Vertical gardens, also known as living walls or green walls, are vertical structures covered with plants integrated into building architecture, ranging from small indoor installations to large exterior facades.

These systems include various types such as vertical wall gardens, tower gardens, hanging gardens, hydroponic systems, and shelf-mounted plant arrays.

Vertical farming—a related concept—uses similar structures to optimize planting space, particularly in urban environments where horizontal space is limited .

A significant application of vertical gardens lies in their environmental and health benefits.

Air purification is a major advantage: studies document that vertical green walls can reduce harmful air pollutants effectively, decreasing nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations by about 40%, particulate matter (PM10) by approximately 60%, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) indoors by about 10%, and ozone (O3) levels by roughly 30%.

These reductions contribute to improved air quality in and around buildings equipped with these green installations .

Moreover, vertical gardens aid temperature regulation by lowering indoor temperatures by around 1.8 degrees Celsius on average and reducing building wall surface temperatures by up to 5°C in tropical urban settings.

This temperature moderation helps decrease the cooling energy demand for buildings, contributing to improved energy efficiency and sustainability .

Beyond physical environmental benefits, vertical gardens also positively impact mental health and occupant well-being.

The presence of greenery enhances aesthetic appeal and provides psychological benefits through increased connection to nature and biophilic design principles.

These green walls help reduce stress, improve mood, and create healthier indoor environments by buffering noise and enhancing air quality.

Such mental health impacts are increasingly valued in contemporary architectural design focused on occupant comfort and wellness .

Maintenance considerations are essential for the successful implementation and sustainability of vertical gardens.

Typical requirements include irrigation—often managed by automated sprinkler systems and moisture sensors—plant trimming or pruning, and monitoring soil hydration and nutrient levels to support plant health.

Larger or commercial installations often necessitate dedicated gardeners or maintenance staff to ensure ongoing upkeep; however, automated systems reduce manual labor demands.

Proper integration of irrigation, drainage, and lighting systems is critical to avoid plant stress or structural damage, and regular maintenance extends the lifespan and aesthetic value of the installation .

Plant selection for vertical gardens varies by climate and intended location (indoor or outdoor).

In tropical climates, species often used include lily bamboo, firecracker red, Yunnan yellow carnation, turtle plants, Boston kidney fern, hydrangea, and African pansy.

These choices consider ecological function, aesthetic design, and adaptability to humidity, light, and temperature conditions.

For indoor and low-light environments, especially in temperate or urban settings, trailing plants such as pothos, heart-leaf philodendron, and prayer plants are recommended due to their tolerance to lower light and ease of maintenance.

Selection must align with microclimatic conditions and design goals to optimize plant health and longevity .

Real-world applications illustrate effective integration of vertical gardens in building design.

For example, modular green wall systems in Singapore enable quick installation with minimal watering requirements by incorporating plants suited to tropical climates.

These installations provide multiple benefits including energy savings through natural insulation, improved air quality, fire resistance, noise reduction, and overall sustainability enhancement.

Such projects demonstrate how vertical gardens can be adapted to different scales, from residential do-it-yourself installations using simple shelf systems or mounted plants with organic substrates like sphagnum moss to large commercial facades with integrated irrigation and monitoring systems .

Cost considerations remain a limiting factor for widespread vertical garden adoption.

Installation expenses vary based on design complexity, plant species, technology integration (such as automatic irrigation and environmental sensors), and system scale.

Typical costs range between $200 to $1200 per square meter.

Maintenance costs similarly depend on system type and scale, with automated systems reducing manual labor but requiring upfront capital investment.

Budget planning for vertical gardens should account for installation, plant replacement, water usage, and ongoing maintenance to ensure sustainability and functional performance over time .

Challenges in vertical garden implementation primarily relate to technical and environmental constraints.

Sufficient natural or supplemental artificial lighting is critical, especially for indoor walls, since inadequate light limits plant growth and vitality.

Structural considerations must address the weight of plants, soil, and water, requiring secure support and proper anchoring to building facades or interiors.

Irrigation and drainage systems must be designed to avoid water damage to building materials.

Additionally, appropriate plant species selection considering local humidity, temperature, and light conditions is essential to maintain a thriving green wall without excessive maintenance efforts .

In summary, vertical gardens represent a compelling and multifaceted sustainable building innovation, delivering tangible environmental, aesthetic, and health benefits.

They improve air quality by filtering harmful pollutants, regulate temperatures to reduce energy consumption, and contribute positive psychological effects through biophilic design.

Proper maintenance and climate-appropriate plant selection are necessary to achieve successful outcomes, while cost and technical challenges must be managed carefully.

Notable examples from urban projects demonstrate their potential to contribute to greener, more sustainable, and healthier built environments, making them a valuable focus for contemporary architects emphasizing sustainability and occupant wellness.

Vertical gardens, also known as living walls or green walls, are vertical structures covered with plants integrated into building architecture, ranging from small indoor installations to large exterior facades.

Title:

Content: Invite nature into your home by creating a verdant "living wall" display

Humans need plants to survive.

We eat them, drink them, use them as medicine, and even decorate with them in order to bring joy to our daily lives.

Once you start caring for a couple of houseplants, it's easy to spiral into an obsession with our magnificent, leafy friends. If your collection of 20-plus houseplants isn't enough to satiate your need for greenery in your home anymore, why not take it to the next level with a full-blown living wall?

Living walls, or vertical gardens as they're sometimes called, are made up of an array of live plants that are planted vertically and can range in size from just a few square feet to entire walls in large atrium spaces.

However, larger installations can cost upwards of $125-$225 per square foot of wall and aren't exactly feasible for renters or homeowners who are on a strict budget or have limited space.

While you can certainly contract a company to install a living wall in your home, there are also local and handcrafted options to consider depending on your budget, your lifestyle and what look you're going for.

click to enlarge
Chiana McInelly photo
Dominic Villareal in front of A Modern Plantsman's living wall display.

Dominic Villareal, the owner of A Modern Plantsman, weighed his own options when expanding his Colfax plant store to downtown Spokane in late 2021.

"My partner and I were scoping out the local plant scene, and we noticed immediately that there was a lack of living wall installations in Spokane," he says. "There are no plant stores or nurseries in the area that have one."

When Villareal secured the space for his shop on the main floor of the Hotel Indigo building, he began designing a plant wall that was eye-catching as well as functional for his customers. The plant wall, constructed by Villareal himself, features wooden shelves that are just deep enough to hide the pots that the plants reside in, giving it the appearance of a living wall.

"That's very doable for a home setting," he says. "You can take the pots off the shelf for easy watering and care."

Villareal recommends plants that trail for any DIY living wall project, but also says that including plants of different heights can give the wall a much more textured and varied appearance.

"Start with plants like pothos, heart leaf philodendrons and prayer plants," Villareal says. "Prayer plants specifically can deal with very low-light situations, which is perfect for a home installation. They'll disguise any nonnatural elements of the wall once they start to trail down."

Previous owner of Sage + Moss and seasoned houseplant parent Annecia Paulson recommends utilizing organic elements when creating your display for ease of watering and a more harmonious facade.

The most common way to do this is by creating mounted plant displays. Mounted plants are plants that have been affixed onto an object using moss or other organic materials.

"Creating mounted plants is actually a really easy process," she says. "You simply remove most of the dirt from the roots, place the plant on the piece of bark and then attach it using sphagnum moss and fishing line."

The upkeep and care of mounted plants lie in the choice of wood, Paulson says.

"Using cork bark is the best option — it's lightweight and naturally mold-resistant. Just soak the whole thing in water, let it drip dry and then hang it on your wall using Command hooks or string. Super simple," she says.

If the trial and error of diving in headfirst just isn't your thing, many area plant stores, including A Modern Plantsman, offer workshops on how to create mounted plants and products that can assist you in your journey to creating a living wall.

"We really try to act as a resource for people in the community," Villareal says. "We want to help people learn how to do these things. I've already gone through the trial and error of the projects that people attempt at home, so I'm happy to give people that knowledge." ♦

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About The Author

Madison Pearson

Madison Pearson is the Inlander's Listings Editor, managing the calendar of events and regularly contributing to the Arts & Culture section of the paper. She joined the staff in 2022 after graduating from Eastern Washington University.

These systems include various types such as vertical wall gardens, tower gardens, hanging gardens, hydroponic systems, and shelf-mounted plant arrays.

Title:

Content: Categories: Articles, Crop productionPublished On: 13th October 2023

Hobby or small-holder farmers: Vertical farming may be the way to go

By 7 min read

aquaculture-5990470_1280

Stackable planters can be purchased from local hardware or nursery suppliers to create your own vertical farm.

The need to optimise farming and improve yields on small plots of land is increasingly important. Due to challenges of water scarcity, limited arable land and high inputs costs, innovative solutions such as vertical farming can help to overcome these struggles.

Vertical farming is an approach whereby farmers cultivate certain crops vertically in stacked layers, in order to maximise space and increase yields. This is usually achieved by planting these crops in containers, structures, or stackable pots.

Most often, these structures incorporate aquaponics, hydroponics or aeroponic techniques. All of these are methods used in controlled environments, with various factors such as the water flow, lighting control, temperature, and substrate controlled by the farmer, unlike traditional farming practices.

Vertical farming has many benefits

The most obvious benefit of vertical farming is maximised land use. This method allows farmers to grow more crops in a smaller footprint, making it ideal for areas with limited land availability. But there are other benefits too:

Production throughout the year: Since the environment of vertical farms are more controlled, it is possible to cultivate a crop more than once a year, or to ensure that you have a consistent yield throughout the year – depending on the crop type of course. Any seasonal constraints are removed and production is more efficient.

Water conservation: Less water is used in these systems.with only the precise amount of water needed to provide the plants with sustenance. Where farms are located in greenhouses or indoors, less evaporation also occurs.

Low environmental impact: When less space is needed to grow more food, there is a lower impact on the environment. Less natural vegetation needs to be cleared to accommodate soil based farming.

Improved control over growing conditions: When coupled with greenhouse systems, factors such as light intensity, temperature and humidity can be regulated. However, the plants are more dependent on the farmer to provide nutrients as there is little to no soil used as a substrate. Farmers can exercise strict control over when which fertilisers are used.

How to start a vertical farm

If you are looking to start a vertical farm, you need to first allocate space. You will need a space to put up the vertical structures where it has ample natural light, and where the structures can be safe from animals. People often want to put vertical gardens in warehouses and storerooms, but it is very costly to provide enough artificial lighting to try and make up for the lack of sunlight.

If you plan on adding ventilation to a greenhouse, temperature control systems or any other high tech additions, remember to consider access to electricity or solar power. If solar is your choice, take note the for every hectare of artificial lighting you may need up to five hectares of solar panels to provide enough electricity.

There also needs to be a space where you can add drainage so access water can drain from your vertical farm.

Next, you will need to look at the crops you would like to grow as this will determine  your growing method.

Structures for vertical farming:

Vertical wall gardens

Vertical wall gardens are one of the simplest and most cost-effective ways to start vertical farming in cities where you have walls, and limited horisontal space. You can use recycled materials such as old pallets, wooden crates, or plastic bottles as planting containers. These containers can be attached to a vertical frame or wall, creating a vertical garden. This method is excellent for growing herbs, small vegetables, and even certain fruits like strawberries.

Tower gardens

Tower gardens are vertical systems that allow plants to grow in stacked layers. PVC pipes can be used to create vertical planting towers. Plants are placed in holes drilled into the pipes, and a water and nutrient solution is circulated through the system. PVC pipes are relatively inexpensive and can be found at local hardware stores. Tower gardens are suitable for growing a variety of leafy greens and herbs.

Hanging gardens

Hanging gardens are an excellent option for small spaces. You can use hanging pots, recycled containers, or even fabric pouches attached to a frame or railing. These hanging containers can be filled with a lightweight growing medium and used for cultivating herbs, lettuce, and other compact crops. Hanging gardens utilise vertical space effectively and are relatively low-cost to set up.

Hydroponic systems

Hydroponic systems, where plants are grown in water without soil, can be affordable if you opt for a simple DIY setup. You can create a basic raft system using foam boards floating on a nutrient solution. Alternatively, a wick system, where a wick draws nutrient solution from a reservoir to the plants, is inexpensive and easy to set up. These DIY hydroponic systems are suitable for growing various vegetables and herbs.

Shelve system

As the name suggests, shelves are used to create rows of vertical gardens. Similar to wall- or hanging gardens, containers with substrate is used keep the plants in. Pots or trays are stacked on the shelves in a tray of water, or is connected to driplines that provide the plants with water.

A wall garden constructed with PVC pipe. (Source: Pixabay)

Planting a (vertical) garden and watching it grow

Some crops are not compatible with vertical systems – do not try to plant maize or pumpkins in this system. But there are still a multitude of other crops that can be used. Here are a few you can research:

  1. Herbs:

Herbs such as basil, cilantro, mint, thyme, and parsley are vital flavours that are in constant demand. They require relatively little space and grow well in vertical systems. Additionally, herbs are high-value crops because they have a quick turnover, allowing for multiple harvests throughout the year.

  1. Salad greens

Leafy greens like lettuce, spinach, arugula, and kale are popular choices for vertical farming. They are not only nutritious but also have a short growth cycle, making them ideal for continuous harvesting. Salad greens are versatile and are used in various culinary dishes, making them high in demand and a profitable choice for vertical farms.

  1. Microgreens

Microgreens are young edible plants harvested at an early stage. They are incredibly popular in high-end restaurants and farmer’s markets due to their intense flavour and high nutritional content. Microgreens can include varieties like radishes, mustard greens, and pea shoots. Despite their small size, microgreens are considered high-value crops because they can be sold at a premium price.

  1. Strawberries

Strawberries are a popular fruit that can be grown vertically in towers or hanging systems. They have a relatively high market price and are favoured by consumers for their sweetness and freshness. Vertical farming allows for efficient use of space, making it possible to grow a significant quantity of strawberries in a small area.

  1. Gourmet mushrooms

Gourmet mushrooms such as oyster mushrooms, shiitake, and maitake have gained popularity in culinary circles. They can be grown vertically in specially designed containers or shelves. Mushrooms have a relatively high market price, making them a profitable choice for vertical farms.

When choosing high-value crops for your vertical farming system, consider the local market demand, climate suitability, and your expertise in cultivating specific crops. Conduct market research and engage with local chefs, restaurants, and grocery stores to understand their requirements and preferences. By selecting the right combination of high-value crops, you can optimise your vertical farm’s profitability and contribute to the sustainable growth of your agricultural venture.

Shelves can also be used to create vertical gardens. (Source: Vecteezy)

For emerging farmers in sub-Saharan countries, vertical farming represents a pathway to overcome traditional agricultural challenges and create a more sustainable, efficient, and profitable farming enterprise. By harnessing the benefits of vertical farming, these farmers can contribute significantly to the local economy, local supply chain and food security.

J.M. and Marsh, J. (2022) How Africa can develop its own version of Vertical Farming, Agrilinks. Available at: https://agrilinks.org/post/how-africa-can-develop-its-own-version-vertical-farming

Vertical farming in Africa with Tower Farms (2022) Agrotonomy. Available at: https://agrotonomy.com/vertical-farming-in-africa-with-tower-farms/

Vertical Farming South Africa: 4 companies making a big impact (2022) Indoor Grow Farmer. Available at: https://indoorgrowfarmer.com/vertical-farming-south-africa/#:~:text=Vertical%20farming%20in%20South%20Africa,conditions%20to%20accommodate%20vertical%20farming.

B.Bugbee (2015) Why vertical farming won’t save the planet. www.youtube.com/watch?v=ISAKc9gpGjw&feature=youtu.be

Deel hierdie artikel.

Vertical farming—a related concept—uses similar structures to optimize planting space, particularly in urban environments where horizontal space is limited .

A significant application of vertical gardens lies in their environmental and health benefits.

Title:

Content: How to equip the territory around a private house: "helpers" and solutions
18.05.2023
10 min.
Adjacent territory
All “freshly baked ” and even“ experienced ” owners of suburban housing have to think about the question of how to equip the territory around a private house.
The task before them is not easy, because its design depends on what impression will make the main building and the site as a whole.
Successful landscape design of the yard of a private house will not only make possession respectable, but will also be able to turn it into the most comfortable place, a real pride of the owners.
However, before getting down to business, future designers need to get acquainted with the rules of decorating the adjacent territory, with the decorative elements used and with interesting ideas.
Landscaping and landscape design
It seems that these are synonyms, but it is not quite so.
The improvement of the site implies only technical work.
These include paving paths and sites, the construction and installation of a fence, gates, as well as preliminary preparation of the territory (drainage, communications, landscaping, etc.).
Landscape design is a more complex project, so it requires more serious costs.
In this case, we can talk about creativity, since the author has to choose a lot of plants, pavements, and various decorative elements.
Usually, the improvement of the adjacent territory is the prerogative of the engineer, and the landscape design is engaged in a designer or architect.
However, if the entire front of the work is going to be performed by the owners of the suburban area, then they should become "masters of all trades".
And in this case, the task before them is almost impossible.
Yes, if the territory is not very large, then they are quite able to cope on their own.
Almost “boundless space ” and many different ideas are a good reason to invite specialists.
Making the yard of a private house with his own hands: large elements-assistants
Those who have just completed the construction of the house, the most difficult, as they have yet to decide what to be on their site.
In this case, you need to get acquainted with the elements that will help make the pastime of the owners pleasant, and the rest complete.
The list of worthy candidates can include:
• gazebo, ideal option - a structure with any hearth and furniture for eating, it can be open or closed;
• canopy, which often turns into a comfortable summer kitchen, and "part-time" - in the dining room in the fresh air;
• swimming pool: it can also be open or closed, protected by a simple canopy, an “advanced ” pavilion, etc.
For families with small children, the best option would be an adjacent territory with a playground.
Possible elements:
• slides;
• carousels;
• rocking chairs;
• swing;
• sandboxes;
• suspended bridges, etc.
Multifunctional complex "for parents' rest" can be bought, and you can make such a saving design yourself.
In a small homemade area can enter a slide, swing, sandbox and horizontal bar.
Landscaping and landscaping of the territory in front of a private house: sequence
To imagine what work “waits ” for them ahead, future designers need to get acquainted with its stages.
There are a lot of them:
• cleaning of the house and territory after construction (repair);
• its zoning, construction of auxiliary facilities (gazebo, swimming pool, pond, fence, etc.);
• creation of garden paths, sites (paving stones, paving slabs,
• rubber coating for playgrounds);
• acquisition and delivery of fertile land, sand, gravel and fertilizers, the creation of a drainage system for the site;
• planting large plants and assembling decorative structures for gardening (arches, hedges, pergolas, trellis);
• creation of a lawn, flower beds (flower beds, rock gardens, rockeries, mixborders, etc.), planting stunted trees and shrubs.
The last stages are the design of children ’ s and / or sports grounds, recreation areas, installation of lighting devices and decorative elements.
Improvement of the territory of a private house: the first steps
It is not necessary to be a designer to create a paradise on earth in miniature.
In search of inspiration and good examples, you can:
• find special literature on the improvement of the territory at a private house;
• watch on TV programs dedicated to the landscape design of the adjacent territory.
Finally, you can just go to the Internet to find very successful, cute solutions that can be transferred to “your own soil ”.
Designing
From which side to approach the arrangement of the adjacent territory of a private house?
This question is not idle, because many owners do not even have an idea of   where to start such large-scale work.
The answer is simple: the first mandatory stage in almost any business is the preparation of a plan, a project.
In this case, its authors take into account several factors:
• relief of the territory;
• size and configuration of the site;
• availability of buildings, sites, pedestrian zones;
• location of the house and other buildings, trees, shrubs, etc.
To a greater extent, the choice of design option depends on the relief of the adjacent territory.
Not very serious drops will give a chance to relatively "painless" and quickly level the surface.
Otherwise, serious costs cannot be avoided.
A possible way out in such a situation is the creation of terraces with the help of retaining walls, stairs, etc.
These elements are often constructed of stone (gabions) or brick.
A large house area makes it possible to make real everything that its owners want to see at home.
And on the contrary: a modest plot is a reason to choose only what is extremely necessary for the family, but in this case, the owners have several solutions.
Adjustments to the layout can make the type of soil and too high level of groundwater.
The fact is that such a problem area may require an effective drainage system.
The adjacent territory should not only please the eye, but also be functional, as convenient and “friendly ” as possible, and for all family members without exception.
Therefore, when planning a yard near a private house, they are always interested in the opinion of each household and, if possible, take into account all his wishes.
Functions of the adjacent territory
First of all, the authors need to determine exactly which zones will be more attractive to all family members.
There are several potential options.
The owners can consider the following “candidates ”:
1.
Recreation area.
Most often it is located near a natural or artificial reservoir.
There is often installed a barbecue (barbecue, grill, simple brazier, etc.).
2.
Area given to plants.
Potential residents of the site are fruit trees, berry shrubs, thermophilic crops (greenhouse) or flowers (greenhouse).
3.
Areas designed for active recreation.
Here you can rightfully include the pool (inflatable, frame, concrete, brick, block), sports and children's playground.
In order to maximize the improvement of the territory around the private house, many owners build extensions to the main building.
Some owners prefer open verandas, others - terraces.
The latter objects can be located separately, away from the house: for example, on a natural elevation.
Possible location of zones
Even in a spacious adjacent territory, there may not be enough space for everything that the owners would like to build or equip.
In this case, there are several exits:
1.
If there is a lack of space in the suburban area, then several zones can be combined.
For example, a recreation area may be located next to fruit trees.
It can turn into a dining room.
2.
Veranda, terrace - structures that by default become landscaped places, under or without a roof.
However, some functions can take on even a relatively spacious porch.
There you can arrange a small recreation area.
The third potential option is very compact functional areas.
Potential elements of improvement of the territory of a private house
There is a lot of such decor, but it should be noted only those “man-made creatures ” that can be found in almost any area:
1.
A variety of compositions and decorations from plants - flower beds, hedges, pergolas, etc.
2.
Garden paths, paths.
They can be considered as separate decorative elements, but they are also demarcators of different areas of the yard.
For their improvement, natural stones and paving slabs (paving stones), pebbles, small gravel are used.
The most short-lived option would be a path made of tree cuts.
Not very tall plants are often used to fence pedestrian zones.
Other popular elements of landscape design include arches, swings, small fountains, fences, garden furniture, ceramic products for growing plants and garden figures.
Separately, it is necessary to mention the lighting devices that transform the adjacent territory in the dark.
They help to highlight its functional areas, paths and paths.
Autonomous LED lights become an ideal illumination for plants, decorative elements, fountains and ponds.
What should be on the site plan?
When working on the layout of the territory of a private house, the sketch must note:
• all buildings on the site, including those that are attached to the building;
• capital pools, which will require laying of pipes;
• compositions of plants and stones (rock gardens, rockeries);
• natural or artificial reservoirs (ponds);
• places for planting shrubs and trees;
• garden paths and platforms;
• places for future beds.
The plan should be marked fences, lighting and decorative elements.
Design stages
A beautiful adjacent territory in the future almost guarantees an appeal to professionals.
On the other hand, only the owners can take into account every detail, create a unique ensemble, make it as convenient, unique, non-standard.
Development of a design project of a suburban area consists of several stages:
1.
First of all, the plan is applied to those objects that are already available "in real".
Then add all the elements that the owners only plan to build.
First they mark the main building, then additional buildings.
It is a bath, swimming pool, gazebo, garage, greenhouse, terrace, etc.
2.
If the recreation area does not yet exist, then the central part of the adjacent territory is more often chosen for it.
However, a large area makes it possible to arrange it at a distance from the house: for example, in the shade of trees, near the (future) reservoir, at the maximum distance from the entrance gate.
3.
After the completion of these stages, they proceed to the definition of territories that will be given for planting, and places for an artificial reservoir.
Since we are talking about flower beds, in this case it is necessary to take into account that plants need certain conditions (light or shadow, protection from strong wind, etc.).
The swimming pool will require communications.
Last of all, they are developing a lighting project for the site.
The main objects include the entrance to the house (porch, veranda, terrace), garage gate.
In addition, often illuminate decorative elements, spectacular trees, stairs and paths.
Registration of the adjacent territory of a private house
In this case, there are quite a few ways.
Without some "decorators" does not do any suburban area, others are less common.
Live jewelry
Landscaping of the adjacent territory is considered one of the most important stages of its improvement.
Different types of plants are used for it - trees and various shrubs, flowers, ornamental cereals, etc. Possible decorations of the site - numerous spectacular flower beds, hedges, lawns, etc.
The most attractive for most owners engaged in gardening of the garden are spectacular "many-sided" flower beds, elevated alpine slides and more concise, high and strict stone gardens.
When decorating the territory with plants, be sure to pay attention to the combination of their colors, the height and flowering period.
In addition, several other important features of cultures are taken into account.
This is the period of their life (annual, biennial, perennial), thermophilicity or the ability to withstand the cold in winter, as well as the requirements for the conditions for growth and development - to the place (sun, shade), watering, soil, etc.
Varieties of flower beds
There are a lot of such compositions.
Among the popular applicants:
• Alpine slides and rockeries (stone gardens);
• monoflowerbeds (one culture, the color can be different);
• monochrome flower beds (different flowers, inflorescences of the same color or one, close shade).
Other popular varieties of living decor are arabesques, borders, rabatki, mixborders and modular flower beds that require a relatively large area.
Possible green decor
In landscape design, various decorative containers are actively used - cones, cubes, vases and flowerpots.
For “life ” they are suitable:
• conifers (their dwarf varieties);
• thermophilic plants (brugmansia, camellia, citrus fruits);
• various herbs (lavender, marjoram and thyme, rosemary, savory).
Recently, vertical gardening is gaining popularity.
This is the name of a composition consisting of a supporting element and plants.
The support for such a spectacular decoration can be an arch, a fence, a grid, a wall, a column, a grid, a trellis and even a dry tree.
More often, climbing plants are used for these structures.
The same type of living decoration includes hanging compositions, for which various containers are used (vases, pipes, containers).
Potential crops for vertical gardening:
• Actinidia colomicta and grapes (Amur, maiden);
• sweet peas and caprifol (honeysuckle), clematis;
• Chinese lemongrass, nasturtium and climbing rose;
• pumpkin and beans (decorative), hops ordinary.
Plants can be annual or perennial.
The optimal solution is considered a combination of these cultures, since annuals make a variety, bloom lush, bright and relatively long.
If there is a natural or artificial reservoir on the site, then moisture-loving plants are often planted on its banks.
The frame for it can be astilba, brunner, mountain snake (snake), darmera, verbeinik, garden geranium, creeping zhivuchka, marsh kaluzhnitsa, Siberian iris, sedge, fern or host.
Organization of places for rest
It must be said that this zone is one of the most important zones that makes rest pleasant, relaxing, useful.
And in this case, the leaders of sympathy are several applicants.
Arbor
Such small but functional buildings can be open or closed.
The first structures are used only in the warm season, the second can serve the owners all year round.
Some gazebos have a rather modest size, they are designed for 5-6 people.
Other buildings can accommodate up to 18-20 vacationers.
Inside each structure there are chairs (benches) and a table.
Mangal zone
The most popular option is a protected hearth located under a canopy or in a gazebo.
However, there are also “fire zones ” left under the open sky.
To ensure the safety of holidaymakers, the space near the grill (grill, barbecue, stove) laid out non-combustible material.
To protect the floor, paving, porcelain tiles are often used, for walls - brick, clinker (terracotta) tiles, etc. As a rule, any focus is located at a considerable distance from trees and shrubs.
Water objects
Swimming pools are built or purchased for recreation on hot days.
Small reservoirs (ponds, fountains, waterfalls) give a chance to find "reservoirs" in miniature, even in areas of modest area.
They can be an ornament, but any water source can solve several problems.
Water bodies increase the humidity of the air, level (visually) not quite perfect relief, and also serve as drainage with excess moisture in the area.
Swings
This attribute of country life is no less popular.
Garden swing can be seen in almost every area.
They allow you to relax, read or sleep comfortably.
Such designs are easiest to buy, but they can be assembled with their own hands.
No doubt, on how to equip the territory around a private house, no one will tell better than someone who has been doing it for a long time.
For example, a useful and very informative guide can be the following popular video:
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improvement of the adjacent territory
How to arrange the area around a private house

Air purification is a major advantage: studies document that vertical green walls can reduce harmful air pollutants effectively, decreasing nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations by about 40%, particulate matter (PM10) by approximately 60%, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) indoors by about 10%, and ozone (O3) levels by roughly 30%.

Title:

Content: Chiayi City, Chiayi City, Chiayi City, Chiayi City, Chiayi City, Chiayi City, Chiayi City, Chiayi City, Chiayi City, Chiayi City, Chiayi City, Chiayi City, Chiayi City, Chiayi City, Chiayi City, Chiayi City, Chiayi City, Chiayi City, Chiayi City, Chiayi City, Chiayi City, Chiayi City, Chiayi City, Chiayi County, Chiayi
The school received an environmental subsidy of NT $220,000 two years ago to plant large Dumbo flowers to form a green wall, which helps to cool down the temperature and purify the air, and also to install an automatic sprinkler system to maintain the ecology of the green wall.
According to the Environmental Protection Bureau of Chiayi City Government, since 2019, the Environmental Protection Department has promoted the vertical air green wall project. Since 2019, three schools, including Xingjia, Jiabei Elementary School and Jiabei Elementary School, have installed climbing plants on the school's daughter wall and the balcony of the classroom.
The Environmental Protection Bureau of the Chiayi Municipal Government said that this year, the Environmental Protection Agency expanded the target of subsidies, in addition to the original subsidies of public middle school, public elementary school, public preschool institutions, public welfare groups, public facilities, environmental protection night market, civic activity center and other venues, air green wall subsidies of 3,000 to 6,000 yuan per square meter, single subsidy ceiling of 400,000 yuan.
According to the Municipal Environmental Protection Agency, according to the results of the study, vertical green walls can reduce the concentration of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), suspended particulates (PM10) by about 40% and 60%, but also reduce the concentration of indoor fine suspended particulates (PM2.5) by about 10%, ozone by about 30%, and indoor temperature reduction by about 1.8 ℃.
According to the city's Environmental Protection Bureau, the appropriate plant types are lily bamboo, firecracker red, Yunnan yellow carnation, turtle, Boston kidney fern, hydrangea, African pansy or panthera, and can be selected according to the space planning and installation requirements, so that the space is more beautiful.
# Green Wall # Cooling # EPB # EPD # Planting

These reductions contribute to improved air quality in and around buildings equipped with these green installations .

Title:

Content: Prince’s Landscape Pte Ltd Now Provides Singapore Properties with Vertical Green Walls

Prince’s Landscape Pte Ltd is famous for its vertical wall planters, green walls and flower backdrop in Singapore. The company caters to residential and commercial clients as well.

Singapore, 2023-Jan-04 — /EPR Network/ — Prince’s Landscape Pte Ltd, the leading landscaping company in Singapore is offering vertical green walls to commercial and residential properties. Whether it is a retail showroom or a high rise, the vertical green wall is an innovative approach towards introducing nature amidst the concrete jungle.

The company uses quality vertical wall planters, ensuring the healthy growth of the plants. These vertical walls are easy to maintain, assemble, install, disassemble, and reinstall. The technique used by Prince’s Landscape Pte Ltd ensures the user does not have to spend much time tending and taking care of the plants.

Along with green walls, the company also provides clients with exquisite flower backdrops in Singapore to complement the greenery around them. It’s a long-term investment as a green wall can last up to 25 years.

Vertical walls by Prince’s Landscape Pte Ltd come with some unique features:

  • Custom design to suit the client’s needs.
  • Minimal watering of the green wall plants.
  • Ultra-low maintenance ensured.
  • Quick installation due to a modular system.
  • Use of plants that can survive in a tropical climate.

Why choose a vertical green wall?

  • Reduces waste of energy.
  • Improves air quality.
  • Makes the structure sustainable.
  • The space becomes more fire-resistant.
  • Minimizes ambient noise.

The general installation cost for a vertical green wall by Prince’s Landscape Pte Ltd ranges between $200 per square meter and $1200 per square meter, depending on the design, the kind of plants used and the installation process.

About the company:

One of the oldest nurseries in Singapore, Prince’s Landscape Pte Ltd has 50 years of experience in the industry. Started out humbly as a flower shop, Prince’s Landscape Pte Ltd have evolved into a full-fledged landscape design and installation specialist.

Contact Details

Telephone: 65 6763 7000

Fax: 65 6892 2700

WhatsApp: +65 8838 3479

Email: buzz@prince.com.sg

Address: 53 Sungei Tengah Road, Singapore 698998

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Moreover, vertical gardens aid temperature regulation by lowering indoor temperatures by around 1.8 degrees Celsius on average and reducing building wall surface temperatures by up to 5°C in tropical urban settings.

Title:

Content: Africa Has Its First Chief Heat Officer. Five Things Should Be On Her Agenda

24 February 2023
analysis

Freetown's heat officer can set an example to Africa and the world as temperatures and risks rise.

Eugenia Kargbo has an unusual job: she is the city of Freetown's chief heat officer. Her role in Sierra Leone's capital is the first of its kind in Africa. She has been tasked with raising public awareness about extreme heat, improving responses to heat waves, and collecting, analysing and visualising heat impact data for the city, which is home to 1.2 million people.

Freetown is increasingly threatened by dangerous temperatures. In 2017, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ranked Sierra Leone third, after Bangladesh and Guinea Bissau, on its list of countries most vulnerable to climate change.

The risks are concentrated in its capital and largest city, Freetown, where some 35% of the population live in 74 informal settlements like Kroo Bay, often in disaster-prone areas like the seafront or hillsides. Houses are densely built and typically temporary structures made of "heat trapping" materials. Services that supports cooling, such as water and electricity, are usually inadequate.

As an architect whose work includes researching ways to reduce heat in African cities, I think the creation of an Heat Officer position is a good move. The world's cities are almost all getting hotter and, as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has warned, temperatures will only keep rising.

But, while this is a global challenge, African cities are unique. The significant proportion of urban dwellers who are poor and those whose living conditions do not provide adequate shelter from the elements make the African context unique and deserving special attention.

With these realities in mind, here are five things I'd suggest should be on the agenda of both Kargbo and any other heat officer appointed elsewhere on the continent in future.

1. Take a diverse approach to urban greening

Nature-based approaches are a great way to address increasing temperatures linked to climate change. Scholars have established positive links between green infrastructure, temperature moderation and even health outcomes in African cities as well as elsewhere in the world.

This has informed a growing number of tree-planting initiatives and the development of urban parks. But it is important that municipalities move beyond only these kinds of spaces. African cities are becoming densely populated; that means less space will be available for greening initiatives on land.

Vertical systems of building (for example on walls, roofs, columns) and urban infrastructure (for example on bridges, road furniture) should be explored to make up for the lack of space on the ground.

In the last few years, I have led the design and development of experimental vertical gardens in low-income areas of Nigeria and Tanzania. We have shown that these vertical gardens reduce wall temperature of residential buildings by as much as 5°C in Dar es Salaam. The gardens have other benefits like providing fresh vegetables for household consumption. Similar ways of growing vegetation vertically have been seen elsewhere in the world, including in Mexico City.

2. Strengthen the link between heat and health

Exposure to extreme heat usually comes with health problems - and can even kill people, as I and many other scholars have documented. It exacerbates underlying health conditions.

One area of concern when it comes to the heat-health nexus in African countries is that mosquito numbers increase in higher temperatures. This means malaria and other diseases transmitted by mosquitoes might become significant problems for Freetown and other African cities.

These health problems are further complicated by the fact that many city dwellers across the continent can't access adequate and affordable health care. Community health initiatives within cities and efforts to ramp up health services in qualitative and quantitative terms must be integral to heat adaptation plans and actions.

3. Focus on early warning and improved awareness

It is far better to be proactive than reactive. Heat vulnerability patterns within Freetown and other African cities must be studied and used to make sense of weather predictions in order to inform warning systems.

In the warning systems, for example, an alert level can be triggered when the weather forecast shows three or more consecutive days with daytime maximum temperature and humidity above a threshold of, say, 30°C. Other levels of alerts can correspond with higher temperatures. This sort of system has been implemented in Toronto, Canada, with good outcomes. A recent study of urban areas in Ontario (the province where Toronto is located) shows that early warnings may have meant fewer heat-related illnesses severe enough to warrant hospital or clinic visits.

4. Encourage the transfer of knowledge

Cities can adapt to heat faster when they share knowledge and experiences. Some scholars argue that inter-city collaboration and knowledge-sharing can enhance municipalities' resilience and improve urban residents' skills to deal with heat-related issues.

Kargbo's work will generate many lessons that can be shared with other African cities; she, too, will learn from other cities' successes and failures.

5. Let locals lead

While there is plenty to learn from more developed countries outside Africa, it is important to also draw from local indigenous knowledge and practices. An examination of knowledge and awareness about climate-related and environmental problems in African traditional society shows there is much to be learned from indigenous systems.

Top-down approaches are not enough. They must be complemented by bottom-up approaches in the planning, funding, execution and assessment of heat adaptation initiatives.

Inclusion is also important because it shifts power to those who are most affected by heat - people living in low-income and informal areas are disproportionately affected. Involving them enhances the impacts of initiatives and interventions.

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

Olumuyiwa Adegun is a Senior Lecturer, Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure.

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This temperature moderation helps decrease the cooling energy demand for buildings, contributing to improved energy efficiency and sustainability .

Beyond physical environmental benefits, vertical gardens also positively impact mental health and occupant well-being.

The presence of greenery enhances aesthetic appeal and provides psychological benefits through increased connection to nature and biophilic design principles.

Title:

Content: Crafting Timeless Beauty: Customized Landscape Solutions

words Al Woods

In a world where landscapes reflect the signature of Mother Nature and human ingenuity intertwined, crafting an outdoor space is akin to composing a piece of art that withstands the test of time. It’s a canvas where scenery echoes the narrative of the homeowner, where functionality marries aesthetics. In the pursuit of personalized paradise, humanity has turned to customized landscape solutions, creating gardens, backyards, and outdoor environments that are as unique as the individuals who inhabit them.

The Personalized Garden: A Reflective Space

Gardens have long been spaces where the human soul finds solace and peace, often mirroring the inner landscape of those who tend them. The personalized garden, cultivated with detail to reflect one’s tastes and aspirations, serves not only as a place of quietude but as an extension of the home’s narrative. Consider the charm of a garden that unfurls colors reminiscent of a cherished childhood memory, or the fragrant pathway that leads one to a contemplative corner adorned with a favorite sculpture. The beauty of a personalized garden lies not in its form alone but in the stories it tells and the emotions it evokes for those who experience it. Having meticulously planned landscape designs ensures that your garden is a timeless space, growing and evolving with you. This space becomes a reflection of your life, where memories are made and cherished forever.

A Symphony of Seasons

The essence of timelessness in landscape solutions lies in their ability to adapt to the capricious face of nature. As the seasons change, so too must the splendor of a garden. Customized landscape designs factor in the nuances of the local climate, allowing for a symphony of seasonal transformations that keep the outdoor space fascinating year-round.

Imagine your garden in the variety of hues offered by spring’s floral ballet, or the quiet dignity of the winter scape, punctuated by stoic evergreens and the delicate latticework of bare branches. Each season brings a new melody to the experience, ensuring that the landscape — an ode to the environment it inhabits — remains eternally captivating.

Form Meets Function

While the aesthetic appeal of personalized landscapes is paramount, a design that does not address functionality is akin to a story with no substance. The symbiotic relationship between form and function is crucial. It transforms an outdoor space from a mere view to a living, breathing part of your daily life.

Balancing recreational areas with low-maintenance greenery, incorporating privacy buffers, and integrating sustainable practices into the design all contribute to the functionality of a landscape. The result is an environment that not only pleases the eye but serves as a functional extension of your living space — a harmonious integration of nature and necessity.

Ecological Elegance

In today’s world, ecological mindfulness has taken center stage, and landscapes are no exception. Customized solutions that champion sustainability not only reduce the carbon footprint but also foster an enduring relationship with the environment.

This can be accomplished through the use of native plants that require less water and maintenance, the inclusion of edible landscapes that promote self-sustainability, or the implementation of rainwater harvesting and permeable paving to mitigate environmental impact. Harmonizing the landscape with the local ecosystem ensures an enduring, elegant environmental legacy.

The Role of Technology

Advancements in technology have revolutionized the way landscapes are designed and experienced. From 3D modeling that allows homeowners to visualize their ideas before implementation to smart irrigation systems that minimize water wastage, technology plays a vital role in crafting contemporary timeless landscapes.

Integration of outdoor sound systems, automated lighting that accentuates the architectural elements of the landscape, and apps that help in plant maintenance are just a few examples of technology enriching the outdoor experience. When used judiciously, technology serves to enhance the natural beauty, making the personalized landscape not only visually appealing but also high-function and adaptive.

The Craft of Maintenance

A masterpiece is only as good as its upkeep. The craft of maintenance is the unseen hand that maintains the integrity and beauty of a personalized landscape. Routine care, seasonal rejuvenations, and the occasional refreshments ensure that the outdoor space remains a source of joy and tranquility.

Engaging with landscape professionals who understand the customized nature of your outdoor environment is key to keeping it in prime condition. Regular consultations, proper pruning, and proactive management of issues like soil erosion ensure that the landscape not only survives but thrives, becoming more enchanting with each passing year.

When crafting your personalized outdoor haven, focus on the holistic picture. Ensure that your landscape tells a story unique to your life and aspirations; that it is functional, sustainable, and connects with the local ecosystem; and that it stands the test of time and seasons. Customized landscape solutions are not merely about aesthetics; they are a reflection of your values, your identity, and your desire to fuse the comfort of home with the magnificence of nature.

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These green walls help reduce stress, improve mood, and create healthier indoor environments by buffering noise and enhancing air quality.

Title:

Content: In order to improve the environmental air quality and let children learn with peace of mind, the Taichung Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau has continued to build a clean air green wall in the school. This year, 12 schools in Jianping Elementary School, Juren Elementary School and Chongde Elementary School have received subsidies from the Environmental Protection Department.
According to the Environmental Protection Bureau, through the installation of clean air green walls, indoor air quality can be improved. At present, space such as classroom corridors and flower stands outside the daughter wall in Taichung City can be planted, which can achieve the benefits of dust retention, air pollution absorption and temperature regulation.
In order to strengthen the protection of the school environment for children, the Taichung City Environmental Protection Bureau expanded the subsidy for the construction of a clean air green wall on the campus, and the current subsidy amount to 1.76 million yuan, with an area of 358 square meters.
The Environmental Protection Bureau stressed that currently selected plants that can purify the air and do not need to spend too much money and time to maintain include the Dragon Tubeh, the Junzi and Wu Bamboo, the Turtle, the Cannonflower or the Honeysuckle.
How good is the effect of clean air green wall?
According to international research, vertical clean air green walls can reduce the concentration of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter (PM10) by about 40% and 60%. In addition, green walls can also reduce the concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in classrooms by about 10% and the concentration of ozone (O3) by about 30%.
Green wall is the most natural and energy efficient air purification facilities, no need to plug in electricity, self-circulation, to achieve the purpose of air purification, can be called the "most environmentally friendly air purifier".
Chen Hongyi, director of the Environmental Protection Bureau, said that in addition to blocking outdoor pollutants and improving indoor air, the air green wall can also adjust the temperature and drive energy conservation and carbon reduction. Next year, Taichung City is expected to expand the subsidy target, including community activity centers, public kindergartens and environmental night markets.
# Green Wall # Air # Cleanliness # Campus # Environment

Such mental health impacts are increasingly valued in contemporary architectural design focused on occupant comfort and wellness .

Maintenance considerations are essential for the successful implementation and sustainability of vertical gardens.

Typical requirements include irrigation—often managed by automated sprinkler systems and moisture sensors—plant trimming or pruning, and monitoring soil hydration and nutrient levels to support plant health.

Larger or commercial installations often necessitate dedicated gardeners or maintenance staff to ensure ongoing upkeep; however, automated systems reduce manual labor demands.

Title:

Content: LIFESTYLE Lifestyle
Nederland ’ s “Vertical Forest ” social housing combines environmental protection and aesthetics to enhance the quality of life
by Cecilia
/ 2021.10.17
Housing problems, land problems, property slavery, and high property prices have all become symbols of Hong Kong, and it is common for overseas places to have high-quality public housing or social housing, and in the Netherlands, Einhaven has just completed a "vertical forest" social housing covered with plants, which combines greenery, environmental protection and aesthetics.
Photo by Stefano Boeri Architetti
Designed by Italian architecture studio Stefano Boeri Architetti, the social house in Yanhaofen, Netherlands, known as the Trudo Vertical Forest, is 18 stories high and 70 meters tall and has 125 units. The balcony protruding between each unit has different width, height and depth.
Low-income people and young people starting families can improve living conditions even for citizens who can ’ t afford private housing, and apply the concept of urban afforestation as a possibility to improve the urban environment and cope with climate change.
Photo by Stefano Boeri Architetti
Trudo Vertical Forest uses white as the main color overall, and is surrounded by solar reflective glass bars, the planting balcony is equipped with sensors to monitor the hydration and nutrient levels of the soil, even the novice planting do not have to worry.
Don ’ t underestimate the amount of plants in a single building that can absorb more than 50 tons of carbon dioxide and emit more than 13 tons of oxygen each year. It makes sense to call it a “vertical forest ”.
Solar panels on the roof provide some of the energy consumed by the building, while reservoirs and rainwater harvesting systems are installed to irrigate the plants.
Photo by Stefano Boeri Architetti
In terms of indoor environment, each 50 square meters (about 538 square feet) unit can be reconfigured according to people, and the floor height is at least 3.5 meters. Although foreigners are relatively tall, they are also full of space.
Each unit has its own balcony, each with a tree and 20 shrubs.
The design takes into account the doubling of the weight and size of each plant ’ s life cycle, and there is a dedicated gardener to take care of it, who does not enter the house, but hangs down outside the building to maintain and trim the plants.
This is not the first time that the concept of “vertical forest ” has been heard, and it has been implemented around the world. However, this time, as a social housing, it is also a big attraction, and I hope to see it in Hong Kong one day.
Photo by Stefano Boeri Architetti

Proper integration of irrigation, drainage, and lighting systems is critical to avoid plant stress or structural damage, and regular maintenance extends the lifespan and aesthetic value of the installation .

Plant selection for vertical gardens varies by climate and intended location (indoor or outdoor).

In tropical climates, species often used include lily bamboo, firecracker red, Yunnan yellow carnation, turtle plants, Boston kidney fern, hydrangea, and African pansy.

These choices consider ecological function, aesthetic design, and adaptability to humidity, light, and temperature conditions.

For indoor and low-light environments, especially in temperate or urban settings, trailing plants such as pothos, heart-leaf philodendron, and prayer plants are recommended due to their tolerance to lower light and ease of maintenance.

Selection must align with microclimatic conditions and design goals to optimize plant health and longevity .

Real-world applications illustrate effective integration of vertical gardens in building design.

For example, modular green wall systems in Singapore enable quick installation with minimal watering requirements by incorporating plants suited to tropical climates.

These installations provide multiple benefits including energy savings through natural insulation, improved air quality, fire resistance, noise reduction, and overall sustainability enhancement.

Such projects demonstrate how vertical gardens can be adapted to different scales, from residential do-it-yourself installations using simple shelf systems or mounted plants with organic substrates like sphagnum moss to large commercial facades with integrated irrigation and monitoring systems .

Cost considerations remain a limiting factor for widespread vertical garden adoption.

Installation expenses vary based on design complexity, plant species, technology integration (such as automatic irrigation and environmental sensors), and system scale.

Typical costs range between $200 to $1200 per square meter.

Maintenance costs similarly depend on system type and scale, with automated systems reducing manual labor but requiring upfront capital investment.

Budget planning for vertical gardens should account for installation, plant replacement, water usage, and ongoing maintenance to ensure sustainability and functional performance over time .

Challenges in vertical garden implementation primarily relate to technical and environmental constraints.

Sufficient natural or supplemental artificial lighting is critical, especially for indoor walls, since inadequate light limits plant growth and vitality.

Structural considerations must address the weight of plants, soil, and water, requiring secure support and proper anchoring to building facades or interiors.

Irrigation and drainage systems must be designed to avoid water damage to building materials.

Additionally, appropriate plant species selection considering local humidity, temperature, and light conditions is essential to maintain a thriving green wall without excessive maintenance efforts .

In summary, vertical gardens represent a compelling and multifaceted sustainable building innovation, delivering tangible environmental, aesthetic, and health benefits.

They improve air quality by filtering harmful pollutants, regulate temperatures to reduce energy consumption, and contribute positive psychological effects through biophilic design.

Proper maintenance and climate-appropriate plant selection are necessary to achieve successful outcomes, while cost and technical challenges must be managed carefully.

Notable examples from urban projects demonstrate their potential to contribute to greener, more sustainable, and healthier built environments, making them a valuable focus for contemporary architects emphasizing sustainability and occupant wellness.


Tai Chi is supported by substantial clinical evidence as an effective intervention to reduce falls and improve mobility among older adults, including those transitioning from institutional settings to home-based rehabilitation.

Systematic reviews encompassing over 4,000 older adults demonstrate that exercise programs focusing on gait, balance, strength, and functional training—of which Tai Chi is a prominent example—significantly reduce fall incidence and related injuries .

Tai Chi’s low-impact, moderate-intensity movements enhance balance, proprioception, and muscle strength, which are critical factors in fall prevention.

Randomized controlled trials highlight Tai Chi’s dual benefits on both physical and cognitive domains pertinent to fall risk.

One trial involving older adults practicing cognitively enhanced Tai Chi (1-hour sessions twice weekly over 24 weeks) showed improvements in global cognition, balance, and dual-task performance, suggesting enhanced cognitive-motor integration reduces fall likelihood .

Additionally, mind-body exercises like Tai Chi improve self-awareness and reduce fear of falling, an important psychological contributor to fall risk .

Another study reported improvements in physical health markers such as waist circumference and cholesterol after a 12-week, thrice-weekly Tai Chi program, reinforcing its feasibility and cardiovascular benefits for older adults with mobility limitations .

Effective Tai Chi interventions typically require consistent practice multiple times per week over a sustained period, generally a minimum of 12 weeks, with sessions lasting 45-60 minutes.

This dosage aligns with broader exercise recommendations that emphasize balance, strength, and endurance training as essential components of fall prevention strategies [24.92963409423828].

For older adults transitioning from long-term care facilities, professional guidelines advocate incorporating Tai Chi into tailored rehabilitation programs.

Tai Chi is supported by substantial clinical evidence as an effective intervention to reduce falls and improve mobility among older adults, including those transitioning from institutional settings to home-based rehabilitation.

Title:

Content: Learn about the sport of Tai Chi
The German health centre says Tai Chi is a centuries-old Chinese martial art, also known as shadow boxing.
It combines physical training, self-defense and meditation.
The focus of Tai Chi is on body tightening, mental alertness and breathing, the center explained, noting that motor training consists of a series of traditional Chinese physical exercises that flow smoothly with each other in order to achieve harmony between body and soul.
Muscle and Joint Stimulation
In this way all the muscles, tendons, joints and bones are stimulated and stretched in a gentle way.
The upright position of the back during exercise creates a stretching effect in the spine, relieving pressure on the intervertebral discs.
The nervous system is also positively affected by the gentle posture of the back.
Studies have suggested that tai chi reduces the risk of falls in older adults thanks to its ability to improve their balance.
The sport also has a positive effect on degenerative arthritis, the symptoms of which are knee stiffness, pain and swelling.
Improve lung function
Tai chi is also beneficial for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as it improves lung function.
It is also useful for patients with Parkinson ’ s, which affects the nervous system and its symptoms are disorders of movement, tremor of the hands, stiffness and instability of the body position, where sports contribute to improving balance and mobility.
In addition, tai chi improves the cognitive functioning of the brain, making it also useful for dementia patients.
On the other hand, slow flowing movements have a relaxing and meditative effect, helping to feel relaxed, calm and psychologically comfortable.
Source: German

For which group is Tai Chi beneficial to?

It is very helpful for anyone looking to improve their stability.

What are some of the health benefit of Tai Chi according to Harvard Health?

What benefits does Tai Chi haves for healthy aging?

It helps to improve factors linked to a longer life like mobility.

It helps to improve factors linked to a longer life like balance.

It helps to improve factors linked to a longer life like stability.

What did some studies show about Tai Chi's health benefit?

It improves the balance of older people.

It limits the danger of falls among the elderly.

What did the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention advise elderly people to practice?

What do orthopedic specialists say about the benefits of learning Tai Chi?

Excercises like the horse stance in Tai Chi that can help prevent falls.

What have studies shown about Tai Chi's health benefit?

It can effectively improve the movement symptoms that may cause falls of elderly patients.

Why did the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention advise elderly people to practice Tai Chi?

Because it can prevent falls that may result in fracture.

Systematic reviews encompassing over 4,000 older adults demonstrate that exercise programs focusing on gait, balance, strength, and functional training—of which Tai Chi is a prominent example—significantly reduce fall incidence and related injuries .

For which group is Tai Chi beneficial to?

It is very helpful for anyone looking to improve their stability.

What are some of the health benefit of Tai Chi according to Harvard Health?

Improved muscle strength
Improved balance

What benefits does Tai Chi haves for healthy aging?

It helps to improve factors linked to a longer life like mobility.

It helps to improve factors linked to a longer life like balance.

It helps to improve factors linked to a longer life like stability.

What did some studies show about Tai Chi's health benefit?

It improves the balance of older people.

It limits the danger of falls among the elderly.

What did the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention advise elderly people to practice?

What do orthopedic specialists say about the benefits of learning Tai Chi?

Excercises like the horse stance in Tai Chi that can help prevent falls.

What have studies shown about Tai Chi's health benefit?

It can effectively improve the movement symptoms that may cause falls of elderly patients.

Why did the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention advise elderly people to practice Tai Chi?

Because it can prevent falls that may result in fracture.

Tai Chi’s low-impact, moderate-intensity movements enhance balance, proprioception, and muscle strength, which are critical factors in fall prevention.

For which group is Tai Chi beneficial to?

It is very helpful for anyone looking to improve their stability.

What are some of the health benefit of Tai Chi according to Harvard Health?

Improved muscle strength
Improved balance

What benefits does Tai Chi haves for healthy aging?

It helps to improve factors linked to a longer life like mobility.

It helps to improve factors linked to a longer life like balance.

It helps to improve factors linked to a longer life like stability.

What did some studies show about Tai Chi's health benefit?

It improves the balance of older people.

It limits the danger of falls among the elderly.

What do orthopedic specialists say about the benefits of learning Tai Chi?

Excercises like the horse stance in Tai Chi that can help prevent falls.

What have studies shown about Tai Chi's health benefit?

It can effectively improve the movement symptoms that may cause falls of elderly patients.

Why did the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention advise elderly people to practice Tai Chi?

Because it can prevent falls that may result in fracture.

Randomized controlled trials highlight Tai Chi’s dual benefits on both physical and cognitive domains pertinent to fall risk.

Title:

Content: Lifestyle Interventions and Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer's and Dementia

— "Without any change, the number of Americans with Alzheimer's disease could more than double"

MedpageToday

Cognitive decline in Alzheimer's and other dementias may be delayed for some at-risk older adults, recent clinical trials have suggested.

The ACHIEVE study, for example, reported that hearing aids cut the rate of cognitive decline by 48% over 3 years in older adults who had a high risk of dementia. And in a randomized controlled trial of people with mild cognitive impairment or self-reported memory concerns, cognitively enhanced tai-chi led to improved global cognition scores.

"Currently, two-thirds of Americans have at least one major risk factor for dementia," said Heather Snyder, PhD, of the Alzheimer's Association in Chicago.

"The need for effective risk reduction strategies to help all communities grows larger by the day," Snyder stated. "Without any change, the number of Americans with Alzheimer's disease could more than double by mid-century."

In 2015, the FINGER study in Finland was the first randomized controlled trial to show it was possible to delay cognitive decline using a multidomain lifestyle intervention.

In the U.S., the POINTER study is evaluating multiple ways to protect cognition in 2,000 at-risk older adults. "Recruiting for the clinical trial was successfully completed in March 2023," Snyder said. "The study is expected to begin reporting results in summer 2025."

"U.S. POINTER community-based teams recruited nearly 30% of participants from communities that are traditionally underrepresented in research, including racially and ethnically minoritized individuals and those from rural areas," she added.

New Clinical Trial Data

About 40% of dementia cases may be prevented or delayed by modifying 12 risk factors, according to a 2020 report from the Lancet Commission on dementia prevention, intervention, and care.

In the past year, several trials have shown that lifestyle interventions -- notably ones involving physical exercise or hearing aids -- could delay dementia onset. Two trials have combined exercise with a cognitive component, including a study of cognitively enhanced tai chi in older adults at risk for dementia, published in the Annals of Internal Medicine.

"Research has shown that both physical and mental activity may attenuate age-related declines in cognitive function and dual task activities, but combined physical and mental challenges may be more effective than either alone," said study co-author Peter Harmer, PhD, MPH, of the Oregon Research Institute in Eugene.

Cognitively enhanced tai chi was designed to synergistically stimulate neuroplasticity, Harmer noted. The regimen included an emphasis on performing properly despite an interfering mental or motor task, following instructions that required recalling names and detailed steps, and distinguishing correct from miscued instructions.

The study randomized older adults with mild cognitive impairment or self-reported memory concerns to stretching, standard tai chi, or cognitively enhanced tai chi for 1 hour semi-weekly for 24 weeks. The cognitively enhanced tai chi group outperformed other groups on improvements in both global cognition scores and dual-task performance while walking, with effects persisting at 48 weeks.

The SYNERGIC trial, published in JAMA Network Open, took a different approach to combining physical exercise and cognitive training. SYNERGIC randomized older adults with mild cognitive impairment to physical exercise with or without cognitive training and vitamin D supplementation for 20 weeks.

Overall, those who received aerobic-resistance exercises with sequential computerized cognitive training had improved cognition, but some results were inconsistent.

The multidomain intervention effect was larger than the improvement from exercise alone, reported Manuel Montero-Odasso, MD, PhD, of the Parkwood Institute in London, Ontario, and co-authors, and vitamin D supplementation showed no significant benefit. In several arms of the trial, cognitive improvements diminished slightly at 12 months, but did not revert to baseline levels.

Another intervention that showed promise was the use of hearing aids. Hearing loss is treatable in later life, which makes it an important public health target to reduce the risk of cognitive decline and dementia, noted Frank Lin, MD, PhD, of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, and colleagues who reported the findings of the ACHIEVE trial in The Lancet.

ACHIEVE assigned participants to one of two interventions -- either hearing aids or a health education program. Both groups received follow-up visits every 6 months, and cognitive tests were conducted every year for 3 years.

The trial's main analysis showed no difference in the rate of change in cognitive functioning between the hearing aid group and the education group. In a pre-specified analysis of participants with high risk for future dementia, however, cognitive decline was reduced over 3 years in those assigned to wear hearing aids compared with those who received health education.

Policies to Help Reduce Cognitive Decline

Research about Alzheimer's and dementia risk factors is evolving, and Lancet Commission researcher Gill Livingston, MD, of the University College London in England, is optimistic that policymakers will continue to use new insights to help reduce global cognitive decline.

Since 2020, several countries have taken steps to address modifiable risk factors, Livingston noted. "U.S. policy has changed, and many countries and the World Health Organization have issued new policy documents," she said.

In the U.S., the 2023 update to the National Alzheimer's Project Act included new risk reduction strategies, Livingston pointed out. The CDC also extended its Healthy Brain Initiative program with state and local health officials.

An updated Lancet Commission report about dementia is under review and should be published this year, Livingston said.

Disclosures

Snyder had no conflicts of interest.

Harmer reported no conflicts of interest.

Livingston had no conflicts of interest.

For which group is Tai Chi beneficial to?

It is very helpful for anyone looking to improve their stability.

What are some of the health benefit of Tai Chi according to Harvard Health?

What benefits does Tai Chi haves for healthy aging?

It helps to improve factors linked to a longer life like mobility.

It helps to improve factors linked to a longer life like balance.

It helps to improve factors linked to a longer life like stability.

What did some studies show about Tai Chi's health benefit?

It improves the balance of older people.

It limits the danger of falls among the elderly.

What do orthopedic specialists say about the benefits of learning Tai Chi?

Excercises like the horse stance in Tai Chi that can help prevent falls.

What excercises shall aid in Alzheimer's and dementia prevention?

What have studies shown about Tai Chi's health benefit?

It can effectively improve the movement symptoms that may cause falls of elderly patients.

What study was included in trials combining excercise with a cognitive compoent?

Cognitively enhanced tai chi in older adults at risk for dementia.

Why did the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention advise elderly people to practice Tai Chi?

Because it can prevent falls that may result in fracture.

One trial involving older adults practicing cognitively enhanced Tai Chi (1-hour sessions twice weekly over 24 weeks) showed improvements in global cognition, balance, and dual-task performance, suggesting enhanced cognitive-motor integration reduces fall likelihood .

For which group is Tai Chi beneficial to?

It is very helpful for anyone looking to improve their stability.

How often should one practice Tai Chi to benefit from the exercise?

What are some of the health benefit of Tai Chi according to Harvard Health?

What benefits does Tai Chi haves for healthy aging?

It helps to improve factors linked to a longer life like mobility.

It helps to improve factors linked to a longer life like balance.

It helps to improve factors linked to a longer life like stability.

What did some studies show about Tai Chi's health benefit?

It improves the balance of older people.

It limits the danger of falls among the elderly.

What did the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention advise elderly people to practice?

What do orthopedic specialists say about the benefits of learning Tai Chi?

Excercises like the horse stance in Tai Chi that can help prevent falls.

What excercises shall aid in Alzheimer's and dementia prevention?

What has a study that includes the cognitively enhanced Tai Chi found out?

The cognitively enhanced Tai Chi group outperformed other groups on improvements in dual-task performance while walking.

The cognitively enhanced Tai Chi group outperformed other groups on improvements in global cognition scores.

What have studies shown about Tai Chi's health benefit?

It can effectively improve the movement symptoms that may cause falls of elderly patients.

What study was included in trials combining excercise with a cognitive compoent?

Cognitively enhanced tai chi in older adults at risk for dementia.

Why did the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention advise elderly people to practice Tai Chi?

Because it can prevent falls that may result in fracture.

Additionally, mind-body exercises like Tai Chi improve self-awareness and reduce fear of falling, an important psychological contributor to fall risk .

For which group is Tai Chi beneficial to?

It is very helpful for anyone looking to improve their stability.

What are some of the health benefit of Tai Chi according to Harvard Health?

What benefits does Tai Chi haves for healthy aging?

It helps to improve factors linked to a longer life like balance.

It helps to improve factors linked to a longer life like stability.

What did some studies show about Tai Chi's health benefit?

It limits the danger of falls among the elderly.

What did the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention advise elderly people to practice?

What do orthopedic specialists say about the benefits of learning Tai Chi?

Excercises like the horse stance in Tai Chi that can help prevent falls.

What have studies shown about Tai Chi's health benefit?

It can effectively improve the movement symptoms that may cause falls of elderly patients.

What health advantages have been linked to regular practice of Tai Chi?

Why did the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention advise elderly people to practice Tai Chi?

Because it can prevent falls that may result in fracture.

Another study reported improvements in physical health markers such as waist circumference and cholesterol after a 12-week, thrice-weekly Tai Chi program, reinforcing its feasibility and cardiovascular benefits for older adults with mobility limitations .

Title:

Content: Tai Chi can help obese people reduce waist circumference
Font Size:
The School of Public Health of the University of Hong Kong (HKU) recently held a press conference to announce a new study found that tai chi exercise can help elderly people with "central obesity" reduce waist circumference, the effect of which is similar to traditional exercise.
Tai Chi is a long-established traditional Chinese martial arts, integrating the body and mind, and is regarded as a "dynamic meditation" of the body and mind movement.
It is reported that the School of Public Health of HKU School of Medicine, in conjunction with the Chinese University of Hong Kong, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the University of California, Los Angeles, the research team recruited 543 Chinese aged 50 or above who were defined as “central obesity ” to participate in the study between February 2016 and March 2018.
Participants were randomly assigned to the tai chi exercise group, the traditional exercise group, or the no-exercise control group.
According to the research team, participants in the tai chi exercise group and the traditional exercise group are required to participate in a 12-week exercise course three times a week, one hour each time.
The Tai Chi exercise group is taught by instructors the most popular and widely known 24 Yang Tai Chi, while the traditional exercise group contains muscle-strengthening training such as brisk walking, hand bending, hand side lifting, shoulder lifting, squatting and heel lifting.
The team measured waist circumference and other indicators of metabolic health for all participants before, during the 12th and 38th weeks of the course.
The study found that participants in the tai chi exercise group and the traditional exercise group reduced their average waist circumference by 1.8 cm and 1.3 cm, respectively, after no dietary intervention and after 12 weeks of exercise.
Exercise intervention also helped to increase the high density cholesterol levels of participants in the Tai Chi exercise group and the traditional exercise group.
Xiao Minghui, director and associate professor of kinesiology at the School of Public Health of HKU Medical School, pointed out that recent academic articles have clarified that waist circumference is an important health risk indicator and is closely related to overweight, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
The results show that Tai Chi exercise, like traditional exercise, can effectively improve central obesity. Xiao Minghui believes that the results of the study are good news for the elderly who have difficulty moving or do not like traditional exercise, but have central obesity.
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For which group is Tai Chi beneficial to?

How often should one practice Tai Chi to benefit from the exercise?

What benefits does Tai Chi haves for healthy aging?

It helps to improve factors linked to a longer life like mobility.

What did the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention advise elderly people to practice?

What health advantages have been linked to regular practice of Tai Chi?

Effective Tai Chi interventions typically require consistent practice multiple times per week over a sustained period, generally a minimum of 12 weeks, with sessions lasting 45-60 minutes.

How often should one practice Tai Chi to benefit from the exercise?

What excercises shall aid in Alzheimer's and dementia prevention?

This dosage aligns with broader exercise recommendations that emphasize balance, strength, and endurance training as essential components of fall prevention strategies [24.92963409423828].

Title:

Content: Exercise programs meant to prevent falls in seniors may also help prevent injuries caused by falls, according to a new review.

Fall-related injuries are common among seniors and a major cause of long-term pain and disability. They also increase the risk of having to go to a nursing home and have a high economic cost.

The new findings, published online Oct. 29 in the journal bmj.com, suggest that "reducing the risk of falling and improving protective responses during a fall may be an important and feasible means of preventing fractures and other serious injuries in the elderly," the study authors wrote in a journal news release.

Well-designed exercise programs can prevent falls in seniors living at home, but there is a lack of evidence on whether such programs can help prevent fall-related injuries, said French researchers Fabienne El-Khoury and colleagues.

In this review, they analyzed 17 studies that looked at whether fall-prevention exercises lowered seniors' risk of fractures and other injuries caused by falls. More than 4,000 participants were involved in all.

Tai Chi was the exercise in two of the studies, but most of them used gait, balance, strength and functional training, which involves workouts that help people do normal daily activities.

Most of the programs reduced fall-related injuries and appeared to significantly curb falls that lead to fractures, serious injuries and medical care.

Balance training was emphasized in all of the exercises that were effective in preventing falls, the researchers noted.

More information

The U.S. National Institute on Aging has more about older adults and falls.

Latest videos

For which group is Tai Chi beneficial to?

It is very helpful for anyone looking to improve their stability.

What are some of the health benefit of Tai Chi according to Harvard Health?

Improved muscle strength
Improved balance

What benefits does Tai Chi haves for healthy aging?

It helps to improve factors linked to a longer life like balance.

It helps to improve factors linked to a longer life like stability.

What do orthopedic specialists say about the benefits of learning Tai Chi?

Excercises like the horse stance in Tai Chi that can help prevent falls.

Why did the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention advise elderly people to practice Tai Chi?

Because it can prevent falls that may result in fracture.

For older adults transitioning from long-term care facilities, professional guidelines advocate incorporating Tai Chi into tailored rehabilitation programs.

For which group is Tai Chi beneficial to?

What benefits does Tai Chi haves for healthy aging?

It helps to improve factors linked to a longer life like mobility.

What did some studies show about Tai Chi's health benefit?

It improves the balance of older people.

It limits the danger of falls among the elderly.

What did the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention advise elderly people to practice?

What do orthopedic specialists say about the benefits of learning Tai Chi?

Excercises like the horse stance in Tai Chi that can help prevent falls.

What have studies shown about Tai Chi's health benefit?

It can effectively improve the movement symptoms that may cause falls of elderly patients.

What study was included in trials combining excercise with a cognitive compoent?

Cognitively enhanced tai chi in older adults at risk for dementia.