Linguistic borrowing occurs when one language adopts words, phrases, or structures from another, a widespread process fundamental to language development and enrichment.

Such borrowing emerges from contact between speech communities through trade, migration, colonization, technology, or cultural exchange.

Crucially, borrowing is embedded within sociocultural and political contexts that influence the acceptance or rejection of foreign linguistic elements.

Language symbolizes national and cultural identity, leading communities to resist linguistic domination to preserve their uniqueness and autonomy.

Many nations regard extensive borrowing from globally dominant languages, especially English, as a threat to their cultural heritage and linguistic sovereignty.

This dynamic underpins debates balancing globalization-driven borrowing with local identity protection.

Dominant states or globalizing forces often encourage linguistic dependence for political, economic, or technological influence, complicating attitudes toward borrowings.

English stands as the primary source of borrowings globally, especially in the last century, spreading via media, technology, business, and popular culture.

Borrowings primarily occur in technology (e.g., “computer,” “internet”), business (“manager,” “marketing”), youth culture (“cool,” “selfie”), and science (“laser,” “software”).

These terms often fill lexical gaps, indicate modernity or status, or reflect cultural influence across Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas.

Consequently, many native languages integrate English words into speech, education, media, and advertising.

This widespread adoption has fueled resistance movements linked to national identity.

Language is a shared heritage symbol, so excessive borrowing is often perceived as cultural erosion or linguistic imperialism threatening linguistic integrity.

Language purism campaigns promote native vocabularies and oppose foreign influence, particularly English as a symbol of global dominance.

Governments, language authorities, and cultural organizations actively promote native terms, create official lexicons, conduct awareness campaigns, and legislate to regulate borrowings.

Russia provides a detailed example of legislative intervention.

The Russian State Duma has adopted laws prohibiting excessive foreign borrowings when Russian equivalents exist in official, educational, media, and advertising contexts.

Normative dictionaries support these laws by listing approved vocabulary.

These measures assert Russian as the language of the state-forming people and a marker of national identity, with enforcement including fines, especially in advertising.

Debates in Russia highlight complexities.

Sociologists and language experts support protections but caution against overly rigid restrictions that could hinder natural language evolution or everyday speech, particularly among youth.

Challenges include defining “foreign borrowing,” given Russian’s long history of loanwords and the lack of native equivalents for many technical and international terms.

Additionally, government officials’ frequent use of English borrowings linked to fashion or prestige complicates consistent enforcement.

Similarly, France’s Toubon Law legally mandates the use of French over foreign, especially English, terms in official documents, advertising, and public broadcasting.

Enforced by cultural agencies, this policy reflects France’s enduring commitment to linguistic purity as a key cultural component.

Public responses show strong nationalist support alongside debates about balancing purity with practical language use.

Iceland actively promotes Icelandic neologisms to replace foreign borrowings, primarily through institutions like the Árni Magnússon Institute.

Supported by legal frameworks, this systematic approach encourages Icelandic terms in education, government, and media to maintain language distinctiveness.

Although detailed enforcement data are lacking, the proactive creation and promotion of neologisms exemplify strong linguistic nationalism.

In South Korea, the National Institute of the Korean Language monitors foreign loanwords and develops native alternatives, collaborating with education and media sectors to foster their adoption.

Screening systems, guidelines, and public campaigns have slowed but not halted English borrowings, indicating partial success amid ongoing challenges.

China emphasizes Standard Mandarin promotion and cultural preservation through media and education regulations aimed at curtailing excessive English borrowings.

Although explicit legal texts on borrowing restrictions are limited, official statements link language policy to national identity strengthening and innovation.

Public contestation appears limited, consistent with centralized cultural governance.

Nonetheless, more granular data on enforcement and sociolinguistic outcomes in China remain scarce and require further research.

Quebec’s Bill 101 (Charter of the French Language) rigorously protects French by regulating English use in signage, commerce, education, and administration.

The Office québécois de la langue française enforces compliance to preserve French dominance, with government campaigns supporting native use.

This policy has sparked legal challenges and social debate reflecting tensions over linguistic rights and cultural assimilation.

Public and expert reactions to these policies are diverse.

France and Quebec show strong nationalist backing intertwined with concerns about practicality and individual freedoms.

Iceland and South Korea exhibit official support tempered by recognition of complex language evolution dynamics.

China’s approach aligns with governmental cultural preservation narratives, with limited visible public dissent.

Across these contexts, tensions persist between language purism advocates and supporters of natural linguistic change.

It is crucial to distinguish linguistic borrowing—adopting foreign lexical items—from fiscal or policy borrowing, which involves government financial debt regulated by economic laws.

Though terminology overlaps, these represent separate domains with distinct policies.

Clarifying this avoids confusion, particularly given global governmental borrowing frameworks in Lebanon, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Vietnam, and Argentina, unrelated to linguistic issues.

In conclusion, English borrowings profoundly influence languages worldwide amid complex sociopolitical contexts.

Governments employ varied legal, institutional, and campaign-based strategies to manage loanwords, balancing language integrity and national identity.

Russia exemplifies comprehensive legislative controls moderated by expert calls for pragmatic application.

France, Iceland, South Korea, China, and Quebec employ diverse, historically and culturally shaped policies, each with differing enforcement and reception.

Continued academic inquiry is warranted to deepen understanding—especially regarding community-level impact and post-implementation outcomes in China and Iceland—to enrich the global perspective on language borrowing and policy efficacy.

Linguistic borrowing occurs when one language adopts words, phrases, or structures from another, a widespread process fundamental to language development and enrichment.

Title:

Content: city news Yelets, news Yelets, Yelets news, Yelets newspaper, Red banner
Better than any passport.
0 0
The Russian government has submitted to the state Duma a bill to protect the Russian language from excessive use of foreign words.
The document implies control over the observance by officials and citizens of the norms of the Russian literary language and the inadmissibility of the use of foreign words, with the exception of those that do not have common analogues in the Russian language.
"Wet feet"
by "toptalische"
Fighters for the purity of the native language waited, because the discussion about it among linguists, writers, scientists goes on constantly, then quiet, then flaring up with renewed vigor.
The initiative of the Government of Russia, which decided to wedge itself into the disputes of professionals, is quite understandable and understandable.
Today, when the United States and the entire Western world are in a rush to destroy, eradicate, wipe out all Russian, the frequent use of Anglicisms in everyday life is at least unpatriotic.
In fairness, it should be noted that borrowing from other languages is a constant process.
Lenin also proposed "to declare war on the use of foreign words unnecessarily", and the intricacies of relations and mutual accusations of Slavophiles and Westerners entered the textbooks, as well as the textbook proposals to replace other people's "galoshes" with their "wet feet", and "sidewalks" - with "toptalisches".
In the 1940s, a new wave: the struggle against cosmopolitanism suggested “for everything Russian against foreign ”, including in the language.
A printer is a printer?
Meanwhile, all – both supporters and opponents – agree that there are concepts in their native language that came after the phenomena, realities created in other countries, and therefore the words denoting them, well, not ours, but they can not do without them.
A striking example is the computer, IT technologies and everything related to them.
The word “printer ” cannot be replaced by a Russian translation from English, since“ printer ” does not mean a device for printing, but a person engaged in this process.
By the way, this phenomenon is not new: even under Peter I, who “cut through the window to Europe ”, dozens of Dutch and German words for technologies and mechanisms poured into Russia.
And in opera, many terms are borrowed from Italian and have long been part of the Russian language.
And we calmly use such words as “federation ”,“ sphere ”, “national ”,“ commission ” and many others that came from foreign languages, but are firmly entrenched in our own.
How to be
in one bow
Meanwhile, one cannot but agree with the authors of the bill: recently, the speech of deputies of different ranks, officials, political and economic experts, heads of federal and regional, and sometimes local authorities is simply replete with foreign words that have simple and understandable analogues in their native language.
And if we are almost reconciled with merchandisers (commodity scientists in our own way), then what do you think of the expression from the fashion world “in one bow ”?
The well-known vegetable has nothing to do with it: in English look - look, therefore, in Russian it is an image, appearance, look, etc. In texts related to business, "marketplace" (literally from the English place of trade), as well as "startup" (start, start, take the first steps) or "webinar" (training video conference live).
In the field of education, they like to talk about “bullying prevention ”: this word means ridicule, bullying of children at school by peers.
Increasingly, “campus ” sounds, while the translation from Latin is a familiar campus for many of us, or“ coach ” instead of the usual “coach ”,“ mentor ”.
Abilympics
with WorldSkills
I will also swing at my favorite “quest ” recently: again with the English“ game, search ”.
I do not like the sequestered budget, because it is “cut ”, but transparent is more to my liking, because it is“ open ”, “transparent ”.
And who will prove to me that “exchange of practices ” is better than the usual“ exchange of experience ”?
Or for days on TV reported about the participation of Russians in the championship "Abilympics".
You will break the language by pronouncing, although this is only a competition in professional skills among the disabled, in another way they are also called the “Olympics of opportunities ”.
From the same series, the widely distributed “WorldSkills ” (WorldSkills) is also a competition, but students studying a particular profession.
We have such competitions took place in the times of the USSR, then they were safely forgotten, and now they are back again, only in a Western manner.
And here is another illustrative example: the all-Russian social project “Agrofoodsharing ”.
We divide abracadabra into parts: agro - of course, something related to agriculture.
In English, food – food, share – share.
As a result, we get a movement of agricultural producers who want to share with other people the surplus of their crops.
The idea, of course, is good, right, but why break the language?
And finally from the sore: "solving cases." Brilliant!
In English, the word “case ” has two meanings: a briefcase, a suitcase and the second – circumstances.
Therefore, in Russian literally "the decision of circumstances" or, as the know-it-all Internet interprets, "the study of the situation and the choice of a suitable solution."
They will leave themselves
on your own?
Most likely, the desire to cleanse the language by introducing a law at the state level is an attempt to distance oneself from the West, its influence, to isolate oneself from someone else ’ s and alien mentality, lifestyle and dubious values.
However, it is not very clear what it will look like in practice: will there be lists of prohibited words and expressions or just recommendations, and addressed to high-ranking officials and other “persons in the TV ” – after all, it is with their filing that all sorts of newfangled borrowings from foreign languages often go“ to people ”.
However, a few decades ago, our teachers at the Yelets Pedagogical Institute hammered us, students, that the language is a self-cleaning system, and all harmful, fake after a while will simply disappear.
It has always been so, and I want to believe it will be so.
KSTATI:
I assume that all borrowings are from our haste, eternal saving of time even on pronunciation and writing of words.
We usually write in sms a short, indifferent “OK ”.
While in the native language for this almost a dozen words: “good ”,“ okay ”, “agree ”,“ give ”, “let ”,“ good ”, etc. No wonder there is a catch phrase: “Speech is better than any passport ”...
Tatyana SHCHERBATYKH
VRF News

Such borrowing emerges from contact between speech communities through trade, migration, colonization, technology, or cultural exchange.

Title:

Content: Sunday Literature ‧ Literature in the Cellular: The Literary Politics of Israel
Post Date: October 22, 2023
On the West Bank, in the outer city west of Ramallah, a Palestinian town, there is a small hill called Al Rabweh at the end of Tokyo Street, where Mahmoud Darwish, a Palestinian national poet, is buried.
Tokyo Street is named because the local cultural center was funded by the Japanese government.
This is according to the famous British art critic, John Berger.
At that cultural center, Darvish recited the last poems of his life.
Before long he was buried on this mountain, although he had said he wanted to be buried in Galilee, his birthplace.
Tens of thousands of people came to the funeral, and his elderly mother addressed the people.
“He ’ s the son of all of you, ” she said, piercing Berg ’ s heart.
As an important cultural figure of the Marxist left in the Anglo-American world, Berg regarded the poet's death as a pain that must touch the hearts and minds of the Palestinian people.
“What are we talking about when we talk about dead or murdered relatives? ” he suddenly asked.
On the deserted hill, he tried to recall the sound of Darvish ’ s poetry.
His voice was like a beekeeper, so calm, like a passage from his famous poem Mural:
A stone box.
The living and the dead move in the dry clay.
Like a bee in a nest.
When the siege tightens, they go on hunger strike.
Request an emergency exit from the sea.
Since the establishment of the Jewish state in Israel in 1948, the Palestinians have been bees in hives, living in ever-tightening nests.
At one end of the Gaza corridor is the vast Mediterranean Sea.
But to the request, the sea always responds in silence.
Love of the Land: Beekeepers and Honeysuckers
In 2000, Yossi Sarid, then Israel ’ s Minister of Education and Culture, tried to introduce several of Darwish ’ s poems into Israel ’ s high Chinese language curriculum, which met with strong opposition from right-wing members of the Knesset.
Prime Minister Ehud Barak had to compromise, declaring that Israel was “not ready ” to accept Darvish ’ s globally acclaimed poetry.
And by not ready, I mean that there will never be a ready day.
The truth is that since the Jews began to move into this land in large numbers in 1948, Israel and Palestine have engaged in an endless territorial dispute, as well as a cultural dispute over the land.
For conflicts, the mainstream media in the West often takes sides.
This is why we often see news in the media, such as the terrorist attack by the extremist group Hamas, or how the Israeli side uses the Iron Dome missile defense system to intercept each other ’ s missiles.
At first glance, the Palestinians are always on the side of the attack.
However, when it comes to culture and art, you often hear a different argument.
Mainly, there are a lot of Western culture people like John.
Berg, like many others, is a proponent of left-wing ideas, and so references to the literature of the land usually begin with the great Darvish, then often the Syrian poet Adonis in the neighboring Arab region; to say, from Israel, often heard writing about Kibbutz communism, supporting Israeli-Palestinian negotiations to achieve peace and opposing the construction of Israeli settlements. The writer, Amos.
"Amos Oz".
But when Darvish talks about poetry here, he will first mention the Hebrew poet Yehuda Amichai.
The two differed on their positions, but he was full of respect for the Jewish national poet, who was older than himself.
As he says: Ameehe ’ s poetry is “a challenge to me because we write in the same place. ”
He wanted the landscape and history to stand on his side, on my ruined identity.
And so we compete with each other: who is the master of the language of this land?
Who loves this land more?
Who writes better? "When people have different imaginations and different love for the same land, it makes a keen poet reflect on his own country.
Born in Germany, he moved to Jerusalem at a young age, fought against Nazi Germany in World War II, and then fought in the Palestine War from 1947 to 1949.
Amichai ’ s poems are often about war, and images of violence are always filled with them.
But in many works, a poem called "In the Apple" instead describes the plain, violence of life to the fullest (although the poet himself is not necessarily aware of this):
You come to visit the apple.
Together, we listened to the knife.
One by one, carefully,
So as not to break the skin.
You talk to me. I believe in your voice.
A painful lump.
Like real honey.
Condensed into wax in the nest.
I touch your lips with my fingers:
It is also a prediction.
And your lips are red, like burning fields.
It's black.
It's all true.
You came to visit the apple.
And you will be with me among the apples.
Until the knife is done.
Who do you and I represent in the poem? This land is like an apple, and we all live together in this apple, which is being peeled by a knife and waiting to become sweet food on the table.
However, it is ironic that Amee uses the metaphor of a honeycomb and honey to remind us of the situation of a honeycomb in Dalvish poetry.
“Intense lumps / like real honey / coagulated into wax lumps in the hive.
In the Jewish tradition of the New Year (Rosh Hashanah), people dip apples into honey, but here we think of others who bring sweet honey to themselves, but bear sharp pain.
This calm violence is punctuated by the last line of the poem: "You come to visit the apple / And you will stay with me in the apple / Until the knife has finished its work."
It is also out of love for a land, but the image transformed by love is very different.
NIKABA: The Struggle Between Facts and Ideology
Also in 2000, the Lebanese novelist Elias Khoury won the Prize of Palestine for his historical novel Gate of the Sun, about the destruction of Palestinian villages by Israel in 1948.
But from the Israeli side, the novel is nothing more than an unfair historical narrative.
As historian Tom Segev has argued, fiction is a means by which authors attempt to invade facts with literature.
Currie ’ s response is also very clear, directly stating the political implications of the art of fiction: “Literature is not, and cannot be, a historical reference, and all novels and poems involving the nakba are not documents, whether from Israel or Palestine. ”
But they can be seen as a mirror of a situation in the ideological scene. "The word" niqaba ", in Arabic, means disaster, in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, refers to the 1948 Palestinian war, and the subsequent seizure of nearly 80% of its territorial sovereignty, and the historical event of about 700,000 Palestinians fleeing or exiled.
In Curry ’ s eyes, this was all the iron truth that had happened.
The more the mainstream media in the West turns a deaf ear to the background of the Palestinians, the novelist can only hold a magnifying glass to illuminate the mirror of ideology.
The difference in ideology itself has the ability to explain the disputes between literature.
Members of the right wing of the Knesset cannot accept Darvish ’ s poetry precisely because of their fear of literature as an ideological weapon.
Darvish, who was a child at the time, was a victim of Niqaba, who said in his article “Not to Begin at the End ” that Niqaba“ is an extended present and will never die in the future. ”
Darvish was the one who was present, and his poems wanted to perpetuate that presence.
So it ’ s easy to imagine how, on the Israeli side, a few of the poet ’ s poems are enough of a threat to shake up the legitimacy of a regime.
In the context of strong nationalism, the political issues involved in literature became extraordinarily sensitive.
The inclusion of Darvish ’ s poetry in the teaching may be a disguised acknowledgement of Israel ’ s atrocities from 1948 to the present day.
Israel ’ s founding as a nation through the Holocaust in Nazi Germany is reminiscent of the intense public debate in which former victims suddenly become perpetrators.
However, on the other hand, the then Minister of Education and Culture and the Prime Minister were politically left-leaning, believing that the Israeli people should be more tolerant of Palestinian literature, and even understand the voices of different positions in the same land.
Darvish ’ s poetry was influenced by the Hebrew poet Ameeh, who, as he put it, was a poetic contest for love of the land; but at the same time, the contest was founded by the interweaving of Arabic and Hebrew in the land.
Unknown language:
"The Arabic Language"
Today, after most of the centuries-old conflict in Israel and Palestine, it is generally believed that there are two large groups of Hebrew-speaking Jews and Arab-speaking Arabs.
However, the truth is that the two languages have influenced each other since ancient times, and the way they intersect reflects the power structures of both sides.
In this area of research, the scholar Lital Levy (Lital Levy) has expressed a thought-provoking observation with the experience of a movie broadcast conference.
In 2009, Ajami, a film co-directed by a Palestinian director and an Israeli Jewish director, was widely praised by both Israelis and Palestinians for its portrayal of real life, which earned local and international acclaim.
The film tells the story of the dependence of Palestinians and Jews on each other in the crime-ridden Jaffa neighborhood.
Jaffa is a historic city located on the outskirts of Tel Aviv ’ s metropolis.
Naturally, the film is meant to show the real Palestinian community, political tensions, and the police ’ s abuse of violence.
However, behind the apparently clichéd discourse, what really surprised Israeli Jews was the fluid and unfamiliar language of the film ’ s characters.
Many of the Jews of this land, the so-called “majority ”, never spoke to Palestinians and did not understand the language of their place of residence.
In the cinema, they were shocked to hear familiar Hebrew words seamlessly interspersed in unfamiliar, unintelligible, yet word-by-word Arabic.
At the same time, some bilingual speakers responded to the hilarious dialogue with laughter, but more unknown Hebrew speakers responded with silence.
It is an embarrassment to one's own language as a powerful person.
The title of the film is "Ajami", which is Arabic, meaning foreign and unfamiliar, and seems to have a pun on its own.
In the land of Palestine, Hebrew appeared as a foreign language, but in the eyes of those who spoke Hebrew as a native language, the native language was used by others and transformed into unfamiliar, unrecognizable words.
Some linguists call it Arabebrew.
Interestingly, when the Palestinians in the film talk to the Jews, they immediately switch to Hebrew.
Levy says this is a linguistic phenomenon known as code-switching, which occurs in an asymmetrical relationship between the speaker.
As a politically and socially powerless language, all Palestinians speak at least Arabic and Hebrew; but conversely in everyday life, Jews speak only one language.
In other parts of the world, we can find a lot of examples: in today ’ s world of English as a language hegemony, almost all languages are mixed with English words; in countries in the Balkans, there are a lot of words brought from Turkey; in North Africa, almost all languages are a mixture of French and Arabic.
Or take the example of our own culture, before the economic take-off of mainland China, there are many examples of Cantonese language borrowed by Putonghua, and in recent years, it is more common for Putonghua words to be translated into Cantonese.
This is the result of cultural power substitution.
However, from a more optimistic point of view, we can at least see the consensus between languages.
Levy cites the Jewish philosopher Walter Benjamin ’ s The Translator ’ s Task to illustrate the invisible interplay between languages.
When Hebrew was translated into Arabic, the original Hebrew language underwent a reverse linguistic transformation.
The reason is that when it is assumed that the meaning of words can be transferred, it is necessary to assume the existence of the intangible commonality and translatability of the two languages, which he calls “pure language. ”
This philosophy, and I can not help but think of the literature produced in the nest.
Honey is formed by bees traveling between flowers and plants, collecting pollen and extracting nutrients.
That in itself is a transformation.
With regard to the conflict between land and culture, one must have an awareness that everything here has never belonged to any of us, it has been taken from outside.
Or, as in the last lines of Darvish ’ s Mural:
Absurd. Now there's a slight wound in his arm.
History laughs at it as a victim.
And its hero...
Just glanced at them and walked away.
The sea is mine.
The air of the sea is mine.
My name is —
If I misread the coffin...
It's mine.
As for me -
Full of reasons to leave -
I'm not mine.
I'm not mine.
I'm not mine.
WEN • Lentils
Art • CHUNG Kam Wing
Editors • Chow Ling Pu
Email • literature @ mingpao.com
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Related Words: War Yehuda Amichai Israel Lentils Sunday Literature Palestine Mahmoud Darwish Daily Ming Pao - Culture

Crucially, borrowing is embedded within sociocultural and political contexts that influence the acceptance or rejection of foreign linguistic elements.

Language symbolizes national and cultural identity, leading communities to resist linguistic domination to preserve their uniqueness and autonomy.

Title:

Content: Sociologists agree that there is a close relationship between language and identity, with language being the preeminent and most important identifier.
They consider that the most serious threat to the identity and culture of nations is linguistic and cultural appropriation by another party.
Language and identity are two sides of the same thing.
Language is not just words and words, but a vessel that contains the emotional components, beliefs and peculiarities of any society.
Hence, it is clear why every society is proud of its language, because language is the main way of protecting and fortifying identity so that it does not assimilate into another identity.
The history of the nations is a good witness, for example, the Arabic language has preserved the teachings of the Islamic religion, the Arab heritage and manuscripts and all the sciences, arts and literature provided by the Islamic civilization.
The Japanese refused and resisted any domination of their language, knowing that it would preserve their identity, as did the Koreans.
The goal of the powerful states, through the soft style of globalization, is to establish a state of linguistic, scientific and intellectual dependence to obliterate identity and block any path that may lead to creativity and development.
Ibn Khaldun in his introduction pointed out that the defeated is fond of the tradition of the majority, and this is what we see in some societies of a dangerous drift in the rejection of the mother tongue, and even ridicule it sometimes and link urbanization and development and call to keep pace with the times by speaking another language.
It is true that the learning of languages, whatever they may be, is desirable, provided that this does not lead to the alienation and obliteration of the identity symbol.
Experts believe that the pillars of identity are three: religion, culture and society, and that language is the official spokesman of identity and a means through which the world recognizes the power of states and the cohesion of their members and society.
There is no competition between nations except for language.
The language, interest in it and its rooting in various scientific, health, technical and other fields have a great role in the rooting of citizenship and the consolidation of belonging.
Protecting the Arabic language in our societies from the fierce attacks of globalization is a religious and secular duty, especially as it is a powerful and great language that has influenced many other languages.
The culture, strength and cohesion of nations are diminished when their people abandon their mother tongue and allow others to compete with it because language is the actual vessel of identity, and giving it the attention it deserves is what will push any country or nation to excellence and creativity.

Many nations regard extensive borrowing from globally dominant languages, especially English, as a threat to their cultural heritage and linguistic sovereignty.

This dynamic underpins debates balancing globalization-driven borrowing with local identity protection.

Title:

Content: Sunday 24 September 2023
Chairman of the Board of Directors and Editors
Abdurrahim Ali
Editor-in-Chief
Dalia Abdul Rahim
Chairman of the Board of Directors and Editorial Board
Abdurrahim Ali
Editor-in-Chief
Dalia Abdul Rahim
In Arabic
Le Dialogue in Arabic
Ibrahim Nawar writes: The facts of the rescue summit..
Financing sustainable development in the world is essential.
But money alone does not buy development.
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The first is that there is a global commitment, even if incomplete in its operational form, to pave the way for development for the hundreds of millions of people living in low- and middle-income developing countries and in poor countries for a better life for the current and future generations.
This commitment is unquestionable in principle.
The second fact implied by the title of the article is that the Political Declaration issued by the Sustainable Development Summit, while confirming the first fact, ignores the principle of the responsibility of the governments, institutions and private business sectors of developing and poor countries to participate in the making of sustainable development.
The governments of these countries are fully responsible, on the basis of the principles of governance, transparency and accountability, for policies that, despite the abundance of funding resources, may lead to failures that turn the lives of present and future generations into hell, and impose the cost on future generations.
In this article, I will address two points: the first is the significance of a renewed global commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals, and the second is to compare the performance of two of the most important countries with development experiences in the world, Argentina and Vietnam.
Argentina presents the world with a failed experiment that must be avoided and abandoned, stressing the seriousness of debt for present and future development.
As for Vietnam, it offers the world a successful development experience that emphasizes the principle of national responsibility to participate in making sustainable development with local financing resources along with foreign financing in its various forms, which are not limited to loans, while setting a ceiling for these loans, so as to protect the opportunities of sustainable development and not threaten them.
The $500 billion gap
During the United Nations Sustainable Development Summit, a minister described the strategy of sustainable development as "Magna Carta of the present era", analogous to the historic English document issued in the early 13th century to set a balance between the king and the nobility and the people, as it defines the rights and duties of different countries, rich and poor, free and subject, in the field of development.
Many speakers attributed the development failures, especially in poor, middle and low-income developing countries, to external factors, which they could not control.
Some developing countries, despite adverse external conditions, have made significant progress, such as Serbia, the Czech Republic and Estonia, while others with important ingredients for progress have failed, and even worsened significantly than before, such as in countries such as Lebanon, Syria, Yemen and Sudan.
The political declaration from the summit showed a UN determination on the part of the United Nations, international financial institutions, global economic organizations such as the World Bank and the International Labour Organization, and on the part of world leaders, including those of Western industrialized countries, to move forward with the commitment to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, agreed in 2015, by the target date of 2030.
However, the reaffirmation of the commitment contained in the political declaration of the summit does not acquire the confidence sufficient to renew the certainty of this commitment, and in practice means what is stated in the words.
“Without immediate correction and acceleration of progress towards the Goals, our world will be doomed to continue suffering from poverty, protracted crises and growing uncertainty. ”
According to Dr. Mahmoud Mohieldin, the UN special envoy in charge of the financing agenda for the Sustainable Development Strategy, there is a global gap in funding needs of up to $500 billion annually by 2025.
It is essential that the world adopt a real, actionable plan to cover it in order to ensure the successful realization of the 2030 Agenda.
Jeffrey Sachs, one of the world ’ s leading development thinkers, who oversaw the preparation of the final report to review the achievement of the goals of the development agenda to date, said that it is necessary for the United Nations, Member States and international financial institutions to adopt a program to enhance investments and reform the structure of the global financial system, so that it is better able to achieve a higher level of commitment to the SDGs.
The report reiterates Mohieldin ’ s call for increased investment flows to critical areas.
The call for reform of the global financial architecture includes six key requirements, including a massive increase in financial flows to central and local governments and the private sector, especially in middle and low income developing countries, to facilitate the investments needed to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, a review of credit rating formulas and credit conditions to facilitate financing with long-term concessional loans, and a review of the liquidity structure of low and middle income developing countries, especially sovereign debt. Financing, which enhances sustainable financing mechanisms and structures, and reduces the cost of development investments for all concerned institutions, including local governments and the private sector.
It seems from the reports presented for research and evaluation at the Sustainable Development Summit and the organs of the international institutions concerned that there is a great deal of consensus on the importance of increasing the availability of adequate funding on acceptable terms, in order to accelerate the achievement of the development goals and overcome the shortcomings observed in the past seven years.
This focus on providing finance is very important, but it also requires rules to ensure transparency and an acceptable return on investment, coupled with the ability to pay for financing, both domestic and external.
The dilemma facing developing countries in the event of high cost of financing, is that the payment burdens devour a large proportion of what can be allocated to finance development investments, so that the burden of debt repayment in some cases is the main driver of public finances, and the main item among the items of government expenditures.
It is not in the interest of developing countries to get cheap funding, which is misused by government departments, and then it is the responsibility of citizens to pay for it.
We see how the club of developing countries that are in default, or are increasingly likely to default, is trying to avoid default or the possibility of default by borrowing more money.
Although some debtor countries consider that their expansion in borrowing from abroad reflects the strength of confidence in their ability to repay, these models of countries, including Argentina and Sri Lanka at present, are subjected to heavy constraints on development, because of the expansion of debt, where the equation of operation of the economy is ultimately forced to pay the debt burdens, not to achieve sustainable development.
Financing of social investments
Another aspect of the funding dilemma relates to the fact that an important part of the SDGs is mainly about making investments with a social return, such as improving the quality of health care, raising the quality of education and expanding its coverage, and providing an adequate network of clean water and sanitation to the widest possible segments of citizens.
These investments with a high social return yield a very important economic return in the long run.
Therefore, they need concessional financing terms, which underlines the importance of providing concessional channels for sustainable development, and providing new resources and channels of flows to raise the value of flows to $500 billion annually in the coming years until 2030.
Excluding external financing and deficit financing perpetuates a corrupt tendency in the financial systems of developing countries in general, which does not provide sufficient attention to maximize domestic savings, and then raise the rate of savings at the national level in each country, and then mobilize these resources and pump them into the channels of domestic investment that serves the goals of sustainable development.
Between Vietnam and Argentina
Until the mid-1980s, Vietnam was one of the poorest countries in the world, while Argentina was a wealthy, high-income developing country.
While the Vietnamese lived on rice cultivation and fishing, the people in Argentina enjoyed a high standard of living, enjoying abundant resources and a diversified agro-industrial economy.
At present, the picture is quite different, not because Argentina has lost its maritime, agricultural, mining and industrial resources, not because it has been weakened by external geopolitical factors, but because it has fallen victim to dictatorship and political and economic corruption.
Since the late 1980s, Vietnam has become one of the fastest growing countries in the world and has gone from being a poor underdeveloped country to an emerging developing country within a generation.
It had been able to do so by mobilizing all possible domestic resources, although they were few compared to Argentina and had a population more than twice that of Argentina.
Although Argentina ’ s average per capita income is still almost twice as high as that of Vietnam, the latter ’ s ranking in the United Nations ’ recently released Sustainable Development Assessment Tables indicates that it ranks 55th compared to Argentina, which ranks 51st despite the historical difference in development and economic and social progress.
A new emerging developing country, Thailand, even beat Argentina to 43rd place globally on the agenda of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.
Thailand is another development experience story worth considering.
This comparison, based on the arithmetical average of progress towards achieving the SDGs, although it indicates that Vietnam has almost caught up with Argentina (the score on the general table is 73.3 for Vietnam versus 73.7 for Argentina) conceals deep differences, which need to be noted and their implications.
Even with the most important average performance indicators, Vietnam outperformed Argentina in the percentage of indicators on track to achieve the SDGs, by 35.7% compared to 34.8% for Argentina.
If we take some key indicators such as poverty eradication and quality education for example, we find that Vietnam succeeded in reducing the national poverty rate calculated on the basis of $3.25 per person per day to 4.2% by the end of last year 2022.
At the end of last year, Argentina ’ s national poverty rate rose to more than 39%.
Experts from the Argentine Institute of Statistics estimate that it currently ranges from 42 to 43%.
In education, both Vietnam and Argentina achieved a high level of performance, but progress in Vietnam was one of the most important factors in the strength of overall development performance, along with indicators of economic growth.
Local savings to finance development
What distinguishes Vietnam ’ s economic development indicators, despite the relative poverty of its natural resources compared to Argentina, is its reliance primarily on mobilizing domestic savings to finance development, not on borrowing from abroad.
Vietnam is also characterized by the high attractiveness of its economic sectors for foreign direct investment, rather than financial speculation by short-term financial flows.
Vietnam ’ s debt-to-GDP ratio is 41% compared to Argentina ’ s 85%.
Vietnam ’ s domestic savings rate has averaged 36.1% per year since 2010, compared to 11% in Argentina on average from 2004 to date.
So we are facing two different models of development, one successful is the Vietnamese model, and the other unsuccessful is the Argentine model.
The center of disagreement between the two models is the principle of government responsibility, standards of transparency and accountability, and the level of healthy competition in the market.
In Vietnam, there are limits set by law for government failures, including a limit on government debt that cannot be exceeded.
There are strong limits to ensuring market discipline and limiting market failures as well.
In Argentina, we see that the spread of political and economic corruption after long decades of dictatorship and authoritarianism is the basis of the economic collapse suffered by the world did not delay in extending a helping hand financially, nor did it abandon it when it asked for the rescheduling of its debts, or when it asked for tens of billions to refinance its existing debts.
Vietnam, like other countries in the world, has been exposed to negative external environmental, economic and geopolitical conditions, but thanks to good management and endurance, it has been able to cross the walls of its negative repercussions.
Between 2016 and 2022, the government of Vietnam was able to maintain strong domestic growth engines, while controlling inflation and stabilizing the exchange rate.
The government has replaced the expansion of domestic and external financing by encouraging savings and investment at the local level, increasing the market attractiveness for foreign investment, maintaining a transparent and stable policy, focusing investment in the fields of technological innovation, and localizing more diversified industries, especially in the sectors of electronics, automobiles and electrical appliances.
Vietnam has reduced poverty incidence from 16.8% in 2010 by four times in less than half a generation, and has more than fivefold the average per capita income, from $481 per capita per year before the adoption of the opening-up and economic reform policy in 1986 to $2,655 per capita in 2020 and is expected to jump to $3,875 by the end of this year.
It went from being a poor country to being a low middle income country.
It is now seeking to move into the category of high-income developing countries, not so much to increase domestic or external indebtedness, but rather to mobilize domestic savings for investment and increase the ability to attract foreign investment.
Besides the importance of the principles of responsibility of national governments in developing countries, the need to fight corruption, provide transparency and stability in public policies, free fair competition in the market, and ensure the discipline of relations between its components in the stages of correcting distortions caused by previous periods, as key drivers of sustainable development, we should also note the important role played by geopolitical conditions on the process of sustainable development.
The Sustainable Development Tables show that the top five countries in the world showed the highest rates of decline, in the largest number of sustainable development indicators, were Myanmar, Venezuela, Papua New Guinea, Yemen and Lebanon.
These results in these countries reflect the negative impact of geopolitical conditions, some of which may be caused by external pressures such as the case of Venezuela, but most undoubtedly reflect the impact of state failure and structural imbalances in bureaucratic – civil or military-civil relations, such as in Lebanon and Yemen.
Money alone does not buy development, but the skill of the state and leadership plays an essential role in mobilizing or wasting the ingredients of development.

Dominant states or globalizing forces often encourage linguistic dependence for political, economic, or technological influence, complicating attitudes toward borrowings.

English stands as the primary source of borrowings globally, especially in the last century, spreading via media, technology, business, and popular culture.

Borrowings primarily occur in technology (e.g., “computer,” “internet”), business (“manager,” “marketing”), youth culture (“cool,” “selfie”), and science (“laser,” “software”).

These terms often fill lexical gaps, indicate modernity or status, or reflect cultural influence across Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas.

Title:

Content: Epic of England: If the date of birth is to be chosen for the Kingdom of England, 886 is probably the most ideal year.
Photo Credit: Founder of Oriel College @ Wikimedia Commons Public Domain
What we want you to know is
Cambridge University professor Thomas reminded that England identity is not created in a day, and has been tested and transformed many times in history.
With the pen of a historian, he recounts the long, complicated and tortuous history of England, and retrieves his forgotten self-confidence and dignity.
by Robert Tombs
England as a Kingdom
English epic If English identity is said to have originated from a religious concept, it later became politically significant in response to deadly foreign threats.
The external threat to topple the political structure of the island and of Europe is the Vikings.
The word Viking, meaning “maritime adventurers ” or“ pirates, ” is another type of armed group that has ravaged Europe for centuries.
This new threat originated in Scandinavia, where warlords became rich by trading with the prosperous Carolingian Empire and its neighbors, including Britain; it not only consolidated the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, but also induced them to plunder their richer southern neighbors.
The Vikings soon threatened every stretch of coastal and navigable river from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea, looking for money, treasure, cattle, male slaves and, more importantly, female slaves for the Muslim world that was just beginning to expand.
The Vikings — known to the English as “Danes ” — were the first to target the rich Church of England, and it was the monks who wrote the chronicles in those years who were particularly concerned about the horrors of Viking plunder.
The first major (and terrifying) invasion of Britain took place in June of 793, when the Vikings sacked the Holy Land of Lindisfarne.
Alcuin of York, Charlemagne ’ s court theologian, roared: “The blood of the saints was poured around the altar …
The bodies of the saints were trampled upon … like dirt in the streets. ” He suspected that it was God ’ s punishment for the monks ’ self-indulgence.
For a time, the situation was calm, with only sporadic, small-scale looting, but the situation began to change in the 1980s, when the Vikings were able to use up to 100 ships to carry out collective attacks.
The Vikings were later rehabilitated to some extent and were described as successful businessmen.
Ebolacom in ancient Rome became one of their capitals and was renamed Jorvik, later York.
The city recovered from the Viking occupation in 8666 and even thrived on trade with Scandinavia.
Vikings are passionate about trade, but there ’ s no denying that they have a “tendency to carve out potential customers. ”
Legend has it that the Vikings had a “blood eagle ” ritual of dealing with defeated enemies — they would cut ribs from the back, pull out lungs, and wear them on their backs like scarlet wings.
King Ælla of Northumbria is said to have been so executed in 867.
The Viking attack changed the British Isles.
Farmers who are vulnerable to violence and enslavement are thus greatly affected, although most can barely survive.
The bigger impact is reflected in politics.
In some cases, warlords and insurgents in Britain have invoked the Vikings as allies in factional struggles.
The Vikings achieved more than they expected: first an aggressive Norse nobleman settled in Britain's northernmost Orkney Islands, and then the Vikings established a colony in Dublin.
The colony of Dublin later became the Kingdom of Dublin, the main base for looting and enslavement in Britain, and eventually became part of a Viking kingdom that included York.
From 850 to 851, a Danish army tried to winter in Kent.
In 1985, another "great army" stayed here permanently.
Of the four kingdoms on the island of Britain, Northumbria and East Anglia were conquered by the Vikings, and Messiah was divided.
As for Wessex, the Saxon kingdom, despite its precarious situation, it is the only intact Christian kingdom in Britain.
It took over the remaining territory of Western Mercia around 880, representing a geographical and ideological step towards the creation of a single Kingdom of England.
The survival and expansion of Wessex ’ s territory is inextricably linked to the story of its king, Alfred the Great.
His story is very similar to the legend and is often criticized, but it is still subject to scrutiny.
In 1987, Alfred, who was small and perhaps suffering from some kind of strange illness, took the throne at the age of twenty-three and took charge of the country ’ s defense against the impending “pagan army ” led by Guthrum, the Danish king of Anglia.
Alfred managed to push back, but they pushed again in 1985, and Alfred had to flee to the Athelney swamp in Somerset.
This story has now become a legend: the fallen king, whose name is hidden, was taken in by a farmer — a similar story in the stories of many cultures shows that great men are also human, not invincible.
In this version of the story, Alfred's family asks him to take care of the food being baked.
It can be imagined that he only wanted to focus on the national affairs, and did not put his mind on it, so he “burnt the cake (or bread). ”
This legend was not told until three centuries later, and was not widely circulated until eight centuries later.
As for the true story of the time, it is equally fascinating: Alfred orders his men to meet at the "Aigbert's Stone, east of Selwood", and as a result "the whole of Somerset and Wiltshire come to see each other."
In 879, Alfred's army finally defeated the Danes at Ethandun (today Edington) and baptized the Danes.
However, the Danes remained powerful, ruling large areas of eastern Britain.
The area is called Danelaw, and the northernmost point is Watling Street (Watling also known as Waeclinga). Whitling Avenue is an ancient Roman road that divides the area between the River Mersey and the River Thames.
The Danes, who held fast to the north and east of Britain, returned after each reformation.
In order to counter this threat, the Kingdom of Wessex has made great efforts to transform the domestic economic structure and urban structure into a system of fortifications consisting of large fortifications.
These fortresses, called burh, were partly rebuilt by former Roman towns, while others were older Iron Age fortresses or were newly built.
These include Exeter, Bath, Bridport, Malmesbury, Shaftesbury, Porchester, Wallingford, Winchester.
The hamlets are less than twenty miles apart (within a day's walk) and hold the estuary and the Zindu River.
When the fort is threatened, it can be garrisoned with an organized local garrison, in addition to a field force (fyrd) and a Royal Fleet.
In 1988, Alfred took London.
If you want to choose a birth date for the Kingdom of England, this is probably the ideal year.
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which seemed to be the case at the time, wrote: "All the English, except the English, who were taken prisoner by the Danes, turned to him."
Alfred, inspired by St. Bede ’ s History of the Church of England, seems to see himself the same way.
When he spoke of his people, he did not say that they were Saxons, but that they were “Angles ” (Angelcynn, or Englishkind) — a term first used in Mercia.
When referring to their language, they are referred to as Old English (English).
On the king's charter and coins, Alfred was originally called "rex Saxonum" and later "rex Angul-Saxonum", in recognition of the union of Wessex and Mercia.
In modern parlance, we may say that Alfred was carrying out “nation-building ”:“ endeavoring to convince the people that he was restoring the English, but in fact, following the example of St. Bede, he created the English. ” His code incorporated and mixed with the customary laws of Wessex, Mercia, and Kent. Biblical oracles and canon law – the code is an important symbol of unity and status, not a tool of domination, since most laws are in fact dictated and codified as “folk right. ”
He sent English coins to help the poor in Rome, and he wanted to make the Christian faith of the people more religious, so as to avoid God ’ s punishment through the Viking invasion, which he believed would only be possible if the people were literate. Alfred wrote to the Bishop of Worcester:
Translating some of the books we all need to read into a language we all understand … preparing all young people born free to learn … until they can understand English well … I think that ’ s a good move, if you think so too.
He asked for a translation of St. Bede's writings into English, and it is likely that the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle would be written in English to record the history of the country.
The book was later widely copied and circulated and added in various ways to the monasteries of Winchester, Abingdon, Worcester, Peterborough, and Canterbury; two versions were still in circulation long after the Norman conquest.
English becomes the official language, so that the government and the people can have more direct contact.
English is also the language of court culture.
Looking at Europe, with the exception of Ireland, it will be 300 years before there will be a noble culture based on the local language.
English texts (often precious works of art) became an important asset to society as a whole, hidden in churches, read publicly at religious festivals, and used to record important events, the names of guild members and freed slaves, and the legal judgments — written on the margins or attached pages.
Alfred wanted not only to be a victorious warlord, but also to become a philosopher of Christianity, to give lay people an extraordinary degree of learning.
With the help of others, Alfred translated some of the Bible ’ s Psalms and several ancient Greco-Roman writings into English — notably Boethius ’ s Consolations of Philosoph — and added his own thoughts.
From the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius to Spain ’ s Alfonso the Wise, Alfred was the only European ruler to contemplate the moral duties of a king in more than a thousand years of European history.
As the father of England, he has much to be commended for.
In the 13th century, he was first called "the Great", and in the 15th century, some people tried to make him a saint but failed to do so.
But Alfred became little known for some time, and only collectors of antiquities remembered the figure, not even his burial place, and failed to become a pilgrimage site.
It was not until the Reformation, which was keen to explore its own origins, that he saw the light of day again.
He was known as the Patriotic King in the 18th century, and the patriotic song "Rule Britannia" comes from the 1740 play Alfred the Great: The Hypocrisy.
In this play, he is regarded by the "patriotic" side as a symbol of Anglo-Saxon freedom (see Chapter 8 of Book 2), the founder of the Royal Navy, and thus indirectly became the founder of the great cause of the future empire.
Victorian England hailed him as the perfect Christian ruler, especially in history books for children.
Monuments and statues were erected in memory of the “most perfect man in history. ”
If Alfred was the first credible king of the "Angles" and protector of the "lands" of the Angles, does it mean that the Angles are truly a people?
Basically not yet.
At the time, there was no word for “England, ” which meant“ Angles living in Britain. ”
The king's legal documents and charters refer to the kingdom as a kingdom made up of Anglo-Saxons, Northumbrians, Messians, Bretons, and polytheists.
The aggrieved leaders continued their alliance with the invaders, and did not feel uneasy about it. The Anglo-Saxons continued to have bad relations with the Danes in the north and east, and in 1982 they repelled another massive Danes invasion of Kent.
After Alfred's death in 1989, his nephew Aethelwold sought the support of the Vikings in order to claim the throne.
The nobles and peasants of the country (especially the escaped slaves) were also happy to join the Vikings.
Relatives, lords, and local interests (especially the former kingdoms of Northumbria and Mercia, who were determined to retain some autonomy) still took precedence over the "national" unity of the "Angles".
This is not a special case, but a normal one.
Epic of England: From the “organic ” economy to the“ mineral ” economy, why was the industrial revolution born in England?
Book Introduction
This is an excerpt from Epic in England: Pragmatism, Rule of Law.
Tradition. Modernity, Unveiling the Thousand Years of Island National Identity (Full Set of Three Books Not For Sale), Acropolis Publishing
Author: Robert.
by Robert Tombs
Translator: Huang Zhongxian
• momo online bookstore
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The long history of England is like a bicycle through picturesque valleys and through stormy wasteland.
From the legend of King Arthur to the referendum to leave the European Union, through foreign invasion, foreign rule, brutal civil war, Nazi threats, the collapse of the empire...
How can the world ’ s oldest democracy find a value identity based on the world?
If you don ’ t know England, you can ’ t really understand England.
A unique view of England, a remarkable re-understanding of British history.
The English are one of the oldest peoples in the world, with an impressive and deeply influential political, economic and legal system, religious tolerance, cultural diversity, and an artistic fashion that combines tradition and modernity.
More importantly, England has a unique identity that continues for millennia: pragmatism and the rule of law.
Tradition. Modernity.
Where did this value come from and why did it last so long?
How does it relate to the island ’ s history?
Since World War II, the English have faced the challenge and struggle of self-positioning.
As empires crumbled and the economy crumbled, England ’ s global influence seemed far less than it had been before.
The wandering people look to the United States on the other side of the ocean, or see the European Union as a new way out.
Can England go to the world on its own?
Voices of falsehood and doubt have stirred the English to rethink the age-old question of who we are.
Cambridge University professor Thomas reminded that England identity is not created in a day, and has been tested and transformed many times in history.
With the pen of a historian, he recounts the long, complicated and tortuous history of England, and retrieves his forgotten self-confidence and dignity.
From the periphery of the Roman Empire to the center of the never-ending empire to the present day of the 21st century, the role of the English in the world has changed and the way they see themselves has continued to evolve, but “pragmatism, the rule of law. ”
But the spirit of tradition and moderation continues all the way.
These values have not only changed the world, but have also become the most precious island nation in England.
Where will England go in the future?
Based on the thousand-year history of England, this book reviews the identity of the English people through the thousands of hammer and hammer, examines the fragmentation and continuity of English culture, and finds the wisdom of constant change and continuous innovation in the tradition.
“Things change forever, and in order to preserve tradition, we must continue to innovate. ”
I believe in the value of England ’ s existence, and I believe we will move forward. ” — George Orwell
Book Features
This book aims to answer important questions about the past, present and future of England:
• How has the national identity of England evolved over the centuries?
• How did the liberal democracy, rule of law, language and culture of the English affect global history?
• Today Britain is a second-rate country, how should England view its future with the European Union?
Editor-in-Chief: Pang Bohan
Editor ： Weng Shihang
Tags:

Consequently, many native languages integrate English words into speech, education, media, and advertising.

This widespread adoption has fueled resistance movements linked to national identity.

Language is a shared heritage symbol, so excessive borrowing is often perceived as cultural erosion or linguistic imperialism threatening linguistic integrity.

Language purism campaigns promote native vocabularies and oppose foreign influence, particularly English as a symbol of global dominance.

Governments, language authorities, and cultural organizations actively promote native terms, create official lexicons, conduct awareness campaigns, and legislate to regulate borrowings.

Title:

Content: Dean of the Royal Institute of Amazigh Culture in Morocco: Amazigh has vocal peculiarities that do not exist in other languages
The Dean of the Institute, Ahmed Boukous, says that they aspire to universalize the teaching of the Amazigh language at the level of primary education and transition to secondary education and then expand the education of Amazigh to include all Moroccan universities.
Rabat – The Royal Institute of Amazigh Culture in Morocco has been established for 20 years, an institution created by a royal dahir, whose mission is to advise the King on measures to preserve and promote Amazigh culture in all its expressions, to participate in the implementation of policies related to the inclusion of Amazigh in the educational system and to ensure its radiance in the social, cultural and media space.
In this interview with Al Jazeera Net, the Dean of the Institute, Ahmed Boukous, talks about the path that Amazigh has taken in Morocco since the establishment of the Institute in 2001 and its constitutional recognition in 2011 as the official language of the country, until today.
He also talks about the difficulties faced by the Amazigh language in its teaching, and the work carried out by the Institute through its various centers in order to make this language normative, and prepare it to move from the level of dialects to the level of traditional and digital writing, the codification and dissemination of the Amazigh oral heritage, and the promotion of the Amazigh culture in all its expressions.
The dialogue reads as follows:
• 20 years after the establishment of the Royal Institute of Amazigh Culture, what has been achieved in general in the field of the promotion and rehabilitation of Amazigh culture?
In my view, the most important thing that has been achieved is the sense of self-recognition and identity of Amazigh, as well as the demarcation of the Amazigh language in the new constitution of the Kingdom in 2011, which I consider to be the culmination of the achievements that have been achieved for years.
I think these two events have more symbolism and significance than any other event.
At the legal level, regulatory laws have been enacted, including the law on the activation of the official character of Amazigh and the law on the framework of the education and training system, as well as the law on the creation of the National Council for Moroccan Languages and Culture.
These are basic laws that frame all processes that concern the integration of Amazigh into public policies.
• In February 2003, the adoption of Tifinagh as the only official letter to write Amazigh in Morocco was approved, at which time there were concerns that the adoption of this letter would hinder the spread of Amazigh culture and language.
After years of implementing this decision, have you experienced difficulties in teaching or publishing?
How do you see those fears now?
Indeed, as I mentioned, at the beginning when talking about the typeface that we will adopt to write Tamazight, there was controversy and discussions that sometimes took the direction of confounding observers (observers) who have an interest in Tamazight, and was skeptical about the feasibility of adopting the letter Tifinagh, and some went to say that writing in this letter touched the Arabic letter that the Koran was written and the Arab Islamic heritage.
These concerns explicitly hindered the work for the advancement of Amazigh for a certain period of time, but the study carried out by the Institute on the comparison of Arabic and Latin lettering systems and Tifinagh, showed that the latter is best suited for writing Amazigh for purely technical and objective reasons.
Tamazight in its various dialects includes a number of phonetic idiosyncrasies that are not found in other languages, and therefore in other writings, including Arabic and Latin.
I believe that the royal ratification of Tifinagh as an official character for the writing of Tamazight was crucial, and then the adoption of this character in the teaching and teaching and learning of the Tamazight language.
Over the past years, we have gone from one vision of Tebkhaysiyah that considers Tifinagh merely “shepherds doodling on the rocks ” to another one in which this craft has been modernized and modernized.
We passed from the writing system traditionally to another system that accommodates modern technology, and we were able in a short time to prepare the computer texture in the letters Tifinagh, and worked on this process researchers and technicians at the Royal Institute with the help of some external expertise.
• The Amazigh language is taught in schools and universities, what is its level of teaching?
What are the obstacles that prevent them from being taught in schools?
In the 2003-2004 school year, the Ministry of National Education, in coordination with the Royal Institute of Amazigh Culture, decided to integrate the Amazigh language into the Moroccan school at the primary levels.
This decision was taken in a difficult context characterized by the lack of human resources and the absence of pregnant women (pedagogy or teaching science) to teach Amazigh, while there was a general curriculum for teaching it prepared by the Ministry in 2000-2001 before the establishment of the Institute.
Despite the difficult context, as I mentioned, there was enthusiasm on the part of the Institute ’ s researchers, and strong involvement from the Ministry of National Education, and the prevailing expectation was that within 10 years the teaching of Tamazight would be generalized in primary school and then we would go through preparatory, secondary and university eventually.
Unfortunately, the policy of the Ministry of National Education towards Tamazight has changed, and the new officials have a different view that they believe it is not possible to continue teaching Tamazight in the absence of a legal framework.
The Council developed the Strategic Vision for Education Reform in Morocco (2015-2030), which gives Amazigh a narrow space in public educational engineering and includes conditions that limit the universalization of Amazigh teaching.
Despite the fact that Tamazight has become an official language under the Constitution, there has been some procrastination in its teaching, and in the end there has been a slow process in the process of universalization of its teaching in schools, which gives us the current situation of half a million students learning Tamazight in primary school, which is a meagre number.
In universities, only four universities have courses for teaching Amazigh, in addition to the lack of educational resources, the Ministry of National Education did not allocate enough financial positions to employ teachers of the Amazigh language.
What happened is that the previous government issued a very important law on the activation of the official character of Amazigh in 2019, and its intention to overcome the obstacles that stand in the way of the universalization of the teaching of Amazigh, and to grant sufficient financial and logistical resources.
• You launched workshops to collect and record the Amazigh oral heritage, where did this project come from?
The collection, study, reproduction, publication and distribution of the Amazigh oral heritage is a fundamental task of the Institute, supervised by the Centre for Literary Studies.
Researchers at the Institute have carried out field research, during which they collected material from the mouths of Amazigh men and women, and then studied and recorded it, and within this heritage folktales, proverbs and poems, and as a result of these research we have today anthologies of poetry, anecdotes and proverbs, employed in the teaching of Amazigh.
In addition to the recording of the Amazigh oral heritage, what areas have the Institute and its researchers worked on?
Our vision is that we need a standard written language to be used in school and research, and one day it will be the language of communication and work in the departments.
To achieve this goal, we have to create this language at all levels, and we have been able to reach a common morphological morphological system of the Amazigh language, and we have a team working on scientific terms, and was able to prepare a number of specialized lexicons such as the lexicon of education sciences and the lexicon of health sciences.
Our teams are also working on translating the mothers of international literature into the Amazigh language, so important books have been translated from Arabic, French, English, Spanish and Persian, and the importance of these translations that they sing the Amazigh language so it is called "singing translation".
Another area we work on relates to modern technology, and at the beginning of our dialogue I talked about the use of modern technology in the field of typhoenagh profiling. We also have research carried out by researchers at the Institute on the automated processing of the Amazigh language, that is, we produce tools that work in the field of teaching the Amazigh language. For example, we have developed Amazigh learning applications for smartphones and tablets.
• Is there cooperation or joint work at the level of standardization of the language or the development of Amazigh terms with the countries of North Africa where the Amazigh are located?
There are attempts at coordination and interpersonal relations, exchange of visits and experiences and participation in scientific meetings, and we have agreements with Algerian universities such as the University of Tizi Ouzou, the University of Bejaia, Batna and Algeria.
Researchers from the Institute have participated in meetings and seminars in Algeria, and earlier Algerian researchers came to the Institute to benefit from the training, and to learn about the Moroccan experience, especially since the Amazigh of North Africa consider the Royal Institute of Amazigh Culture as a pole of reference in the field of Amazigh studies.
The current government has committed in its government program to formalize Tamazight and has created a special fund with a budget of 1 billion dirhams ($110 million) by 2025 to "integrate Tamazight in the areas of education, legislation, information, communication, cultural and artistic creation, as well as its use in administrations and in all public services".
What do you think is needed to translate these commitments into reality in the next five years?
I believe that the current government has taken on the responsibility of integrating the Amazigh issue as a main focus of its work program at the level of engagement in public policies, and at an important level, namely the concrete implementation of Law 26-16 on defining the stages of formalization of Amazigh, through the allocation of a fund to finance the policy of integrating Amazigh into institutions as an official language.
Political will is important to download what is contained in Chapter 5 of the Constitution and the regulatory law, and this is what we see in the current government.
We note that a group of ministries have submitted projects and benefited from the Fund, as exemplified by the Ministry of Justice last week, where I met the Minister of Justice in my capacity as Dean of the Institute, and we agreed to open a match to employ social assistants who are fluent in the Amazigh language to facilitate communication with Amazigh speaking Moroccans.
This idea came after the courts recorded difficult and painful cases of a number of citizens who do not speak Arabic and do not understand it, which made their interests and rights lost, so there was an urgent need to employ people who receive citizens who come to the court for a specific purpose, listen to them and give them information about their files in a language they understand.
The institute will help in the selection of candidates, organize the match, and keep up with the successful at the level of continuous training, and will translate a set of legal texts into the Amazigh language.
• Over the past two decades, the Amazigh culture has made important strides, and the Amazigh cultural, artistic and literary presence has been remarkable, what do you aspire to achieve in the coming years?
Our ambition is to make the constitution of Amazigh and the demarcation of the Amazigh language and culture a reality in the daily lives of Moroccan citizens, as well as in the work of various institutions.
On the other hand, we aspire to generalize the teaching of Amazigh at the level of primary education and move to secondary education and then expand Amazigh studies to include all Moroccan universities, because this matter objectively does not affect the legal status of the Arabic language or any prejudice to the Islamic religion.
Source: The Island

Russia provides a detailed example of legislative intervention.

The Russian State Duma has adopted laws prohibiting excessive foreign borrowings when Russian equivalents exist in official, educational, media, and advertising contexts.

Title:

Content: There should be no excesses: a sociologist about the law on the protection of language - RIA Novosti Crimea, 29.10.2022
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There should be no excesses: a sociologist about the law on the protection of language
Political scientist Kiselyova appreciated the bill on the protection of the Russian language
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SIMFEROPOL, 29 oct - RIA Novosti Crimea.
The emergence of a law in the Russian Federation on the protection of the Russian language from excessive borrowing is appropriate, but there should be no excesses in this matter.
This opinion on the air of the radio "Sputnik in Crimea" expressed the head of the Crimean branch of the Foundation for the development of civil society, sociologist Natalia Kiseleva.
Crimean teachers spoke out against the language repression of young people > >
Earlier, a draft law on amendments to the Federal Law "On the State Language of the Russian Federation" appeared in the system of ensuring legislative activity.
The amendments provide for the protection of the Russian language from the excessive influence of borrowed words.
In particular, we propose the emergence of normative dictionaries that fix the norms of the modern Russian literary language, where foreign words cannot be entered, with the exception of those that have no analogues in the Russian language.
Leave the “barn ” and“ dog ” alone: a linguist about the law on the protection of language
“I am a supporter of this bill.
I think it should be adopted a long time ago, because we really see an unjustified dominance of foreign words.
At the same time, I, of course, do not propose to abandon all borrowed words - many of them have long and firmly entered the Russian language and became part of it, "Kiseleva said.
The sociologist emphasizes that it is impossible to introduce language restrictions in colloquial speech, especially among young people, and this is not the case in the new bill.
At the same time, in her opinion, the official use of the language should be regulated:
In the Crimea proposed to introduce fines for foreign words in advertising > >
“It ’ s about officials, the media.
For example, the latest fashionable foreign word "hub" - representatives of government agencies use it everywhere, although there is a great word in the Russian language "node": transport hub, interchange and so on, "- gives an example of a guest ether.
Dictionary for the replacement of anglicisms needs improvement – opinion
In addition, according to Kiseleva, it is appropriate not only to regulate the use of the Russian language in the official sphere, but also to simplify the language of regulatory documents so that the ordinary citizen can understand legal norms, which now often require interpretation by lawyers.
Earlier, Andrei Kibrik, a researcher at the Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, commented on the relevant bill, expressed the opinion that the artificial regulation of any language, including the Russian language, is a vain and even harmful idea, since borrowing is part of a natural process that cannot be stopped or reversed.
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Normative dictionaries support these laws by listing approved vocabulary.

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Content: MOSCOW, 22 feb — PRIME.
The Federation Council approved a law providing for the restriction of the use of foreign words in the Russian language with some exceptions.
It is noted that the document will fix in the Law "On the state language" the status of Russian as the language of the state-forming people, and also introduce the concept of the norm of the modern literary language.
The law proposes to establish a list of areas with strict observance of these norms, including in education and the media.
It is emphasized that officials, state and municipal information systems will be allowed to use borrowings in the absence of Russian-language analogues.

These measures assert Russian as the language of the state-forming people and a marker of national identity, with enforcement including fines, especially in advertising.

Debates in Russia highlight complexities.

Title:

Content: Democracy Dies in Darkness
Monkey Cage
Analysis

Will Russia really care if U.S. actions make it default on its debt?

The U.S. Treasury’s recent actions will force Russia to choose between using its scarce dollars for debt repayment or facing a sovereign default.

On Tuesday, the U.S. Treasury tightened the financial pressure on Vladimir Putin by prohibiting U.S. financial institutions from facilitating dollar-denominated debt payments to investors. Simply put, it made it much harder for Russia to pay its bondholders, raising the risk that Russia will default on its sovereign debt. Usually, governments that default on their debts face serious consequences. However, it is possible that Russia may be less worried about this action than other governments would be. Here’s what you need to know.

Russia might still be able to pay its debts — but it would be very hard

Russia, like other countries, borrows money by selling bonds. The bondholders provide it with money now in exchange for the promise to pay it back at a set date, paying interest along the way. The new U.S. government action doesn’t make it absolutely impossible for Russia to pay back its bondholders, but it makes it much harder. The idea is to force Russia to choose between using its scarce dollars for debt repayment (rather than other purposes), or facing the consequences of a sovereign default.

The U.S. decision means that if Russia wants to pay its bondholders, it will have to use dollars that are held outside U.S. institutions. Even that may be hard. Foreign banks may worry about the risk of U.S. financial sanctions and decide that the legal and reputational risks of helping Russia are too high for them to want any involvement.

Condemning Putin will make it harder to end the conflict with Russia

Governments can pay big costs for defaulting on their debts

Why should Russia care about avoiding default? Like most other governments, it borrows money to finance expenditures and smooth spending across economic booms and busts. While governments can borrow from commercial banks, from other governments (including China) or from multilateral financial institutions (like the World Bank), many governments borrow by issuing sovereign bonds. When, as was true for the last decade, there is a lot of money sloshing around in global capital markets looking for returns, bond-based borrowing becomes even more widespread.

Some investors prefer that governments borrow in a foreign currency — especially the dollar — to reduce their own risk. Lending in dollars means that investors don’t have to worry that their assets’ value will fluctuate along with the value of the borrower’s currency. Equally, this means that the borrowing government needs to generate foreign exchange to repay its debts. While foreign-denominated bond borrowing has become less common in recent years, it nonetheless offers some benefits to governments, like lower interest rates or longer bond terms.

Bondholders want to get their money back. Since there is no international bankruptcy court, investors seek additional reassurances against default. This means that a government’s reputation for paying back money is an important asset. Governments with a good reputation can borrow more easily and cheaply. That helps explain why governments often try to avoid default — they want to be able to borrow easily in the future. They also may not want to displease politically powerful banks and businesses within their own country who will suffer too from a default, since investors will be less willing to lend to them, driving up the cost of credit throughout the economy and imposing harm on debtors and borrowers.

Check out all TMC's analysis of the Russia-Ukraine conflict at our new topic guide: Russia and its neighbors

Russia may be less likely to worry about this than other countries

However, Vladimir Putin is less likely to worry about this than the U.S. government might think. Defaulting on debt might be politically damaging, but losing a war would be politically catastrophic, endangering the survival of Putin’s regime. It would be unsurprising if Putin uses his scarce dollars to prosecute the war rather than to pay off bondholders. Furthermore, the key Russian banks and businesses that might protest are state-owned or owned by Putin’s close allies, meaning they are less likely to complain. A debt default would hurt Russian households and small businesses, but they don’t have much opportunity to make their voice heard.

Furthermore, Russia is probably less worried about its future ability to borrow than other countries might be. Countries that have high debt burdens need to think about refinancing their debt, which motivates some (but not all) governments to prioritize debt repayment.

But Russia’s debt burden is low. It was estimated at less than 20 percent of its GDP before the invasion. This very modest level of debt reveals that Russia’s government relies more heavily on other sources of finance — especially its oil revenue — to keep itself going. Global oil prices have gone up — in part thanks to the war — providing Putin’s government with a different source of revenue. This is likely to grow even though some traders are refusing to buy Russian oil, unless European countries introduce sanctions. More generally, Russia currently exports more than it imports, meaning that foreigners are paying Russia more than Russia is paying them. This leaves Russia with sufficient funds — even without the bond market.

Finally, Russia doesn’t face the risk of default on all of its debts. Interest and principal bond payments on two bond series were due on April 4; Russia has 30 days to make these payments before officially being in default. These bonds require repayment in dollars. But some of Russia’s other government bonds contain a contract provision allowing Russia to repay in “alternative currencies,” including (in some cases) rubles. These somewhat unusual provisions mean that the worry of default may be even less meaningful to Russia’s government.

This is not to say that additional financial sanctions, including further U.S. restrictions against Russian banks announced this week, will not further pressure Putin. But the bond market route is probably not an effective lever.

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Layna Mosley is professor of politics and international affairs in the School of Public and International Affairs and the department of politics at Princeton University. Follow her on Twitter.

Sociologists and language experts support protections but caution against overly rigid restrictions that could hinder natural language evolution or everyday speech, particularly among youth.

Challenges include defining “foreign borrowing,” given Russian’s long history of loanwords and the lack of native equivalents for many technical and international terms.

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Content: Russian news agency 18 +
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On March 6, the following events are expected in the Sverdlovsk region
6 March, Monday
• At 11: 00 in the Chkalovsky district court of Yekaterinburg (Malysheva str., 2zh, hall № 35) will be held the court on the claim of the head of Asbest Tikhonova Natalia to the journalist Dmitry Fomintsev about the protection of honor, dignity and business reputation.
• At 11: 00, a press conference will be held in the TASS press center in an online format to discuss the law on compliance with the norms of the Russian language and the use of foreign words.
About what part of the Russian language is occupied by foreign words, whether it is possible to completely avoid the use of borrowings, in which documents the language is considered to be the state language, and also what threatens non-compliance with the law will tell Doctor of Philological Sciences, Director of the Department of Philological Faculty of UrFU Anna Plotnikova, Associate Professor of the Department of Personnel Management and Sociology of the Ural Institute of Management Maria Voroshilova, Candidate of Law Institute of Management of RANEPA Inara Yagofarov.
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Additionally, government officials’ frequent use of English borrowings linked to fashion or prestige complicates consistent enforcement.

Title:

Content: The ban on foreign borrowings in the Russian language - what should be feared - RIA Novosti Crimea, 16.02.2023
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The ban on foreign borrowings in the Russian language – what should be feared
Philologists: in the fight against foreign borrowings in the language, it is important to prevent excesses
© Fotolia / daria rizaDictionary of the Russian language.
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SIMFEROPOL, Feb 16 – RIA Novosti Crimea, Alexey Goncharov.
The main risk of the law adopted by the State Duma on the restriction of the use of foreign words is the excesses that can be allowed in the struggle for the purity of the Russian language.
This opinion was expressed by the interviewed website RIA Novosti Crimea and radio "Sputnik in Crimea" experts.
Chancellery is no less an enemy
On Thursday, the State Duma in the second and third reading adopted amendments to the federal law "On the state language of the Russian Federation".
The law, in particular, prohibits the use of foreign words at the state level, with the exception of those that do not have common Russian-language analogues.
Deputies also approved a list of areas where Russian is mandatory for use.
These include information for consumers of goods, works and services, as well as the education sector, state and municipal information systems.
Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor of the Institute of Philology of the Crimean Federal University.
Vernadsky Vladimir Orekhov believes this law is correct and necessary, since the Russian language needs protection.
However, the main problem is how this document will work in practice.
"Indeed, there can be excesses, and on the part of officials, who in many cases are themselves a source of stupid borrowing.
It is this category that often distorts the Russian language with stationery and borrowings, inventing some new formulas.
To make a beautiful project or report, you need to call the old with new words, preferably foreign, and, passing the old for new, somehow raise your prestige.
And then it already diverges, ” the expert explained in comments to RIA Novosti Crimea.
Orekhov also does not believe that young people are the main source of borrowing in the language.
According to him, youth slang is changing so quickly that such loanwords rarely take root for a long time.
At the same time, what is recorded in official documents, already, as they say in a well-known saying, "you can not cut down with an axe."
Down with the Chancellery: Officials Were Requested to Speak Human > >
“Most of the borrowings that this law is designed to save us from are in official documents of different levels.
This also applies to the capital institutions, but to a greater extent provincial.
This is a kind of fashion – to show your knowledge using incomprehensible foreign words.
How to deal with it, I have no recipe.
On the other hand, this law in itself can change this fashion in the administrative environment.
In this case, he by the very fact of his existence will correct the situation, ” the philologist suggested.
Russia will support the creation of an organization to promote the Russian language – Putin
According to Orekhov, the mechanisms that will be able to effectively implement the norms of this law should be developed through a wide public discussion, with the involvement of school teachers, university teachers, cultural figures and all those who are involved in the development of the Russian language.
Define clear criteria
Director of the Crimean Republican Institute of Postgraduate Pedagogical Education, Doctor of Philology, Professor Alexander Rudyakov is also sure that the law adopted by the State Duma and the protection of the Russian language in general is a good thing.
But the question arises: where is the criterion that distinguishes foreign words from non-foreign ones.
After all, in our language there are many Russian words that are originally borrowed from other languages.
"My wife is a German, we often argue with her.
She believes that the word "barrier" is a German word.
And I, a simple Russian, I am convinced that this is a Russian word.
Therefore, it is important that there are clear criteria for all this.
That's what we're talking about.
The law is excellent, but it is important how it will be applied and what criteria will be there, ” the expert said on the radio “Sputnik in Crimea ”.
Another important fact to pay special attention to is professional universal terminology, said Rudyakov.
“In many branches of knowledge, say, in the banking sector, there are words that are, in principle, international.
It is probably not very smart to isolate yourself from the terminology that is inherent in this area.
Another thing is not to drag it into our public vocabulary.
This is also very important to understand and comply with, ” explained the philologist.
"Adapt and switch to Russian": how the schools of Kherson region work > >
At the same time, the professor agreed that today in a number of areas, including administrative and media, there is an excessive use of foreign words, which can be easily and simply replaced by Russian-language analogues.
"When you hear 'communicate', 'collaboration' - the hand reaches for the gun.
Somewhere I read the information that a "Children's Collaboration House" was built in Vladivostok.
That's what's scary, you know.
These are obvious excesses, ” said the doctor of science.
Rudyakov, who is also a member of the Council on the Russian language under the President of Russia, assured that he will raise questions regarding the new law at the next meeting of the organization on March 2.
Read also on RIA Novosti Crimea:
Quoting the classics: how and why great writers quarreled
Than English-language words interfere in advertising – the opinion of senators from the Crimea
Russia will support the creation of an organization to promote the Russian language – Putin
Leave the “barn ” and“ dog ” alone: a linguist about the law on the protection of language
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Similarly, France’s Toubon Law legally mandates the use of French over foreign, especially English, terms in official documents, advertising, and public broadcasting.

Enforced by cultural agencies, this policy reflects France’s enduring commitment to linguistic purity as a key cultural component.

Public responses show strong nationalist support alongside debates about balancing purity with practical language use.

Iceland actively promotes Icelandic neologisms to replace foreign borrowings, primarily through institutions like the Árni Magnússon Institute.

Title:

Content: The original copies of Napoleon's French First Republic plebiscite agreeing to stay in power for life are in the National Library of Taiwan, including this document, as well as Darwin's Origin and Sexual Choice of 1871, Rousseau's On the Covenant of the People 1762, and Descartes's Method of 1637, all stored in Taiwan by the largest Chinese family of Spanish books.
“Lan Chien Shan Museum is world class. It is one of the finest and most exquisite works in Asian culture. It is comparable to Da Vinci in the West, and has a profound influence on the entire cultural circle of Asia. ” Jason, the fourth generation of Chengding Hall, has recently been in Taiwan, and is also a member of the collection family.
The first generation of books moved to the then Grand Duchy of Warsaw in the 19th century. The four generations of books include “cradle books ” from the first printing period in the West between 1450 and 1500, more than 800 ancient books from the Enlightenment period in the 16th century, and a variety of manuscripts and manuscripts.
Among them, when the French First Republic, the referendum agreed to the original of Napoleon's lifelong rule, only one in the world, and now it has become the treasure of the town hall of the national map.
In 2018, Jason began to store or donate books to libraries on both sides of the Taiwan Strait. In fact, in the world ’ s heavy-weight Metropolitan Museum, the British Museum, the National Library of France, and the Chengding Hall all have books in storage, but also maintain a good partnership.
"Why are rare books not donated?" Jason pointed out that the rare books deposited in the National Atlas, for example, have been in cooperation with the Law and Moral Restoration Institute for 60 to 70 years, and they help repair and care books. This group of Western books in Taiwan has no professional maintenance unit.. "
Jason is also a friend of his grandfather, William.
As an example, Shade stored his rare books and manuscripts worth $300 million at Princeton University. "Until his death, books were stored in Princeton, but after his death in 2014, he donated to the university, which is known as the largest gift in the history of the university." There is a library that can be used by both Shedd and the borrower, but it is also a show of respect and gratitude to the depositor. "
In 2019, Jason went to Japan for a special exhibition on the calligraphy of Ngan Chen-ching and the Tang Dynasty, where he saw the collections “Tang Suiliang Yellow Silk Ben-Lan Ting Scrolls ” and“ Tang Hui-Su Small Grass Thousand Characters Scrolls ” from the Chulan Museum.
"At that time, the news showed that the Emperor and Empress Michiko were watching the" Yellow Silk Honolulu Roll ", and it can be said that Japan is also coveted for such a work."
Jason pointed out that foreign museums often encourage private depositories, and each year they also invite depositers to participate in fundraising activities, and regard depositers as partners.
Jason believes that "over the years, it has created better cultural exchanges for Taiwan, and has also enhanced the museum's exhibition, research, and educational missions." It is worth cherishing.
# Storage # Jason # Books # Taiwan # Chengding Hall

Supported by legal frameworks, this systematic approach encourages Icelandic terms in education, government, and media to maintain language distinctiveness.

Although detailed enforcement data are lacking, the proactive creation and promotion of neologisms exemplify strong linguistic nationalism.

In South Korea, the National Institute of the Korean Language monitors foreign loanwords and develops native alternatives, collaborating with education and media sectors to foster their adoption.

Title:

Content: Alert
There are some doubts about the murder of 500 million high school students.
Tu Su Rui weakened to middle typhoon lower limit weather quadrant at 5: 30 pm
Hualien ’ s 90 Year Old Shop “Dai Kee Flat Food ” Closed on August 31
"Interview with Secretary for Intelligence, Mr David Liao - 1" continues to build a business-friendly environment fully protected by intellectual property rights
* If you would like to reprint this article, please contact the North American Intellectual Property Journal
Li Shu-lian / Editorial Department of North American Intellectual Property; Photographer: Tang Ming-wei / North American Intellectual Property Media Design Group
On March 27, 2023, Liao Chengwei, the fifth director of the Bureau of Intellectual Property of the Ministry of Economic Affairs, officially took office.
Since the first director, Chen Mingbang, successive directors have been transferred from the Central Bureau of Standards or the Bureau of International Trade to the Bureau of Intellectual Property [1] and have a business or legal background.
However, the current Secretary of the Bureau, Liao Chengwei, entered the Bureau of Wisdom in 2000 with the results of the third class examination of patent trademark examiners of the Ministry of Economic Affairs, and is one of the first batch of patent examiners after the formal restructuring of the Bureau; and has a professional science and technology background.
Under the leadership of different backgrounds and different professional leaders, will there be a new situation for the Smart Bureau?
It is indeed an expectation.
As the new Director of the Bureau of Wisdom, Liao is faced with the same task as most new Directors. The first task is to “carry on the business ”.
The former is almost without difficulty, all the way from patent assistant examiner, section chief, senior patent examiner, team leader, deputy director, to now shoulder the heavy responsibility of the Bureau Director, Liao Chengwei has more than 20 years of experience in the Bureau of wisdom, highly familiar with the business of the Bureau; and many times participated in the revision of the patent law and trademark law, the changes in the domestic intellectual property environment and business, no more familiar.
In addition, under the leadership of successive Bureau Directors, the Bureau has performed quite well, creating a business environment that is highly protected by intellectual property rights in China, and attracting many heavyweight foreign investors to set up R & D centers in Taiwan.
Disruptive innovation must be fault-tolerant
As opposed to "going forward", "going forward" is more challenging.
Because if it is too conservative, the room for progress is limited; but if it is too radical, it must take great risks.
In this regard, Liao Chengwei based on the "disruptive innovation" R & D spirit to lead the Bureau colleagues to draw up a three-year core work strategy plan.
Of course, "disruptive innovation" does not mean big destruction, the point is that "disruptive innovation must have room for error." Liao Chengwei said: "People are more conservative, if the demand is 100% not to make mistakes, it will also be relatively conservative when setting work goals."
Therefore, I allow my colleagues room to make mistakes.
The Smart Bureau completed its three-year core work strategy plan in May this year, and it can be adjusted at any time, that is, it can be adjusted at any time as needed. ”
Create a friendly and international intellectual property protection environment
Liao Chengwei pointed out that the willingness of foreign investors to set up factories and establish R & D centers in Taiwan over the past few years is absolutely related to Taiwan's high-quality intellectual property protection environment.
Intellectual property rights and industrial competitiveness are inseparable, he said: "I often say that there is no IP awareness, there is no patent layout, it seems to have no impact on the company's immediate operation, however, 5 years later will see the real chapter!" The reason is very simple, intellectual property rights are the means for enterprises to protect core technologies. After that, the damage caused by counterfeiting and plagiarism by competitors was enormous.
As a result, Liao Chengwei said that the first task of succeeding Secretary of the Bureau is to work together with his colleagues to chart a practical and feasible future development blueprint for the Bureau. Partnership and cooperation as the core concept, to promote the future work of the Bureau.
3-year core work strategy plan: 7 key points
(1) Maintain the expected completion period of the application and the quality of the examination to international standards
As an audit office, the core task is to ensure that patent trademark applicants receive the results of the examination within a reasonably predictable period of time, and that the quality of the examination meets international standards.
Even during COVID-19, patent applications continued to increase, with 2,452 in 2021 and 1,126 in 2022.
However, during this period, the Smart Bureau strives to maintain the balance of close cases, so that the initial patent period is maintained within 9 months, and the trial period is about 15 months.
On the other hand, the number of trademark applications continued to rise during the epidemic period, reaching 123,217 in 2021, a 20-year high. Despite the shortage of manpower due to the increase in cases, the Bureau continued to work overtime to maintain the closing period of about 7 months. [2]
(2) A smart financial system that keeps pace with the times
On March 9, 2023, the 3846th Council of the Executive Yuan passed the amendments to the Patent Law and the Trademark Law to re-establish a more rapid and professional trademark remedy. Establish a trademark agent management mechanism to create an intellectual property protection environment that better meets the needs of the industry.
In the design of the patent system, the Smart Bureau continues to follow the development of international trends and will open the accelerated examination program in 2023.
In addition, we will also be considering the direction of evaluating applications for loosened design patents, submitting six-sided views, and opening up 3D image files.
(3) Promote the simplification, loosening and system amendment of various application procedures
In order to attract more enterprises to apply for patents, the Smart Bureau has been working hard to create an environment that is more attractive for enterprises to apply for patents in Taiwan, and strive to create a more friendly application system.
For example, recently promoted the simplification of various application procedures and system amendments, including electronic applications can be exempted from regulatory fees, exemption from the original certificate of priority documents, relaxation of the application procedures for foreign languages, amendment of the Patent Law to relax the cause and claim procedures for patent preferential periods, revision of the patent examination benchmark, etc.
● The ST.26 standard will be fully implemented from August 1, 2022. Since the gene sequence list is part of the invention patent specification, it should be expressed in Chinese, and the English sequence list in the new ST.26 standard XML format should not be provided.
The contents of the original applicant, invention name, inventor and 33 specific qualifier fields must be expressed in Chinese. On April 25, 2023, only the invention name, applicant and inventor must be expressed in Chinese.
In addition, in order to familiarize domestic applicants with the WIPO ST.26 standard and strengthen the applicant's ability to compile an XML sequence list conforming to the international standard, the full text of the WIPO ST.26 standard and its appendices have been translated into Chinese for reference and use by all sectors.
[3]
● From July 1, 2023, the review of relevant supporting documents for domestic and foreign clinical trials with the extension of the patent period will be simplified.
As the Ministry of Health and Welfare has included the review of domestic and foreign clinical trials required for the issuance of drug licenses into its "Data Exclusive Period and Domestic and Foreign Clinical Trial Data Sheet" and has been reviewed and confirmed, it can be used as a basis for the period of domestic and foreign clinical trials that the Ministry of Health and Welfare has confirmed to be required for the issuance of drug licenses.
● A number of different expedited patent examination mechanisms have been introduced, and new measures have been continuously reviewed and improved to provide applicants with more rapid access to patents, and the acquisition time is shortened. These include the start-up industry active patent examination pilot program, the industry collaborative patent examination interview pilot program, the invention patent accelerated examination program (AEP), the patent examination highway (PPH) program, and the patent examination highway (SUPA-TW). (b) Review the operating plan, etc., to meet the needs of the industry.
● To apply for accelerated examination of design patents. If the design patent application meets the criteria of “Third Party Business Implementation ”,“ Design Award ” or “Start-up Enterprise ”, the Bureau will issue a notice of opinion within 2 months after receiving the application.
(4) Strengthen the infrastructure of information services and retrieval systems
Since Liao is a censor himself, he understands the importance of information systems for the effectiveness of censors.
At the APEC Workshop on Best Practices for Applying AI to Financial Intelligence Review to Enhance Efficiency and Business Processes in Indonesia at the end of 2022, he deeply recognized the importance of applying AI to Financial Intelligence Review to enhance efficiency and business processes.
At present, the Bureau has actively implemented AI-assisted examination. In addition to exchanging experience with foreign IPOs, the Bureau 's own staff also wrote requirements for patent specification related to Article 26 of the Patent Law. A section chief led by an examiner will independently develop an automated patent auxiliary examination system.
In addition, the Smart Bureau currently has a cooperation project with the National Experimental Research Institute. The Smart Bureau provides a compiled database of IP query FAQ to train ChatGPT. This will not only reduce the burden on the customer service center, but also prepare for the smart Bureau to implement AI to help deal with business, and gradually expand to various businesses.
(5) Enhance the intellectual property services of industrial, academic and research patent capacity and patent technology
Smart Bureau has completed a series of analysis reports on carbon reduction and carbon capture. In the future, it will continue to conduct patent technology analysis in line with national policies and new technologies.
In addition, in the past two years, we have promoted the "Innovative Industry Active Patent Examination Pilot Program" and the "Industrial Collaborative Patent Examination Interview Pilot Program", which will explore ways to relax application restrictions and apply technology areas to help more business owners get patents quickly.
(6) Improve the copyright protection and authorization mechanism, as a backing for the development of the cultural and creative industry
The Smart Bureau will set up an exchange platform for copyright owner groups and user groups in different industries to communicate with each other and enhance the willingness of both sides to cooperate.
In addition, we have counseled copyright collective management groups to import relevant foreign experience, such as inviting Japanese experts to Taiwan to share the copyright management system built using blockchain technology, improve the quality and quantity of licensing services, and improve the accuracy of the use of remuneration distribution.
Improve the copyright protection and authorization mechanism, as a backing for the development of the cultural and creative industries, and actively play a bridge of communication between the rights holders and the users to create a win-win situation.
With the rapid development of digital technology and Internet technology, the crime types of intellectual property are changing every day. In order to cope with the continuous renovation of criminal methods, the Intellectual Property Bureau has also strengthened the scope and strength of intellectual property protection through appropriate amendments.
(7) International Intellectual Property Partnership and Cooperation
Building on past experience, the Smart Bureau will continue to conduct review officer exchanges with the United States, Japan, South Korea and New Southbound countries in the future, and negotiate cooperative MOUs, such as the most beneficial electronic exchange of priority documents (PDX).
In addition, the International IP Symposium is planned to invite the International IP Bureau, domestic and foreign experts and scholars, and industry representatives to serve as lecturers to understand the development of important intellectual property issues and deepen bilateral relations and international integration.
Extended reading:
(1) "Interview with Secretary for Intelligence, Mr David Liao" -2 Encourage and stimulate innovation in new areas to provide enterprises with comprehensive intellectual property resources
(2) "Interview with Secretary for Intelligence, Mr David Liao" -3 How can Taiwan's manufacturers break through in the layout of intellectual property rights in the face of geopolitical and international market competition?
Remarks:
(1) The Smart Bureau, formerly known as the Central Bureau of Standards of the Ministry of Economic Affairs, was officially transformed into the Smart Property Bureau of the Ministry of Economic Affairs in 1999. The standard, metrology business was transferred to the Bureau of Standards and Inspection, and incorporated into the copyright, integrated circuit layout, business secrets and other businesses.
The first four directors of the Bureau of Intelligence were all employed by the Central Bureau of Standards or the International Trade Bureau before the restructuring.
(2) The average trademark adjudication period in 2022 is 6.5 months, and the average initial notice period is 5.2 months.
(3) https: / / www.tipo.gov.tw / tw / cp-85-923009-3bf84-1.html
[For more information, please refer to North American Intellectual Property Journal No. 337; welcome to subscribe to North American Intellectual Property Journal e-newsletter.]
Extended reading
Tainan Moriyama Market Trademark Dispute Suspended
Chen Cong Hsun / Tainan "Moriyama Market" Trademark Dispute: What should I do if my trademark is registered first?
Hong Kong ’ s “Puyi Glasses ” Trademark Lawsuit Against Wuhan“ Yongzheng Glasses ”
"IP Dictionary" trademark fair use
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Interview with Secretary for Intelligence Liao Cheng-wei-3: Facing the geopolitical and international market competition, how can Taiwan manufacturers break through in the layout of intellectual property rights?
In recent years, after the opening of the Sino-US trade war and the science and technology war, Taiwan's industries face increasing geopolitical risks, especially high-tech industries.
Geopolitics on the one hand has affected the market and development of the technology industry, but on the other hand, the technology industry has also become a chip in the geopolitical competition of various countries, and Taiwan's semiconductor industry has become the focus of international attention.
Driven by the semiconductor industry chain, leading technology companies from various countries have also set up research centers in Taiwan, in order to achieve a win-win situation through different cooperation methods.
In the face of international market competition, geopolitics, and cross-Strait competition, how should Taiwan manufacturers expand their intellectual property rights?
The Secretary for Wisdom, Mr Bruce LIU, has put forward his views.
"Interview with Secretary for Intelligence, Mr David Liao - 2" Encourage and stimulate innovation in new areas to provide enterprises with comprehensive intellectual property resources
Compared with the early years of direct spending on subsidizing enterprises to apply for patents in order to greatly increase the number of patent applications in a short period of time, other countries are mainly to stimulate and encourage innovation, especially in the field of emerging technology, rather than focusing on the improvement of volume.
For example, China's Bureau of Wisdom does not directly subsidize enterprises to apply for patents, but provides a lot of resources to help enterprises understand forward-looking industrial trends, conduct patent layout, and obtain high-quality patents in a shorter time.
"Interview with Secretary for Intelligence, Mr David Liao - 1" continues to build a business-friendly environment fully protected by intellectual property rights
On March 27, 2023, Liao Chengwei, the fifth director of the Bureau of Intellectual Property of the Ministry of Economic Affairs, officially took office.
Since the first director, Chen Mingbang, successive directors have been transferred from the Central Bureau of Standards or the Bureau of International Trade to the Bureau of Intellectual Property [1] and have a business or legal background.
However, the current Secretary of the Bureau, Liao Chengwei, entered the Bureau of Wisdom in 2000 with the results of the third class examination of patent trademark examiners of the Ministry of Economic Affairs, and is one of the first batch of patent examiners after the formal restructuring of the Bureau; and has a professional science and technology background.
Under the leadership of different backgrounds and different professional leaders, will there be a new situation for the Smart Bureau?
It is indeed an expectation.
"IP Dictionary" trademark fair use
The Legislative Yuan will pass amendments to some provisions of the Trademark Law on the third reading on May 9, 2023, which have five main points: (1) the introduction of an accelerated review mechanism to flexibly respond to the needs of Chinese enterprises to obtain registered trademarks; (2) the establishment of a trademark agent management system; (3) the simplification of the procedures for trademark owners to be notified by customs for infringement; (4) the addition of an appropriate applicant body; (5) Determine that the indicative reasonable use will not constitute infringement concerns, so that the principle of judicial practice judgment tends to be consistent.
The last of these is especially important for trademark owners because it has a lot to do with determining whether a trademark has been infringed.
The General Court of the European Union decides whether consumables are components of composite products (5)
Decision R2843 / 2019-3 relates to an invalid application against a registered design No. 1292122-0001.
The design depicts the electrode of the ion cutting gun (as shown in Figure 10, abbreviated as a registered design) and is registered as a "welding gun (part of -)".
The invalid applicant argued that the electrode was an integral part of the composite product (the ionized cutting torch).
Because the electrode is invisible during normal use, the invalid applicant claims that the requirement of visibility under Article 4 (2) is not met.
Conversely, Hypertherm Corporation of America, the design rights holder, argues that Section 4 (2) does not apply to consumables.
This is because they are treated separately from the parts and the electrodes are consumables.
On the Criminal Liability of the U.S. Economic Espionage Act
This article introduces the offences of economic espionage (18 U.S.C. § 1831) and theft of trade secrets (18 U.S.C. § 1832) under the Economic Espionage Act (EEA).
In particular, the "attempt" system in these two types of crimes was discussed and used as a reference for the "attempted crime" of violating business secrets in the enforcement of the Taiwan Business Secrets Act.
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Screening systems, guidelines, and public campaigns have slowed but not halted English borrowings, indicating partial success amid ongoing challenges.

China emphasizes Standard Mandarin promotion and cultural preservation through media and education regulations aimed at curtailing excessive English borrowings.

Although explicit legal texts on borrowing restrictions are limited, official statements link language policy to national identity strengthening and innovation.

Public contestation appears limited, consistent with centralized cultural governance.

Nonetheless, more granular data on enforcement and sociolinguistic outcomes in China remain scarce and require further research.

Title:

Content: The solution to the problem of fiscal deficit and debt accumulation is nothing more than "opening up revenue" and "cutting expenditure".
Many people may be able to speak aloud, but they are “easy ” and“ difficult ”, so that the problem will persist for a long time.
This is the case in Taiwan, as are many other countries.
It is sufficient to confirm the truth of the Sunnah: "Knowing is not difficult, but doing it is difficult."
In general, the way to solve fiscal problems, in terms of raising revenue, includes adjusting the tax rate, expanding the tax base, eliminating tax concessions, rectifying the stall and underground economy, strengthening user fees, strengthening the management of state-owned property and public shares, and increasing the level of local financial efforts.
In terms of expenditure reduction, including the control of personnel costs, curbing the expansion of social welfare expenditure, encouraging private participation in public construction, improving the efficiency and transparency of government procurement, and strengthening the efficiency of expenditure execution (including tax-based expenditure).
If the efficiency of raising revenue and cutting expenditure can be realized, the government's finances can be improved.
In terms of revenue, the growth rate of tax revenue should be greater than the growth rate of the economy, so that the proportion of tax revenue to gross domestic product (GDP) should rise, and the tax burden should be increased; in terms of expenditure, the growth rate of expenditure should be smaller than the growth rate of the economy, so that the proportion of expenditure to GDP should decrease, and the scale of government spending should be reduced. Reduce the size of government debt.
However, problem solving is not wishful thinking, let alone simple mathematical problems.
In the past, Taiwan has undergone government restructuring, fiscal and tax reform, pension system improvement, state-owned property and public sector rectification, and many other reforms have been put forward to effectively solve the fiscal imbalance problem, but the effect has been limited.
Why is it always “easy to know ”?
In fact, the reasons for this dilemma are not simple, mainly due to the democratic political system, the competition mechanism of political parties, the bureaucratic operation system, and the ability of the people and public opinion to supervise.
Among them, once the "political" component is prominent, people's affairs are not simple, the result of organic operation, resulting in the failure of the government, "easy to know" is difficult to avoid.
In addition, in democratic politics, political parties and politicians in order to win votes and govern, put forward a variety of policies to benefit the people, and the results of scattered wealth will inevitably promote the trend of fiscal deterioration.
Some rational voters may know that "there is no such thing as a free lunch", but many voters still have a "financial illusion" that it is a "free lunch"; politicians also vote for it, taking the opportunity to win votes, making it difficult to correct the financial illusion, so that it can be known, perhaps easier; but it is very difficult to correct the "free lunch" mentality. Maybe it ’ s because of humanity.
Knowing that borrowing will leave children behind, it is not surprising that government finances are like common goods.
For childless and short-sighted people, government borrowing to finance expenditure will be welcomed.
In addition, some bureaucrats have a mentality that one more thing is better than one less thing, and they are not brave enough to do anything to "open up sources" and "cut expenses".
For example, when the government establishes various control measures based on the good will of the people, it creates room for rent-seeking; if officials, representatives of the public and interest groups work together, it will not only lead to waste of resources, but also create corruption, profit, and injustice.
As for the widening of the government's fiscal deficit and the accumulation of debt, where is the sound and reliable source of finance?
Although the government through various laws and regulations, such as the Budget Law, the Public Debt Law, the Tax Collection Law, the Taxpayer Protection Law, and the Financial Discipline Law, attempts to restrain the government from improper revenue and expenditure and debt collection, but the effect is limited.
The government should avoid borrowing for consumer spending.
If the benefits of borrowing for constructive investment are shared with future generations, it is more equitable for generations; however, if investment decisions are influenced by interest groups, it is likely to waste resources and increase the burden on the people.
The quality of public investment is poor, and the benefits are bound to be greatly reduced. As for the increase in transfer government spending, it can improve the distribution of income, but it may also be a debt to future generations.
In fact, the government is not unable to borrow, such as the outbreak of war, natural disasters, epidemics and other major events or changes, resulting in a temporary increase in government expenditure, through tax increases and waste days, borrowing becomes an emergency tool for financial planning.
In addition, the Keynesian deficit fiscal policy is essentially a short-term stopgap policy, and it should still pursue fiscal balance in the economic cycle.
Therefore, the government should have continuity, consistency, responsibility, regardless of whether the political party rotation, must not endless long-term borrowing.
In the past, some declarations of the government attempted to transfer idle private capital through borrowing to engage in productive investment, so long as it meets the criteria of cost-effectiveness assessment, it will not waste resources; in the tax system to promote tax reform and eliminate improper tax concessions, the short-term is not to increase tax revenue, but in the long-term can increase tax revenue through the rationalization of the tax system.
However, under the "easy to know", it is really difficult to prove that the government is really difficult to do; the actual result of operation is only tax reduction and expenditure expansion.
Recently, the government has been borrowing money for military purchases, bailouts, fivefold bonds, and other special budgets one after another. Although "teachers are famous", it is not without suspicion of abuse.
In addition, the effective implementation of the zero-based budget spirit, is always just a slogan; to improve the national rental tax burden for decades, but still in 12%, 13% ups and downs, is really easy to do!
Therefore, in the process of budget preparation and allocation, the government must be transparent and professional; reduce unnecessary control and reduce the profit margins; shape a reasonable bureaucratic system and improve the level of integrity; and the people need to have sufficient information and supervision, and display a sense of morality.
We hope that the government can face up to the financial problem, and the solution of the problem of "integration of knowledge and action" also requires concerted efforts from all walks of life!
(Times Information)
# Debt # Taxation # Investment # Expenditure # Debt # Scale # Government # Savings # Knowledge # Finance
Extended reading

Quebec’s Bill 101 (Charter of the French Language) rigorously protects French by regulating English use in signage, commerce, education, and administration.

The Office québécois de la langue française enforces compliance to preserve French dominance, with government campaigns supporting native use.

This policy has sparked legal challenges and social debate reflecting tensions over linguistic rights and cultural assimilation.

Public and expert reactions to these policies are diverse.

France and Quebec show strong nationalist backing intertwined with concerns about practicality and individual freedoms.

Iceland and South Korea exhibit official support tempered by recognition of complex language evolution dynamics.

China’s approach aligns with governmental cultural preservation narratives, with limited visible public dissent.

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Start with the motto.
Nowadays, the so-called "motto" refers to individuals and organizations as short sentences of self-caution, representing spirit, will, faith, etc., which generally appear in the form of ranking.
For example, families, schools, companies, etc. may have a motto, when the school's motto is called the school motto, the family's motto is called the family motto.
The English word for "motto" is motto, from the Latin word for "mutter".
The motto of Chinese society is written in Chinese, while European and American cultures are written in Latin or Romance languages.
But there are no exceptions, for example, Hawaii in the United States uses Hawaiian, and Somerset in southwest England uses Old English.
It is generally believed that the word "motto" comes from the "clear text".
The inscription of "Wen Chuan, Cui Yuan," records that during the first year of the Tang Dynasty, Lu Yanji wrote: "Brother Yuan was killed by a man, and Yuan killed his enemy with his hand, and he died, and was forgiven."
And the right side of it is a great way to think about it.
For example, Einstein famously said, “Life is like riding a bicycle, and if you want to maintain balance, you have to go forward. ”
But the true origin of the motto, very few people will investigate.
The first is the "right" word of the "motto". What should be the meaning of the word "right"? Why is it "right" instead of "left"?
This is the story of the “Zechariah ” in the Qur ’ an.
What is the meaning of the word “right ”, and what is the meaning of the word“ right ”?
Forgiveness, forgiveness, and forgiveness.
In the Qur ’ an, the Qur ’ an refers to the Qur ’ an, which states that the Qur ’ an refers to the Qur ’ an as the Qur ’ an.
The Qur ’ an is as follows:
"Confucius looked at the temple of Lu Huangong, and he thought to the temple keeper:" What is this? "The temple keeper said:" This is the instrument of forgiveness. "Confucius said:" The instrument of forgiveness is the instrument of forgiveness. "Confucius said:" The instrument of forgiveness is the instrument of forgiveness. "And he said to them,“ It ’ s bad, it ’ s bad, it ’ s bad. ”
Chinese people in Hawaii in the United States
The last one.
I'm sure I can count it.
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Across these contexts, tensions persist between language purism advocates and supporters of natural linguistic change.

It is crucial to distinguish linguistic borrowing—adopting foreign lexical items—from fiscal or policy borrowing, which involves government financial debt regulated by economic laws.

Though terminology overlaps, these represent separate domains with distinct policies.

Clarifying this avoids confusion, particularly given global governmental borrowing frameworks in Lebanon, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Vietnam, and Argentina, unrelated to linguistic issues.

Title:

Content: How can the future of investment be mixed with debt?
Author: 01 More Voices
Published: Updated:
Author: Li Mufei
The new Budget announced that the attention of the community is focused on the problem of withdrawal. It is true that the property market is a matter of public concern, and it is natural for the public to pay attention to it. However, there are other proposals with long-term impact in the Budget, including institutionalizing and regularizing debt issuance. And...
The author does not intend to participate in the debate, just want to explain the author's understanding of the issue of debt financing.
The Budget proposes to gradually replace the existing Government Bond Scheme with the Government Green Bond Scheme and the Infrastructure Bond Scheme, with a combined borrowing ceiling of $500 billion to be allocated to the Capital Works Reserve Fund to invest in long-term development projects.
The Government plans to issue annual debt of about $95 billion to $135 billion over the next five years. The debt will account for about 9 to 13% of GDP, which is still far lower than that of other advanced economies. The Financial Secretary has also guaranteed that the funds will not be used for recurrent government expenditure.
In the concept of ordinary people, borrowing is not a good thing. It is usually described as a borrower's "credit day" and "debt to cover the debt", which means that the borrower relies on continuous borrowing to maintain his life, which is of course not a good thing.
However, if debt issuance is not necessarily bad for a country, region or economy, depending on the purpose of the debt issuance, some countries may be poor or the government "washed up". Debt issuance is to support recurrent expenditure, including education, health or welfare, because recurrent expenditure does not generate immediate returns for the country, if the country's economic income does not support debt expenditure, the country naturally faces a fiscal crisis.
However, there are countries that issue debt to invest in the future rather than pay for daily expenses, such as Singapore, which has a strong economy and no need to borrow at all, but according to the International Monetary Fund, Singapore ’ s debt accounts for 140% of GDP (Hong Kong is currently less than 5%).
The development of the bond market and infrastructure will yield huge returns, sufficient to repay the debt and effectively promote the development of Singapore, and the people will also benefit from the purchase of bonds.
Singapore institutionalized debt issuance in 2021 with the enactment of the Significant Infrastructure Government Loan Act, which will be used for infrastructure and green projects. The Act also has an important concept that requires the future community to take some responsibility for long-term construction, with a borrowing ceiling of S $90 billion (about HK $524.3 billion) and an annual interest rate of no more than S $5 billion.
In fact, Hong Kong wants to follow the path of Singapore.
In spite of the fiscal deficit crisis, Hong Kong still has a fiscal reserve of $733.2 billion and an Exchange Fund of over $4 trillion.
The Government expects the operating account to recover its surplus in two years' time.
Therefore, the purpose of issuing bonds in Hong Kong is to promote financial and infrastructure financing, and to invest in the future. According to Hong Kong ’ s past experience, financial, infrastructure and sustainable development projects can all earn substantial returns for Hong Kong.
Finally, we must talk about Article 107 of the Basic Law, which requires that the Budget should be based on the principle of keeping expenditure within the limits of revenue, and strive to achieve a balance between revenue and expenditure and avoid deficits.
The Basic Law was not drafted in the 1980s. At that time, the concept of public finance still tended to be conservative. However, the Basic Law Drafting Committee also understood that excessive restrictions should not be placed on public finance, so it only put forward some conceptual requirements.
Therefore, the article uses more flexible words such as "principle, strive for, and avoid" instead of "ensure, must, and must not" and other flexible words. As a constitutional document, every word of the Basic Law has been carefully scrutinized and there will be no ambiguity.
As the world economy is rapidly changing and the concept of fiscal preservation is completely outdated, Hong Kong must invest fully in the future, otherwise it will fall behind and soon fall behind.
The author, whose pseudonym is Li Mufei, is engaged in policy research and has worked in the media.
The article is only the opinion of the author and does not represent the position of Hong Kong 01.
Please email us at 01view @ hk01.com.
Please attach the author ’ s real name and contact details.
If not applicable, no notice will be given.

In conclusion, English borrowings profoundly influence languages worldwide amid complex sociopolitical contexts.

Governments employ varied legal, institutional, and campaign-based strategies to manage loanwords, balancing language integrity and national identity.

Russia exemplifies comprehensive legislative controls moderated by expert calls for pragmatic application.

France, Iceland, South Korea, China, and Quebec employ diverse, historically and culturally shaped policies, each with differing enforcement and reception.

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Content: Freedom Square, Academia Sinica's foreign translation of the name may be considered in Esperanto
◎ Wang Jiukui
The name of the institute is Academia Sinica.
It is Latin for "Chinese Academy".
Reportedly, the academicians suggested that the translation should be changed.
Several of the newspaper ’ s proposed translations are in English.
Institute of Mathematics, Academia Sinia.
The first half is in English and the second half is in Latin.
Few people in the institutes can translate the name into Latin, so it is more convenient to translate the name into English.
But why was the name translated into Latin when the Academia Sinica was founded? First, until the mid-19th century, Latin was the academic language.
Both Gauss and Riemann's papers were written in Latin.
Before World War II, the academic language of mathematics was German and after World War II, English.
Therefore, academic language is not immutable.
Second, Latin was an ancient international language.
The international language has also changed over time.
Before World War II, the international language was French and after World War II, English.
To this day, the international postal service is still in French.
Now the recognized international language is English. Historically, the United Kingdom is a country that does not fall, and the United States is a first class power after the war, and English is the common language of these two countries, which has become an international language, and it is somewhat hegemonic.
During the Cold War, the Iron Curtain countries communicated in Russian.
At that time, the name of the Academia Sinica was translated into Latin, which also had some meaning to avoid hegemony, because Latin was already a neutral language.
It is a pity that its grammar is complex and difficult to learn, and has become the exclusive language of the Catholic Church, losing its generality.
The name Academia Taiwanica is not appropriate.
Fortunately, more than 100 years ago, Polish physician Zamenhof created Esperanto, which is easy to learn, can be used for academic discussion, and is not the native language of anyone.
The number of speakers of the language has increased significantly.
It is also used by the United Nations: UNESCO recently published a 70-year review in Esperanto, “De ideoj al agoj, 70 jaroj de UNESKO ”.
Taiwan does not pay much attention to Esperanto, and today there are less than 100 people who can use Esperanto, including Mr. Wu Huei-jen of Academia Sinica.
But compared to Latin and English, Esperanto is a developing democratic language.
There are many Americans who believe in democracy and learn Esperanto.
This is why I suggest using the name Tajvana Akademio, or Centra Esplora Akademia Tajvana, or Centra Esplora Akademio, Tajvano, to avoid the blue and green conflict.
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Continued academic inquiry is warranted to deepen understanding—especially regarding community-level impact and post-implementation outcomes in China and Iceland—to enrich the global perspective on language borrowing and policy efficacy.