti.
The head of the Duma Committee on culture Elena Yampolskaya (“United Russia ”) said that is preparing a project to toughen the fight against borrowing from other languages on the signs of outdoor advertising.
“The draft law is now ready.
And we'll start talking to our colleagues, we'll start talking.
We need to tighten the norm against anglicisms...
We will introduce in the near future, first to the discussion of the faction and the party, and then all interested departments.
This is to the issue of creating a nationally oriented environment, "Yampolskaya said at a press conference.
Matvienko urged to protect the Russian language from external borrowings
She also gave data on the number of signs in foreign languages in Russian cities.
“We just walked through the central streets and counted the number of signs (in foreign languages).
This is not a purely Moscow disease, I see in other cities.
The statistics are as follows: there are more Latin signs on the central streets by 30-50% than signs in Russian, "Yampolskaya said.
According to her, with a change in this situation, it is necessary to start the creation of a "nationally oriented environment".
“And (when you walk around the city) you already begin to not understand what country we live in.
What is the state language here?
And if in the case of trademarks it is at least somehow possible to explain, then if Russian words with incomprehensible provincial ponts are written in Latin, then this (is) a bad taste fashion.
In fact, the creation I would have started with (creating the environment), ” she added.
VTsIOM found out how Russians relate to borrowings in the Russian language
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These Russian language purity laws are particularly enforced in official, legal, and media spheres but do not aim to restrict everyday conversation or informal speech, especially among youth or in private life .

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Content: There should be no excesses: a sociologist about the law on the protection of language - RIA Novosti Crimea, 29.10.2022
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There should be no excesses: a sociologist about the law on the protection of language
Political scientist Kiselyova appreciated the bill on the protection of the Russian language
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SIMFEROPOL, 29 oct - RIA Novosti Crimea.
The emergence of a law in the Russian Federation on the protection of the Russian language from excessive borrowing is appropriate, but there should be no excesses in this matter.
This opinion on the air of the radio "Sputnik in Crimea" expressed the head of the Crimean branch of the Foundation for the development of civil society, sociologist Natalia Kiseleva.
Crimean teachers spoke out against the language repression of young people > >
Earlier, a draft law on amendments to the Federal Law "On the State Language of the Russian Federation" appeared in the system of ensuring legislative activity.
The amendments provide for the protection of the Russian language from the excessive influence of borrowed words.
In particular, we propose the emergence of normative dictionaries that fix the norms of the modern Russian literary language, where foreign words cannot be entered, with the exception of those that have no analogues in the Russian language.
Leave the “barn ” and“ dog ” alone: a linguist about the law on the protection of language
“I am a supporter of this bill.
I think it should be adopted a long time ago, because we really see an unjustified dominance of foreign words.
At the same time, I, of course, do not propose to abandon all borrowed words - many of them have long and firmly entered the Russian language and became part of it, "Kiseleva said.
The sociologist emphasizes that it is impossible to introduce language restrictions in colloquial speech, especially among young people, and this is not the case in the new bill.
At the same time, in her opinion, the official use of the language should be regulated:
In the Crimea proposed to introduce fines for foreign words in advertising > >
“It ’ s about officials, the media.
For example, the latest fashionable foreign word "hub" - representatives of government agencies use it everywhere, although there is a great word in the Russian language "node": transport hub, interchange and so on, "- gives an example of a guest ether.
Dictionary for the replacement of anglicisms needs improvement – opinion
In addition, according to Kiseleva, it is appropriate not only to regulate the use of the Russian language in the official sphere, but also to simplify the language of regulatory documents so that the ordinary citizen can understand legal norms, which now often require interpretation by lawyers.
Earlier, Andrei Kibrik, a researcher at the Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, commented on the relevant bill, expressed the opinion that the artificial regulation of any language, including the Russian language, is a vain and even harmful idea, since borrowing is part of a natural process that cannot be stopped or reversed.
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As part of the broader initiative, regulatory bodies have produced official handbooks and dictionaries listing Russian substitutes for common borrowings, and these resources are distributed among state agencies.

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Content: Communists are asking for clarity
The Deputy of the Moscow City Duma proposes to simplify the language of laws
The Deputy of the Moscow city Duma Elena Yanchuk (CPRF) this week will submit a bill, which proposes to simplify the language of the capital ’ s regulations.
Modern laws, in her opinion, are overloaded with complex turnovers, highly specialized terms and bureaucratic jargon.
This does not allow people whose lives are regulated by these norms to fully understand them and influence the change in their content, Ms. Yanchuk believes.
United Russia says that developments in this direction are already underway, in particular, in the field of replacing foreign analogues of Russian words.
The bill proposes to supplement Article 11 of the law “On legal acts of the city of Moscow ” with a norm on the simplification of their language: the presentation should be“ simple and understandable ”, which means that when writing they should avoid “clerisms, professional jargons, borrowed words and complex syntactic constructions ”.
In the explanatory note, Elena Yanchuk refers to the scientific monograph of 2018 of the Research Institute of Problems of the State Language of St. Petersburg University, which notes that the language of legislative acts is understood by “no more than five percent of the country ’ s residents ”.
According to the MP, the complexity of the presentation of laws “leads to misunderstanding between the government and society ”, and the correction of the situation will contribute to the“ development of civil society ” and “the implementation of fundamental constitutional principles. ”
In particular, Ms. Yanchuk notes that according to the law on legal acts, residents of the capital “are subjects of lawmaking ”, but it is“ difficult without a deep understanding ” of the laws, which makes it necessary to state them “in a simple and understandable language. ”
The Communist also recalls the experience of other countries: in particular, New Zealand, which adopted a similar law last fall, and the United States, which enshrined similar rules in 2010.
To prove the necessity of changing the language of laws, Elena Yanchuk researched several regulations of Moscow with the help of linguists.
They pointed to the accumulation of involved turnover and the frequent use of highly specialized and foreign language terms (for example, “sequestration of expenses ” and“ listing of securities ”).
Ms. Yanchuk emphasizes that her initiative does not imply the introduction of any restrictions for ordinary people and concerns only the unjustified use of foreign words.
“The bill does not set the task of inventing or selecting Russian synonyms for all words borrowed from other languages, of which there are many in our language, ” the explanatory note says.
It should be noted that on December 13, the State Duma adopted in the first reading a bill clarifying the procedure for the use of foreign words at the state level.
The document proposes to oblige officials to observe the “norms of the Russian literary language ”, comparing them and permissible foreign words with reference books to be developed by the government.
Proposals to cleanse the language of laws from unnecessary clerisms are periodically expressed, since this is dictated by the need for an unambiguous understanding of the meaning of the document, the head of the Moscow City Duma Commission on Legislation Alexander Semennikov (United Russia) told Kommersant.
There are developments in this direction, the deputy noted, citing the above-mentioned law “On the state language ” as an example.
“In addition, there is judicial and law enforcement practice of interpretation of terms and verbal blocks, — said Mr. Semennikov. — It is clear that in one day it is impossible to change, because there is a huge array of already adopted laws, set out in a certain style and lexical uniformity.
Simultaneously go from the language, conditionally, "War and Peace" to the syllable of the fairy tale about Alyonushka and brother Ivanushka is unreal. "
However, the bill has not yet been submitted to the city Duma, and to look at what is written and how it is written, “it will be interesting, ” the deputy added.
Kira Heifetz
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Compliance is mandatory at all levels of government, public institutions, and formal communication, and the legislation is underpinned by parliamentary debate and codified review processes .

Title:

Content: Spitting in the face of the Netherlands and the intimidation of the nuclear: what the propaganda of the Russian Federation said on February 21
3 minutes
552
The speech of Russian President Vladimir Putin before the Federal Assembly has already passed, nuclear threats to the world have traditionally been proclaimed, nothing unusual has happened.
Well, except for the next "Orvelovsky" aggravation among the Russian politicum, which once again indicates the near-death convulsions of the empire.
What the Russian propaganda has given out over the past 24 hours, the Center for Strategic Communications and Information Security analyzed
Video of the day
Putin seeks to negotiate, but humiliates the West with his decisions
The basis of Putin ’ s much-publicized message to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation was, of course, accusations of “solving the war in Ukraine ” against the West and traditional threats to use weapons.
The only difference is that Putin has officially suspended Russia ’ s participation in the Treaty on Strategic Offensive Arms.
"The Russian Defense Ministry and Rosatom must ensure readiness to test nuclear weapons.
Of course, we will not do this first.
But if the United States conducts a test, and we will, ” — said the head of the Kremlin.
Such a step is actually another attempt to achieve negotiations on a peaceful end to the war with Ukraine.
This time there was a lot of blackmail.
However, Moscow for some reason does not take into account the fact that the West usually has a habit not to negotiate with terrorists, which, by the way, Russian politicians have actually recognized many leading countries in the world.
At the same time, with hints of a desire for dialogue, Putin continues to put sticks in the wheels of Russian diplomacy with his decisions.
For example, the assignment of the title of "Guards" 53rd anti-aircraft missile brigade - for "mass heroism and courage, steadfastness and courage shown by the personnel of the brigade in combat operations to protect the Fatherland."
At the same time, the "mass heroism and courage" of this brigade was to take the lives of innocent people on board a passenger liner of Malaysian Airlines on July 17, 2014.
There were 298 people on board, all of whom died.
By the way, a court in the Netherlands ruled that the Buk, from which the Boeing was shot down, belonged to the 53rd brigade of the Russian Federation.
But Putin somehow decided that the Netherlands would get away with such a diplomatic slap.
The FSB debunks fakes from...
Medvedeva
However, the ability to lie is one of the key skills to get into the Russian government.
Otherwise, it is impossible to explain the dominance of top propagandists in high positions.
A striking example is former Russian President Dmitry Medvedev, who recently said that Joe Biden ’ s visit to Kiev was originally agreed by Moscow.
“Biden, after receiving security guarantees, finally went to Kiev, ” he said.
But the director of the FSB Alexander Bortnikov later said something different, in fact refuted Medvedev ’ s claim.
According to the official, Washington did inform the Russians about Biden ’ s upcoming trip.
However, the United States did not receive any guarantees from Moscow.
Whether this is true is unknown, but the Kremlin ’ s general desire to increase its significance is too great.
He demonstrates this in relation to the Russian language, in defense of which a special law was recently adopted in the third reading.
According to the document, the use of borrowed foreign words is prohibited in public use - such as "trabl", "workshop", "fake", etc.
This applies to those definitions that have analogues in Russian.
The implementation of the law will be mandatory for authorities at all levels, courts, media, advertising producers, film screenings in cinemas, theatrical and cultural events, inscriptions on signs.
And this is a vivid repetition of history, because as early as 1929, a similar policy was pursued by the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini.
Then, under the fascist regime, the use of not only foreign words, but also individual letters was prohibited in the country.
Also, even dialects and local dialects were recognized as “strangers ”, and it was impossible to use them publicly.
It is likely that a similar fate will soon await the Russian Federation, which will not surprise anyone at all.
The only nice thing is that everyone knows how the fascist government of Italy ended.
Therefore, Putin ’ s government will expect the same...

The sociocultural context driving Russia's policy includes a desire to defend national identity and cultural sovereignty.

Policymakers have framed unrestricted borrowing—particularly from English—as a form of cultural "invasion" or "clogging," likening their efforts to historic language purism movements and drawing inspiration from similar policies in countries like France .

France is frequently referenced as a paradigm of active linguistic interventionism.

The French government, especially since the enactment of the Toubon Law in 1994, has pursued strict measures against unnecessary borrowings from English and other languages.

The law mandates that French be used in official government publications, contracts, advertisements, workplaces, and broadcast media.

Institutional oversight comes from the Académie Française and specialized bodies that coin French alternatives to foreign loanwords, which are then recommended or required for use in the public sector.

The French model is admired elsewhere, including in the Arab world, for its comprehensive, government-led approach to linguistic protection and sovereignty .

Similarly, in many Arab countries, there are ongoing advocacy efforts aiming for legislative intervention to bolster Arabic against the encroachment of foreign vocabulary, particularly from English and French.

These efforts include calls for the formation of national language committees, the regular publication of official dictionaries of standardized terms, the prohibition of foreign-language signage, and the exclusive use of Arabic in public communication.

Each attempt at controlling linguistic borrowing sparks ongoing debates and diverse reactions within society.

Advocates argue that linguistic purity supports national identity, consistent communication, and cultural pride.

Critics, however, emphasize potential drawbacks—such as practical enforcement difficulties, the artificiality of circumventing widely accepted borrowings, and the risk of stalling language modernization.

Some critics draw parallels between contemporary language purism policies and historical authoritarian efforts at linguistic control, such as those undertaken in Fascist Italy and other regimes.

Linguists often note that borrowing is an organic part of language development and that efforts to curtail it too forcefully may not only disrupt natural linguistic evolution but also create confusion, particularly when "pure" neologisms fail to gain traction among the general public .

The practical outcomes of such interventions vary.

In some cases, official neologisms and native equivalents become established parts of the lexicon, especially when promoted through education and media.

In other situations, artificial substitutes fail to displace popular borrowings, resulting in parallel usage or public disregard for official recommendations.

For instance, many Russian and French speakers continue to use English-derived terms informally, regardless of regulatory prohibitions.

To summarize, borrowing from English has become a widespread feature of many world languages, especially in areas linked to technological progress and global cultural exchange.

While sociocultural and political motivations for borrowing range from perceived prestige to practical necessity, concerns about language purity and national sovereignty have prompted several governments—most notably Russia and France—to legislate against unnecessary foreign borrowings.

Such measures typically target the official and public domains, with varying levels of success and controversy, reflecting the tension between organic language evolution and the desire for cultural self-determination.