Borrowing from English is a widespread global phenomenon driven by globalization, technological advances, media, and political influence.

English loanwords proliferate in many languages due to its dominant status in science, business, and popular culture.

While linguistic borrowing is natural and enriches languages, it raises sociocultural and political concerns related to national identity and language purity.

Many societies view excessive foreign influence as a threat to their cultural heritage and linguistic uniqueness, prompting calls for regulation and protection of native tongues.

Governments and institutions actively seek to control or limit borrowings, especially from English.

Russia provides a prominent example, having implemented multiple laws since 2005 aimed at protecting and promoting the Russian language.

Amendments to the law “On the State Language of the Russian Federation” ban foreign words in official use unless no Russian equivalent exists, requiring Russian in public information, education, and government documents.

Despite these provisions, enforcement remains weak; English borrowings frequently appear in media and advertising.

Debates persist over defining "foreign" terms and balancing linguistic purity with practical communication needs, illustrating the challenges in regulating natural language change.

In Arabic-speaking countries, efforts to Arabize scientific and technological terms reflect a desire to preserve Arabic against linguistic hegemony perceived as imposed by globalization and colonial history.

However, Arabization attempts face criticism for artificiality and practicality, especially amid rapid digital integration.

The concept of “prepared language” describes the ongoing, sometimes invisible influence of foreign languages on Arabic, highlighting tension between cultural preservation and openness to global developments.

Public controversies further reveal the political sensitivity of language regulation.

Borrowing from English is a widespread global phenomenon driven by globalization, technological advances, media, and political influence.

Title:

Content: Sunday Literature ‧ Literature in the Cellular: The Literary Politics of Israel
Post Date: October 22, 2023
On the West Bank, in the outer city west of Ramallah, a Palestinian town, there is a small hill called Al Rabweh at the end of Tokyo Street, where Mahmoud Darwish, a Palestinian national poet, is buried.
Tokyo Street is named because the local cultural center was funded by the Japanese government.
This is according to the famous British art critic, John Berger.
At that cultural center, Darvish recited the last poems of his life.
Before long he was buried on this mountain, although he had said he wanted to be buried in Galilee, his birthplace.
Tens of thousands of people came to the funeral, and his elderly mother addressed the people.
“He ’ s the son of all of you, ” she said, piercing Berg ’ s heart.
As an important cultural figure of the Marxist left in the Anglo-American world, Berg regarded the poet's death as a pain that must touch the hearts and minds of the Palestinian people.
“What are we talking about when we talk about dead or murdered relatives? ” he suddenly asked.
On the deserted hill, he tried to recall the sound of Darvish ’ s poetry.
His voice was like a beekeeper, so calm, like a passage from his famous poem Mural:
A stone box.
The living and the dead move in the dry clay.
Like a bee in a nest.
When the siege tightens, they go on hunger strike.
Request an emergency exit from the sea.
Since the establishment of the Jewish state in Israel in 1948, the Palestinians have been bees in hives, living in ever-tightening nests.
At one end of the Gaza corridor is the vast Mediterranean Sea.
But to the request, the sea always responds in silence.
Love of the Land: Beekeepers and Honeysuckers
In 2000, Yossi Sarid, then Israel ’ s Minister of Education and Culture, tried to introduce several of Darwish ’ s poems into Israel ’ s high Chinese language curriculum, which met with strong opposition from right-wing members of the Knesset.
Prime Minister Ehud Barak had to compromise, declaring that Israel was “not ready ” to accept Darvish ’ s globally acclaimed poetry.
And by not ready, I mean that there will never be a ready day.
The truth is that since the Jews began to move into this land in large numbers in 1948, Israel and Palestine have engaged in an endless territorial dispute, as well as a cultural dispute over the land.
For conflicts, the mainstream media in the West often takes sides.
This is why we often see news in the media, such as the terrorist attack by the extremist group Hamas, or how the Israeli side uses the Iron Dome missile defense system to intercept each other ’ s missiles.
At first glance, the Palestinians are always on the side of the attack.
However, when it comes to culture and art, you often hear a different argument.
Mainly, there are a lot of Western culture people like John.
Berg, like many others, is a proponent of left-wing ideas, and so references to the literature of the land usually begin with the great Darvish, then often the Syrian poet Adonis in the neighboring Arab region; to say, from Israel, often heard writing about Kibbutz communism, supporting Israeli-Palestinian negotiations to achieve peace and opposing the construction of Israeli settlements. The writer, Amos.
"Amos Oz".
But when Darvish talks about poetry here, he will first mention the Hebrew poet Yehuda Amichai.
The two differed on their positions, but he was full of respect for the Jewish national poet, who was older than himself.
As he says: Ameehe ’ s poetry is “a challenge to me because we write in the same place. ”
He wanted the landscape and history to stand on his side, on my ruined identity.
And so we compete with each other: who is the master of the language of this land?
Who loves this land more?
Who writes better? "When people have different imaginations and different love for the same land, it makes a keen poet reflect on his own country.
Born in Germany, he moved to Jerusalem at a young age, fought against Nazi Germany in World War II, and then fought in the Palestine War from 1947 to 1949.
Amichai ’ s poems are often about war, and images of violence are always filled with them.
But in many works, a poem called "In the Apple" instead describes the plain, violence of life to the fullest (although the poet himself is not necessarily aware of this):
You come to visit the apple.
Together, we listened to the knife.
One by one, carefully,
So as not to break the skin.
You talk to me. I believe in your voice.
A painful lump.
Like real honey.
Condensed into wax in the nest.
I touch your lips with my fingers:
It is also a prediction.
And your lips are red, like burning fields.
It's black.
It's all true.
You came to visit the apple.
And you will be with me among the apples.
Until the knife is done.
Who do you and I represent in the poem? This land is like an apple, and we all live together in this apple, which is being peeled by a knife and waiting to become sweet food on the table.
However, it is ironic that Amee uses the metaphor of a honeycomb and honey to remind us of the situation of a honeycomb in Dalvish poetry.
“Intense lumps / like real honey / coagulated into wax lumps in the hive.
In the Jewish tradition of the New Year (Rosh Hashanah), people dip apples into honey, but here we think of others who bring sweet honey to themselves, but bear sharp pain.
This calm violence is punctuated by the last line of the poem: "You come to visit the apple / And you will stay with me in the apple / Until the knife has finished its work."
It is also out of love for a land, but the image transformed by love is very different.
NIKABA: The Struggle Between Facts and Ideology
Also in 2000, the Lebanese novelist Elias Khoury won the Prize of Palestine for his historical novel Gate of the Sun, about the destruction of Palestinian villages by Israel in 1948.
But from the Israeli side, the novel is nothing more than an unfair historical narrative.
As historian Tom Segev has argued, fiction is a means by which authors attempt to invade facts with literature.
Currie ’ s response is also very clear, directly stating the political implications of the art of fiction: “Literature is not, and cannot be, a historical reference, and all novels and poems involving the nakba are not documents, whether from Israel or Palestine. ”
But they can be seen as a mirror of a situation in the ideological scene. "The word" niqaba ", in Arabic, means disaster, in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, refers to the 1948 Palestinian war, and the subsequent seizure of nearly 80% of its territorial sovereignty, and the historical event of about 700,000 Palestinians fleeing or exiled.
In Curry ’ s eyes, this was all the iron truth that had happened.
The more the mainstream media in the West turns a deaf ear to the background of the Palestinians, the novelist can only hold a magnifying glass to illuminate the mirror of ideology.
The difference in ideology itself has the ability to explain the disputes between literature.
Members of the right wing of the Knesset cannot accept Darvish ’ s poetry precisely because of their fear of literature as an ideological weapon.
Darvish, who was a child at the time, was a victim of Niqaba, who said in his article “Not to Begin at the End ” that Niqaba“ is an extended present and will never die in the future. ”
Darvish was the one who was present, and his poems wanted to perpetuate that presence.
So it ’ s easy to imagine how, on the Israeli side, a few of the poet ’ s poems are enough of a threat to shake up the legitimacy of a regime.
In the context of strong nationalism, the political issues involved in literature became extraordinarily sensitive.
The inclusion of Darvish ’ s poetry in the teaching may be a disguised acknowledgement of Israel ’ s atrocities from 1948 to the present day.
Israel ’ s founding as a nation through the Holocaust in Nazi Germany is reminiscent of the intense public debate in which former victims suddenly become perpetrators.
However, on the other hand, the then Minister of Education and Culture and the Prime Minister were politically left-leaning, believing that the Israeli people should be more tolerant of Palestinian literature, and even understand the voices of different positions in the same land.
Darvish ’ s poetry was influenced by the Hebrew poet Ameeh, who, as he put it, was a poetic contest for love of the land; but at the same time, the contest was founded by the interweaving of Arabic and Hebrew in the land.
Unknown language:
"The Arabic Language"
Today, after most of the centuries-old conflict in Israel and Palestine, it is generally believed that there are two large groups of Hebrew-speaking Jews and Arab-speaking Arabs.
However, the truth is that the two languages have influenced each other since ancient times, and the way they intersect reflects the power structures of both sides.
In this area of research, the scholar Lital Levy (Lital Levy) has expressed a thought-provoking observation with the experience of a movie broadcast conference.
In 2009, Ajami, a film co-directed by a Palestinian director and an Israeli Jewish director, was widely praised by both Israelis and Palestinians for its portrayal of real life, which earned local and international acclaim.
The film tells the story of the dependence of Palestinians and Jews on each other in the crime-ridden Jaffa neighborhood.
Jaffa is a historic city located on the outskirts of Tel Aviv ’ s metropolis.
Naturally, the film is meant to show the real Palestinian community, political tensions, and the police ’ s abuse of violence.
However, behind the apparently clichéd discourse, what really surprised Israeli Jews was the fluid and unfamiliar language of the film ’ s characters.
Many of the Jews of this land, the so-called “majority ”, never spoke to Palestinians and did not understand the language of their place of residence.
In the cinema, they were shocked to hear familiar Hebrew words seamlessly interspersed in unfamiliar, unintelligible, yet word-by-word Arabic.
At the same time, some bilingual speakers responded to the hilarious dialogue with laughter, but more unknown Hebrew speakers responded with silence.
It is an embarrassment to one's own language as a powerful person.
The title of the film is "Ajami", which is Arabic, meaning foreign and unfamiliar, and seems to have a pun on its own.
In the land of Palestine, Hebrew appeared as a foreign language, but in the eyes of those who spoke Hebrew as a native language, the native language was used by others and transformed into unfamiliar, unrecognizable words.
Some linguists call it Arabebrew.
Interestingly, when the Palestinians in the film talk to the Jews, they immediately switch to Hebrew.
Levy says this is a linguistic phenomenon known as code-switching, which occurs in an asymmetrical relationship between the speaker.
As a politically and socially powerless language, all Palestinians speak at least Arabic and Hebrew; but conversely in everyday life, Jews speak only one language.
In other parts of the world, we can find a lot of examples: in today ’ s world of English as a language hegemony, almost all languages are mixed with English words; in countries in the Balkans, there are a lot of words brought from Turkey; in North Africa, almost all languages are a mixture of French and Arabic.
Or take the example of our own culture, before the economic take-off of mainland China, there are many examples of Cantonese language borrowed by Putonghua, and in recent years, it is more common for Putonghua words to be translated into Cantonese.
This is the result of cultural power substitution.
However, from a more optimistic point of view, we can at least see the consensus between languages.
Levy cites the Jewish philosopher Walter Benjamin ’ s The Translator ’ s Task to illustrate the invisible interplay between languages.
When Hebrew was translated into Arabic, the original Hebrew language underwent a reverse linguistic transformation.
The reason is that when it is assumed that the meaning of words can be transferred, it is necessary to assume the existence of the intangible commonality and translatability of the two languages, which he calls “pure language. ”
This philosophy, and I can not help but think of the literature produced in the nest.
Honey is formed by bees traveling between flowers and plants, collecting pollen and extracting nutrients.
That in itself is a transformation.
With regard to the conflict between land and culture, one must have an awareness that everything here has never belonged to any of us, it has been taken from outside.
Or, as in the last lines of Darvish ’ s Mural:
Absurd. Now there's a slight wound in his arm.
History laughs at it as a victim.
And its hero...
Just glanced at them and walked away.
The sea is mine.
The air of the sea is mine.
My name is —
If I misread the coffin...
It's mine.
As for me -
Full of reasons to leave -
I'm not mine.
I'm not mine.
I'm not mine.
WEN • Lentils
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Editors • Chow Ling Pu
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Related Words: War Yehuda Amichai Israel Lentils Sunday Literature Palestine Mahmoud Darwish Daily Ming Pao - Culture

English loanwords proliferate in many languages due to its dominant status in science, business, and popular culture.

Title:

Content: The most important languages in the world
(Explanation - Unsplash)
How many languages are there in the world today?
The number of languages spoken in the world today is estimated at 7,100.
However, the number of people who speak these languages varies greatly, with documents recording that only eight people on the planet speak Boso, for example, yet it is considered one of the world's spoken languages.
At the same time, languages are spoken by millions, if not billions, and are preferred languages for learning as a second language.
How many languages have we spoken since the dawn of civilization?
It may be impossible to answer this question because languages are always evolving and branching out into other languages and because many languages are considered dead.
In general, the death of languages is associated with the extinction of a civilization or the annihilation of a people.
Political factors are also considered one of the most important factors affecting the death of languages, as happened during the Spanish invasion of the Incas and Aztecs in the continent of South America, where the authorities imposed on the local population to speak Spanish and considered speaking the mother tongue of these peoples a crime punishable by law.
Latin Language
Latin may be the most famous of the dead languages, although many academics and lovers of ancient languages are learning it.
Although this ancient language died, it has made a significant impact on many languages spoken today, such as English, French, Spanish and Portuguese.
Did you know that today we use some words taken from Latin during our regular conversation?
The word "tomato" is commonly used for tomatoes in a number of countries.
If the word tomato is very similar in terms of the English and French pronunciation of this word, where did the tomato come from?
In fact, the word "tomato" is Latin in origin, namely Pomodoro.
What is the most important language in the world?
English is part of the Germanic language family and the Indo-European language branch and is the most widely learned second language in the world.
English is a mixture of a range of languages and civilizations that have influenced it and some may think that this indicates the lack of heritage or weakness of this language and its need to derive and borrow from other languages, but this is precisely what made the English language withstand the times and take the lead in terms of its importance and the number of speakers and students.
English is also known as Lingua Franca.
Why is English the most important language in the world?
Technology and the Internet
The most important feature of the English language is that it is renewable and can invent new words and terms on a daily basis, especially since it is the official language of the Internet since its emergence and spread.
As evidence of the use of English terms for scientific and technological inventions, we can list some of the technological English terms that we use automatically in our daily lives, such as:
• USB
• CPU
• Formate
• Monitor
• Download
English is the language of films.
There is no doubt that the lead in terms of film production goes to Hollywood and its huge productions of series and films.
It is true that all of these works can be dubbed or translated into any language in the world, but the experience of seeing and understanding directly in the mother tongue of these works is more interesting and closer to the intent and meaning of the writer, director and actors.
Famous English Literary Works
Of course, each civilization has its own literary and poetic compositions, which can be considered as masterpieces that embody the reality or the past, the thinking, the national spirit or the deep feelings of the writer and his people.
However, one of the most famous writers in the world and throughout history spoke English: William Shakespeare.
It is undeniable that the English language itself has changed since the days of Shakespeare and that some of these changes have been applied to his literary works, so we may notice a slight difference between the rhymes due to the change in the way of spelling and even pronunciation.
However, Shakespeare ’ s works attract literature lovers from around the world, as well as a large number of works by other English and American writers.
Above all, many literary works written in languages other than English are translated into English.
That is, you don ’ t have to learn Japanese, for example, to read the Japanese myths that are available in English.
English Language of Travel
It is comforting to the soul that wherever man travels and travels the country, he can resort to one language that must be understood by those around him.
We note that tourists, regardless of their mother tongue, home country or location, usually try to speak English with residents and usually manage to achieve some form of communication with them.
Linguistic statistics
To clarify the ranking of the most important languages in the world, the following table shows the number of speakers of each mother tongue and second language and the total number of speakers in the world.
Arrangement
Language:
Number of native speakers
Number of speakers as a second language
Total Speakers
1
Anglican
372.9 million
1.080 billion
1.452 billion
2.
Mandarin Chinese, including official Chinese, not other dialects and spoken languages
929.0 Millions
198.7 million
1.118 billion
3.
Indian except Urdu
343.9 million
258.3 million
602.2 million
4
SPANISH
474.7 million
73.6 million
548.3 million
5.
FRENCH
79.9 million
194.2 million
274.1 million
6.
Standard Arabic Language
Unspecified
274.0 million
274.0 million
7.
Bengali
233.7 million
39.0 million
272.7 million
8.
russian
154.0 million
104.1 million
258.2 million
9.
Portuguese
232.4 million
25.2 million
257.7 million
10.
Urdu without Hindi
70.2 million
161.0 million
231.3 million
The following table shows the percentage of the world's population in terms of speakers of each of the most widely spoken languages in the world.
Arrangement
Language:
Proportion of global language speakers
1
Anglican
16.5%
2.
Chinese Mandarin
14.6%
3.
Indian
8.3%
4
SPANISH
7.0%
5.
FRENCH
3.6%
5.
ARABIC
3.6%
7.
Bengali
3.4%
7.
russian
3.4%
9.
Portuguese
3.3%
10.
indonesian
2.6%
Arab Podcast 48

While linguistic borrowing is natural and enriches languages, it raises sociocultural and political concerns related to national identity and language purity.

Title:

Content: Sociologists agree that there is a close relationship between language and identity, with language being the preeminent and most important identifier.
They consider that the most serious threat to the identity and culture of nations is linguistic and cultural appropriation by another party.
Language and identity are two sides of the same thing.
Language is not just words and words, but a vessel that contains the emotional components, beliefs and peculiarities of any society.
Hence, it is clear why every society is proud of its language, because language is the main way of protecting and fortifying identity so that it does not assimilate into another identity.
The history of the nations is a good witness, for example, the Arabic language has preserved the teachings of the Islamic religion, the Arab heritage and manuscripts and all the sciences, arts and literature provided by the Islamic civilization.
The Japanese refused and resisted any domination of their language, knowing that it would preserve their identity, as did the Koreans.
The goal of the powerful states, through the soft style of globalization, is to establish a state of linguistic, scientific and intellectual dependence to obliterate identity and block any path that may lead to creativity and development.
Ibn Khaldun in his introduction pointed out that the defeated is fond of the tradition of the majority, and this is what we see in some societies of a dangerous drift in the rejection of the mother tongue, and even ridicule it sometimes and link urbanization and development and call to keep pace with the times by speaking another language.
It is true that the learning of languages, whatever they may be, is desirable, provided that this does not lead to the alienation and obliteration of the identity symbol.
Experts believe that the pillars of identity are three: religion, culture and society, and that language is the official spokesman of identity and a means through which the world recognizes the power of states and the cohesion of their members and society.
There is no competition between nations except for language.
The language, interest in it and its rooting in various scientific, health, technical and other fields have a great role in the rooting of citizenship and the consolidation of belonging.
Protecting the Arabic language in our societies from the fierce attacks of globalization is a religious and secular duty, especially as it is a powerful and great language that has influenced many other languages.
The culture, strength and cohesion of nations are diminished when their people abandon their mother tongue and allow others to compete with it because language is the actual vessel of identity, and giving it the attention it deserves is what will push any country or nation to excellence and creativity.

Many societies view excessive foreign influence as a threat to their cultural heritage and linguistic uniqueness, prompting calls for regulation and protection of native tongues.

Governments and institutions actively seek to control or limit borrowings, especially from English.

Title:

Content: The ban on foreign borrowings in the Russian language - what should be feared - RIA Novosti Crimea, 16.02.2023
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Radio "Sputnik in Crimea"
The ban on foreign borrowings in the Russian language – what should be feared
Philologists: in the fight against foreign borrowings in the language, it is important to prevent excesses
© Fotolia / daria rizaDictionary of the Russian language.
Archive photo
Read in
SIMFEROPOL, Feb 16 – RIA Novosti Crimea, Alexey Goncharov.
The main risk of the law adopted by the State Duma on the restriction of the use of foreign words is the excesses that can be allowed in the struggle for the purity of the Russian language.
This opinion was expressed by the interviewed website RIA Novosti Crimea and radio "Sputnik in Crimea" experts.
Chancellery is no less an enemy
On Thursday, the State Duma in the second and third reading adopted amendments to the federal law "On the state language of the Russian Federation".
The law, in particular, prohibits the use of foreign words at the state level, with the exception of those that do not have common Russian-language analogues.
Deputies also approved a list of areas where Russian is mandatory for use.
These include information for consumers of goods, works and services, as well as the education sector, state and municipal information systems.
Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor of the Institute of Philology of the Crimean Federal University.
Vernadsky Vladimir Orekhov believes this law is correct and necessary, since the Russian language needs protection.
However, the main problem is how this document will work in practice.
"Indeed, there can be excesses, and on the part of officials, who in many cases are themselves a source of stupid borrowing.
It is this category that often distorts the Russian language with stationery and borrowings, inventing some new formulas.
To make a beautiful project or report, you need to call the old with new words, preferably foreign, and, passing the old for new, somehow raise your prestige.
And then it already diverges, ” the expert explained in comments to RIA Novosti Crimea.
Orekhov also does not believe that young people are the main source of borrowing in the language.
According to him, youth slang is changing so quickly that such loanwords rarely take root for a long time.
At the same time, what is recorded in official documents, already, as they say in a well-known saying, "you can not cut down with an axe."
Down with the Chancellery: Officials Were Requested to Speak Human > >
“Most of the borrowings that this law is designed to save us from are in official documents of different levels.
This also applies to the capital institutions, but to a greater extent provincial.
This is a kind of fashion – to show your knowledge using incomprehensible foreign words.
How to deal with it, I have no recipe.
On the other hand, this law in itself can change this fashion in the administrative environment.
In this case, he by the very fact of his existence will correct the situation, ” the philologist suggested.
Russia will support the creation of an organization to promote the Russian language – Putin
According to Orekhov, the mechanisms that will be able to effectively implement the norms of this law should be developed through a wide public discussion, with the involvement of school teachers, university teachers, cultural figures and all those who are involved in the development of the Russian language.
Define clear criteria
Director of the Crimean Republican Institute of Postgraduate Pedagogical Education, Doctor of Philology, Professor Alexander Rudyakov is also sure that the law adopted by the State Duma and the protection of the Russian language in general is a good thing.
But the question arises: where is the criterion that distinguishes foreign words from non-foreign ones.
After all, in our language there are many Russian words that are originally borrowed from other languages.
"My wife is a German, we often argue with her.
She believes that the word "barrier" is a German word.
And I, a simple Russian, I am convinced that this is a Russian word.
Therefore, it is important that there are clear criteria for all this.
That's what we're talking about.
The law is excellent, but it is important how it will be applied and what criteria will be there, ” the expert said on the radio “Sputnik in Crimea ”.
Another important fact to pay special attention to is professional universal terminology, said Rudyakov.
“In many branches of knowledge, say, in the banking sector, there are words that are, in principle, international.
It is probably not very smart to isolate yourself from the terminology that is inherent in this area.
Another thing is not to drag it into our public vocabulary.
This is also very important to understand and comply with, ” explained the philologist.
"Adapt and switch to Russian": how the schools of Kherson region work > >
At the same time, the professor agreed that today in a number of areas, including administrative and media, there is an excessive use of foreign words, which can be easily and simply replaced by Russian-language analogues.
"When you hear 'communicate', 'collaboration' - the hand reaches for the gun.
Somewhere I read the information that a "Children's Collaboration House" was built in Vladivostok.
That's what's scary, you know.
These are obvious excesses, ” said the doctor of science.
Rudyakov, who is also a member of the Council on the Russian language under the President of Russia, assured that he will raise questions regarding the new law at the next meeting of the organization on March 2.
Read also on RIA Novosti Crimea:
Quoting the classics: how and why great writers quarreled
Than English-language words interfere in advertising – the opinion of senators from the Crimea
Russia will support the creation of an organization to promote the Russian language – Putin
Leave the “barn ” and“ dog ” alone: a linguist about the law on the protection of language
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Russia provides a prominent example, having implemented multiple laws since 2005 aimed at protecting and promoting the Russian language.

Title:

Content: To the New Frontiers: Spikai in Russian
Being in large cities, we all pay attention to the signs of shops, restaurants, cafes, firms and other institutions, the names of which are often written in English or the Latin alphabet.
What does this so-called street language mean?
.
Here, for example, on the sign of the restaurant at the top you can see the inscription in Russian - restaurant.
And below - the English letters BOLSHOI.
For what?
Yes, English is recognized as an official language, as a consequence of the colonialist policy of Great Britain, in almost 60 countries of the world.
It seems that Russia is falling into his linguistic bondage.
A particularly powerful onslaught of Anglicisms has become in recent decades due to the mass impact of TV, the Internet: the sphere of the Russian language has become rapidly filled with Anglo-American words and terms.
In fact, it is dangerous not to notice this, because language is the foundation of the culture of any nation, on which generation after generation they create a home of their spirituality.
For thousands of years, our language has absorbed Greek and Latin, Turkic and Polish, Dutch and German, French and English words.
Sometimes the process of borrowing went very quickly, as, for example, in the time of Peter the Great.
But even then, the danger of excessive fascination with foreign words was not forgotten.
The same Peter strictly admonished his ambassador: "... henceforth his relays to us to write everything in the Russian language...".
The struggle for the preservation of the Russian language acquired a special scope in the 19th century.
“To use a foreign word when there is a Russian word equivalent to it, ” wrote V.G. Belinsky,“ is to offend both common sense and common taste. ”
He was echoed by I.S. Turgenev: “Never use foreign words.
The Russian language is so rich and flexible that we have nothing to take from those who are poorer than us. ”
Now, the further, the wider the so-called runglish – an ugly mixture of Russian and English.
It is not surprising that a generation is growing up in Russia, for which the texts written by Pushkin, Chekhov, Bunin become incomprehensible.
Under these conditions, in 2005, the parliament adopted and President Putin signed the law “On the State Language of the Russian Federation ”.
It is aimed at ensuring the use of the state language and the protection and development of language culture.
The aggression of Anglicisms has since weakened, but not so much that one can calm down.
The law is not properly enforced.
That ’ s why we read on the signs: FARШ butcher shop, EXTRIMLAND adventure park, and on children ’ s T-shirts: “Speak in Russian ”.
Author: T.
RAISWICH.
Newspaper "To New Frontiers"

Amendments to the law “On the State Language of the Russian Federation” ban foreign words in official use unless no Russian equivalent exists, requiring Russian in public information, education, and government documents.

Despite these provisions, enforcement remains weak; English borrowings frequently appear in media and advertising.

Debates persist over defining "foreign" terms and balancing linguistic purity with practical communication needs, illustrating the challenges in regulating natural language change.

Title:

Content: city news Yelets, news Yelets, Yelets news, Yelets newspaper, Red banner
Better than any passport.
0 0
The Russian government has submitted to the state Duma a bill to protect the Russian language from excessive use of foreign words.
The document implies control over the observance by officials and citizens of the norms of the Russian literary language and the inadmissibility of the use of foreign words, with the exception of those that do not have common analogues in the Russian language.
"Wet feet"
by "toptalische"
Fighters for the purity of the native language waited, because the discussion about it among linguists, writers, scientists goes on constantly, then quiet, then flaring up with renewed vigor.
The initiative of the Government of Russia, which decided to wedge itself into the disputes of professionals, is quite understandable and understandable.
Today, when the United States and the entire Western world are in a rush to destroy, eradicate, wipe out all Russian, the frequent use of Anglicisms in everyday life is at least unpatriotic.
In fairness, it should be noted that borrowing from other languages is a constant process.
Lenin also proposed "to declare war on the use of foreign words unnecessarily", and the intricacies of relations and mutual accusations of Slavophiles and Westerners entered the textbooks, as well as the textbook proposals to replace other people's "galoshes" with their "wet feet", and "sidewalks" - with "toptalisches".
In the 1940s, a new wave: the struggle against cosmopolitanism suggested “for everything Russian against foreign ”, including in the language.
A printer is a printer?
Meanwhile, all – both supporters and opponents – agree that there are concepts in their native language that came after the phenomena, realities created in other countries, and therefore the words denoting them, well, not ours, but they can not do without them.
A striking example is the computer, IT technologies and everything related to them.
The word “printer ” cannot be replaced by a Russian translation from English, since“ printer ” does not mean a device for printing, but a person engaged in this process.
By the way, this phenomenon is not new: even under Peter I, who “cut through the window to Europe ”, dozens of Dutch and German words for technologies and mechanisms poured into Russia.
And in opera, many terms are borrowed from Italian and have long been part of the Russian language.
And we calmly use such words as “federation ”,“ sphere ”, “national ”,“ commission ” and many others that came from foreign languages, but are firmly entrenched in our own.
How to be
in one bow
Meanwhile, one cannot but agree with the authors of the bill: recently, the speech of deputies of different ranks, officials, political and economic experts, heads of federal and regional, and sometimes local authorities is simply replete with foreign words that have simple and understandable analogues in their native language.
And if we are almost reconciled with merchandisers (commodity scientists in our own way), then what do you think of the expression from the fashion world “in one bow ”?
The well-known vegetable has nothing to do with it: in English look - look, therefore, in Russian it is an image, appearance, look, etc. In texts related to business, "marketplace" (literally from the English place of trade), as well as "startup" (start, start, take the first steps) or "webinar" (training video conference live).
In the field of education, they like to talk about “bullying prevention ”: this word means ridicule, bullying of children at school by peers.
Increasingly, “campus ” sounds, while the translation from Latin is a familiar campus for many of us, or“ coach ” instead of the usual “coach ”,“ mentor ”.
Abilympics
with WorldSkills
I will also swing at my favorite “quest ” recently: again with the English“ game, search ”.
I do not like the sequestered budget, because it is “cut ”, but transparent is more to my liking, because it is“ open ”, “transparent ”.
And who will prove to me that “exchange of practices ” is better than the usual“ exchange of experience ”?
Or for days on TV reported about the participation of Russians in the championship "Abilympics".
You will break the language by pronouncing, although this is only a competition in professional skills among the disabled, in another way they are also called the “Olympics of opportunities ”.
From the same series, the widely distributed “WorldSkills ” (WorldSkills) is also a competition, but students studying a particular profession.
We have such competitions took place in the times of the USSR, then they were safely forgotten, and now they are back again, only in a Western manner.
And here is another illustrative example: the all-Russian social project “Agrofoodsharing ”.
We divide abracadabra into parts: agro - of course, something related to agriculture.
In English, food – food, share – share.
As a result, we get a movement of agricultural producers who want to share with other people the surplus of their crops.
The idea, of course, is good, right, but why break the language?
And finally from the sore: "solving cases." Brilliant!
In English, the word “case ” has two meanings: a briefcase, a suitcase and the second – circumstances.
Therefore, in Russian literally "the decision of circumstances" or, as the know-it-all Internet interprets, "the study of the situation and the choice of a suitable solution."
They will leave themselves
on your own?
Most likely, the desire to cleanse the language by introducing a law at the state level is an attempt to distance oneself from the West, its influence, to isolate oneself from someone else ’ s and alien mentality, lifestyle and dubious values.
However, it is not very clear what it will look like in practice: will there be lists of prohibited words and expressions or just recommendations, and addressed to high-ranking officials and other “persons in the TV ” – after all, it is with their filing that all sorts of newfangled borrowings from foreign languages often go“ to people ”.
However, a few decades ago, our teachers at the Yelets Pedagogical Institute hammered us, students, that the language is a self-cleaning system, and all harmful, fake after a while will simply disappear.
It has always been so, and I want to believe it will be so.
KSTATI:
I assume that all borrowings are from our haste, eternal saving of time even on pronunciation and writing of words.
We usually write in sms a short, indifferent “OK ”.
While in the native language for this almost a dozen words: “good ”,“ okay ”, “agree ”,“ give ”, “let ”,“ good ”, etc. No wonder there is a catch phrase: “Speech is better than any passport ”...
Tatyana SHCHERBATYKH
VRF News

In Arabic-speaking countries, efforts to Arabize scientific and technological terms reflect a desire to preserve Arabic against linguistic hegemony perceived as imposed by globalization and colonial history.

Title:

Content: Arabic to where?
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The opponents of the Arabic language did not limit themselves to ridicule it and the language complexes, which tried to Arabize some modern terms, which are circulated by Arabs in their foreign pronunciation, such as: sandwich, which was Arabized by one of the Arabic language complexes to Al-Shater and Al-Mashtawr and radio to the radio, and television to television or radio visible, to the last of these gestures, which God revealed from the Sultan.
Under the slogan of preserving our language and intolerance to it, there has been a movement of Arabization of many modern scientific terms.
Before the advent of the computer, Arabization was possible and acceptable, the telephone was Arabized to the telephone, the automobile to a car and the turnip to an elevator, and although these Arabic names do not agree with foreign terminology, we are used to them and accepted them.
Although the meaning of the phone is the name of the actor of the act of shout, and the meaning of shout loudly, and the phone is the one that gives its voice in a high tone.
The meaning of a car is the group that drives or travels.
In the Qur ’ an in Surah Yusuf, this word came to denote the community, which passed by Yusuf while he was in the well.
As for the elevator is an incorrect translation, turnip in the foreign pronunciation means the carrier, which transports man or things up and down, and the Arabic translation of elevator, it is the one that transports me up, but it transports up and down, and the correct name is the carrier, then why we tire ourselves, and we try to adapt the language and forcibly to Arabize words are the names of modern inventions, we did not invent. The West took the Arabic term as it is and did not change it, and there are thousands of Arabic words, which were taken as they are and without any change, which is normal for civilizations to exchange what is useful and beneficial for all.
This is why I tend not to Arabize what can only be understood in its language, we want to preserve our language, and we want the people of this great language to master it, but we are not against keeping up with science and development.
The languages of the world have taken a lot from our language, and there is no harm to take from us the languages of science and civilization what suits us, and does not harm our language.
And to talk the rest.
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However, Arabization attempts face criticism for artificiality and practicality, especially amid rapid digital integration.

Title:

Content: The Arabic Language Between Attendance and Absence
Our Arab present suffers from several crises, foremost of which is the crisis of foreign intervention, which does not interfere with education and openness, but with domination and subordination, and among the manifestations of this hegemony in its best form is the linguistic hegemony that has absent our language and brought its language, as it has folded our culture with urgency and spread its culture.
The foreign language is an absent language in our society, and we do not mean the absence of its presence, because its presence is constant, but it is a prepared language that is not present, and thus remains absent because it is absent in the Arab, and absent from his conscience and imagination, and as a result must be absent from his statement.
The difficulty complained of is not because of the lack of understanding of the foreign language and not speaking it, but the difficulty lies in the inability to communicate and communicate, because the language absent from the imagination and conscience can not replace the language present in this conscience and that imagination, and therefore the difficulty complained of is inherent in the absence of foreign circulation from the conscience and imagination of the Arab, and therefore this foreign language will not be present in the statement. The list, which will be established in the control of the foreign language, will not be more than a technical and not deliberative control, that is, it deals with the language in its horizontal level only and not in its horizontal and vertical level together, as is the case in the present language.
The one who claims that Arabic is absent is sure that he did not see the reality of things, or that he was betrayed by the expression and means that Arabic is absent similar to the foreign language prepared, and as long as the language has been included here in the statement of effectiveness, either it is fighting if it is absent, or it is imposed if it is prepared, and therefore the real interaction is the statement of double interaction No language is more capable of this fruitful mating than the language present in conscience and imagination and then present in creativity and demonstration.
The concept of this is to resemble our language and to resemble our language, that is, to be our language and to be our language, and notice the harmony between the self-denoting “us ” and the self-denoting“ us ” in the self-denoting “our ” language as well, that is, I will not be me until I am who I am.
Therefore, if we are like the language of another, or in other words, if we are like his language, and assume that his language is like us, that is, we are his language, and notice the dissonance between "us" in the word "likeness" of the self and "him" in the word "his" language, the result of all this will be the same. I will not be me until I am He, He, and this for my age only stands as one who is equal to three by two, and logic can answer.
For all this, we see that the preparer of the prepared language does nothing as much as he brings the cultural action of the language, and his marginalization of the linguistic action related to it, believing that the cultural action is the mechanism capable of reproducing its model and continuing its cultural language. He is the One who is the One who is the One who is the One who is the One who is the One who is the One who is the One who is the One who is the One who is the One who is the One who is the One who is the One who is the One who is the One who
And so it becomes like his language, not in terms of being present, so that the ego is equal to "I", but in terms of being absent, so that the "I" becomes "He" in a prior stage, and then "He" becomes "He" into "He", so that in all cases, this sunset may resemble his language, despite his constant quest to disengage from this likeness because of alienation. He is the only one who can do it, and he is the only one who can do it, or he can do it.
The absence of the Arabic language is not due to weakness in the origin of the language as some claim or to its inability to keep pace with the times as others claim, but it is related to the dominant civilizational conflict, which does not seek anything to weaken the models that can match or exceed it in the days, to be sure that this civilizational opponent of the factors of cultural strength, attested by its linguistic reality. For beginners as well as specialists.
Revolutions based on the act of translation are painful for the enemies of Arabic in particular, and therefore we still hear voices within the Arab world that reject all upgrading of this act, but rather minimize and despise it by canceling the material of translation in many schools and institutions and coming to its people in universities and questioning its ability to transfer contents of knowledge and information.
As witnessed by its global reality, geography and culture, as it turned out in concrete terms that all societies that drew the language of others educationally and institutionally only increased backwardness and dependence, and that societies that learned the language of others but did not take it as a means of teaching were able to progress and prosper.
We will not find the example of Japan as a witness to this, as it did not overload its language, but defended its presence and accomplished every act of absenteeism that can be practiced on it, so it commissioned a selection of intellectuals to learn the languages of others, and then translate their useful knowledge to successive Japanese generations, the act of translation was a means to acculturation, learning and development with self-preservation from melting.
This act of translation is the shield with which our language, culture and civilization should face the ostracism of closure and non-openness, because it is openness with the preservation of the minor and the major identity, the preservation of the minor identity by retaining the language of conscience and creativity, and the preservation of the major identity by keeping the windows open to renew ventilation and benefit from the wisdom of the worlds, but without demolishing walls and denying foundations.
This Japanese acculturation based on the act of translation is the same done by the Arab and Islamic civilization when it ruled the world, as it worked hard to translate the Greek, Indian and Persian knowledge into its language and increased its creativity and giving until it became the language of civilization, culture and knowledge that does not enter science without mastery of it, and from it became the nations that want to develop into their languages to maintain their identities and incubation And see her too.
Therefore, we continue to hear voices within the Arab world that reject all promotion of this act, and even minimize and despise it by canceling the translation material in many schools and institutions and coming to its people in universities and questioning its ability to transfer the contents of knowledge and information, and other evasiveness that deliberately put obstacles in the face of the act of translation.
The truth is that there is nothing worse than this act in underestimating the value of man as a free being, as the vilification practiced by the enemies of Arabic on the act of translation, as an act that preserves the language of the nation its being and existence, and the nation its civilization and presence, as it is vilifying the Arab mind by inserting it into a spiral of theoretical categories to distract it from observing historical facts as we pointed out in the Arab and Islamic experience. We nodded to it in the modern Japanese experience.
In conclusion, it is necessary to insist on the development of our Arabic language, for despite the factors of strength that it has in terms of the language of the Islamic religion, which unites more than one and a half billion Muslims, all of them pray in Arabic, pray in it and read the Holy Quran in it, and by it they praise and remember and practice their religious rituals in general, so it is impossible to imagine a Muslim, even if he is not Arab race. The former religious rebuke.
Also, the Arabic language is a unifying means that matches religion and surpasses it in unifying the various races and nationalities that exist in the Arab space, even if they are not Muslim, because of the success of communication between them all because of the unity factor of the language, which is Arabic.
This is in addition to its distinguished presence in international organizations such as UNESCO, the United Nations and its institutions, the League of Arab States and its branches and other international organizations, and this distinguished presence also stands out in the visual and written media despite the many demolition attempts that seek to hide them from the global space.
This distinguished presence did not stop at the borders of the famous Arab channels, but exceeded it to the Western media channels, including the American, British, Russian, French and other news agencies.
All this is attested to by the many newspapers and magazines printed in Arabic and distributed by millions inside and outside the Arab world.
By mentioning the outside, we can refer in this context to another factor of strength of this language, which is its presence as a language of teaching in many Western universities through scientific institutes for the Arab and Muslim communities, and there are other factors that are not here to expand the mention, analysis and study.
In spite of all these manifestations that make Arabic present and alive, it is necessary to take its hand in order to be able to keep up with the world and the worlds, by strengthening its presence in the digital world, and enabling it to manage the technologies of networks and communications. Impact and impact with the need to note the difference of course between the nature of the religious and the nature of the digital data in a systematic, constructive and polarizing manner.
Then it is necessary to reconsider the lists that collect the linguistic balance of Arabic, by renewing the consideration of the composition of the Arabic dictionary in order to preserve the Arabic current and keep up with it, whether at the level of the way of arranging words, the way of explaining terms or at the level of evoking maqām and contexts and the methodology of employing citations.
It is no secret that the development of the Arabic language is no longer the work of individuals alone, but rather the work of universities, laboratories and graduate courses, and the consensus is that Arabic needs institutional work based on institutions that combine their efforts to serve this development and that keep pace.
If we talk about the institutionalization of the language, we must insist on providing a legislative and legal structure by which to protect our language from any violation, pejorative or dwarfism, including the law of respect for the Arabic language in public spaces, like many developed countries.
The institutionalization of the language requires the institutions of the Arabic language to convince all social actors of the usefulness of this language economically, politically and safely, so that each actor contributes to the preservation of this language as a means of profit, a means of management and a means of preserving the safety and security of society.
At the economic level, for example, we can talk about linguistic capital, for printing a book in Arabic is a great profit, because the space for publishing, presenting, receiving and selling it is very wide, extending from Rabat to Jakarta, while printing it in slang or other foreign languages makes it confined to the narrow geographical area in which these dialects or foreign languages live, and the investor and profit shady to manage.
The Arabic language has the status of a fingerprint that distinguishes every human being, because no matter how we adopt the language of others, we have become more detached from ourselves, because the circulation in which the Arab grew up has its own way of dealing with existence and looking at it, which is of course different from the circulation in which the non-Arab grew up. The courses that produce the second circulation, hence the different contents and ways of dealing with the meanings that characterize the civilizational and cultural character of each nation.

The concept of “prepared language” describes the ongoing, sometimes invisible influence of foreign languages on Arabic, highlighting tension between cultural preservation and openness to global developments.

Public controversies further reveal the political sensitivity of language regulation.