Borrowings from English into diverse world languages are widespread, propelled by globalization, technological innovation, and English’s global prestige.

These factors have created extensive lexical adoption, especially for new concepts, technological terms, and cultural phenomena.

However, many governments perceive such borrowings as threats to linguistic purity, cultural sovereignty, and national identity.

As a result, various states have instituted legal frameworks, language planning bodies, and public campaigns aimed at regulating or limiting borrowings, particularly from English.

France exemplifies a robust and longstanding institutional approach to language protection.

Its Toubon Law legally mandates the use of French in official government publications, advertisements, commercial contracts, and workplaces.

This law is a key instrument to contain foreign borrowings, particularly from English, in public and commercial spheres.

Oversight is provided by the Académie Française, a state-sanctioned authority dedicated to preserving French linguistic purity.

The Académie actively generates official dictionaries, proposes French equivalents for foreign terms, and advises the government on language issues.

France’s comprehensive language planning combines legislative enforcement with cultural campaigns promoting the French language, serving as a model for countries confronting English linguistic influence .

In North America, Quebec’s experience represents a legal regime intensely focused on linguistic preservation within a bilingual context.

The Charter of the French Language (Bill 101) governs the use of French in government, education, business, and public signage, actively discouraging Anglicisms.

Quebec’s Office québécois de la langue française (OQLF) monitors compliance and promotes French terminology to limit English encroachment, especially in official and commercial communication.

Reportedly, legal enforcement coupled with strong cultural identity has effectively bolstered French use in official domains, illustrating a successful case where legislation significantly influences language usage and public attitudes .

East Asian countries such as Japan and South Korea also pursue language policies to protect national languages from excessive English borrowing.

Japan’s Japanese Language Council recommends native equivalents to English terms and promotes awareness campaigns on preserving linguistic authenticity.

Similarly, South Korea’s National Institute of the Korean Language standardizes Korean vocabulary, creates Korean alternatives for loanwords, and guides educational and media language practices.

Both countries recognize borrowing’s inevitability in technology and global communication but strive to balance this with preservation efforts.

These interventions reflect national identity concerns and resistance to cultural domination through English infiltration .

Russia has adopted concrete legal measures aimed at limiting foreign borrowings, particularly Anglicisms, in official documents and public discourse.

The law prohibits foreign words in governmental and public communication when established Russian synonyms exist.

To support enforcement, the government develops normative dictionaries offering Russian alternatives.

Despite these efforts, challenges arise in practical enforcement, defining what counts as foreign versus integrated terms, and the persistence of English borrowings in youth slang and technological fields.

Public attitudes fluctuate between support for language protection and embracing English as a symbol of modernity, complicating regulatory success.

Russia's approach combines legal sanctions with public campaigns, but linguistic realities demonstrate that borrowings continue and require adaptable, ongoing policies rather than absolute prohibitions .

Italy presents a politically charged case where nationalist agendas shape language interventions.

The Brothers of Italy party proposed legislation banning English borrowings in institutional and commercial advertising—including job postings—with fines reaching 100,000 euros.

The initiative frames linguistic regulation as a defense against “Anglomania” and cultural erosion, emphasizing Italy’s cultural sovereignty in the face of English dominance.

The bill recognizes the complexity of banning unavoidable technical loanwords, indicating a tension between restrictive policies and practical language needs in a global economy.

This reflects broader nationalist political efforts to reassert cultural identity via language control .

Arab countries implement multi-faceted strategies against the infiltration of English borrowings.

These include reinforcing Arabic language teaching with heritage emphasis, legislative protections to prevent linguistic invasion, and media censorship to restrict foreign language effects on public discourse and the arts.

Their language academies and cultural institutions function similarly to France’s Académie Française, coordinating language policy with government ministries.

These concerted efforts arise from political and social imperatives to maintain Arabic’s preeminence amid globalization .

Taiwan’s language policy illustrates the sociopolitical intricacies of borrowing in a multilingual, postcolonial context.

Historical impositions of Japanese and Mandarin, alongside present-day English pressures, have endangered indigenous languages.

The government promotes multilingualism and positive language attitudes to prevent language loss, though linguistic policies intersect complexly with ethnic identity politics.

This case highlights how borrowing and language regulation cannot be separated from broader sociopolitical realities in multilingual societies .

Evaluations of the effectiveness of borrowing regulations reveal nuanced outcomes.

Linguistic studies in France, Russia, and Quebec indicate that legal measures and normative dictionaries successfully influence formal language use, government communication, and educational domains, raising public awareness about linguistic preservation.

However, informal speech, youth culture, and digital media remain significant domains where English borrowings persist unabated owing to global media exposure and evolving communication norms.

Quebec stands out for relatively strong policy success, attributable to the legal weight of Bill 101 and strong cultural attachment to French.

Conversely, in Russia and France, while official language shows more purity, borrowings continue substantially in informal contexts .

Government interventions sometimes produce unintended sociolinguistic consequences.

For example, in Russia, strict language purism efforts have met resistance among younger demographics who view English borrowings as markers of modern identity and global connectivity.

Strong legal prohibitions risk alienating language users or driving borrowings underground rather than eliminating them.

Similarly, overly rigid language policies may exacerbate sociopolitical tensions in multilingual regions like Taiwan, where language regulation intertwines with ethnic identity conflicts.

Such outcomes underscore the importance of culturally sensitive and adaptable language policies that balance regulation with sociolinguistic realities .

In conclusion, borrowings from English into world languages occur within a complex interplay of globalization, cultural prestige, and technological advancement.

Many governments enact diverse policies—including legislation, language academies, public campaigns, and educational reforms—to limit borrowings and protect national languages.

France’s comprehensive language laws and institutions, Quebec’s legally enforced French language framework, Russia’s state laws with normative guides, East Asia’s institutional promotion of native terms, and Arab countries’ multi-level protection strategies are key examples.

These measures have varying degrees of effectiveness, generally more influential in formal domains than informal ones.

Moreover, successful language policy requires balancing regulatory efforts with public attitudes and natural language change processes, lest overly rigid interventions provoke resistance or unintended social effects.

This global landscape illustrates the ongoing tension between linguistic preservation and adaptation amid English’s pervasive influence.

Borrowings from English into diverse world languages are widespread, propelled by globalization, technological innovation, and English’s global prestige.

Title:

Content: Sunday Literature ‧ Literature in the Cellular: The Literary Politics of Israel
Post Date: October 22, 2023
On the West Bank, in the outer city west of Ramallah, a Palestinian town, there is a small hill called Al Rabweh at the end of Tokyo Street, where Mahmoud Darwish, a Palestinian national poet, is buried.
Tokyo Street is named because the local cultural center was funded by the Japanese government.
This is according to the famous British art critic, John Berger.
At that cultural center, Darvish recited the last poems of his life.
Before long he was buried on this mountain, although he had said he wanted to be buried in Galilee, his birthplace.
Tens of thousands of people came to the funeral, and his elderly mother addressed the people.
“He ’ s the son of all of you, ” she said, piercing Berg ’ s heart.
As an important cultural figure of the Marxist left in the Anglo-American world, Berg regarded the poet's death as a pain that must touch the hearts and minds of the Palestinian people.
“What are we talking about when we talk about dead or murdered relatives? ” he suddenly asked.
On the deserted hill, he tried to recall the sound of Darvish ’ s poetry.
His voice was like a beekeeper, so calm, like a passage from his famous poem Mural:
A stone box.
The living and the dead move in the dry clay.
Like a bee in a nest.
When the siege tightens, they go on hunger strike.
Request an emergency exit from the sea.
Since the establishment of the Jewish state in Israel in 1948, the Palestinians have been bees in hives, living in ever-tightening nests.
At one end of the Gaza corridor is the vast Mediterranean Sea.
But to the request, the sea always responds in silence.
Love of the Land: Beekeepers and Honeysuckers
In 2000, Yossi Sarid, then Israel ’ s Minister of Education and Culture, tried to introduce several of Darwish ’ s poems into Israel ’ s high Chinese language curriculum, which met with strong opposition from right-wing members of the Knesset.
Prime Minister Ehud Barak had to compromise, declaring that Israel was “not ready ” to accept Darvish ’ s globally acclaimed poetry.
And by not ready, I mean that there will never be a ready day.
The truth is that since the Jews began to move into this land in large numbers in 1948, Israel and Palestine have engaged in an endless territorial dispute, as well as a cultural dispute over the land.
For conflicts, the mainstream media in the West often takes sides.
This is why we often see news in the media, such as the terrorist attack by the extremist group Hamas, or how the Israeli side uses the Iron Dome missile defense system to intercept each other ’ s missiles.
At first glance, the Palestinians are always on the side of the attack.
However, when it comes to culture and art, you often hear a different argument.
Mainly, there are a lot of Western culture people like John.
Berg, like many others, is a proponent of left-wing ideas, and so references to the literature of the land usually begin with the great Darvish, then often the Syrian poet Adonis in the neighboring Arab region; to say, from Israel, often heard writing about Kibbutz communism, supporting Israeli-Palestinian negotiations to achieve peace and opposing the construction of Israeli settlements. The writer, Amos.
"Amos Oz".
But when Darvish talks about poetry here, he will first mention the Hebrew poet Yehuda Amichai.
The two differed on their positions, but he was full of respect for the Jewish national poet, who was older than himself.
As he says: Ameehe ’ s poetry is “a challenge to me because we write in the same place. ”
He wanted the landscape and history to stand on his side, on my ruined identity.
And so we compete with each other: who is the master of the language of this land?
Who loves this land more?
Who writes better? "When people have different imaginations and different love for the same land, it makes a keen poet reflect on his own country.
Born in Germany, he moved to Jerusalem at a young age, fought against Nazi Germany in World War II, and then fought in the Palestine War from 1947 to 1949.
Amichai ’ s poems are often about war, and images of violence are always filled with them.
But in many works, a poem called "In the Apple" instead describes the plain, violence of life to the fullest (although the poet himself is not necessarily aware of this):
You come to visit the apple.
Together, we listened to the knife.
One by one, carefully,
So as not to break the skin.
You talk to me. I believe in your voice.
A painful lump.
Like real honey.
Condensed into wax in the nest.
I touch your lips with my fingers:
It is also a prediction.
And your lips are red, like burning fields.
It's black.
It's all true.
You came to visit the apple.
And you will be with me among the apples.
Until the knife is done.
Who do you and I represent in the poem? This land is like an apple, and we all live together in this apple, which is being peeled by a knife and waiting to become sweet food on the table.
However, it is ironic that Amee uses the metaphor of a honeycomb and honey to remind us of the situation of a honeycomb in Dalvish poetry.
“Intense lumps / like real honey / coagulated into wax lumps in the hive.
In the Jewish tradition of the New Year (Rosh Hashanah), people dip apples into honey, but here we think of others who bring sweet honey to themselves, but bear sharp pain.
This calm violence is punctuated by the last line of the poem: "You come to visit the apple / And you will stay with me in the apple / Until the knife has finished its work."
It is also out of love for a land, but the image transformed by love is very different.
NIKABA: The Struggle Between Facts and Ideology
Also in 2000, the Lebanese novelist Elias Khoury won the Prize of Palestine for his historical novel Gate of the Sun, about the destruction of Palestinian villages by Israel in 1948.
But from the Israeli side, the novel is nothing more than an unfair historical narrative.
As historian Tom Segev has argued, fiction is a means by which authors attempt to invade facts with literature.
Currie ’ s response is also very clear, directly stating the political implications of the art of fiction: “Literature is not, and cannot be, a historical reference, and all novels and poems involving the nakba are not documents, whether from Israel or Palestine. ”
But they can be seen as a mirror of a situation in the ideological scene. "The word" niqaba ", in Arabic, means disaster, in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, refers to the 1948 Palestinian war, and the subsequent seizure of nearly 80% of its territorial sovereignty, and the historical event of about 700,000 Palestinians fleeing or exiled.
In Curry ’ s eyes, this was all the iron truth that had happened.
The more the mainstream media in the West turns a deaf ear to the background of the Palestinians, the novelist can only hold a magnifying glass to illuminate the mirror of ideology.
The difference in ideology itself has the ability to explain the disputes between literature.
Members of the right wing of the Knesset cannot accept Darvish ’ s poetry precisely because of their fear of literature as an ideological weapon.
Darvish, who was a child at the time, was a victim of Niqaba, who said in his article “Not to Begin at the End ” that Niqaba“ is an extended present and will never die in the future. ”
Darvish was the one who was present, and his poems wanted to perpetuate that presence.
So it ’ s easy to imagine how, on the Israeli side, a few of the poet ’ s poems are enough of a threat to shake up the legitimacy of a regime.
In the context of strong nationalism, the political issues involved in literature became extraordinarily sensitive.
The inclusion of Darvish ’ s poetry in the teaching may be a disguised acknowledgement of Israel ’ s atrocities from 1948 to the present day.
Israel ’ s founding as a nation through the Holocaust in Nazi Germany is reminiscent of the intense public debate in which former victims suddenly become perpetrators.
However, on the other hand, the then Minister of Education and Culture and the Prime Minister were politically left-leaning, believing that the Israeli people should be more tolerant of Palestinian literature, and even understand the voices of different positions in the same land.
Darvish ’ s poetry was influenced by the Hebrew poet Ameeh, who, as he put it, was a poetic contest for love of the land; but at the same time, the contest was founded by the interweaving of Arabic and Hebrew in the land.
Unknown language:
"The Arabic Language"
Today, after most of the centuries-old conflict in Israel and Palestine, it is generally believed that there are two large groups of Hebrew-speaking Jews and Arab-speaking Arabs.
However, the truth is that the two languages have influenced each other since ancient times, and the way they intersect reflects the power structures of both sides.
In this area of research, the scholar Lital Levy (Lital Levy) has expressed a thought-provoking observation with the experience of a movie broadcast conference.
In 2009, Ajami, a film co-directed by a Palestinian director and an Israeli Jewish director, was widely praised by both Israelis and Palestinians for its portrayal of real life, which earned local and international acclaim.
The film tells the story of the dependence of Palestinians and Jews on each other in the crime-ridden Jaffa neighborhood.
Jaffa is a historic city located on the outskirts of Tel Aviv ’ s metropolis.
Naturally, the film is meant to show the real Palestinian community, political tensions, and the police ’ s abuse of violence.
However, behind the apparently clichéd discourse, what really surprised Israeli Jews was the fluid and unfamiliar language of the film ’ s characters.
Many of the Jews of this land, the so-called “majority ”, never spoke to Palestinians and did not understand the language of their place of residence.
In the cinema, they were shocked to hear familiar Hebrew words seamlessly interspersed in unfamiliar, unintelligible, yet word-by-word Arabic.
At the same time, some bilingual speakers responded to the hilarious dialogue with laughter, but more unknown Hebrew speakers responded with silence.
It is an embarrassment to one's own language as a powerful person.
The title of the film is "Ajami", which is Arabic, meaning foreign and unfamiliar, and seems to have a pun on its own.
In the land of Palestine, Hebrew appeared as a foreign language, but in the eyes of those who spoke Hebrew as a native language, the native language was used by others and transformed into unfamiliar, unrecognizable words.
Some linguists call it Arabebrew.
Interestingly, when the Palestinians in the film talk to the Jews, they immediately switch to Hebrew.
Levy says this is a linguistic phenomenon known as code-switching, which occurs in an asymmetrical relationship between the speaker.
As a politically and socially powerless language, all Palestinians speak at least Arabic and Hebrew; but conversely in everyday life, Jews speak only one language.
In other parts of the world, we can find a lot of examples: in today ’ s world of English as a language hegemony, almost all languages are mixed with English words; in countries in the Balkans, there are a lot of words brought from Turkey; in North Africa, almost all languages are a mixture of French and Arabic.
Or take the example of our own culture, before the economic take-off of mainland China, there are many examples of Cantonese language borrowed by Putonghua, and in recent years, it is more common for Putonghua words to be translated into Cantonese.
This is the result of cultural power substitution.
However, from a more optimistic point of view, we can at least see the consensus between languages.
Levy cites the Jewish philosopher Walter Benjamin ’ s The Translator ’ s Task to illustrate the invisible interplay between languages.
When Hebrew was translated into Arabic, the original Hebrew language underwent a reverse linguistic transformation.
The reason is that when it is assumed that the meaning of words can be transferred, it is necessary to assume the existence of the intangible commonality and translatability of the two languages, which he calls “pure language. ”
This philosophy, and I can not help but think of the literature produced in the nest.
Honey is formed by bees traveling between flowers and plants, collecting pollen and extracting nutrients.
That in itself is a transformation.
With regard to the conflict between land and culture, one must have an awareness that everything here has never belonged to any of us, it has been taken from outside.
Or, as in the last lines of Darvish ’ s Mural:
Absurd. Now there's a slight wound in his arm.
History laughs at it as a victim.
And its hero...
Just glanced at them and walked away.
The sea is mine.
The air of the sea is mine.
My name is —
If I misread the coffin...
It's mine.
As for me -
Full of reasons to leave -
I'm not mine.
I'm not mine.
I'm not mine.
WEN • Lentils
Art • CHUNG Kam Wing
Editors • Chow Ling Pu
Email • literature @ mingpao.com
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Related Words: War Yehuda Amichai Israel Lentils Sunday Literature Palestine Mahmoud Darwish Daily Ming Pao - Culture

These factors have created extensive lexical adoption, especially for new concepts, technological terms, and cultural phenomena.

Title:

Content: The most important languages in the world
(Explanation - Unsplash)
How many languages are there in the world today?
The number of languages spoken in the world today is estimated at 7,100.
However, the number of people who speak these languages varies greatly, with documents recording that only eight people on the planet speak Boso, for example, yet it is considered one of the world's spoken languages.
At the same time, languages are spoken by millions, if not billions, and are preferred languages for learning as a second language.
How many languages have we spoken since the dawn of civilization?
It may be impossible to answer this question because languages are always evolving and branching out into other languages and because many languages are considered dead.
In general, the death of languages is associated with the extinction of a civilization or the annihilation of a people.
Political factors are also considered one of the most important factors affecting the death of languages, as happened during the Spanish invasion of the Incas and Aztecs in the continent of South America, where the authorities imposed on the local population to speak Spanish and considered speaking the mother tongue of these peoples a crime punishable by law.
Latin Language
Latin may be the most famous of the dead languages, although many academics and lovers of ancient languages are learning it.
Although this ancient language died, it has made a significant impact on many languages spoken today, such as English, French, Spanish and Portuguese.
Did you know that today we use some words taken from Latin during our regular conversation?
The word "tomato" is commonly used for tomatoes in a number of countries.
If the word tomato is very similar in terms of the English and French pronunciation of this word, where did the tomato come from?
In fact, the word "tomato" is Latin in origin, namely Pomodoro.
What is the most important language in the world?
English is part of the Germanic language family and the Indo-European language branch and is the most widely learned second language in the world.
English is a mixture of a range of languages and civilizations that have influenced it and some may think that this indicates the lack of heritage or weakness of this language and its need to derive and borrow from other languages, but this is precisely what made the English language withstand the times and take the lead in terms of its importance and the number of speakers and students.
English is also known as Lingua Franca.
Why is English the most important language in the world?
Technology and the Internet
The most important feature of the English language is that it is renewable and can invent new words and terms on a daily basis, especially since it is the official language of the Internet since its emergence and spread.
As evidence of the use of English terms for scientific and technological inventions, we can list some of the technological English terms that we use automatically in our daily lives, such as:
• USB
• CPU
• Formate
• Monitor
• Download
English is the language of films.
There is no doubt that the lead in terms of film production goes to Hollywood and its huge productions of series and films.
It is true that all of these works can be dubbed or translated into any language in the world, but the experience of seeing and understanding directly in the mother tongue of these works is more interesting and closer to the intent and meaning of the writer, director and actors.
Famous English Literary Works
Of course, each civilization has its own literary and poetic compositions, which can be considered as masterpieces that embody the reality or the past, the thinking, the national spirit or the deep feelings of the writer and his people.
However, one of the most famous writers in the world and throughout history spoke English: William Shakespeare.
It is undeniable that the English language itself has changed since the days of Shakespeare and that some of these changes have been applied to his literary works, so we may notice a slight difference between the rhymes due to the change in the way of spelling and even pronunciation.
However, Shakespeare ’ s works attract literature lovers from around the world, as well as a large number of works by other English and American writers.
Above all, many literary works written in languages other than English are translated into English.
That is, you don ’ t have to learn Japanese, for example, to read the Japanese myths that are available in English.
English Language of Travel
It is comforting to the soul that wherever man travels and travels the country, he can resort to one language that must be understood by those around him.
We note that tourists, regardless of their mother tongue, home country or location, usually try to speak English with residents and usually manage to achieve some form of communication with them.
Linguistic statistics
To clarify the ranking of the most important languages in the world, the following table shows the number of speakers of each mother tongue and second language and the total number of speakers in the world.
Arrangement
Language:
Number of native speakers
Number of speakers as a second language
Total Speakers
1
Anglican
372.9 million
1.080 billion
1.452 billion
2.
Mandarin Chinese, including official Chinese, not other dialects and spoken languages
929.0 Millions
198.7 million
1.118 billion
3.
Indian except Urdu
343.9 million
258.3 million
602.2 million
4
SPANISH
474.7 million
73.6 million
548.3 million
5.
FRENCH
79.9 million
194.2 million
274.1 million
6.
Standard Arabic Language
Unspecified
274.0 million
274.0 million
7.
Bengali
233.7 million
39.0 million
272.7 million
8.
russian
154.0 million
104.1 million
258.2 million
9.
Portuguese
232.4 million
25.2 million
257.7 million
10.
Urdu without Hindi
70.2 million
161.0 million
231.3 million
The following table shows the percentage of the world's population in terms of speakers of each of the most widely spoken languages in the world.
Arrangement
Language:
Proportion of global language speakers
1
Anglican
16.5%
2.
Chinese Mandarin
14.6%
3.
Indian
8.3%
4
SPANISH
7.0%
5.
FRENCH
3.6%
5.
ARABIC
3.6%
7.
Bengali
3.4%
7.
russian
3.4%
9.
Portuguese
3.3%
10.
indonesian
2.6%
Arab Podcast 48

However, many governments perceive such borrowings as threats to linguistic purity, cultural sovereignty, and national identity.

Title:

Content: Sociologists agree that there is a close relationship between language and identity, with language being the preeminent and most important identifier.
They consider that the most serious threat to the identity and culture of nations is linguistic and cultural appropriation by another party.
Language and identity are two sides of the same thing.
Language is not just words and words, but a vessel that contains the emotional components, beliefs and peculiarities of any society.
Hence, it is clear why every society is proud of its language, because language is the main way of protecting and fortifying identity so that it does not assimilate into another identity.
The history of the nations is a good witness, for example, the Arabic language has preserved the teachings of the Islamic religion, the Arab heritage and manuscripts and all the sciences, arts and literature provided by the Islamic civilization.
The Japanese refused and resisted any domination of their language, knowing that it would preserve their identity, as did the Koreans.
The goal of the powerful states, through the soft style of globalization, is to establish a state of linguistic, scientific and intellectual dependence to obliterate identity and block any path that may lead to creativity and development.
Ibn Khaldun in his introduction pointed out that the defeated is fond of the tradition of the majority, and this is what we see in some societies of a dangerous drift in the rejection of the mother tongue, and even ridicule it sometimes and link urbanization and development and call to keep pace with the times by speaking another language.
It is true that the learning of languages, whatever they may be, is desirable, provided that this does not lead to the alienation and obliteration of the identity symbol.
Experts believe that the pillars of identity are three: religion, culture and society, and that language is the official spokesman of identity and a means through which the world recognizes the power of states and the cohesion of their members and society.
There is no competition between nations except for language.
The language, interest in it and its rooting in various scientific, health, technical and other fields have a great role in the rooting of citizenship and the consolidation of belonging.
Protecting the Arabic language in our societies from the fierce attacks of globalization is a religious and secular duty, especially as it is a powerful and great language that has influenced many other languages.
The culture, strength and cohesion of nations are diminished when their people abandon their mother tongue and allow others to compete with it because language is the actual vessel of identity, and giving it the attention it deserves is what will push any country or nation to excellence and creativity.

As a result, various states have instituted legal frameworks, language planning bodies, and public campaigns aimed at regulating or limiting borrowings, particularly from English.

Title:

Content: To the New Frontiers: Spikai in Russian
Being in large cities, we all pay attention to the signs of shops, restaurants, cafes, firms and other institutions, the names of which are often written in English or the Latin alphabet.
What does this so-called street language mean?
.
Here, for example, on the sign of the restaurant at the top you can see the inscription in Russian - restaurant.
And below - the English letters BOLSHOI.
For what?
Yes, English is recognized as an official language, as a consequence of the colonialist policy of Great Britain, in almost 60 countries of the world.
It seems that Russia is falling into his linguistic bondage.
A particularly powerful onslaught of Anglicisms has become in recent decades due to the mass impact of TV, the Internet: the sphere of the Russian language has become rapidly filled with Anglo-American words and terms.
In fact, it is dangerous not to notice this, because language is the foundation of the culture of any nation, on which generation after generation they create a home of their spirituality.
For thousands of years, our language has absorbed Greek and Latin, Turkic and Polish, Dutch and German, French and English words.
Sometimes the process of borrowing went very quickly, as, for example, in the time of Peter the Great.
But even then, the danger of excessive fascination with foreign words was not forgotten.
The same Peter strictly admonished his ambassador: "... henceforth his relays to us to write everything in the Russian language...".
The struggle for the preservation of the Russian language acquired a special scope in the 19th century.
“To use a foreign word when there is a Russian word equivalent to it, ” wrote V.G. Belinsky,“ is to offend both common sense and common taste. ”
He was echoed by I.S. Turgenev: “Never use foreign words.
The Russian language is so rich and flexible that we have nothing to take from those who are poorer than us. ”
Now, the further, the wider the so-called runglish – an ugly mixture of Russian and English.
It is not surprising that a generation is growing up in Russia, for which the texts written by Pushkin, Chekhov, Bunin become incomprehensible.
Under these conditions, in 2005, the parliament adopted and President Putin signed the law “On the State Language of the Russian Federation ”.
It is aimed at ensuring the use of the state language and the protection and development of language culture.
The aggression of Anglicisms has since weakened, but not so much that one can calm down.
The law is not properly enforced.
That ’ s why we read on the signs: FARШ butcher shop, EXTRIMLAND adventure park, and on children ’ s T-shirts: “Speak in Russian ”.
Author: T.
RAISWICH.
Newspaper "To New Frontiers"

France exemplifies a robust and longstanding institutional approach to language protection.

Title:

Content: How can we restore the Arab world to its leading position?
There is no doubt that the achievement of Arabic leadership among the languages of the world, as it was in the past, requires concerted efforts at all levels, politically, socially and economically.
These are four steps that can be adopted by any Arab country, and I believe that they will bring the Arab world a tremendous leadership, in the medium and long term.
Giving the Arab heritage and the sciences of the Arabic language, the highest priority in literary university studies.
There are university professors today who specialize in Arabic literature, yet they have never studied a house from Ibn Malik ’ s millennium, nor heard of Ibn Hisham ’ s testimonies.
Step one.
Fill the courses with the ancient Arab heritage of stories, proverbs, books, and poetry, especially poetry.
The frequent exposure of the student to poetry, grows his sobriety and strengthens his linguistic faculty..
Because the ancient Arabic poet is necessarily a linguist, his poetry is a precise linguistic selection.
This is why the Mahathir people in Mauritania are keen to memorize the old poetry of children, and the result is clear for the graduates of the old Mahathir.
The more the child memorizes old Arabic poetry, the easier it is for him to learn Arabic, and it is not important to understand what he memorized at the time of memorization, but it is important to drink his subconscious mind of tens of thousands of linguistic examples scattered in his archives, so he has a straight language quality, without realizing it.
Step two.
Giving the Arab heritage and the sciences of the Arabic language, the highest priority in literary university studies.
There are university professors today specialized in Arabic literature, yet they have never studied a house from the millennium of Ibn Malik, nor have they heard the testimonies of Ibn Hisham, and the reason is that the modernist trend prevailed in the university halls, and the predominance of interest in Western literary models such as Dadaism, Surrealism and others. The Arabic language and its sciences must be a priority in the university environment.
If the opposite happens as it is today, you will find many specialists in language and graduates of the Department of Arabic Language, have nothing to do with language or literature, just as we saw an Arab university professor, specializing in rhetoric, can not read a paper she wrote, this is because the faculties of Arabic literature - except God 's mercy - neglect the science of language, and interested in modern curricula intrusive, resulting in "language specialists" They don ’ t know the language!
We have also seen from the results of this, that many graduates of the literary departments, know the leaders of literature in the West and boast about it, and are ignorant of the leaders of Arabic literature and are not ashamed of it.
These professors, except from the mercy of God, were raised in their universities to marginalize the science of the Arabic language and its heritage, and to provide modern literature translated from English, French and others, they are not specialists in the Arabic language, but specialists in the Arabic version of English literature.
Step three.
Protect the Arabic language by laws, and protect it from the invasion of foreign languages.
It is not right to see a shop in an Arab country that places a sign in a foreign language, a restaurant in an Arab country, a menu in a foreign language, a school in an Arab country that makes sure that its students are proficient in a foreign language at the expense of Arabic, or goods entering an Arab market with posters and information in a foreign language, or a doctor in an Arab country who writes a prescription in a foreign language.
This leniency leads to distorted Arab societies, alien to this world, in which every country protects its language with iron and fire.
We have seen some Arabic language synagogues, which are supposed to be the protector of Arabic, tolerate the introduction of all incoming and outgoing into Arabic, and people have taken note of them and warned them of their error.
The Arab state must also use all its institutions to serve and protect Arabic, just as the proud nations do in their own language.
You have, for example, the French model, where the state uses all its organs to protect the French.
In translation alone, the whole state stands against every foreign word, where ministerial committees work to monitor the new words and propose translations for them, then those translations are presented to another party, the French Language Enrichment Committee, for approval, then they are presented to another party, the French Academy, for approval, and then they are submitted to another party, the Prime Minister for approval. Sovereign, in which all France cooperates, because the state sees the protection of French as an existential matter, and does not leave it to a linguistic college, university or institution, as we have the Arabs.
STEP FOUR
Linguistic censorship of art and media, especially art.
The Arabic series and films today are full of ridicule and neglect of Arabic, as well as many linguistic errors, and also full of many foreign words that these bullies have succumbed to: the writer, actor, director and producer, and they want to pass it to the poor Arab listener, to get used to listening to the intruder and his writing.
This is for works of art that are issued in Arabic dialects, and historical works that are issued in classical Arabic, you find a great chaos: you find an Abbasid or Umayyad series that speaks the language of the Mexican dubbed series: "I'm sorry, dear," "I'm a little upset," "Let me disagree with your point of view."
Although the proofreader of these works may be a university professor specialized in Arabic literature, but as I told you in a previous paragraph, these professors - except God 's mercy - were raised in their universities to marginalize the science of the Arabic language and its heritage, and provide modern literatures translated from English, French and others, they are not specialists in the Arabic language, but specialists in the Arabic version of English literature, it is not surprising that they write and authenticate Old historical baskets, you feel like you hear Google Translate!
These are the four steps: the first is related to elementary and intermediate education (filling courses with Arab heritage), the second is related to university education (giving the sciences of Arabic language and heritage, the highest priority, and not to modern translated literature), the third is at the legislative and executive level (protecting and fortifying the Arabic language by laws and the work of state agencies to implement those laws), and the art industry. from Arabic or ridicule them or work to spread foreign words at the expense of Arabic).
There may be other important steps, but these four steps, I believe, are one of the most important that can restore the Arabic language to its place in the world, as it was in previous centuries.

Its Toubon Law legally mandates the use of French in official government publications, advertisements, commercial contracts, and workplaces.

Title:

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Arab culture was indebted to the European historical scientific methodology of thinking in a contemporary way, and Europe was recognized by critics and scholars throughout the Renaissance as a repository of new ideas.
European scientific methodology does not follow a single line of thought, considering that Europe is shaped by different currents, schools of thought and cultural environments.
Rudson's methodology is more socially colored than Renard Lewis's, which belongs to the methodology of the history of ideas "and a classical historical-philological methodology that does not care for the socioeconomic conditionality of the subject studied, but studies ideas as an independent entity".
There has been an ancient intellectual connection between European culture and thought leaders in Beirut, Cairo and Tunis, albeit within the realm of cultural dependence.
Europe has come to be seen as the bastion of modern literature, Europe has known the literary doctrines of the mid-18th century, where Europe has been swept by a comprehensive literary movement that played a large role in the formation of modern literary culture and gave the final features of the lively literary art that has gained international fame.
From its earliest beginnings, European literature sought to place itself at the service of humanity, as Europe traversed a long road in its literary development, broadened the horizons of the creative movement, and England was the breeding ground for new ideas that emerged from the seeds of the integration of its maturity into the European climate.
England, according to Fr.
The lighthouse to which all European thinkers, such as Montesquieu, Voltaire Diderot and Link, learn in their own way and are inspired by English models. It is remarkable that English literature during these years was received with unrivalled enthusiasm not only in England but also on the European continent, where it was studied with great interest and published in literary circles.
Due to the conciliatory character of the English literary movement in general, this movement, despite its historical preeminence on the European scale, was unable to maintain its advanced position.
It was the French literary movement, and dr.
The prominent French writers of the eighteenth century were not limited, narrow-minded and one-sided; they were not only writers, but also thinkers, social historians, political advocates, moral teachers, philosophers in the practical social sense.
French writers of the eighteenth century were able to overcome the tendency of isolation and the narrowness of the culture of previous centuries, imagining themselves as citizens of the whole world, seeking the international exchange of ideas and more scientific and artistic achievements that paved the way for the Renaissance.
Paris has been able to take the lead from other prominent centers of culture and ideas such as London, Amsterdam and The Hague.
The French language, which since the 17th century has achieved widespread popularity as the language of aristocratic salons, was able in the 18th century to consolidate its dominant position in Europe as the language of science and philosophy.
In 1783, the Berlin Academy of Sciences put forward the idea of awarding a prize for the best research on the subject of what made French the language of the whole world, the prize went to a French writer who proved in his research that the French language is a mental and social language.
However, the literary exchange between France and other countries in the eighteenth century was not one-sided, as French literature not only had a wide influence on the literature of other countries, but was also influenced by these literature, absorbing its best achievements in the field of artistic, philosophical and scientific creativity.
In addition to the influence of the literature of various European countries in French literature, this literature was exposed in the eighteenth century to a clear and significant influence on the part of Eastern literature, French literature showed a tendency towards tales of the East, including Arabic tales such as One Thousand and One Nights.
The international literary exchange in which France played a distinctive role helped to expand the relationship with Arab culture.

This law is a key instrument to contain foreign borrowings, particularly from English, in public and commercial spheres.

Title:

Content: The ban on foreign borrowings in the Russian language - what should be feared - RIA Novosti Crimea, 16.02.2023
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Radio "Sputnik in Crimea"
The ban on foreign borrowings in the Russian language – what should be feared
Philologists: in the fight against foreign borrowings in the language, it is important to prevent excesses
© Fotolia / daria rizaDictionary of the Russian language.
Archive photo
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SIMFEROPOL, Feb 16 – RIA Novosti Crimea, Alexey Goncharov.
The main risk of the law adopted by the State Duma on the restriction of the use of foreign words is the excesses that can be allowed in the struggle for the purity of the Russian language.
This opinion was expressed by the interviewed website RIA Novosti Crimea and radio "Sputnik in Crimea" experts.
Chancellery is no less an enemy
On Thursday, the State Duma in the second and third reading adopted amendments to the federal law "On the state language of the Russian Federation".
The law, in particular, prohibits the use of foreign words at the state level, with the exception of those that do not have common Russian-language analogues.
Deputies also approved a list of areas where Russian is mandatory for use.
These include information for consumers of goods, works and services, as well as the education sector, state and municipal information systems.
Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor of the Institute of Philology of the Crimean Federal University.
Vernadsky Vladimir Orekhov believes this law is correct and necessary, since the Russian language needs protection.
However, the main problem is how this document will work in practice.
"Indeed, there can be excesses, and on the part of officials, who in many cases are themselves a source of stupid borrowing.
It is this category that often distorts the Russian language with stationery and borrowings, inventing some new formulas.
To make a beautiful project or report, you need to call the old with new words, preferably foreign, and, passing the old for new, somehow raise your prestige.
And then it already diverges, ” the expert explained in comments to RIA Novosti Crimea.
Orekhov also does not believe that young people are the main source of borrowing in the language.
According to him, youth slang is changing so quickly that such loanwords rarely take root for a long time.
At the same time, what is recorded in official documents, already, as they say in a well-known saying, "you can not cut down with an axe."
Down with the Chancellery: Officials Were Requested to Speak Human > >
“Most of the borrowings that this law is designed to save us from are in official documents of different levels.
This also applies to the capital institutions, but to a greater extent provincial.
This is a kind of fashion – to show your knowledge using incomprehensible foreign words.
How to deal with it, I have no recipe.
On the other hand, this law in itself can change this fashion in the administrative environment.
In this case, he by the very fact of his existence will correct the situation, ” the philologist suggested.
Russia will support the creation of an organization to promote the Russian language – Putin
According to Orekhov, the mechanisms that will be able to effectively implement the norms of this law should be developed through a wide public discussion, with the involvement of school teachers, university teachers, cultural figures and all those who are involved in the development of the Russian language.
Define clear criteria
Director of the Crimean Republican Institute of Postgraduate Pedagogical Education, Doctor of Philology, Professor Alexander Rudyakov is also sure that the law adopted by the State Duma and the protection of the Russian language in general is a good thing.
But the question arises: where is the criterion that distinguishes foreign words from non-foreign ones.
After all, in our language there are many Russian words that are originally borrowed from other languages.
"My wife is a German, we often argue with her.
She believes that the word "barrier" is a German word.
And I, a simple Russian, I am convinced that this is a Russian word.
Therefore, it is important that there are clear criteria for all this.
That's what we're talking about.
The law is excellent, but it is important how it will be applied and what criteria will be there, ” the expert said on the radio “Sputnik in Crimea ”.
Another important fact to pay special attention to is professional universal terminology, said Rudyakov.
“In many branches of knowledge, say, in the banking sector, there are words that are, in principle, international.
It is probably not very smart to isolate yourself from the terminology that is inherent in this area.
Another thing is not to drag it into our public vocabulary.
This is also very important to understand and comply with, ” explained the philologist.
"Adapt and switch to Russian": how the schools of Kherson region work > >
At the same time, the professor agreed that today in a number of areas, including administrative and media, there is an excessive use of foreign words, which can be easily and simply replaced by Russian-language analogues.
"When you hear 'communicate', 'collaboration' - the hand reaches for the gun.
Somewhere I read the information that a "Children's Collaboration House" was built in Vladivostok.
That's what's scary, you know.
These are obvious excesses, ” said the doctor of science.
Rudyakov, who is also a member of the Council on the Russian language under the President of Russia, assured that he will raise questions regarding the new law at the next meeting of the organization on March 2.
Read also on RIA Novosti Crimea:
Quoting the classics: how and why great writers quarreled
Than English-language words interfere in advertising – the opinion of senators from the Crimea
Russia will support the creation of an organization to promote the Russian language – Putin
Leave the “barn ” and“ dog ” alone: a linguist about the law on the protection of language
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Oversight is provided by the Académie Française, a state-sanctioned authority dedicated to preserving French linguistic purity.

The Académie actively generates official dictionaries, proposes French equivalents for foreign terms, and advises the government on language issues.

Title:

Content: Confronting questions of modernity.
« Arabic Complex » discusses the formulation of language policy in Libya
Tripoli - Al Wasat Gate: Abdel Salam Al Fiqhi Saturday 12 March 2022, 01: 12 pm
The Arabic Language Academy organized, on Thursday, a seminar moderated by Dr. Mohamed Belhaj, on the concept of linguistic planning and outlined the laws and regulations related to the preservation of the Arabic language in Libya.
In his paper entitled "Planning for coexistence between languages in Libya", Dr. Mohamed Al-Aswad pointed out that there are two ancient languages in Libya, namely the Berber language now called Amazigh used by the Amazigh in Mount Nafusa, and the Tida language in southern Libya Kufra and Tibesti.
He explained that for peaceful coexistence between them, scientific research must be conducted away from fanaticism, and facilitate their writing so that learners are able to assimilate and distract them.
Linguistic Rooting
Dr. Siham Al-Hamri touched on the characteristics of Arabic as a basis for linguistic planning, starting from lexical and terminological definitions, indicating that the language planning is the way and means underline, and the dress of a scheme any make lines, and said land and country plans any make lines and borders, also because he put in his head the plan of any order he had intended.
The researcher defines it as a refined mental activity that seeks to chart the future course of language development, acquisition, structure and use through legislation, decisions, mechanisms and long-term programs that guide the behavior of its users individually and collectively in a flexible way that helps protect its construction, respect its sovereignty, enhance its functions and improve its contribution to the preservation of identity, unity and cumulative memory.
She pointed out in the context of her speech that linguistic planning is old for a long time, but the use of modern scientific and studies came recently, where the collection of the Koran in one Koran and the destruction of the rest of the Koran intervened in order to codify Arabic, and the goal of translating the books into Arabic to become the official language in Persia, Syria and Egypt.
Social organization
Linguistic planning is concerned with activities aimed at the structure and status of language, it is a science that examines the interaction between the two aspects of human behavior, namely the use of language and the social organization of behavior. Linguistic planning and policy both aim to frame the linguistic landscape in society politically and legally, arrange and organize linguistic diversity, address linguistic problems and propose and select solutions.
The researcher tends to define language policy as the actions taken by state institutions to monitor the linguistic situation and control its course, which is the enactment of constitutional and legislative articles related to the linguistic status of society, it is « activities practiced by politicians towards language and its formulation in the form of constitutional and legislative decisions, a branch of public policy ». The rights of minorities in particular, as well as the issue of identity, for example.
Features and mechanisms
Dr. Ali Aoun monitored the characteristics of Arabic self-expressive and self-informational, and described the features of its universality and mechanisms of empowerment and dissemination, while Dr. Khalifa Al-Aswad presented the results of the mixing of language policy with linguistic planning through language-related practices, which were reflected in the fields of linguistic use, "sovereign official use, education, media and Arabization."
Dr. Khalifa Al-Aswad believes that the term linguistic policy was not used in writings dealing with linguistic planning activities, and perhaps the term linguistic engineering or an expression used in the literature on the subject, citing the researcher Haugen Ban Yuri Fenraj, who was the first to use the term linguistic planning at a seminar at Columbia University in 1957.
The researcher added that Haugen defined linguistic planning in that article as all activities related to the preparation of a writing guide (grammar spelling) or the preparation of a book in grammar or a lexicon in order to guide writers and speakers of a language in a linguistically heterogeneous society.
Common Origin
Dr. Khalifa explained that the link between linguistic policy and its implementation « linguistic planning » is due to the source and the common origin, which emanated from it, their subject is related to applied linguistics and is generally interested in the study of linguistic problems.
He listed some points that can be drawn or added in the language planning section and its policy, including the reform of the language and this reflects what happened in the Turkish language when Mustafa Kemal decided to write Turkish in Latin instead of Arabic, as well as the Philippine and Chinese languages and others.
This happened to the languages of China, Indonesia, Tanzania and Zanzibar when standardizing their vocabulary, grammar and methods, after the unified language was chosen for official use, in addition to upgrading the language and developing its vocabulary as in the case of Arabic, Swedish and Italian languages.
Fatal error.
As for planning the treatment of Arabic in the media, Dr. Bashir Zagalam says in his paper that our ancestors preserved our Arabic language and strengthened it when it was weakened and the melody leaked to it, so they hastened to adjust and tighten its rules, but in the era of globalization, the danger has become many aspects and different goals, some of it comes from the lurkers from the West, Its people, who were saturated with the languages of the West, were unable to express them and boasted to speak others, and one of the most dangerous things is also the language of the media because of its orientation to the public; as the linguistic danger here is fast and deadly and spreads among all classes, including the educated class.
From the weekly issue of "The Middle East".
Dr. Ali Aoun (Center Gate)
Dr. Siham Al-Hamri (Center Gate)
Dr. Mohamed Belhaj during the opening speech of the seminar (Center Gate)
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More from the middle gate.

France’s comprehensive language planning combines legislative enforcement with cultural campaigns promoting the French language, serving as a model for countries confronting English linguistic influence .

In North America, Quebec’s experience represents a legal regime intensely focused on linguistic preservation within a bilingual context.

The Charter of the French Language (Bill 101) governs the use of French in government, education, business, and public signage, actively discouraging Anglicisms.

Title:

Content: Italian govt drafts bill that seeks to ban English language

RomeEdited By: C KrishnasaiUpdated: Apr 01, 2023, 03:15 PM IST

Calling for the Italian language to be protected and nurtured, the draft bill claims that English “demeans and mortifies” Italians, and called on all public and private bodies to use the “language of Dante” to promote their goods and services, reports Reuters news agency. Photograph:(Reuters)

Story highlights

The bill, which has been drafted by lawmakers of the nationalist Brothers of Italy party, aims to promote Italian language and imposes a fine of up to 100,000 euros ($108,750) if found violating the rule

Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni’s party has proposed legislation that seeks to prohibit public and private bodies in the country from using foreign terms, especially English, in official communications.

The bill, which has been drafted by lawmakers of the nationalist Brothers of Italy party, aims to promote Italian language and imposes a fine of up to 100,000 euros ($108,750) if found violating the rule.

In order to become a law, the bill has to be approved by both houses of parliament. But there was no indication of when this might happen.

“It is not just a matter of fashion, as fashions pass, but Anglomania (has) repercussions for society as a whole,” said the text of the draft bill.

Calling for the Italian language to be protected and nurtured, the draft bill claims that English “demeans and mortifies” Italians, and called on all public and private bodies to use the “language of Dante” to promote their goods and services, reports Reuters news agency.

The draft also specifies that all job related applications, including names and acronyms, should be spelt out in Italian, with foreign words allowed only if they are impossible to translate.

The bill said the widespread use of English in Europe was “even more negative and paradoxical” given that Britain had quit the European Union.

The draft bill comes at a time when the incumbent far-right government takes measures to what it calls preserving the local culture.

Recently, it banned the use of laboratory-produced food to safeguard the country’s agri-food heritage.

When the Brothers of Italy party took office last October, it added the English term “Made in Italy” to the name of the industry minister, while Meloni occasionally drops foreign words into her speeches.

(With inputs from agencies)

WATCH WION LIVE HERE

Quebec’s Office québécois de la langue française (OQLF) monitors compliance and promotes French terminology to limit English encroachment, especially in official and commercial communication.

Title:

Content: Chen Po-wei insisted on using the "mother tongue" in the Legislative Yuan to question Minister of Defense Qiu Kuo-cheng, who believed that language is a tool of communication, and that communication is more efficient if the Mandarin language is used during questioning.
Chen Po-wei countered with "Duck Ba".
On the whole, however, Chen ’ s performance seems to have hit the nail mark this time, partly because the issue he is asking is not related to the local language, but rather the issue of defense diplomacy, which is not easy to express in the mother tongue.
In addition, at a time when the removal of Q is boiling over, Chen Po-wei chose to make a big move to ask questions in Hokkien before he was removed, which inevitably makes people feel that he is holding up the basic routine by playing a calculated role in intensifying the antagonism between the linguistic groups.
Even though it has been nearly two weeks since the end of the incident, the discussion is mostly about the pros and cons of the pan-political saliva attack and defense, the issue of Taiwan's language ecology is rarely addressed.
There is a historical background to the sensitivity of language in Taiwan. In 1937, during the Japanese occupation period, Japan promoted the Imperial Nationalization Movement and implemented the "National Language Movement" (in this case, the national language refers to Japanese), which prohibited the use of Taiwanese mother tongue and Chinese.
In order to eliminate Japan's influence in Taiwan, the Nationalist government began to vigorously promote the "Mandarin Movement" (Peking dialect) around 1956, and it was not abolished until 1987 after the lifting of martial law.
More than 30 years of language policy, resulting in language inequality and language loss.
To date, at least 10 of the 26 indigenous languages have died and four are in danger. In addition, according to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) assessment, Taiwanese Hokkien is a “definitely endangered ” language, while Hakka has entered the stage of“ seriously endangered ”.
If Mandarin had not been established as an official language at that time, would Taiwan ’ s diverse dialects have developed in a balanced way?
The answer is “not necessarily. ”
Language is not only a tool of communication, it is also a carrier of culture, representing the culture, historical memory and ethnic identity of the people who use the language.
Therefore, even if there is no language policy involved, when two or more languages meet, it is inevitable that political power will be strong.
Power competition between ethnic groups grows, which in turn affects the language and natural ecology.
For example, the so-called national melting pot, respect for multicultural America, although there is no political force to set the official language, but as everyone knows, English is the high-level powerful language of the United States.
In fact, in the United States, the phenomenon of "double language" (Diglossia) is obvious, black English (AAVE), Hispanic English (Chicano English), etc., is generally regarded as a low-level language, representing low education, informal language, or low social class language.
According to various studies, in the United States, those who speak a recognized ethnic or regional dialect of English have lower wages and employment rates than those who speak mainstream English.
So, if you set multiple languages as official languages, can you solve the problem of double language inequality? The answer is still “not necessarily ”.
In order to escape the influence of Spanish colonization, the Bolivian Constitution stipulates that the languages of all ethnic groups are official languages, and a total of 36 official languages are recognized, making it the country with the largest number of official languages in the world.
Under the country ’ s 1994 education reform program, schools were required to teach these 36 official languages.
However, the reality is difficult to do, Spanish is still the most powerful language in Bolivia, and many ethnic groups are still regarded as poor, low education, and low social class identity.
Being able to speak high-level Spanish is a lifeline for the underprivileged, who often disguise their ethnic identity to work in cities, so that even though many ethnic groups have been promoted to official languages, the problem of extinction has not been improved.
If setting the official language and language bullying are not necessarily directly related, how can the phenomenon of high-level and low-level double language in Taiwan be improved? Some reflections are as follows:
1. Language policy must be multilingual.
Any language policy needs to learn from history through careful planning and matching of experts and scholars to avoid repeating the mistakes of the past.
Because resources and human learning power are limited, when one language is blessed, it means that other languages may be crowded out.
Although the government is actively promoting the bilingual policy by 2030, it is fully committed to promoting English. Although it is well-intentioned, many linguists have solemnly warned about the dangers of promoting English.
For example, Anne Pakir refers to English as the “killer language ”, while John M. Swales compares it to Tyrannosaurus because it is too powerful to destroy any weak language that coexists with it.
Once the government smashes into a large amount of resources, if there are no good supporting measures, I am afraid it will become the current disaster of Taiwan's language ecology.
2. Strengthen the "language attitude" cultivation.
At present, the government's bilingual policy is extremely narrow, and almost all of them are aimed at strengthening English skills and improving English proficiency.
Very little is known about the "language attitude".
However, the attitude of the language user determines the vitality of the language.
In Hebrew, for example, its revival illustrates the importance of language attitudes.
The revival of the Hebrew language in just 25 years, more than two thousand years after its death, created an unprecedented miracle in the history of the language ’ s revival, and this dramatic miracle was the result of the Jewish nation ’ s strong nation-building, which led to an attitude of allegiance and glory to the Hebrew language that succeeded in bringing it back to life.
In other words, the attitude of the language user is the key factor in determining the vitality of the language.
Taiwanese people generally have a foreign mentality, value English, ignore the mother tongue, such a sense of linguistic inferiority, it is easy to speed up the loss of minority mother tongue after the promotion of bilingual policy.
In addition, if the status of the local language between the declining attitude, with the political parties in turn to promote localization, the Fukien language has become a label of love for Taiwan, the sword of transformation and justice, and the soft spot of political enemies, the Fukien language has become a tool of political struggle.
Perhaps because of this, Chen Po-wei will choose to deliberately use the Minnan language to single out the foreign provincial defense minister before the removal case, and play this big show of love for his mother tongue and Taiwan.
The author believes that positive "language attitude" education, in addition to strengthening the ethnic group's sense of pride and centripetal force for their mother tongue, also includes the inclusiveness of other languages.
If we oppose the practice of the Chinese language to suppress the native language, then we should not now politically manipulate the native language and maliciously create language conflicts and ethnic conflicts.
The means of retribution for language hegemony will not only not promote ethnic integration, but will only deepen ethnic hatred and division.
If Taiwan wants to start from the wrong language policy of the past, it should understand the past language history, reflect on learning from history, and not blindly promote language policy, but also pay attention to the next generation of language attitude education, families and schools to help children understand the value of mother tongue, respect different mother tongue use groups, in order to really promote a pluralistic and multilingual society.
(The author is an associate professor of English at National Chengchi University)
※ The above statements do not represent the position of Wangzhong Media Group ※
# Language # Native # English # Official Language # Attitude

Reportedly, legal enforcement coupled with strong cultural identity has effectively bolstered French use in official domains, illustrating a successful case where legislation significantly influences language usage and public attitudes .

East Asian countries such as Japan and South Korea also pursue language policies to protect national languages from excessive English borrowing.

Japan’s Japanese Language Council recommends native equivalents to English terms and promotes awareness campaigns on preserving linguistic authenticity.

Similarly, South Korea’s National Institute of the Korean Language standardizes Korean vocabulary, creates Korean alternatives for loanwords, and guides educational and media language practices.

Both countries recognize borrowing’s inevitability in technology and global communication but strive to balance this with preservation efforts.

Title:

Content: How has inflation led to a radical shift in economic ideas?
John Cokron *
Inflation surged again unexpectedly, slapping us in the face and reminding us that the widely agreed economic policy ideas are wrong and need to change.
Fortunately, the “new ” ideas we need have undergone many trials and are now languishing on the shelves.
Add Announcement
Inflation occurs when aggregate demand exceeds aggregate supply.
The source of the demand is not hard to find: in response to the imbalances caused by the pandemic, the US government sent cheques of about $5 trillion to individuals and companies, of which $3 trillion had been newly printed, without any plans to recover the funds.
Other countries have approved similar expansions in their public finances and have reaped corresponding inflation.
The supply is controversial. The supply has already shrunk during the pandemic.
But inflation rose as the pandemic came to an end, and many sectors that experienced a "supply shock" were as persistent as they had been producing before but could not keep up with demand.
However, a comparison between demand, resulting from a more relaxed fiscal or monetary policy, and suppressed supply in terms of their contribution to inflation means little to the basic lesson.
Inflation forces us to confront the fact that the “supply ”, that is, the productive capacity of the economy, is far less than the overwhelming majority previously expected.
So the slogans of the first decade of the 21st century — “secular stagnation, ”“ modern monetary theory, ” and “stimulus payments, ” which preached prosperity simply to enable the government to borrow or print and distribute large sums of money — are doomed to waste.
Those are the slogans you called out for.
And we put it to the test.
But it led to inflation, not prosperity.
Growth of a supply-constrained economy requires supply-focused policies, not stimulus packages.
Currently, “jobs ” have become a cost rather than an advantage.
With the US unemployment rate at 3.7%, every worker in an artificial enterprise has no more important role to play than his or her unemployed counterpart.
Housing construction takes a lot of time and cost because of the laws.
Through a strong immigration system, flows of people arrive to work, produce and pay taxes.
We need public infrastructure, but its high cost is such a waste that we can no longer afford.
Customs, which force us to pay excessive prices for items that foreign countries can better provide, is only a burden on the economy.
Policies that focus on the "who gets what" issue should now focus on the incentives that underpin growth.
Depression.
Depression is the cunning cancer that is quietly eating away at the body of the economy in our time.
After 2000, U.S. growth halved.
Europe and the UK are experiencing a larger recession.
Growth per capita in Italy has not increased since 2007.
Reviving long-term growth is above any policy, and only policies geared to boosting supply, efficiency, productivity and incentives can revive long-term growth.
The idea of unlimited demand for government debt and common terms such as “savings glut ” or“ lack of safe assets ” have also proved wrong.
The US, UK and Europe seem to be able to borrow around 100% of GDP.
Rising debt leads to higher interest rates, difficulty borrowing and inflation, as citizens try to spend excess debt instead of holding it as a good investment.
From now on, governments must spend money as if they had to collect taxes to bear those expenses, now or later.
And that is reality.
Expectations for debt to grow smoothly to 200% of GDP without the primary deficit ever exceeding 5-10% of GDP will simply not materialize.
Worse still, we have lost the financial capacity to respond to shocks.
If the $5 trillion spent in response to the pandemic exceeds the amount of debt citizens can hold and causes inflation, the $10 trillion spent in response to the next crisis will face even more difficulties.
The Left party wants to spend trillions of dollars on inefficient climate subsidies, such as the massive electric cars built by union workers in the United States with American parts.
The Right, on the other hand, wants to spend trillions of dollars on protection and support for industries in a futile (or wise) quest to bring manufacturing back to the 1950s.
The effect of industrial policy on electronic chips would be the same as that of the Jones Act (the Maritime Trade Act of 1920) on shipping.
And because money is no longer free, we can ’ t afford to spend what doesn ’ t work.
Lessons from Inflation
Monetary and fiscal policy can draw two important lessons from this inflationary episode.
First, central banks do not have complete control over inflation.
Controlling inflation also requires fiscal soundness.
Second, the collapse of public finances was partly due to a bailout, which included debt support for the public treasury, municipalities, corporations, money market funds, airlines, and others.
And so the “no more bailout, ” the most important promise of Dodd-Frank ’ s financial reforms, failed.
In my opinion, another 100,000 laws will fail again, and the only answer is that simple classical vision: a banking system based on equity financing.
These ideas may seem old.
It's all right!
The development of economics never arose from those who preached to others by adding new ingredients to the pot — such as “pay more attention to human beings, ”“ add psychology, ” “mix politics with economics, ” or add the complexities of“ the real world ” or “invented ” ideas — and stirring the mixture in the hope of coming up as a digestible soup.
Rather, the evolution of economic thought has always stemmed from answers arrived at after long patience and verified by experience.
Answers that simplify facts in the form of practical observations about causes and effects.
The field of economic policymaking suffers from the presence of many intellectuals who rush to Washington demanding trillions of dollars and countless interventions in the affairs of citizens, based on a torrent of half-cooked new ideas.
Economic policies should be based on proven concepts.
When economists try to present ideas in response to political demands for ostensibly modernization, they come up with bad economic ideas and bad policies.
What seems old to us may also be new.
Adam Smith ’ s ideas, formulated 250 years ago, are still new to most politicians.
Rosemary and Jack Anderson Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, a part-time scientific researcher at the Cato Institute, and the author of The Theory of Public Finance on the Price Level.

These interventions reflect national identity concerns and resistance to cultural domination through English infiltration .

Russia has adopted concrete legal measures aimed at limiting foreign borrowings, particularly Anglicisms, in official documents and public discourse.

Title:

Content: city news Yelets, news Yelets, Yelets news, Yelets newspaper, Red banner
Better than any passport.
0 0
The Russian government has submitted to the state Duma a bill to protect the Russian language from excessive use of foreign words.
The document implies control over the observance by officials and citizens of the norms of the Russian literary language and the inadmissibility of the use of foreign words, with the exception of those that do not have common analogues in the Russian language.
"Wet feet"
by "toptalische"
Fighters for the purity of the native language waited, because the discussion about it among linguists, writers, scientists goes on constantly, then quiet, then flaring up with renewed vigor.
The initiative of the Government of Russia, which decided to wedge itself into the disputes of professionals, is quite understandable and understandable.
Today, when the United States and the entire Western world are in a rush to destroy, eradicate, wipe out all Russian, the frequent use of Anglicisms in everyday life is at least unpatriotic.
In fairness, it should be noted that borrowing from other languages is a constant process.
Lenin also proposed "to declare war on the use of foreign words unnecessarily", and the intricacies of relations and mutual accusations of Slavophiles and Westerners entered the textbooks, as well as the textbook proposals to replace other people's "galoshes" with their "wet feet", and "sidewalks" - with "toptalisches".
In the 1940s, a new wave: the struggle against cosmopolitanism suggested “for everything Russian against foreign ”, including in the language.
A printer is a printer?
Meanwhile, all – both supporters and opponents – agree that there are concepts in their native language that came after the phenomena, realities created in other countries, and therefore the words denoting them, well, not ours, but they can not do without them.
A striking example is the computer, IT technologies and everything related to them.
The word “printer ” cannot be replaced by a Russian translation from English, since“ printer ” does not mean a device for printing, but a person engaged in this process.
By the way, this phenomenon is not new: even under Peter I, who “cut through the window to Europe ”, dozens of Dutch and German words for technologies and mechanisms poured into Russia.
And in opera, many terms are borrowed from Italian and have long been part of the Russian language.
And we calmly use such words as “federation ”,“ sphere ”, “national ”,“ commission ” and many others that came from foreign languages, but are firmly entrenched in our own.
How to be
in one bow
Meanwhile, one cannot but agree with the authors of the bill: recently, the speech of deputies of different ranks, officials, political and economic experts, heads of federal and regional, and sometimes local authorities is simply replete with foreign words that have simple and understandable analogues in their native language.
And if we are almost reconciled with merchandisers (commodity scientists in our own way), then what do you think of the expression from the fashion world “in one bow ”?
The well-known vegetable has nothing to do with it: in English look - look, therefore, in Russian it is an image, appearance, look, etc. In texts related to business, "marketplace" (literally from the English place of trade), as well as "startup" (start, start, take the first steps) or "webinar" (training video conference live).
In the field of education, they like to talk about “bullying prevention ”: this word means ridicule, bullying of children at school by peers.
Increasingly, “campus ” sounds, while the translation from Latin is a familiar campus for many of us, or“ coach ” instead of the usual “coach ”,“ mentor ”.
Abilympics
with WorldSkills
I will also swing at my favorite “quest ” recently: again with the English“ game, search ”.
I do not like the sequestered budget, because it is “cut ”, but transparent is more to my liking, because it is“ open ”, “transparent ”.
And who will prove to me that “exchange of practices ” is better than the usual“ exchange of experience ”?
Or for days on TV reported about the participation of Russians in the championship "Abilympics".
You will break the language by pronouncing, although this is only a competition in professional skills among the disabled, in another way they are also called the “Olympics of opportunities ”.
From the same series, the widely distributed “WorldSkills ” (WorldSkills) is also a competition, but students studying a particular profession.
We have such competitions took place in the times of the USSR, then they were safely forgotten, and now they are back again, only in a Western manner.
And here is another illustrative example: the all-Russian social project “Agrofoodsharing ”.
We divide abracadabra into parts: agro - of course, something related to agriculture.
In English, food – food, share – share.
As a result, we get a movement of agricultural producers who want to share with other people the surplus of their crops.
The idea, of course, is good, right, but why break the language?
And finally from the sore: "solving cases." Brilliant!
In English, the word “case ” has two meanings: a briefcase, a suitcase and the second – circumstances.
Therefore, in Russian literally "the decision of circumstances" or, as the know-it-all Internet interprets, "the study of the situation and the choice of a suitable solution."
They will leave themselves
on your own?
Most likely, the desire to cleanse the language by introducing a law at the state level is an attempt to distance oneself from the West, its influence, to isolate oneself from someone else ’ s and alien mentality, lifestyle and dubious values.
However, it is not very clear what it will look like in practice: will there be lists of prohibited words and expressions or just recommendations, and addressed to high-ranking officials and other “persons in the TV ” – after all, it is with their filing that all sorts of newfangled borrowings from foreign languages often go“ to people ”.
However, a few decades ago, our teachers at the Yelets Pedagogical Institute hammered us, students, that the language is a self-cleaning system, and all harmful, fake after a while will simply disappear.
It has always been so, and I want to believe it will be so.
KSTATI:
I assume that all borrowings are from our haste, eternal saving of time even on pronunciation and writing of words.
We usually write in sms a short, indifferent “OK ”.
While in the native language for this almost a dozen words: “good ”,“ okay ”, “agree ”,“ give ”, “let ”,“ good ”, etc. No wonder there is a catch phrase: “Speech is better than any passport ”...
Tatyana SHCHERBATYKH
VRF News

The law prohibits foreign words in governmental and public communication when established Russian synonyms exist.

To support enforcement, the government develops normative dictionaries offering Russian alternatives.

Title:

Content: There should be no excesses: a sociologist about the law on the protection of language - RIA Novosti Crimea, 29.10.2022
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There should be no excesses: a sociologist about the law on the protection of language
Political scientist Kiselyova appreciated the bill on the protection of the Russian language
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SIMFEROPOL, 29 oct - RIA Novosti Crimea.
The emergence of a law in the Russian Federation on the protection of the Russian language from excessive borrowing is appropriate, but there should be no excesses in this matter.
This opinion on the air of the radio "Sputnik in Crimea" expressed the head of the Crimean branch of the Foundation for the development of civil society, sociologist Natalia Kiseleva.
Crimean teachers spoke out against the language repression of young people > >
Earlier, a draft law on amendments to the Federal Law "On the State Language of the Russian Federation" appeared in the system of ensuring legislative activity.
The amendments provide for the protection of the Russian language from the excessive influence of borrowed words.
In particular, we propose the emergence of normative dictionaries that fix the norms of the modern Russian literary language, where foreign words cannot be entered, with the exception of those that have no analogues in the Russian language.
Leave the “barn ” and“ dog ” alone: a linguist about the law on the protection of language
“I am a supporter of this bill.
I think it should be adopted a long time ago, because we really see an unjustified dominance of foreign words.
At the same time, I, of course, do not propose to abandon all borrowed words - many of them have long and firmly entered the Russian language and became part of it, "Kiseleva said.
The sociologist emphasizes that it is impossible to introduce language restrictions in colloquial speech, especially among young people, and this is not the case in the new bill.
At the same time, in her opinion, the official use of the language should be regulated:
In the Crimea proposed to introduce fines for foreign words in advertising > >
“It ’ s about officials, the media.
For example, the latest fashionable foreign word "hub" - representatives of government agencies use it everywhere, although there is a great word in the Russian language "node": transport hub, interchange and so on, "- gives an example of a guest ether.
Dictionary for the replacement of anglicisms needs improvement – opinion
In addition, according to Kiseleva, it is appropriate not only to regulate the use of the Russian language in the official sphere, but also to simplify the language of regulatory documents so that the ordinary citizen can understand legal norms, which now often require interpretation by lawyers.
Earlier, Andrei Kibrik, a researcher at the Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, commented on the relevant bill, expressed the opinion that the artificial regulation of any language, including the Russian language, is a vain and even harmful idea, since borrowing is part of a natural process that cannot be stopped or reversed.
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Despite these efforts, challenges arise in practical enforcement, defining what counts as foreign versus integrated terms, and the persistence of English borrowings in youth slang and technological fields.

Title:

Content: People 's Network > > Education
“Learning languages is essential to learning everything. ”
— — Individual language literacy relationship National language capacity building
January 23, 2022 08: 34 | Source: Guangming Daily
Small number
Original title: "Learning Chinese is the root of everything"
Language and culture have always been the "soul" of a nation and a nation, and the symbol of a nation and a nation's civilization.
Language is the carrier and foundation of culture.
China is a country with an ancient civilization, and it has both a glorious and mysterious ancient culture, as well as a modern culture in which various ethnic groups are interwoven and intermingled with each other.
Both the ancient culture and the modern culture of our country are mainly recorded and passed on in Chinese, which fully shows the unparalleled charm of Chinese.
As for the function of language, people often say, "language is the most important communication tool of mankind, language is the material shell of thinking, language is the main carrier of recording and inheriting human culture."
The importance of language, from the individual level, has become an important condition for survival and development.
At present, the assessment of the recruitment unit for the candidate mostly depends on his language literacy and language ability, including mother tongue and foreign language, spoken and written language.
"If mathematics is the foundation of learning natural science, then language is the foundation of this foundation," said former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan. "Young people in the 21st century must master at least three languages, so that they can adapt to the needs of the times."
Language is becoming increasingly important at the national level.
The formulation and implementation of a correct language policy will ensure harmonious coexistence among all ethnic groups and promote economic, cultural, scientific and technological exchanges and development among all ethnic groups and regions.
Speaking civilized words and being civilized people will help build a harmonious language life and build a harmonious social life.
At present, in the information age of big data, cloud computing, the Internet and the Internet of Everything, the national language ability is directly proportional to the ability to acquire information in various fields such as national defense, economy, science and technology, and the ability to reserve, utilize and protect information resources, and international competitiveness.
The relationship between language and economy is more and more close, and language has become an important economic resource.
The language industry can directly generate considerable output for the country.
The "China Language Service Industry Development Report 2020" shows that in 2019, the total output value of language services in China was 38.4 billion yuan, and although the output value of language services in 2020 will decline due to the impact of the epidemic, the report is expected to reach more than 36.6 billion yuan.
One of the measures taken in this national battle against poverty is to promote Putonghua in rural areas and the common language and script in ethnic areas, which has played a positive role in alleviating poverty and revitalizing rural areas.
From the perspective of promoting international exchanges and cooperation, language also plays a positive role. The construction of the "Belt and Road" requires language to pave the way and build bridges, and language intercommunication is the foundation of the "five links".
The facts over the past eight years show that language and language teaching have played a very good bridging role and communication role in the construction of the "Belt and Road", because language has emotional feelings, and "building a community with a shared future for mankind" needs language to pave the way.
In any foreign language teaching, including international Chinese education, teachers teach a certain language, students learn a certain language, and at the same time, they are actually engaged in emotional exchanges, as well as cultural and value communication.
To achieve exchanges and mutual understanding among countries through language and language education is exactly what is needed to build a community of shared future for mankind.
Language is so important to the individual, the country, and the world, so each of us must respect the language of the motherland, maintain the healthy development of the language of the motherland, must pay attention to improving their language literacy, improve their language ability, which is the basis for building the national language ability.
However, we regret to see that at present, everyone in ordinary speech and writing, in the paper media and video media, affected by the network language, do not pay attention to language expression, do not pay attention to language cultivation, language problems can be seen everywhere.
In addition to the use of words and sentences are not standardized, casual use of Internet words, Chinese and English inclusions, and manipulation of idioms are also common, and some young people also use this to show their "ability".
Idioms are known as a bright pearl of Chinese culture.
But now some idioms are abused by the "homophone", completely ignoring the damage to the motherland's language and culture, and the damage to the health of the motherland's language.
With regard to the use of language, the State Language Commission, on the basis of a comprehensive and in-depth investigation and understanding of the current use of language and characters, it is necessary to formulate targeted measures to effectively curb and eliminate the phenomenon of irregular or even arbitrary use of language and characters, and to positively guide the people to continuously improve their language literacy and language skills.
More importantly, it is necessary to strengthen language education in primary and secondary schools, especially in the written language.
Only by mastering the written language can students receive high-quality education, including history and culture education, science and technology education, and ideological and moral education.
Language literacy and language ability mainly refer to the literacy and ability of the written language, and all kinds of language and writing problems currently appear in the written language.
Therefore, in primary and secondary schools, students should be guided to respect the language and characters of the motherland, and develop the habit of standardizing the use of the national language and characters in their essays and assignments from an early age.
At present, some students only focus on learning foreign languages, and do not pay attention to the improvement of language literacy and language ability.
Learning a foreign language is not bad, you can open a new way of life, open more windows of understanding the world.
However, it should be noted that the practice of foreign language teaching shows that without deep language skills, the improvement of foreign language ability and foreign language proficiency will be limited.
The only way to improve language literacy and language ability is to read more, read good books, and write diligently, and some famous passages need to be recited in moderation.
This is a useful experience that the ancients left us to cultivate children's language literacy and ability.
Reading plays a vital role in children's continuous improvement of language ability, thinking ability, continuous improvement of cultural literacy, and inheritance of Chinese culture.
Reading can also let people, especially children, gain wisdom from traditional culture and foreign culture, open the door to a rich and colorful world, and provide us with spiritual nourishment.
So our forefathers and predecessors have always stressed the importance of reading. The Song Dynasty Ouyang Xiu warned us that "standing up for learning is first, and learning is based on reading." Su Dongpo Yun: "There is a poetic spirit in the abdomen." Li Kuchen, a famous Chinese painter, also told us: "Birds want to fly first, flutter their wings, and people want to go to study first."
Reading is related to the spiritual temperament of the individual, and the language literacy of the whole people is more related to the spiritual outlook of the nation and the country.
Everyone should standardize the use of the national common language, and strive to improve their own language literacy.
(Author: Lu Juming, Professor, Department of Chinese Language Studies, Peking University)
(Editor: Bo Chen Di, Song Meiqi)
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Public attitudes fluctuate between support for language protection and embracing English as a symbol of modernity, complicating regulatory success.

Russia's approach combines legal sanctions with public campaigns, but linguistic realities demonstrate that borrowings continue and require adaptable, ongoing policies rather than absolute prohibitions .

Italy presents a politically charged case where nationalist agendas shape language interventions.

The Brothers of Italy party proposed legislation banning English borrowings in institutional and commercial advertising—including job postings—with fines reaching 100,000 euros.

The initiative frames linguistic regulation as a defense against “Anglomania” and cultural erosion, emphasizing Italy’s cultural sovereignty in the face of English dominance.

The bill recognizes the complexity of banning unavoidable technical loanwords, indicating a tension between restrictive policies and practical language needs in a global economy.

This reflects broader nationalist political efforts to reassert cultural identity via language control .

Arab countries implement multi-faceted strategies against the infiltration of English borrowings.

These include reinforcing Arabic language teaching with heritage emphasis, legislative protections to prevent linguistic invasion, and media censorship to restrict foreign language effects on public discourse and the arts.

Their language academies and cultural institutions function similarly to France’s Académie Française, coordinating language policy with government ministries.

These concerted efforts arise from political and social imperatives to maintain Arabic’s preeminence amid globalization .

Taiwan’s language policy illustrates the sociopolitical intricacies of borrowing in a multilingual, postcolonial context.

Historical impositions of Japanese and Mandarin, alongside present-day English pressures, have endangered indigenous languages.

The government promotes multilingualism and positive language attitudes to prevent language loss, though linguistic policies intersect complexly with ethnic identity politics.

This case highlights how borrowing and language regulation cannot be separated from broader sociopolitical realities in multilingual societies .

Evaluations of the effectiveness of borrowing regulations reveal nuanced outcomes.

Title:

Content: The solution to the problem of fiscal deficit and debt accumulation is nothing more than "opening up revenue" and "cutting expenditure".
Many people may be able to speak aloud, but they are “easy ” and“ difficult ”, so that the problem will persist for a long time.
This is the case in Taiwan, as are many other countries.
It is sufficient to confirm the truth of the Sunnah: "Knowing is not difficult, but doing it is difficult."
In general, the way to solve fiscal problems, in terms of raising revenue, includes adjusting the tax rate, expanding the tax base, eliminating tax concessions, rectifying the stall and underground economy, strengthening user fees, strengthening the management of state-owned property and public shares, and increasing the level of local financial efforts.
In terms of expenditure reduction, including the control of personnel costs, curbing the expansion of social welfare expenditure, encouraging private participation in public construction, improving the efficiency and transparency of government procurement, and strengthening the efficiency of expenditure execution (including tax-based expenditure).
If the efficiency of raising revenue and cutting expenditure can be realized, the government's finances can be improved.
In terms of revenue, the growth rate of tax revenue should be greater than the growth rate of the economy, so that the proportion of tax revenue to gross domestic product (GDP) should rise, and the tax burden should be increased; in terms of expenditure, the growth rate of expenditure should be smaller than the growth rate of the economy, so that the proportion of expenditure to GDP should decrease, and the scale of government spending should be reduced. Reduce the size of government debt.
However, problem solving is not wishful thinking, let alone simple mathematical problems.
In the past, Taiwan has undergone government restructuring, fiscal and tax reform, pension system improvement, state-owned property and public sector rectification, and many other reforms have been put forward to effectively solve the fiscal imbalance problem, but the effect has been limited.
Why is it always “easy to know ”?
In fact, the reasons for this dilemma are not simple, mainly due to the democratic political system, the competition mechanism of political parties, the bureaucratic operation system, and the ability of the people and public opinion to supervise.
Among them, once the "political" component is prominent, people's affairs are not simple, the result of organic operation, resulting in the failure of the government, "easy to know" is difficult to avoid.
In addition, in democratic politics, political parties and politicians in order to win votes and govern, put forward a variety of policies to benefit the people, and the results of scattered wealth will inevitably promote the trend of fiscal deterioration.
Some rational voters may know that "there is no such thing as a free lunch", but many voters still have a "financial illusion" that it is a "free lunch"; politicians also vote for it, taking the opportunity to win votes, making it difficult to correct the financial illusion, so that it can be known, perhaps easier; but it is very difficult to correct the "free lunch" mentality. Maybe it ’ s because of humanity.
Knowing that borrowing will leave children behind, it is not surprising that government finances are like common goods.
For childless and short-sighted people, government borrowing to finance expenditure will be welcomed.
In addition, some bureaucrats have a mentality that one more thing is better than one less thing, and they are not brave enough to do anything to "open up sources" and "cut expenses".
For example, when the government establishes various control measures based on the good will of the people, it creates room for rent-seeking; if officials, representatives of the public and interest groups work together, it will not only lead to waste of resources, but also create corruption, profit, and injustice.
As for the widening of the government's fiscal deficit and the accumulation of debt, where is the sound and reliable source of finance?
Although the government through various laws and regulations, such as the Budget Law, the Public Debt Law, the Tax Collection Law, the Taxpayer Protection Law, and the Financial Discipline Law, attempts to restrain the government from improper revenue and expenditure and debt collection, but the effect is limited.
The government should avoid borrowing for consumer spending.
If the benefits of borrowing for constructive investment are shared with future generations, it is more equitable for generations; however, if investment decisions are influenced by interest groups, it is likely to waste resources and increase the burden on the people.
The quality of public investment is poor, and the benefits are bound to be greatly reduced. As for the increase in transfer government spending, it can improve the distribution of income, but it may also be a debt to future generations.
In fact, the government is not unable to borrow, such as the outbreak of war, natural disasters, epidemics and other major events or changes, resulting in a temporary increase in government expenditure, through tax increases and waste days, borrowing becomes an emergency tool for financial planning.
In addition, the Keynesian deficit fiscal policy is essentially a short-term stopgap policy, and it should still pursue fiscal balance in the economic cycle.
Therefore, the government should have continuity, consistency, responsibility, regardless of whether the political party rotation, must not endless long-term borrowing.
In the past, some declarations of the government attempted to transfer idle private capital through borrowing to engage in productive investment, so long as it meets the criteria of cost-effectiveness assessment, it will not waste resources; in the tax system to promote tax reform and eliminate improper tax concessions, the short-term is not to increase tax revenue, but in the long-term can increase tax revenue through the rationalization of the tax system.
However, under the "easy to know", it is really difficult to prove that the government is really difficult to do; the actual result of operation is only tax reduction and expenditure expansion.
Recently, the government has been borrowing money for military purchases, bailouts, fivefold bonds, and other special budgets one after another. Although "teachers are famous", it is not without suspicion of abuse.
In addition, the effective implementation of the zero-based budget spirit, is always just a slogan; to improve the national rental tax burden for decades, but still in 12%, 13% ups and downs, is really easy to do!
Therefore, in the process of budget preparation and allocation, the government must be transparent and professional; reduce unnecessary control and reduce the profit margins; shape a reasonable bureaucratic system and improve the level of integrity; and the people need to have sufficient information and supervision, and display a sense of morality.
We hope that the government can face up to the financial problem, and the solution of the problem of "integration of knowledge and action" also requires concerted efforts from all walks of life!
(Times Information)
# Debt # Taxation # Investment # Expenditure # Debt # Scale # Government # Savings # Knowledge # Finance
Extended reading

Linguistic studies in France, Russia, and Quebec indicate that legal measures and normative dictionaries successfully influence formal language use, government communication, and educational domains, raising public awareness about linguistic preservation.

However, informal speech, youth culture, and digital media remain significant domains where English borrowings persist unabated owing to global media exposure and evolving communication norms.

Quebec stands out for relatively strong policy success, attributable to the legal weight of Bill 101 and strong cultural attachment to French.

Conversely, in Russia and France, while official language shows more purity, borrowings continue substantially in informal contexts .

Government interventions sometimes produce unintended sociolinguistic consequences.

For example, in Russia, strict language purism efforts have met resistance among younger demographics who view English borrowings as markers of modern identity and global connectivity.

Strong legal prohibitions risk alienating language users or driving borrowings underground rather than eliminating them.

Similarly, overly rigid language policies may exacerbate sociopolitical tensions in multilingual regions like Taiwan, where language regulation intertwines with ethnic identity conflicts.

Such outcomes underscore the importance of culturally sensitive and adaptable language policies that balance regulation with sociolinguistic realities .

In conclusion, borrowings from English into world languages occur within a complex interplay of globalization, cultural prestige, and technological advancement.

Many governments enact diverse policies—including legislation, language academies, public campaigns, and educational reforms—to limit borrowings and protect national languages.

France’s comprehensive language laws and institutions, Quebec’s legally enforced French language framework, Russia’s state laws with normative guides, East Asia’s institutional promotion of native terms, and Arab countries’ multi-level protection strategies are key examples.

These measures have varying degrees of effectiveness, generally more influential in formal domains than informal ones.

Moreover, successful language policy requires balancing regulatory efforts with public attitudes and natural language change processes, lest overly rigid interventions provoke resistance or unintended social effects.

This global landscape illustrates the ongoing tension between linguistic preservation and adaptation amid English’s pervasive influence.