Several countries and companies are leading in quantum computing development.

China has developed a 504-bit superconducting quantum chip and a 72-qubit "Origin Wukong" quantum computer.

The US is a major player in quantum computing, with companies like IBM, Google, and Intel making significant advancements.

IBM has developed a 1,000-qubit quantum chip.

Intel has developed a 12-qubit silicon chip with a 95% yield rate using transistor-based design and silicon spin qubits.

Canada's Xanadu is developing a quantum computer called Borealis that can perform 9,000 years of calculation in microseconds.

Germany aims to develop a quantum computer within five years with a €2 billion allocation.

The UK has unveiled £2.5 billion in funding for quantum research.

Australia has invested nearly a billion dollars in quantum computing research.

Finland is developing a 5-qubit quantum computer and investing in quantum computing research through the QuTI project.

Russia is developing four quantum computing platforms and has allocated over 6 billion rubles for quantum technologies.

Japan has developed a 64-qubit quantum computer with Fujitsu.

Quantum computing has the potential to revolutionize industries like finance, healthcare, and logistics, giving early investors a significant future advantage.

Quantum computers can solve complex problems that classical computers cannot, making them valuable for various fields.

Countries like China, the US, and Sweden are heavily investing in quantum computing for its potential to advance various fields.

Quantum computers can break current encryption techniques exponentially faster, posing a significant threat.

Nvidia created the largest quantum algorithm simulation using cuQuantum.

NIST has selected CRYSTALS-Kyber, CRYSTALS-Dilithium, FALCON, and SPHINCS+ as quantum-resistant algorithms.

Promising quantum algorithms include Shor's for cryptography, QAOA for optimization, and Grover's for database searching.

Several countries and companies are leading in quantum computing development.

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Content: People 's Daily Online > > Economy and Technology
China 's third-generation autonomous superconducting quantum computer online
Dai Wei
01 / 07 / 2024 09: 09 | Source: Xinhua Network
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Original title: China's third-generation autonomous superconducting quantum computer online
The reporter learned from the Anhui Quantum Computing Engineering Research Center and the Anhui Key Laboratory of Quantum Computing Chip on the 6th that China's third-generation autonomous superconducting quantum computer "The Source Wukong" was launched at 9: 00 on the same day in the Source Quantum Computing Technology (Hefei) Co., Ltd.
It is understood that the quantum computer is equipped with 72 independent superconducting quantum chips "Wukong core", which is currently an advanced programmable, deliverable superconducting quantum computer.
The superconducting quantum computer is a quantum computer based on a superconducting circuit quantum chip.
Internationally, IBM and Google quantum computers are using superconducting technology routes.
According to Dr. Kong Weicheng, deputy director of Anhui Quantum Computing Engineering Research Center, “Benyuan Wukong ” matches Benyuan ’ s third-generation quantum computing measurement and control system“ Benyuan Sky Machine ”, which truly landed the batch automated test of quantum chips, and the overall operation efficiency of quantum computers has been greatly improved.
According to Dr. Jia Zhilong, deputy director of the Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory, "Wukong" is equipped with a 72-bit superconducting quantum chip "Wukong Core", with a total of 198 qubits, including 72 working qubits and 126 coupler qubits.
It is understood that the superconducting quantum computer released this time is named "Wukong", derived from the mythological figure in Chinese traditional culture, Sun Wukong, which means "72 changes" like Sun Wukong.
(Editor: Shen Jiaping, Yang Di)
Public Number ： People 's Network Finance
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Content: China's central media "Science and Technology Daily" reported on the 26th that Guodun Quantum Technology Co., Ltd. (Guodun Quantum), affiliated to China University of Science and Technology, disclosed on the 25th that the Institute of Quantum Information and Quantum Technology Innovation (QITI) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences delivered a 504-bit superconducting quantum computing chip to Guodun Quantum.
It is pointed out that this chip has set a new record for the number of superconducting qubits in mainland China, and plans to open it to the world through the "Tianyan" quantum computing cloud platform of China Telecom Quantum Group.
Measurement and control systems and quantum computing chips are the core hardware of quantum computers.
Among them, the measurement and control system needs to interact with the quantum computing chip to achieve the precise generation, transmission and processing of signals, which greatly affects the overall performance of the quantum computer.
In order to verify the overall performance and various indicators of large-scale measurement and control systems, the most direct way is to customize the dedicated chip for comprehensive system testing.
In terms of key indicators such as qubit life, gate fidelity, gate depth, read fidelity, etc., it is expected to reach the chip performance level of IBM and other international mainstream quantum computing cloud platforms, which can fully meet the needs of thousands of bit test and control system verification.
Wang Che-hui, head of Quantum Computing at National Shield, said that the Snapdragon chip will conduct single-bit gate, double-bit gate, read operation and test system performance tests on the Quantum Quantum Control System. The test work is expected to be completed by August this year.
In the future, Guodun Quantum will further develop a new measurement and control system suitable for error-correcting quantum computers at a megabit scale.
Peng Chengzhi, a professor at the Institute of Quantum Innovation and chief scientist of CLP Quantum Group and Guodun Quantum, revealed that the superconducting quantum computing team of the Institute of Quantum Innovation is developing a superconducting quantum computing chip with a high quality of 1000 + bits, and continues to attack to achieve fault-tolerant quantum computing.
# National Shield Quantum # Chinese Academy of Sciences # Institute of Quantum Information and Quantum Technology Innovation # Snapdragon # Verify

What companies are leading in developing quantum computing?

What companies are leading in developing quantum computing?

China has developed a 504-bit superconducting quantum chip and a 72-qubit "Origin Wukong" quantum computer.

What are important areas in quantum research?

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

What seminal quantum computers/ processors have been developed?

What are important areas in quantum research?

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

What seminal quantum computers/ processors have been developed?

The US is a major player in quantum computing, with companies like IBM, Google, and Intel making significant advancements.

Title:

Content: Chandeliers, ‘qubits’ and Schrödinger’s cat: Inside the bizarre world of quantum computing

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Chandeliers, ‘qubits’ and Schrödinger’s cat: Inside the bizarre world of quantum computing

In the quantum realm, the laws of physics are different. Now its mind-bending tech could soon transform our lives. How does it work?

It was 2009, and a group of scientists had crowded around a tiny monitor in a Sydney physics laboratory. The team, led by electrical engineer Andrea Morello, held their collective breath and peered at a single flat line on the screen. Then, in the blink of an eye, the line changed: it was a series of blips, like a heartbeat. They’d hit paydirt. “When you see that symbol, you’re in the game,” recalls physicist Charles Tahan.

Welcome to the quantum world, a subatomic realm – yes, smaller than an atom – where the laws of physics are, well, different. The experiment made Morello and his team the first in the world to show that a quantum computer could be made using not diamonds, not the superconductor niobium, but everyday silicon. “To show you could do that, 100 different things had to go right,” says Tahan.

Quantum computing is one of the key technologies defining this century. Its proponents say it will do for computers what the car did to the horse and buggy. It will upend encryption and molecular biology. In theory, it could even possibly find cures for cancer. Australia is among the world leaders in a quantum computing gold rush, with Prime Minister Anthony Albanese saying his government is “serious about building a strong quantum ecosystem” and investing nearly a billion dollars.

Yet despite eye-watering outlays worldwide, quantum computing is still in its infancy, part of a mind-bending world that physicists are only beginning to fully grasp. What is it? And how will it make a difference to our lives?

How does a quantum computer work (and why did Alice in Wonderland have the jump on it?)

It’s often remarked that it looks like a beautiful chandelier, or a wedding cake. And IBM’s quantum computer, one of the world’s largest, is certainly an intriguing object, an intricate dome of golden wires and graceful tubes suspended from a ceiling.

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The part we can see, though, is really just the control and support system for a microchip (currently a version called Condor) buried deep inside. The glittering exoskeleton is there to keep its tiny heart as cold as possible – a hundred times colder than the coldest depths of space – and to feed information in and out, the process that makes it a “computer” and not just a science experiment.

The chip itself is smaller than a postage stamp, with several layers of circuitry and metal sandwiched in a tiny square, cooled to improve conductivity and to eliminate “noise”, the bugbear of many such devices. But even what we see here is not where the action happens. For that, we have to go deeper still, down into the chip and well beyond what’s visible through even the most powerful microscope, beyond the layers of individual atoms, into the atoms themselves.

‘The truth is the universe doesn’t run by the rules that we see every day – gravity, you bounce a ball and it falls. It runs on these other rules: quantum mechanics.’

In the subatomic realm of electrons, protons and photons, things happen very differently. Indeed, these tiny particles have no use for Newton’s laws of physics, nor even many of Einstein’s. “The truth,” says Tahan, “is the universe doesn’t run by the rules that we see every day – gravity, you bounce a ball and it falls. It runs on these other rules: quantum mechanics.”

Why these particles behave as they do in the quantum realm is a difficult concept to get your head around. Even Einstein resisted aspects of it, famously arguing that “God does not play dice with the Universe”. It was a misstep. “Because he didn’t believe in the completeness of quantum mechanics,” says Morello, “he lost a lot of productive years because he didn’t understand how it is possible that this thing is true.”

Many leading physicists investigated the concept from the early 1900s, including some familiar from popular culture today, notably Einstein and Neils Bohr (portrayed in Oppenheimer), Werner Heisenberg (whose name Walter White stole for his drug-chemist alter ego in Breaking Bad) and Viennese physicist Erwin Schrödinger, of the famous cat experiment (explained below).

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Lewis Carroll, meanwhile, may have had the jump on quantum physics with his ideas in the Alice books, as James Renner observed in The Wall Street Journal in 2015. “We speak of going down the wormhole into a mysterious world that defies Newtonian physics, where once Alice went down the rabbit hole into a mysterious world that had much the same effect. Now we speak of quantum particles being in two places at once or even Schrödinger’s cat being alive and dead at the same time, long after the Cheshire Cat’s grin was magically displaced from its body.”

The quantum realm has only truly begun to reveal itself to us relatively recently. In 1964, the Irish-born physicist John Bell published one of the most important theorems, which, according to Professor Andrew Whitaker in Physics World, “opened up the possibility of experimental philosophy, the study of what are normally thought of as philosophical issues in experiments. Not only do these experiments probe the deepest and most profound aspects of quantum theory, they also provide information on the fundamental nature of the universe.”

At the time, Bell’s theorem could not be tested in a lab. That would come in the late 1960s and early 1970s when experimentalists such as John Clauser began to show that the weirdness Bell had described on paper actually occurred in the real world. Which, at the time, was considered quite rude. One eminent physicist “was highly offended by my impertinent effort and told me that it was tantamount to professing a disbelief in quantum physics,” Clauser later recalled.

He and other apostates continued their work because he found some of the predictions “sufficiently bizarre that I could not accept them without seeing experimental proof”. Working with leftover lab equipment – “physics department scrap” – he went on to provide experimental evidence that refuted even Einstein’s theories. “I was very sad to see that my own experiment had proven Einstein wrong,” he said. Clauser would go on to win the 2022 Nobel Prize for Physics alongside Alain Aspect and Anton Zeilinger for their groundbreaking experiments with so-called “entangled” particles.

Quantum physicists still despair at the difficulties of explaining their weird world to outsiders. “Many writers fall back on boilerplate that makes physicists howl in agony,” wrote computer scientist Scott Aaronson in The New York Times in 2019. Unfortunately, says Gerard Milburn, a quantum physicist from the University of Queensland, “The quantum world lies beyond the reach of natural language.”

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But we’ll give it a go. Chiefly, particles in the quantum realm aren’t tied down to being in one place or state in the way bigger things are in the outside world, such as cats, which tend to be in one place at once. They obey different rules entirely. The first way to understand this oddness harks back to high-school science and how light can behave as both a particle and a wave. Photons – bursts of light – can act like ball bearings, with position and momentum. Yet light also behaves like a wave washing over a beach in a way that a ball bearing can’t. That’s a quantum physics party trick.

What is Schrödinger’s cat?

The most famous primer for quantum mechanics is the paradox of Schrödinger’s cat, a mind experiment devised by Schrödinger in 1935. A hypothetical cat goes into a box with a vial of poison gas, which has a 50-50 chance of killing it. You close the box and can’t see inside. So, without opening the box, you can’t know whether the poison has killed the cat or not. Therefore, posited Schrödinger, puss is neither dead nor alive but both – until you open the box.

In quantum mechanics, this state is called “superposition”. It’s impossible to describe properly without a background in higher-level mathematics, which we lack, but it generally means not knowing whether, say, an electron is over here, or over there, or – cat-like – in both places at the same time. Another way of looking at it is to visualise a coin spinning on its side. Until it stops and lands on one side or another, it’s not heads or tails but both.

At least, kind of.

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“Every explanation we give in lay terms is in some way wrong,” says Stephen Bartlett, a theoretical quantum physicist and director of the University of Sydney Nano Institute. “People often say a quantum superposition is in the value zero and the value one at the same time. That’s sort of right, and sort of not right.” Says Morello: “This is where language is failing us, right? If you’re trying to say that in plain English, it sounds really weird. But if you actually think about, you know, the mathematics of it, and the actual physical embodiment of that, it actually makes perfect sense.” Suffice to say, a real cat cannot find itself in “superposition”: this is a state that can exist only in the subatomic world.

How is this useful (and what’s a qubit)?

In a conventional computer, information is encoded as voltages that pass around the system thanks to millions of tiny transistors – essentially, gates or switches that turn on and off. A quantum computer is similar except that instead of using transistors as switches it uses subatomic particles, such as electrons or photons, that can have many more states than simply on or off, according to their position, momentum, spin direction and polarisation. Once harnessed – and there are many ways of doing that – these particles-as-switches are called “qubits”, a play on the word “bit”, the smallest unit of data that a computer can process and store.

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Information can be encoded on qubits in various ways: for his computers, Morello uses silicon and strong magnetic fields like those found in MRI machines. “The stuff that I build in my lab is actually a small silicon chip the size of a fingernail,” he says, “but the whole infrastructure around it is quite fancy. It’s a very powerful refrigerator that cools down the chip to [just] above absolute zero.

Critically, qubits can relate to other qubits in a state called “entanglement”. This enables quantum computers to perform multiple calculations simultaneously – which is their superpower. Schrödinger described entanglement as “the characteristic trait of quantum mechanics, the one that enforces its entire departure from classical lines of thought”. Sceptical Einstein called entanglement “spooky action at a distance”. Gerard Milburn says entanglement is great for building a computer “because if you want to have all these switches, having them strongly correlated is exactly what you want. And if you can control those correlations, you can do computation.”

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It’s these characteristics that have scientists and engineers excited. Not because quantum computers will necessarily take over from the conventional miracles we so rely on today but because they can do some particular things that transistor-based machines either struggle with or fail at completely. Today’s supercomputer might try to simulate molecular behaviour with “brute force”, says IBM’s quantum department. “But as it moves past the simplest, most straightforward molecules available, the supercomputer stalls. Quantum algorithms take a new approach to these sorts of complex problems, creating multidimensional computational spaces.”

‘Calculations that are completely impossible … would rapidly become possible on a quantum computer.’

This might include modelling how a drug might affect a virus, how new materials in aeroplanes might react to stress, or the exact process necessary to create a perfect chemical reaction.

“Calculations that are completely impossible – not just on present-day conventional computers but any conceivable future conventional computer – would rapidly become possible on a quantum computer,” says Andrew Doherty, professor of physics at Sydney University. “These are things where the application of that computer would be transformative to people’s lives without every home, you know, having a laptop quantum computer.”

Whether quantum computing will also revolutionise artificial intelligence is less certain. AI works by drawing from a huge amount of data, which is not something that naturally fits on a quantum computer, says Morello. “The problem with quantum computers in general and, in particular, with applications to AI is that loading data into them and reading data out of them is slow and cumbersome and prone to errors. It’s a bottleneck.”

Why is it so hard to build quantum machines?

Creating the qubits is hard, whatever material you start with. Interfacing with them via tiny wires like the golden lattice in IBM’s machines is hard. Getting accurate information from them is hard: “noise”, in the form of vibration or spurious electromagnetic signals, makes them behave badly and give poor results – “decoherence”, in physics speak.

Much of Andrew Doherty’s team’s work these days is in figuring out how to reduce this noise to acceptable levels and compensating for the errors that noise produces. “Compared to our conventional computers, quantum technology [computers] are very noisy devices,” he says. “They go wrong one time in 1000 as opposed to one time in an astronomically huge number of uses of [normal computers].”

Teams around the world are working on multiple approaches both to building the machines and compensating for their eccentricities, from labs in Australia to the tech giants Google, Microsoft and IBM – its Quantum Lab relies on superconducting qubits made from aluminium and niobiumand the Chinese government.

Some versions, such as IBM’s and Morello’s, chill the atoms to keep them as stable as possible. In contrast, the Australian company Quantum Brilliance is working with synthetic diamonds because they work at room temperature. “Unlike other materials,” says co-founder Marcus Doherty (no relation to Andrew), “diamond’s incredible hardness means that even at room temperature, there isn’t enough thermal energy in the environment to create vibrations that destroy the quantum properties of qubits.”

‘People are working really hard to try to find different mathematical problems that they think maybe quantum computers can’t crack.’

Another key moment in the quantum timeline came in 1994 when US mathematician Peter Shor showed that a quantum computer could crack encryption standards safeguarding everything from national intelligence systems to bank accounts. “He devised an algorithm, in theory, that he would need to run on a quantum computer,” says Bartlett. “And if you could build a quantum computer of sufficient size, then yeah, all information security falls apart.” Cybersecurity experts call that scenario Q-Day. “At the moment, people are working really hard to try to find different mathematical problems that they think maybe quantum computers can’t crack,” says Bartlett.

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In 2001, IBM made a seven-qubit device controlled through radio frequency pulses to demonstrate Shor’s Theorem. IBM’s prototype wasn’t given a huge task, managing to calculate that three times five was … wait for it ... 15. Yet this was considered a great success, even if it had shades of the famous supercomputer Deep Thought from Douglas Adams’ Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, which ponders the question of “life, the universe and everything” for thousands of years before giving the answer: 42.(Adams also dreamed up the Infinite Improbability Drive for a spaceship called the Heart of Gold, which used quantum theory to allow it to cross through every point in the universe simultaneously, allowing interstellar travel without all that “tedious mucking about in hyperspace”.)

Then, in 2019, Google claimed its 54-qubit Sycamore processor had performed a calculation in 200 seconds that would have taken the world’s most powerful supercomputer 10,000 years – a breakthrough some breathlessly likened to the Wright brothers’ first flight in 1903. Others were more sceptical, saying it would be many more years before quantum computers would have enough qubits – and be stable enough – to do anything actually useful. IBM said it could simulate Google’s experiment in two-and-a-half days on a “normal” computer, albeit if it had access to the Oak Ridge Summit supercomputer, a beast occupying an area the size of two basketball courts. IBM’s shimmering Eagle, meanwhile, had just 127 qubits; its successors, Osprey and now Condor, have pushed the bar to over 1000 and it plans for 1386 qubits in its Kookaburra in 2025.

Yet most of these devices are still basically proofs of concept, says Morello, the first step to manufacturing and miniaturising, as we saw with today’s transistor-based computers, which started out as rooms full of valves and cables. In the post-World War II era, says Andrew Doherty, “computers took up office floors of buildings in Manhattan and people put paper cards into them to program them. Out came numbers that even my childhood pocket calculator could have calculated right.” Many hundreds of billions of dollars have gone into developing computer technology, in packaging it for convenience and getting the components to work reliably, he says. “That whole engineering thing has got to grow up around these quantum technologies.”

Already, Marcus Doherty’s Quantum Brilliance has installed a quantum computer at the Pawsey Supercomputing Centre in Perth and is about to export computers, at this stage for customers to experiment with quantum computing and work out how to make it useful. In the future, finding commercial applications for a quantum computer will require tailoring it, at least initially, says UNSW’s Maja Cassidy, a former quantum researcher for Microsoft. “People have to go in and understand a company’s problem, how they’re using classical computing and … work out what section might be enhanced by the quantum computer.”

Who is leading the quantum race?

China is the only other nation giving the United States a run for its money. Its leader, Xi Jinping, put accelerating quantum technology in his 2021 five-year plan. McKinsey & Company estimates China has spent at least $15.3 billion in public funds on quantum research. That partly came to fruition in April with the Chinese Academy of Science’s unveiling of a 504-qubit chip, still half the size of IBM’s biggest.

For its part, Australia got a head start with quantum research in the 1990s. Today, two major spinoffs from UNSW research are pursuing silicon-based quantum computing: Silicon Quantum Computing (SQC), led by Professor Michelle Simmons, and Diraq, led by Professor Andrew Dzurak. SQC’s approach involves embedding phosphorus atoms within a wafer of silicon. Dzurak’s approach involves trapping electrons on silicon transistors. Both have the advantage of silicon chips already being ubiquitous. “Today, in our phones and our laptops, the silicon chips that are in those have upwards of a billion transistors on them,” says Dzurak. “The benefit of the technology that we’ve developed is that we are also able to get millions, and ultimately billions, of quantum bits onto a single silicon chip.”

‘Computers as we know them today are an absolutely mind-blowing achievement. So any technology that has the ambition of being an alternative or being better than that has a phenomenally high bar to clear.’

Other leading players in Australia include Q-CTRL, which is working on controlling and enhancing quantum hardware; quantum security company QuintessenceLabs; and Doherty’s Quantum Brilliance, which used its synthetic diamonds in the world-first integration of a two-qubit quantum device into a supercomputer at room temperature in 2022.

Meanwhile, out of the University of Queensland came early gains in “photonic” quantum computing, which harnesses particles of light – photons – as qubits. In April, the federal and Queensland governments jointly set aside $940 million in share purchases, grants and loans for PsiQuantum, a Silicon Valley company whose founders include Australian professors Jeremy O’Brien and Terry Rudolph. Unlike ions or electrons, photons are not charged, Bartlett says, so are not sent haywire by electromagnetic forces – but they are hard to manipulate and measure.

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Another approach involves “trapped ion” quantum computing, pursued by US company IonQ: physicists take an atom, flick off an electron so it is positively charged, then suspend the resulting ion within an electromagnetic field and manipulate the ion with lasers. But Bartlett says this approach will be hard to scale, given the technology to suspend millions of ion qubits doesn’t yet exist.

In April, the federal government also announced $18 million for the University of Sydney to establish Quantum Australia, a research consortium between several universities headed by Bartlett. “It used to be a small research community,” he says. “You absolutely needed to speak the common language of everyone else, which were the rules of physics. Now we are really seeing quite a bit of specialisation.”

Even if quantum computers develop practical uses, they will likely live in vast, super-cooled server farms where land and power are cheap. We’ll communicate with them through our everyday devices, much as we download and upload data from cloud servers, Netflix, TikTok, DropBox, whatever, today. The real challenge for quantum computing, says Morello, is that the alternative is “really, really good”. “Computers as we know them today are an absolutely mind-blowing achievement. So any technology that has the ambition of being an alternative or being better than that has a phenomenally high bar to clear.”

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Content: The difference between quantum computers and ordinary computers has been revealed for thousands of years!
A quantum computer in 200 seconds.
Journalist Xu Ming-sui / Comprehensive Report
Quantum technology is regarded as one of the technologies that can change the world, and it is a hot issue in the global technology industry, including Google and IBM in the United States.
China is the national power to invest, quantum computer patents account for 52.3% of the world's strongest.
What is a quantum computer? What is the difference between a quantum computer and a general computer? "NOWnews Today" organizes the key points of a quantum computer and takes the reader to master it.
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What is the difference between superconducting quantum computers and ordinary computers?
According to the "Science and Technology Grand View Park" of the Ministry of Science and Technology, Chang Ching-rui, director of the IBM Quantum Computer Center at Taiwan University, pointed out that traditional computers and superconducting quantum computers are two completely different forms of data processing.
Traditional computers process data in the form of bits, each of which switches between two states, labeled 0 and 1, while quantum computers use qubits, which can be stacked in linear combinations of 0 and 1.
In the superposition, Zhang said that if the position of the bit is marked by a sphere, the position of the south and north poles represents 0 and 1 respectively, the bits of a traditional computer can only be switched between the poles, but if the quantum bit is superimposed, it can be anywhere on the two-dimensional sphere, not limited to the north and south poles.
The current process of commercial operation of quantum computers in the world is IBM Quantum Computer 53-bit. Last year (2018) Google announced a 72-bit quantum processor, but it is not available for public use.
Zhang said that quantum computers need at least 500 bits to gradually show power and enter the stage of quantum advantage.
What kinds of computing methods do quantum computers have?
Do you have any conditions?
Whether it is an electron, ion or photon, as long as it can achieve the above superposition and entanglement state, it can be called a qubit. Therefore, the common quantum computing methods at present are quantum dots, trapped ions, superconducting loops, diamond vacancies and topological bits. (5 ways.
Both the mainstream "superconducting loop" and the promising "quantum dot" need to operate close to absolute zero (-273.15 ° C, the lowest temperature in thermodynamics), so that the average kinetic energy of each atom is kept very low, avoiding the destruction of other quantum states, but also because its operating environment is very different from daily life, the material characteristics will be completely different, and must be redeveloped.
In addition, the uncertainty and instability of the quantum make it difficult to observe, even if the aforementioned low temperature to avoid mutual interference, there will still be a certain error rate.
However, if the computing power of the quantum computer exceeds 50 qubits, the current computer technology cannot know the error, so it must rely on the quantum computer to check the calculation results.
How strong is the quantum computer?
What areas can it be used in?
In 2019, IBM launched the world's first 20-qubit commercial quantum computer "IBM Q System One", and IBM has also installed quantum computers in Germany and Japan.
In a 2019 paper published in the journal Nature, Google pointed out that their 53-qubit quantum computer Sycamore (Sycamore), which takes only 200 seconds to complete the computing task that the world ’ s best supercomputer would take 10,000 years to complete.
The focus of quantum computing at this stage is not to replace the bit computer, but to use its amazing computing speed to solve problems that supercomputers cannot solve, such as improving machine learning in areas such as disease discovery, chemistry, pharmaceuticals, finance, transportation, or weather observation.
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Content: 3 Quantum Computing Stocks That Could Grow Your Wealth

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  • Quantum computing stocks offer growth potential in emerging technology.
  • IBM (IBM): Leader in quantum systems development, focusing on miniaturization and accuracy.
  • Intel (INTC): Applying transistor-based design to quantum computing with silicon spin qubits.
  • IonQ (IONQ): Developing trapped ion quantum systems with strong technological advantages.

Quantum computing stocks are working toward creating and selling quantum computers and other quantum products. These technologies are based on principles of quantum mechanics. This includes superposition and entanglement to perform operations that a classical processor cannot. These stocks provide a way to enter a field expected to transform many industries.

Thus, investing in quantum computing stocks is quite promising, considering the development of the industry. Some of the breakthroughs in quantum computing hardware include the creation of superconducting qubits and error correction software for larger quantum computers. There has been progress in increasing the qubit coherence times and combining classical and quantum computing to solve real-life problems.

Many of these quantum computing stocks trade at reasonable valuations. Now is a great time for investors to consider these options to grow their wealth. So here are three quantum computing stocks to consider.

IBM (IBM)

Source: shutterstock.com/LCV

IBM (NYSE:IBM) is one of the leading companies in the race toward quantum computing. It’s constantly pushing forward to create efficient quantum systems. The company’s delivery of the first 1,000-qubit quantum chip in 2023 proved incredible advancements are being made in this field.

What’s more, IBM’s approach has changed significantly since the company decided to focus on the miniaturization of quantum chips and their increased accuracy rather than increasing the number of qubits. While quantum computing still has a long way to go before it is practically usable, it has the potential to be used in fields such as cryptography, optimization, and simulation. This is where computing accuracy is paramount.

Thanks to its technical competence, cooperation with other industries, and conceptual approach to the development of quantum computing, IBM has the potential to lead the way forward.

Financially and technically, IBM pays a solid and growing dividend and has a low beta, making it a defensive pick in one’s portfolio.

Intel (INTC)

Intel (NASDAQ:INTC) has become one of the frontrunners in the race to build quantum computers through the application of transistor-based design and semiconductor manufacturing. Thus, by transferring the methods for creating and verifying conventional chips to silicon-based quantum computers, Intel has made a significant leap forward in its creation.

This is because the company is using silicon spin qubits, which are somewhat similar to the familiar semiconductor transistors. This allows the company to use its advanced CMOS fabrication facilities to place millions or even billions of these qubits on a single chip.

Intel’s progress in developing a 12-qubit silicon chip on a 300mm wafer with an impressive 95% yield rate proves its capacity to meet the stability standards of quantum computers. Also, Intel has perfected the cryogenic wafer probing technique. This allows it to test its quantum devices and make necessary adjustments faster.

INTC could be one of the top quantum computing stocks to consider to include an award-winning brand your portfolio.

IonQ (IONQ)

IonQ (NYSE:IONQ) is a leading developer of quantum computing systems using trapped ions. This approach could potentially enhance the reliability of its quantum computations.

IonQ has a strong technological advantage and owns 74 US-issued patents and 163 pending applications covering its quantum computing solutions. It is also engaged in the process of developing its quantum hardware for the commercial market, through which is available on the major cloud platforms and has signed several strategic partnerships,

One of the best things about IONQ is its financials are in good shape. This is more than what can be said for other companies that are exploring more experimental strategies.

As per its Q1 results, IonQ has high gross margins and increasing orders for quantum systems. The company expects to achieve net income before seeking more capital and thus prepare for long-term development. These factors make IONQ one of those quantum computing stocks to buy.

On the date of publication, Matthew Farley did not have (either directly or indirectly) any positions in the securities mentioned in this article. The opinions expressed are those of the writer, subject to the InvestorPlace.com Publishing Guidelines.

Matthew started writing coverage of the financial markets during the crypto boom of 2017 and was also a team member of several fintech startups. He then started writing about Australian and U.S. equities for various publications. His work has appeared in MarketBeat, FXStreet, Cryptoslate, Seeking Alpha, and the New Scientist magazine, among others.

Article printed from InvestorPlace Media, https://investorplace.com/2024/07/3-quantum-computing-stocks-that-could-grow-your-wealth/.

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How much have countries and blocs invested in quantum computing?

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

What have been the landmark achievements in quantum computing?

IBM's world's first integrated quantum computing system, IBM Quantum System One

Google's Sycamore quantum supremacy experiment

What seminal quantum computers/ processors have been developed?

IBM's 65-qubit Hummingbird
20-qubit "IBM Q System One"
IBM's 1,121 Quantum Condor

How much have countries and blocs invested in quantum computing?

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

What have been the landmark achievements in quantum computing?

IBM's world's first integrated quantum computing system, IBM Quantum System One

Google's Sycamore quantum supremacy experiment

What seminal quantum computers/ processors have been developed?

IBM's 65-qubit Hummingbird
20-qubit "IBM Q System One"
IBM's 1,121 Quantum Condor

How much have countries and blocs invested in quantum computing?

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

What have been the landmark achievements in quantum computing?

IBM's world's first integrated quantum computing system, IBM Quantum System One

Google's Sycamore quantum supremacy experiment

What seminal quantum computers/ processors have been developed?

IBM's 65-qubit Hummingbird
20-qubit "IBM Q System One"
IBM's 1,121 Quantum Condor

IBM has developed a 1,000-qubit quantum chip.

What are important areas in quantum research?

What companies are leading in developing quantum computing?

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

Intel has developed a 12-qubit silicon chip with a 95% yield rate using transistor-based design and silicon spin qubits.

What are important areas in quantum research?

What companies are leading in developing quantum computing?

Canada's Xanadu is developing a quantum computer called Borealis that can perform 9,000 years of calculation in microseconds.

Title:

Content: Borealis quantum computer performs 9,000 years of calculation in microseconds

• 2 min read

It is accessible to everyone through Xanadu Cloud or Amazon Braket

Researchers at Canadian firm Xanadu claim to have developed a quantum computer capable of doing a computation in a fraction of a second that would take a traditional computer 9,000 years to finish...

To continue reading this article...

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What advantages do quantum computers have over conventional computers?

extremely complex calculations
extremely fast calculations

What are important areas in quantum research?

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

Germany aims to develop a quantum computer within five years with a €2 billion allocation.

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Content: Artificial intelligence - a global race on quantum computing | Science and technology | Latest discoveries and studies from DW Arabia | DW | 04.09.2021
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Artificial Intelligence: A Global Race for Quantum Computing
Germany is in the midst of a frantic global race for artificial intelligence technologies through quantum computers.
The Quantum Valley Lower Saxony project will make this state a leading center for the development of quantum computing in Germany, attracting 400 researchers.
The possession of quantum computer technology has become one of the most important bets of the future for which the world powers are engaged in a feverish race to harness all the scientific and financial possibilities.
The technology is far more powerful than today ’ s best computers, employing the incredible physical properties of tiny particles.
Instead of the data storage unit (BIT) on which traditional computing operates with values of 0 and 1, the quantum scientist uses a unit (Qbits) that allows multiple values at the same time, theoretically enabling parallel calculations beyond anything known to man to date.
However, this technology is still at an experimental stage and in the future it is expected to solve complex computational problems that current computers cannot do, applying to multiple fields, including computation of tracks and more complex decoding, as well as countless application areas, such as drug development, to name a few.
In May 2021, German Chancellor Angela Merkel, who has completed a PhD in quantum chemistry, launched the first quantum computer built in Germany by the American company IBM, at a time when the world is in a race against time to take the lead in this promising technology.
The Q System One, built near Stuttgart in cooperation with the German research institute Fraunhofer, has been in service since the beginning of April, and is the first device of its kind for the American company outside the United States.
Lower Saxony is also seeking to be a leading platform for the development of this technology in Germany as part of the Quantum Valley Lower Saxony project, which attracts at least 400 researchers.
Watch the video 26: 00
Made in Germany - Innovation is the engine of success
Germany - Artificial Intelligence for Quantum Computing
The major world powers have entered a frantic race over the technologies of the future that will change the way of life of humanity in the world of tomorrow.
The German government has earmarked at least €2 billion this year for the development of quantum computers, which experts say are the main entry point for artificial intelligence technologies.
Germany aims to keep pace with global competition by developing a quantum computer over the next five years.
German Minister of Scientific Research Anja Karlyschek (May 2021) said: “Quantum technologies are one of the key technologies that will be crucial in the future.
"It will allow us to make our communications completely secure, make leaps in medical technology via highly sensitive sensors, or address previously unsolvable problems in logistics or materials research via quantum computing."
Lower Saxony aims to build Germany ’ s first quantum computer and put it into operation by the end of 2025.
Using a technique called the "ion trap", ions are charged atoms, as the basic unit of computation of a computer - the ion is a qubit.
With the help of electric fields, these ions are captured and controlled by radio waves and laser beams.
Lower Saxony - Leadership in Quantum Technology
The state of Lower Saxony (eastern Germany) is seeking to take the lead in the development of quantum computer technology in Germany, in cooperation with a number of universities and research institutions, attracting the expertise of at least 400 researchers under the project "Quantum Valley Lower Saxony".
The project is expected to receive funding of 1.5 billion euros over 10 years.
watch video 01: 33
Rare bipartisan deal in U.S. Congress on tech support
Between science fiction and hard science facts, quantum technology is one of the most important breakthroughs in modern technology.
The industry is increasingly relying on highly complex computing processes in the shortest possible time frame.
However, all current quantum computers are basically just experimental or prototype devices.
The number of qubits does not have to be the only measure, but the quality of the calculations is more important.
In the future, a complete system with special algorithms and software will have to be developed so that researchers can develop technology with enormous potential.
Computers are all at the same time.
The first (mechanical) computer appeared in 1941 before a number of inventions were developed that changed the face of computing and made computers the devices we know today in terms of efficiency, smallness and lightness compared to the first models.
Despite the tremendous development of computing technologies, they still face numerous dilemmas, including, but not limited to, the constant fear of hacking and intrusion of data confidentiality.
Quantum computers go beyond the binary logic of qubits being in the states of 0 and 1 at the same time, but also in the states in between.
This means that far fewer kibbutz are needed to perform calculations, which traditional computing devices cannot.
Another advantage of quantum technology is that these processes take place at close to the speed of light.
However, the generation of quantum "bits" still poses a number of dilemmas, using superconducting elements, such as ions, "trapped" atoms, photons and other similar processes.
The ions are stimulated by microwave radiation, which can be placed in multiple states, which can then be loaded with different information.
The particles are moving.
To be able to function, it must be "frozen", with extreme cooling close to absolute zero (-273.15 ° C) using complex techniques such as magnetic fields.
In addition, qubits are unstable and react to the slightest external stimulation, such as vibrations, magnetic and electrical fields, and other factors.
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European Commission seeks to limit market power of tech giants
From a quantum computer to a neural computer.
Traditional computer chips are almost beginning to exhaust their maximum capabilities because semiconductor performance is starting to reach its physical limits.
Because chips cannot be downsized indefinitely in order to increase their performance in as little space as possible, quantum computers and neural computers are being developed as technological alternatives in the future.
As explained above, a classical computer operates with 0 and 1 binary mode geometry (i.e., current flow or no current flow).
This is specified in the bit unit.
The physical structure in a computer consists of electronic components, such as capacitors or transistors in microchips.
The primary and fundamental property of a "bit" unit is that its value is precisely defined and does not change when measured, on the other hand, the value of a "bit" does not change immediately once the value of another "bit" changes, and in a classical computer only after a certain period of time in the range of milliseconds per second.
Coinciding with the interest in quantum computers, a new technological approach has emerged and concerns computers that do not rely on artificial intelligence but mimic the human brain and are called neural computing.
It has the privilege of extremely low energy consumption, computing speed and high capacity to store information in an analogy to the functioning of the human brain.
Artificial Intelligence: The Tool of Domination in Tomorrow ’ s World
An ambitious US project has invested $170 billion for scientific research and development in the field of precision technology, such as artificial intelligence and semiconductors.
China is engaged in an economic and technological war with Western powers and the United States in particular that exploded in the form of trade battles under former President Donald Trump, and is one of the rare issues adopted by Democratic President Joe Biden after his Republican predecessor.
It enjoys broad consensus in Congress for its strategic dimension.
It has become clear that whoever wins the race for future technologies such as artificial intelligence will be the world ’ s first economy.
The U.S. project provides for $52 billion over five years to encourage companies to manufacture chips and semiconductors in the United States.
Washington believes the Chinese rival is investing at least $150 billion to develop the technologies of the future.
Hassan Zinind

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

The UK has unveiled £2.5 billion in funding for quantum research.

Title:

Content: TIMES ENTERPRISE NETWORK: RISING STARS

Start-up leads charge in widening access to quantum computing

Oxford Quantum Circuits sells access to its supercomputer via Amazon Web Services
new

Dr Ilana Wisby is the chief executive of Europe’s first “quantum computing-as-a-service” company and one of very few women leading start-ups in the field.

Quantum computing is developing rapidly, and global investment in the sector has topped $35.5 billion (£27 million) as industry and governments look to seize on the opportunity it presents. In his most recent budget, Jeremy Hunt unveiled a £2.5 billion funding pot for quantum research, even as he slashed funding for other tech areas.

Quantum computers can operate much faster than conventional computers and perform multiple calculations simultaneously. The technology is still maturing, but in the near future it could solve previously intractable problems, enhance artificial intelligence and transform processes such as drug discovery.

Wisby, 32, who holds a PhD in

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

Australia has invested nearly a billion dollars in quantum computing research.

Finland is developing a 5-qubit quantum computer and investing in quantum computing research through the QuTI project.

Title:

Content: ISSN 2330-717X

Finland’s First 5-Qubit Quantum Computer Is Now Operational

By

VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland recently announced that the country’s first operational 5-qubit quantum computer is up and running. Together with the quantum computing hardware startup IQM, VTT has taken its first steps to enable the building of quantum computers that will be both scalable and easier to manufacture, allowing more companies to begin their quantum computing journey.

The incredible computing performance of quantum computers makes it possible to solve problems that are beyond the capabilities of modern high-performance computers. In the future, quantum computers will be used, for instance, to accurately model viruses and drugs or used to design materials that are challenging to design with today’s technology.

“The development of quantum computing will affect all industries. Our experience in building the quantum computer, and our know-how in developing quantum algorithms will help us develop quantum foresight to, for example, identify future trends and support companies in understanding how and when their business will be affected,” says Pekka Pursula, Research Manager at VTT. “The best way to do this will be for companies to work together with VTT, and actually use our new hardware.”

The now-unveiled 5-qubit quantum computer is located at Micronova, part of OtaNano, the national research infrastructure for micro and nanotechnology, jointly run by VTT and Aalto University.

The big challenge in quantum computing is scalability. Quantum physicists and engineers around the world are trying to figure out how to scale quantum computing hardware to include hundreds and thousands of qubits, scale up the production in an economically efficient way, and scale algorithms and use of quantum computing in real-life applications.

VTT has 30 years of expertise in quantum technology research and excellent facilities to work on hardware scaling. The scaling of the use requires VTT to work hand-in-hand with the companies to develop algorithms for specific applications.

“Today’s announcement marks an important milestone for IQM and for the European quantum initiatives. With the completion of this phase, IQM will become one of the very few quantum companies that can deliver an on-premises quantum computer to a customer. I congratulate our partners, VTT and also the entire IQM team who has managed to deliver this ambitious milestone during the pandemic. This is just the first phase of the delivery and because of our ability to upgrade the systems, we are looking forward to working with VTT on delivering the 20-qubit and the 50-qubit systems,” says Dr. Jan Goetz, CEO and co-founder of IQM

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Title:

Content: Finland has big plans for quantum computing applications

The QuTI project will develop new components, manufacturing and testing solutions, and algorithms for the needs of quantum computing applications.
25 January 2022

Quantum computing applications are expected to be adopted by more industries this year as organizations around the world begin testing the use cases for the technology. While organizations are the ones most looking forward to making the most of the technology, a few governments are also hoping quantum computing applications can improve their services.

In Finland, their first-ever quantum computer was commissioned at a research center near the capital. Scientists are expected to use it to study next-generation computing power. The 5 quantum-bit computers were developed to learn how to build a quantum computer, how to program one, and how to operate one in the future.

The state-owned VTT Technical Research Center (VTT) plays a crucial role in ensuring researchers learn in a range of scientific domains and making quantum computing applications ready for the industry. According to a report by Computer Weekly, the Finnish government believes that the best way to be ready for the quantum computing industry is to build a working quantum computer.

Computer Weekly also highlights five areas for quantum computing applications. They are in drug and materials discovery, supply chain and logistics, financial services, artificial intelligence, and cloud security.

For drug and materials discovery, Computer Weekly reports that a separate team in VTT which is the quantum algorithm team is developing algorithms to be used on the quantum computer. They are looking at two broad types of quantum computing applications. The first is to solve complex optimization problems that exist in many industries. This includes energy distribution, process control, and fleet management. The second is to predict the structures and properties of molecular formations more accurately and effectively. This will help accelerate drug discovery and the development of new materials.

While other countries are also developing quantum computer ecosystems, with the majority focusing on topics and platforms. Tech vendors like IBM and Google, who are also developing quantum use cases are not government-linked or owned and are mostly testing industry use cases.

Compared to the rest of the world, Finnish researchers focus almost exclusively on the superconducting qubit approach, which they have been using for years and know very well. In fact, a new research project has just been launched to accelerate the progress of Finnish quantum technology.

The QuTI project, coordinated by VTT, will develop new components, manufacturing and testing solutions, and algorithms for the needs of quantum technology. The QuTI consortium, partly financed by Business Finland, consists of 12 partners and has a total budget of around EUR 10 million.

For Professor Mika Prunnila, QuTI project’s coordinator, from VT, “Quantum technology is a multidisciplinary and rapidly advancing field. The QuTI consortium provides an ideal starting point for strengthening the international competitiveness of Finnish technology and industry in this fast-growing field.”

The quantum computing, communication and sensing devices to be developed in the QuTI project are largely based on expertise in microsystems, photonics, electronics, and cryogenics. The project develops customized software and algorithms hand in hand with the hardware, strengthening the Finnish quantum computing infrastructure. In addition, new tools will be created for quantum technology product development that will serve the needs of the QuTI project as well as the entire field of quantum technology.

As China and the US continue to battle each other for quantum computing supremacy, Finland is definitely building their presence in the industry as well. With the government supporting quantum computing initiatives, Finland might just have a quantum computing ecosystem on the horizon.

What are important areas in quantum research?

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

What are important areas in quantum research?

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

Russia is developing four quantum computing platforms and has allocated over 6 billion rubles for quantum technologies.

Title:

Content: Investments in quantum computing startups reached $2.35 billion in 2022
Quantum technologies have great potential for both science and business, and attract large investments in different countries of the world, including Russia.
This is stated in the analytical report "Quantum Computing: Prospects for Business", which was prepared jointly with the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "VNIIA named after N.L. Dukhov" and the Institute of Artificial Intelligence AIRI.
“Increasing attention in the world is paid to supporting start-ups in the field of quantum technologies.
In 2022, venture investors around the world invested $2.35 billion in them.
Also last year, almost 1,600 patents were issued and published in all subfields of quantum computing: from physical implementations of quantum equipment and error correction to AI [artificial intelligence] and machine learning.
Video of the day
Leading countries, realizing the breakthrough potential of this direction, include quantum technologies in national programs and allocate increasing budgets for research.
The leader is China with $15.3 billion in government funding.
Development programs have the leading technological corporations of the world.
So, which has made a quantum processor for 433 qubits [qubit or quantum bit - the main unit of information in quantum processors and quantum computing], plans this year to increase the number of qubits to 1121, and intends to show a device for a thousand qubits after 2025.
The intention to develop a full stack of technologies for quantum computing announced and has already released to the market quantum chips on spin qubits.
In Russia, work on quantum computing is underway on four key physical platforms: superconducting qubits, photonic circuits, neutral atoms, and trapped ions.
The Russian Federation has also formed a pool of organizations, including companies, scientific institutions and universities that conduct research and development, study the applicability of quantum computing to practical tasks.
“Quantum computing can give the world an impetus to the development of new industries based on the processing of big data.
In addition, they can improve the performance and efficiency of artificial intelligence algorithms, the accuracy of models and simulations of complex systems (such as molecules of new drugs, chemical reactions or physical processes), as well as provide a new level of calculations in finance and logistics, new solutions to climate problems and cryptographic algorithms that will provide a higher level of security.
The authors of the report come to the conclusion that although no one in the world has been able to demonstrate practical quantum superiority, nevertheless, companies should plan today what will happen after its achievement.
Quantum computing is able to integrate seamlessly into data processing workflows, using adaptation tools for popular programming languages and interfaces.

Title:

Content: Sections
Digitalization of IT in the public sector Import independence
Russian scientists have figured out how to dramatically increase the performance of a quantum computer
Scientists from Russia have found a way to increase the performance of a quantum computer.
To do this, they used qudits, which allow you to significantly reduce not only the number, but also the time of calculations.
And this, in turn, will allow you to run more complex and complex quantum algorithms.
A new approach
Russian scientists have figured out how to increase the performance of a quantum processor.
This CNews told representatives of the National Research Technological University MISIS.
Scientists from MISIS and the Russian Quantum Center (RCC) have proposed a new approach for launching quantum algorithms using additional levels of the quantum system.
The method improved the final quality of quantum algorithms.
This article was published in the scientific journal Entropy.
Qubits and Qudits
Now most of the research on quantum operations is focused on qubits - all operations that apply to a quantum system are represented in the form of one- and two-qubit quantum gates that convert the input states of qubits at the weekend according to a certain law, the representatives of MISIS note.
Photo: MISIS
Head of the Laboratory of Quantum Information Technologies MISIS Alexey Fedorov
The main way to improve the performance of quantum processors is to increase the number of their qubits (the smallest unit of information in a quantum computer).
At the same time, ions or atoms, which often act as qubits, have more than two levels and can work not only as qubits, but also as qubits (an expanded version of a qubit).
There are three (three), four (four), five (five), and four (four).
These states allow for denser encoding of data in physical media.
And allow you to run more complex and complex quantum algorithms.
Thus, the power of the quantum processor increases and operations can be performed much faster.
What is the novelty
Scientists of MISIS and RCC considered one of the ways of using kukvintov (five-level kudites) and presented an effective model of decomposition of the generalized Toffoli valve.
As an example, Grover's quantum algorithm for searching through a disordered database is considered.
Using only this valve, you can build any reversible classical logic scheme, for example, an arithmetic device or a classical processor.
The advantage of qubits is that their space can be considered as the space of two qubits with a common additional level, explained the head of the laboratory of quantum information technologies MISIS Alexei Fedorov.
This helps to simultaneously reduce the number of physical media, and use the additional layer as an auxiliary state to simplify the decomposition of multi-qubit valves (complex logical operations with qubits) or reduce their number.
This improves the quality of the algorithms.
The results obtained by the scientists apply to quantum processors based on various physical platforms, such as ions, neutral atoms, superconducting circuits and others.
Quantum computers in Russia
In December 2021, Russia created a prototype of a quantum ion computer of four qubits.
The prototype was created within the framework of the “road map ” on quantum computing, carried out by Rosatom.
On its basis, by the end of 2024, they are going to build a universal quantum computer with cloud access.
In 2021, the state corporation allocated more than 6 billion rubles for the development of quantum technologies and the creation of the necessary research infrastructure.
By 2024, more than 23 billion rubles will be allocated for the creation of a quantum computer.
In 2022, physicists increased the power of a quantum computer to five qubits.
On April 5, 2023, remote access to an ion computer was opened in Russia for the first time.
Kristina Kholupova

Japan has developed a 64-qubit quantum computer with Fujitsu.

Title:

Content: Cross-Strait International
Development of Japan ’ s No. 2 Quantum Computer Completed
Japanese electronics company Fujitsu and the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research announced on Thursday that the two sides have successfully completed the development of the "quantum computer" domestically produced machine 2, which will be opened to enterprises and research institutions to promote the use of new drugs and financial fields.
Using the characteristics of microscopic particles such as electrons and photons, quantum computers can complete complex operations at ultra-high speeds, which is expected to increase the amount of information processing.
Like the domestic No. 1 machine, No. 2 uses the extremely low temperature current to smoothly pass through the phenomenon of "superconductivity", and its approximate performance qubit number is maintained at 64.
Researching new algorithms to reduce errors
In response to the current problem of easy error in quantum computer computing, Fujitsu plans to develop technology through the supercomputer "Fuyue" to develop algorithms that are not easy to error.
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What are important areas in quantum research?

Quantum computing has the potential to revolutionize industries like finance, healthcare, and logistics, giving early investors a significant future advantage.

Title:

Content: Quantum superiority.
How are the latest supercomputers and what does Schrödinger ’ s cat have to do with it?
Why quantum computers perform better than classical computers, how complex problems they are able to solve and when we will use their services.
It all began back in 1900, when the German theoretical physicist Max Planck made the assumption: energy is absorbed not continuously, but in parts.
These parts he called quanta (from the Latin quantum - "how many").
And then it happened: his hypothesis became the basis for the discoveries made by Einstein, Bohr, Rutherford, Schrödinger and other physicists, some of whom received Nobel prizes.
It may be hard to believe, but the incomprehensible and inexplicable quantum physics has found practical application.
Every time you pick up a flash drive or CD, think about it.
But flash drives and disks did not satisfy the researchers, so they decided to "cross" quantum physics and computer computing.
The result is a mysterious device with many tubes, prisms, mirrors, lasers, but without a monitor – a quantum computer.
As practice has recently shown, a quantum processor (the “brain ” of a computer) is able to cope with a task in an hour, which would take eight years for a supercomputer the size of a hangar.
Such results were achieved by scientists from the Chinese University of Science and Technology in Shanghai.
The prospects for these devices are the most bright: engineers dream that in a matter of minutes quantum PCs will be able to create the most perfect cipher and permanently stop hacker attacks, accelerate the development of artificial intelligence systems, conduct calculations for pharmacists who will help in the creation of effective and safe drugs.
But that's a long way off.
At this stage, scientists are fighting to prove to the world that quantum computers are capable of surpassing classical analogues.
How a quantum computer is made
All computing equipment, including PCs, operates on the basis of a binary system consisting of 0 and 1 (they are commonly called bits).
The use of these two symbols made it easier and cheaper to manufacture chips - the "brains" of a computer.
When a computational process occurs, the microswitches that the chip is equipped with either conduct current or do not.
That is, they constantly switch from 0 to 1 and back.
Thus, they can be in one of the states - "on" or "off", 0 or 1.
The operation of the quantum chip is based on a different system consisting not only of 0 and 1, but also of intermediate values and their combinations, so that the switches of the chip occupy a position between 0 and 1 or can be in the position of 0 and 1 at the same time.
Here it is worth remembering Schrödinger ’ s cat, which, according to the terms of the thought experiment, can be both alive and dead at the same time.
The same thing happens with quantum bits (qubits).
So what's the point?
It turns out that while the PC is thinking about specific answers, the quantum analogue is guessing at the qubit thickness?
A quantum computer does produce results in terms of probability, but its appeal is different.
Memory in qubits: without end and beginning
For computing, an important parameter is memory.
Classic devices are designed so that at some point their program works with some memory cell, which limits the capabilities of the device.
A quantum computer is able to simultaneously work with all memory cells, due to the "variability" of qubits described above.
Physicists argue that, theoretically, qubits can have an infinite amount of memory.
"In quantum computers, qubits are probably in a state of 0 or 1.
Probability is a number.
To write this number as accurately as possible, you need an infinite number of zeros and ones.
Therefore, in theory, 1 qubit is a physical system with an infinite amount of memory, ” explains physicist Anatoly Dymarsky in his report.
Who is not shocked by quantum theory, he did not understand it
Danish theoretical physicist and public figure
Niels Bohr
However, there is no method to make an accurate measurement and to make the proposed accurate record in practice.
Therefore, the amount of quantum memory is still limited, but still impressive.
The scientist gives an example.
So, the memory of your laptop is 15 qubits, a supercomputer has a memory equal to 40 qubits, but 60 qubits can fit all the memory of all the computing centers of the world combined.
It is in the colossal capacity of qubits that all the charm of quantum computing consists.
The third time: how to find the best solution
But back to the mathematical abilities of such a computer.
At first glance, it seems useless in terms of calculations: while a supercomputer gives a clear and specific answer, the quantum analogue is scattered with a lot of options.
Who can do this to?
Believe me, many.
So, being in the position of Schrödinger's cat, the quantum system calculates all possible solutions to problems, looks for the most optimal of them and offers the best as the most suitable.
By getting a pool of correct answers, we can check how correct they are.
If the answers were incorrect, it is worth doing the calculations again.
In the end, three restarts will be enough to get the perfect answer.
Quantum "entanglement": what are the disadvantages of the system
Oddly enough, the more memory a quantum computer has, the more difficult it is to work with it.
So in qubits, his strength and weakness are at the same time.
The fact is that with the increase in the number of quantum bits and, therefore, memory, the system becomes more complicated and it becomes more difficult to maintain in an isolated state, and this is a prerequisite, otherwise nothing will work.
The time parameter is also important: the longer you operate the system, the more unstable it becomes.
In an unstable state, the probability of its interaction with the environment increases, and if this happens, the cells of quantum memory will collapse and turn into noise.
It is for this reason that scientists limit the number of operations with qubits.
This poses a major challenge to the development of quantum computing.
But there are also moves.
University of Sydney student Pablo Bonilla Ataides seems to have found a way to reduce the sensitivity of qubits to the environment.
Most scientists dealing with this problem eliminate noise by cooling the device to extremely low temperatures.
But not in all cases the method is effective.
Ataides proposes to correct errors by switching the states of qubits so that their position during interference is the most optimal.
Who Has Achieved Quantum Superiority
Not so long ago, IBM engineers said that they managed to experimentally prove that quantum computers are more efficient than classical ones.
In their work, the scientists investigated "computations in a confined space", allowing to demonstrate the fundamental advantage of calculations with qubits over classical bits.
Researchers have mathematically proved that there are problems that a classical computer cannot calculate, since it is limited to only one and zero, but a quantum computer can cope with them.
On the theory, scientists did not stop and conducted an experiment, with the participation of an imperfect ("noisy") quantum computer and a classical one.
To solve the problem, an ordinary computer used an electrical circuit with one logic element with two inputs and one register (bit) to store intermediate results.
The quantum circuit was built on four qubits, three of which encoded the incoming signal, and the fourth stored the intermediate result.
Important
Magical graphene: scientists have brought quantum electronics to a new level
Each of the systems received data, processed and gave the result.
A normal computer would get zeros and ones.
If there were more zeros than ones, he should have given the answer "0".
If there were more units, the correct answer was "1".
As a result, the classical computer gave the correct result in 87.5% of cases, while the quantum analogue succeeded in 93% of cases.
The test shows that quantum computers, even noisy ones, are more powerful computing tools.
Where and how we can apply quantum computing
The scope of No1 is cryptography.
A quantum computer will be able to design a communication system that is not afraid of hacking or listening.
The fact is that quantum cryptography is not based on the rules of mathematics, but on the rules of physics.
This means that information is transferred through communication channels not in the form of a digital code, but with the help of quantum mechanics objects with physical means.
Such objects can be electrons in an electric current or photons in fiber-optic communication lines.
If someone wants to listen to your conversation, which you are conducting with the help of a quantum smartphone, you will immediately know about it.
The system will record third-party noises indicating that a third party is destroying the original signals in an attempt to wedge in.
Quantum computing will be used in pharmacy, logistics, energy and the design of artificial intelligence systems
Quantum computing will also be used in bioengineering, for example, to model DNA molecules.
They can also be useful to pharmacologists in the development of drugs, because when calculating proteins are considered as microscopic quantum objects.
They, like qubits, accept a variety of states, and therefore a quantum computer can most accurately simulate their behavior.
Qubits will also help to understand how atoms of certain substances interact, and to model a new material.
Perhaps scientists will be able to easily and simply come up with a “new graphene ”.
Important
Proven in practice: quantum computers have finally surpassed classical PCs
Machine learning algorithms, on which any AI system is based, require remarkable computing power, which a quantum computing device can best cope with.
Such industries, where you need to simultaneously solve many problems, also require the effectiveness of quantum computing.
These include transport systems, logistics, energy.
Finally, with the advent of more and more devices, the era of the quantum Internet will come, a prototype of which is already being developed in the Netherlands.

What fields can quantum computers advance?

Quantum computers can solve complex problems that classical computers cannot, making them valuable for various fields.

What advantages do quantum computers have over conventional computers?

extremely complex calculations
extremely fast calculations

What fields can quantum computers advance?

Countries like China, the US, and Sweden are heavily investing in quantum computing for its potential to advance various fields.

Quantum computers can break current encryption techniques exponentially faster, posing a significant threat.

Title:

Content: How big does your quantum computer need to be?

Quantum computers are expected to be disruptive and potentially impact many industry sectors. So researchers in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands decided to explore two very different quantum problems: breaking the encryption of Bitcoin (a digital currency) and simulating the molecule responsible for biological nitrogen fixation.

In AVS Quantum Science, from AIP Publishing, the researchers describe a tool they created to determine how big a quantum computer needs to be to solve problems like these and how long it will take.

“The majority of existing work within this realm focuses on a particular hardware platform, superconducting devices, like those IBM and Google are working toward,” said Mark Webber, of the University of Sussex. “Different hardware platforms will vary greatly on key hardware specifications, such as the rate of operations and the quality of control on the qubits (quantum bits).”

Many of the most promising quantum advantage use cases will require an error-corrected quantum computer. Error correction enables running longer algorithms by compensating for inherent errors inside the quantum computer, but it comes at the cost of more physical qubits.

Pulling nitrogen out of the air to make ammonia for fertilizers is extremely energy-intensive, and improvements to the process could impact both world food scarcity and the climate crisis. Simulation of relevant molecules is currently beyond the abilities of even the world’s fastest supercomputers but should be within the reach of next-gen quantum computers.

“Our tool automates the calculation of the error-correction overhead as a function of key hardware specifications,” Webber said. “To make the quantum algorithm run faster, we can perform more operations in parallel by adding more physical qubits. We introduce extra qubits as needed to reach the desired runtime, which is critically dependent on the rate of operations at the physical hardware level.”

Most quantum computing hardware platforms are limited, because only qubits right next to each other can interact directly. In other platforms, such as some trapped ion designs, the qubits are not in fixed positions and can instead be physically moved around — meaning each qubit can interact directly with a wide set of other qubits.

“We explored how to best take advantage of this ability to connect distant qubits, with the aim of solving problems in less time with fewer qubits,” said Webber. “We must continue to tailor the error-correction strategies to exploit the strengths of the underlying hardware, which may allow us to solve highly impactful problems with a smaller-size quantum computer than had previously been assumed.”

Quantum computers are exponentially more powerful at breaking many encryption techniques than classical computers. The world uses RSA encryption for most of its secure communication. RSA encryption and the one Bitcoin uses (elliptic curve digital signature algorithm) will one day be vulnerable to a quantum computing attack, but today, even the largest supercomputer could never pose a serious threat.

The researchers estimated the size a quantum computer needs to be to break the encryption of the Bitcoin network within the small window of time it would actually pose a threat to do so — in between its announcement and integration into the blockchain. The greater the fee paid on the transaction, the shorter this window will be, but it likely ranges from minutes to hours.

“State-of-the-art quantum computers today only have 50-100 qubits,” said Webber. “Our estimated requirement of 30 [million] to 300 million physical qubits suggests Bitcoin should be considered safe from a quantum attack for now, but devices of this size are generally considered achievable, and future advancements may bring the requirements down further.

“The Bitcoin network could perform a ‘hard-fork’ onto a quantum-secure encryption technique, but this may result in network scaling issues due to an increased memory requirement.”

The researchers emphasize the rate of improvement of both quantum algorithms and error- correction protocols.

“Four years ago, we estimated a trapped ion device would need a billion physical qubits to break RSA encryption, requiring a device with an area of 100-by-100 square meters,” said Webber. “Now, with improvements across the board, this could see a dramatic reduction to an area of just 2.5-by-2.5 square meters.”

A large-scale error-corrected quantum computer should be able to solve important problems classical computers cannot.

“Simulating molecules has applications for energy efficiency, batteries, improved catalysts, new materials, and the development of new medicines,” said Webber. “Further applications exist across the board — including for finance, big data analysis, fluid flow for airplane designs, and logistical optimizations.” The article “The impact of hardware specifications on reaching quantum advantage in the fault tolerant regime” is authored by Mark Webber, Vincent Elfving, Sebastian Weidt, and Winifried K. Hensinger. It will appear in AVS Quantum Science on Jan. 25, 2022 (DOI: 10.1116/5.0073075). After that date, it can be accessed at https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1116/5.0073075.

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What advantages do quantum computers have over conventional computers?

What are the potential threats of quantum computers?

threatening national security through breaking encryption

Nvidia created the largest quantum algorithm simulation using cuQuantum.

Title:

Content: Nvidia runs cuQuantum on DGX SuperPOD, sets world record for quantum computing simulation
2021 / 11 / 13 9: 25: 08 Source: IT House Author: Changhe Editor: Changhe
It was learned from Nvidia that Nvidia has broken a record in the emerging field of quantum computing and is launching software so that anyone can do the job.
Nvidia said it created the largest quantum algorithm simulation ever, using cuQuantum, Nvidia ’ s SDK for accelerating quantum circuit simulations on GPUs.
The MaxCut algorithm is used to design large computer networks, find the perfect layout of chips with billions of silicon pathways, and explore the field of statistical physics. MaxCut is a key issue in the quantum world and one of the leading candidates to demonstrate the advantages of using quantum algorithms.
The IT family learned that Nvidia runs the cuTensorNet library in cuQuantum on the internal supercomputer Selene, simulating quantum algorithms to solve the MaxCut problem.
1688 qubits are simulated using 896 GPUs, capable of processing graphics containing up to 3,375 vertices.
This is eight times more qubits than previous very large quantum simulations.
Nvidia says its solutions reach 96% of the best known answers.
cuQuantum ’ s first library, cuStateVec, is now available for download.
It uses a state vector method to accelerate the simulation of dozens of qubits.
The cuTensorNet library, which helped Nvidia set a world record, will be launched in December.
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Key words: Nvidia Quantum
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NIST has selected CRYSTALS-Kyber, CRYSTALS-Dilithium, FALCON, and SPHINCS+ as quantum-resistant algorithms.

Title:

Content: in ,

NIST Chooses 4 Algorithms for Inclusion in Post-Quantum Cryptographic Standard

The National Institute of Standards and Technology has selected the first batch of four encryption algorithms designed to resist an attack from a future quantum computer that could potentially break the security codes used to safeguard email software, online banking and other digital platforms.

NIST said Tuesday the encryption tools will become part of the post-quantum cryptographic standard that the agency expects to be finalized in two years.

One of the four algorithms, CRYSTALS-Kyber, is for general encryption meant to protect data shared across a public network. The three algorithms – CRYSTALS-Dilithium, FALCON and SPHINCS+ – are for digital signatures used for identity authentication.

SPHINCS+ is based on a family of math problems called hash functions, while the rest of the selected encryption tools are based on structured lattices.

In 2016, NIST asked cryptographers across the world to propose algorithms for its post-quantum cryptography standardization effort.

Laurie Locascio, director of NIST and undersecretary of Commerce for standards and technology, said quantum computers that can crack current encryption will pose a serious threat to information systems.

Our post-quantum cryptography program has leveraged the top minds in cryptography — worldwide — to produce this first group of quantum-resistant algorithms that will lead to a standard and significantly increase the security of our digital information,” added Locascio.

NIST said it is considering four additional algorithms for inclusion in the post-quantum cryptographic standard. These tools are meant for general encryption and do not rely on the two families of math problems.

Join ExecutiveBiz Events for the Quantum Technologies Forum on July 28 to hear from government and industry leaders as they discuss the future of quantum technologies and their potential national security and defense applications.

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Written by Jane Edwards

is a staff writer at Executive Mosaic, where she writes for ExecutiveBiz about IT modernization, cybersecurity, space procurement and industry leaders’ perspectives on government technology trends.

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Promising quantum algorithms include Shor's for cryptography, QAOA for optimization, and Grover's for database searching.

Title:

Content: Skip to Content

Secure cryptography in a post-quantum world

Preeti Yadav
23 Jun 2022

Quantum technologies will play a decisive role in information security, enabling secure communication between mutually-trusting parties and multiparty computations between distrustful parties to take place safely. These kinds of useful functionalities fit perfectly within the scope of the future quantum internet.

Communication is undoubtedly an essential part of human society, with the task of secure communication being motivated by the need to protect end users’ private data. More than ever, we are provided with an abundance of options for digital communication: emailing, messaging, image/audio clips, and video, among many others. Today’s society often blindly trusts that those means of communication are secure enough for data to be privately transmitted. How safe are we really, though, and for how long?

For centuries, transmitting confidential messages meant coming up with different schemes of encryption and decryption, and keeping those schemes secret. Over the years, new methods were discovered in which parties could send information perfectly securely, even if the scheme was known, as long as the parties had previously shared a secret key. It has become clear that the critical aspect of secure communication is, in fact, the security of those keys used for encryption/decryption, rather than the method itself. This has given rise to the problem of distribution of keys between distant users, a fundamental challenge in cryptography. Mathematical problems with computationally complex algorithmic solutions have been proposed  –  from discrete logarithms, and integer factorization, through to public key cryptography (PKC), to provide ways of key distribution as well as authentication. At present, PKC is used to secure most of the private data transmitted over the Internet.

One of the most promising modern applications of quantum physics is quantum computation. Quantum computers work in a fundamentally different way to traditional computers, by using quantum bits or qubits (represented by a two-level quantum system, such as the polarization of photons, or spin of electrons) instead of regular classical bits. Qubits display unique features of quantum mechanics, in particular superposition, interference, and entanglement, allowing for possibilities that are not feasible with classical bits. Quantum computers, which exhibit and exploit these unique features of quantum systems, can speed up computing capabilities exponentially, enabling computations otherwise impossible using classical computers. The various applications range from problems of optimization and searching unsorted data, to machine learning, simulations, and quantum chemistry, among others.

The relevance of quantum technologies in cryptography became apparent with Shor’s algorithm for quantum computers, based on efficiently finding prime factors of arbitrary integers. Interestingly, they are changing the landscape of information security in more than one way. On one hand, quantum computers are, in theory, able to break cryptography used every day to protect data, which is based on public key cryptography. Without being aware of it, we use these protocols all the time in our daily lives, from texting friends on the phone, to making purchases with cards at the supermarket. On the other hand, quantum protocols have been developed that can be used to perform these tasks, without being susceptible to attacks by any computer. To be able to break these protocols, you would have to break the very laws of physics! These quantum cryptography protocols use photons, which are the “quanta” of light, to encode information by manipulating different degrees of freedom, such as polarization or phase, and accurately measuring their state. Thus, quantum systems allow us to realize communication protocols that have superior security when compared to their classical counterparts.

Figure 1: The impact of quantum computing attacks

Despite the ongoing efforts and investments in the development of quantum computers, the timeline for the availability of a large-scale, fault-tolerant quantum computer is uncertain. This is because these computers are yet to overcome the challenges associated with increasing the available number of qubits, i.e., increasing their computational power. IBM recently unveiled their 127-qubit processor called Eagle[1]. Nevertheless, it is also important to understand that the migration from quantum-vulnerable to quantum-resistant protocols requires time and effort that are, again, difficult to estimate at this point. With the upcoming “quantum threat” of cryptographically relevant quantum computers (CRQC)[2], there is a dire necessity for secure communication schemes that are resilient to quantum attacks. Therefore, it is wise to start looking into quantum-secure protocols that have superior security when compared to their classical counterparts.

Quantum key distribution (QKD) was the first quantum protocol to receive mainstream attention due to two main features. Firstly, it achieves the task of key distribution, a problem at the heart of achieving secure encryption; second, it does so while being “unconditionally secure,” as opposed to classical protocols that rely on the difficulty of specific computational problems. During QKD, two parties (traditionally called Alice and Bob) share a collection of quantum systems and then make measurements on them, such that they can establish a secret key between themselves on which a third party has no information. In fact, the laws of physics guarantee that any attempt to try to eavesdrop on the quantum channel to distribute keys can be detected by Alice and Bob through communication over an authenticated channel.

Beyond the key distribution problem for secure communication between two parties, another important scenario to consider is that of multiple parties interested in performing joint computations. These computations may use private inputs from individual parties and should be privacy-preserving in the sense that a user’s private inputs are not revealed to any other party during the computation. The famous Millionaires’ problem is an example of such a computation, where two millionaires want to determine who is richer while keeping their individual wealth private (Figure 2). This task, known as secure multiparty computation (SMC), is of extreme importance when involving scenarios with multiple parties that do not necessarily trust each other (as opposed to QKD, in which the two parties trust each other and try to keep their shared key secret from external eavesdroppers). This guarantee of keeping users’ private data secret is further enforced by strict data protection laws. Volumes of data like the approximately 64 zettabytes generated in 2020[3] and the 181 zettabytes expected by 2025 are a great source of power. Having access to an SMC service and performing arbitrary computations will provide ways to profit from valuable data from multiple sources, such as through privacy preserving data mining (PPDM) (Figure 3).

Figure 2: The Millionaires’ problem, first proposed by Andrew Yao in 1982, as an example of secure computation, as well as its solution

At Capgemini Engineering, Portugal, we are looking into ways of performing the task of SMC with quantum technologies and exploring how the use of quantum resources can provide security against attacks that impact PKC. Interestingly, the techniques used in QKD have been found to be useful for other tasks beyond key distribution. In our Quantum Lab, we prepare and measure quantum systems in very similar ways to QKD – by encoding information in the polarization states of photons and performing measurements. This means that all the technology and infrastructure being developed so far to support QKD can be very easily adapted to implement our SMC scheme.

Figure 3: Companies can, for instance, provide digital services to users in exchange for their information, which can be analyzed in a secure way through privacy-preserving computations.

Finally, considering that we are moving towards a society with an increasing application of IoT, there are many concerns about how private information will be handled when nearly every device is connected and potentially collecting information about us. The security aspect of our private data is clearly crucial to us as individuals as well as to businesses and governments and having reliable protocols for secure communication and computation will be one of the most fundamental challenges ahead.

[1] IBM – https://research.ibm.com/blog/127-qubit-quantum-processor-eagle

[2] NSA FAQs – https://media.defense.gov/2021/Aug/04/2002821837/-1/-1/1/Quantum_FAQs_20210804.PDF

[3] Statista – https://www.statista.com/statistics/871513/worldwide-data-created/

What fields can quantum computers advance?