Ocean acidification is a pressing issue that affects marine life, particularly those with calcium carbonate shells and skeletons, such as clams, bivalves, and potentially cephalopods.

The increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide leads to a decrease in pH levels, making it difficult for these organisms to build and maintain their shells.

While there is limited information available on the specific effects of ocean acidification on cephalopods, it is likely that they will be impacted by changes in the food web and ecosystem processes.

Ocean acidification can affect fish at an energetic cost, and fish are more sensitive to warming than acidification, which can have indirect effects on cephalopod populations.

Temperature affects fish growth and behavior, and young fish are most sensitive to warming and acidification, which can impact the overall resilience of the ecosystem.

Pteropods, which are an important food source for many marine species, including cephalopods, are vulnerable to ocean acidification, which can impact their shell building and survival.

Ocean acidification can also affect the development and growth of sea urchin larvae, which can have cascading effects on the entire ecosystem.

Seagrass meadows can mitigate the negative effects of ocean acidification on calcifying species, including cephalopods, by increasing the pH and reducing the acidity of the seawater.

However, ocean acidification is predicted to worsen under the RCP8.5 scenario, which can have significant consequences for marine ecosystems and biodiversity.

Cephalopods, such as octopuses, are affected by ocean warming, which can cause blurred vision, reduced protein production, and accelerated metabolism.

Ocean warming can also change octopus distribution areas, reduce reproduction, and decrease egg spawn numbers.

The combined effects of ocean acidification and warming can increase the breathing rates of larvae and make them more sensitive to environmental stressors, which can have significant consequences for the resilience of the ecosystem.

Overall, ocean acidification has the potential to impact cephalopod-dominated ecosystems in a variety of ways, including changes to the food web dynamics, species interactions, and ecosystem processes.

It is essential to continue monitoring and studying the effects of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems, including those dominated by cephalopods, to better understand the potential consequences and develop effective mitigation strategies.

The Arctic Ocean acidifies three to four times faster than other oceans, which can have severe consequences for cephalopod-dominated ecosystems in these regions.

Ocean acidification may make some metals more toxic, which can further harm cephalopods and other marine life.

Cephalopod-dominated ecosystems are vulnerable to changes in food web dynamics, as ocean acidification can disrupt zooplankton populations and affect the entire food chain.

Ocean acidification can also impact ecosystem resilience, making it more challenging for cephalopod populations to recover from disturbances.

Some species, such as pteropods, which are an essential food source for many cephalopods, are particularly vulnerable to ocean acidification, which can harm their shell-building abilities.

Ocean acidification can also affect the growth and survival of shrimp larvae, which are an essential food source for many cephalopod species.

Kelp deployment on oyster farms can protect bivalves from acidification, but more research is needed to understand how to mitigate the effects of ocean acidification on cephalopod-dominated ecosystems.

Ocean warming and acidification can have combined effects on marine ecosystems, including changes in species distribution, reproductive cycles, and food chain dynamics.

Cephalopods, such as octopuses, may become smaller in warmer water temperatures, which can further exacerbate the impacts of ocean acidification.

Overall, ocean acidification has far-reaching consequences for cephalopod-dominated ecosystems, including changes in food web dynamics and ecosystem resilience, which can have significant impacts on the entire marine ecosystem.

Ocean acidification is a pressing issue that affects marine life, particularly those with calcium carbonate shells and skeletons, such as clams, bivalves, and potentially cephalopods.

Title:

Content: There were 1,862 press releases posted in the last 24 hours and 393,697 in the last 365 days.

Utilizing biogeochemical and genetic tools to understand and support clam populations in a changing ocean

Marine bivalves are at risk due to anthropogenic climate change. This poses a threat to commercial aquaculture, and the communities that depend on bivalves for food security. Ocean acidification, the lowering of seawater pH, is of particular concern for marine calcifiers, including bivalves. Ocean acidification occurs as carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere at a rate faster than natural geologic processes can buffer. It is energetically costly for marine calcifiers like clams, mussels, and oysters, to mineralize under acidic conditions, and low pH leads to the dissolution of calcium carbonate shells and skeletons. This problem warrants research on acidification adaptation strategies that will keep coastal populations healthy. Adding calcium carbonate shell hash to coastal sediments may mitigate negative effects of acidification on infaunal shellfish by altering the chemistry of pore fluids, thus providing a potential mitigation strategy for local populations, including species like the Pacific littleneck clam (Leukoma staminea).

Here, I present the first in-depth description of the shell mineralogy, microstructure, body size variability, and geochemical properties of modern L. staminea, a common eastern Pacific, shallow, infaunal bivalve. Additionally, I document the impact of ocean acidification on the shell growth and gene expression of L. staminea, and test whether adding shell hash to its infaunal environement can promote growth under acidified conditions. Juvenile clams were raised in four experimental conditions for 90 days: control seawater, acidified seawater, control seawater with shell hash, and acidified seawater with shell hash. Clam shell weight, soft tissue weight, and new shell growth were measured. The presence of shell hash increased the pH, alkalinity and aragonite saturation state of pore fluids across all treatments, and increased shell growth on average, although growth metrics were variable across and within treatments. Lastly, RNA-sequencing revealed the impacts of experimental acidification on juvenile clam gene expression. Clams grown in the presence of shell hash had gene expression profiles more similar to those grown in control (non-acidified) conditions. In all, this research suggests that adding shell hash to coastal sediments alters the chemistry of pore fluids and buffers against acidic conditions that deleteriously affects clam mineralization.

Kempf H., 2024. Utilizing biogeochemical and genetic tools to understand and support clam populations in a changing ocean. PhD Thesis, University of California, Davis. 33 p. Thesis (restricted access).

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How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

What do shellfish use to build their shells?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

The increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide leads to a decrease in pH levels, making it difficult for these organisms to build and maintain their shells.

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

What is the main cause of ocean acidification?

water absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

While there is limited information available on the specific effects of ocean acidification on cephalopods, it is likely that they will be impacted by changes in the food web and ecosystem processes.

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Ocean acidification can affect fish at an energetic cost, and fish are more sensitive to warming than acidification, which can have indirect effects on cephalopod populations.

Title:

Content: There were 734 press releases posted in the last 24 hours and 394,615 in the last 365 days.

Study explores combined impacts of ocean warming and acidification on pacific cod

Newly hatched Pacific cod larva. (Image credit: NOAA Fisheries/Emily Slesinger)

As the climate changes, the ocean is simultaneously warming and acidifying. Both have been shown to adversely affect the vulnerable early life stages of Pacific cod. But until now, the interplay of these two environmental stressors was unknown.

new NOAA Fisheries study takes a look into the future by replicating predicted Alaska ocean conditions in the laboratory. The study is the first to look at the interactive effects of ocean warming and acidification on Pacific cod. Researchers evaluated the growth and survival of eggs and larvae at combinations of temperature and acidity representing current and future ocean environments. The findings can help improve predictions to ensure climate-ready Alaska fisheries and communities in the future.

Alaska Fish Face Multiple Climate-Driven Stressors

Ocean warming and acidification are escalating faster in Alaska and other high latitude regions than anywhere else on the planet. Alaska produces more than half of the nation’s wild-caught seafood. Local communities depend on the ecosystem for their livelihoods. Understanding how climate-driven stressors will affect these valuable resources is critical to ensuring resilient Alaska communities and a strong blue economy in the future.

Because fish are cold-blooded, temperature profoundly affects their growth and behavior. The effects of acidification are more nuanced. Fish can buffer acidity in the bloodstream but at an energetic cost.

Very young fish—eggs and larvae—tend to be the most sensitive stages of the fish life cycle to both warming and acidification. Unlike adult fish that can move to cooler waters, these tiny creatures are incapable of migrating to more favorable conditions. Subtle differences in their growth and condition can make a big difference to the number of young fish that make it to the adult population.

Laboratory set up for ocean acidification and ocean warming experiments with early stages of Pacific cod. Large tanks in the background provide chilled and ambient seawater that are mixed to temperature. Small round tanks house eggs and larvae at different temperatures and acidification levels. Acidification is controlled by bubbling carbon dioxide into the seawater: more carbon dioxide causes higher acidity (lower pH). (Image credit: NOAA Fisheries/Emily Slesinger)

Pacific cod is an important subsistence food, a key species in the food web, and the second-largest commercial groundfish catch in Alaska. Understanding how warming and acidification together may affect this ecologically, culturally, and commercially valuable species is key to predicting future climate impacts.

“Knowing how individual species will respond to multiple climate stressors helps us put together this puzzle to figure out what species are more vulnerable than others,” Emily Slesinger said. “And that will help guide ecosystem-based fisheries management to ensure their sustainability.”

Partnerships and Unique Laboratory Capabilities Expand Possibilities for Studying Alaska Species

Finding answers posed some hurdles. “It’s really challenging to study these fish that are found in remote and cold environments,” Slesinger said.

They met those challenges through partnerships and a specially equipped laboratory facility.

Fishermen played a key role. To obtain eggs and larvae for experiments, they first needed live adults, ready to spawn. Commercial fishermen used baited fishing pots to catch adults off Kodiak Island during the spawning season.

Fertilized eggs were shipped to the NOAA Fisheries Alaska Fisheries Science Center Laboratory in Newport, Oregon. The eggs and larvae were reared at six combinations of temperature (3°C, 6°C, 10°C) and acidification (ambient and high acidity). Scientists measured their hatch success, growth, nutritional condition, and mortality throughout the nine-week experiment.

“The Newport lab is very special,” Slesinger said. “What is most unique is our seawater system that can chill water to Arctic temperatures. The lab has the capacity to house many fish at all life stages and the expertise to keep them thriving. And it has the facilities to run these complicated experiments on the younger life stages.”

Experiments Reveal a Dominant Stressor

The study found that overall, Pacific cod’s early life stages were more sensitive to warming than to acidification:

  • Temperature affected all measured traits: growth, condition, and mortality
  • Mortality of both eggs and larvae was highest at the warmest temperature
  • 6°C was the optimal temperature for hatching, condition, and survival
  • At the warmest temperature (10°C), Pacific cod grew the fastest but were in poor condition with high mortality rates
  • At the coldest temperature (3°C), mortality rates were lower, but both growth and condition were also low
  • Acidification effects were more modest and inconsistent
  • The single instance of a negative effect of acidification was at the optimal 6°C temperature

“We’re seeing that either temperature or acidification drove the response—they were not additive. At optimal temperatures, Pacific cod may be impaired by acidification. At the warm temperature, they were overwhelmingly negatively impacted, but there was pretty much no effect of acidification,” Slesinger said. “Our findings suggest that temperature is the dominant stressor and ocean warming is likely the greater threat.”

The research highlights the complexity of species- and stage-specific responses to multiple climatic stressors and the importance of understanding them.

“This work is exciting because we are able to provide information about these fish that can be useful for future management. It is really important to me that my research can be directly helpful to societies, economies, and communities,” Slesinger said. “This research contributes to our common goal of ensuring productive, sustainable fishing into the future.”

Ecomagazine, 30 April 2024. Press release.

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How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Temperature affects fish growth and behavior, and young fish are most sensitive to warming and acidification, which can impact the overall resilience of the ecosystem.

At what stage of life are calcium carbonate-based organisms most vulnerable to changes in water pH?

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

How does elevated water acidity affect fish ability to survive?

Pteropods, which are an important food source for many marine species, including cephalopods, are vulnerable to ocean acidification, which can impact their shell building and survival.

Title:

Content: Newswise — When carbon dioxide (CO2) enters the oceans, it can make the water more acidic, which is called ocean acidification. This can make it harder for some ocean creatures, like pteropods, to build and keep their shells. Pteropods are important for the ocean environment.

Pteropods are small sea creatures, including shelled sea butterflies. Not much is known about them because of their size, and they don't survive well in captivity. A team of marine scientists studied the life cycles, abundance, and seasonal changes of shelled sea butterflies in the north-east Scotia Sea, where climate change is happening quickly.

Dr Clara Manno, a researcher at the British Antarctic Survey and the corresponding author of the study published in Frontiers in Marine Science, said that the decrease in pteropod populations in the Antarctic Ocean could have significant consequences for the food web and carbon cycle. She also said that understanding the life cycle of this important organism could help to predict the impact of ocean acidification on the Antarctic ecosystem.

Population stability essential for species survival

To study the life cycle, abundance, and seasonal variability of shelled sea butterflies in the north-east Scotia Sea, a team of marine scientists collected sea butterflies in a sediment trap, a sampling device that was anchored at a depth of 400 meters. Since observing the entire life cycle of sea butterflies in a laboratory setting is impossible, the researchers had to gather information about their spawning, growth rate, and population structure. They were able to reconstruct the sea butterflies' life cycle for a year using the samples from the sediment trap.

The scientists found that the two most commonly collected species, Limacina rangii and Limacina retroversa, have different life cycles and therefore have different levels of vulnerability to changes in the ocean. During the winter months, L. rangii, which is a polar species, can be found as both adults and juveniles, while L. retroversa, a subpolar species, is only found as adults during the winter.

Sea butterflies that exist during the coldest season are more vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification. This is because ocean water is more acidic during this season than during other times of the year due to cooler temperatures that increase CO2 dissolution in the ocean. The researchers explained that the life stages of sea butterflies during this time are more exposed and vulnerable to the effects of ocean acidification.

L. rangii has a survival advantage over L. retroversa because both adults and juveniles coexist during winter, which reduces the risk of population instability if one cohort is vulnerable. In contrast, if one cohort is removed from L. retroversa, the entire population could be at risk.

Prolonged exposure is a survival challenge

The researchers pointed out that although the two species are affected differently, both are likely to suffer harm if they are exposed to unfavorable conditions for prolonged periods.

The scientists cautioned that the intensifying and prolonged events of ocean acidification overlap with the spring spawning period, posing a threat to the most vulnerable life stage, the larvae. This could endanger the future populations of sea butterflies.

The research team plans to further study the sea butterflies in the Scotia Sea to see how they would be affected by the increase in the intensity and duration of ocean acidification events. They will study multiyear sediment trap samples to identify potential changes in the life cycle that may occur due to environmental changes. Dr Jessie Gardner of the British Antarctic Survey, lead author of the study, said this will be the next step in their research.

Journal Link: Frontiers in Marine Science

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Which ocean creatures have trouble forming shells due to ocean acidification?

Ocean acidification can also affect the development and growth of sea urchin larvae, which can have cascading effects on the entire ecosystem.

Title:

Content: There were 1,566 press releases posted in the last 24 hours and 464,440 in the last 365 days.

Seagrass meadows as ocean acidification refugia for sea urchin larvae

Higlights

  • Sea urchin larvae were grown at ambient or low pH in tanks with or without plants.
  • Plant photosynthesis increased pH and altered seawater chemistry at both pH levels.
  • Positive effects of plant metabolism on larval development and growth at low pH
  • Seagrass meadows as a tool against climate-driven loss of calcifying species

Abstract

Foundation species have been widely documented to provide suitable habitats for other species by ameliorating stressful environmental conditions. Nonetheless, their role in rescuing stress-sensitive species from adverse conditions due to climate change remains often unexplored. Here, we performed a mesocosm experiment to assess whether the seagrassPosidonia oceanica, through its photosynthetic activity, could mitigate the negative effects of ocean acidification on larval development and growth of the calcifying sea urchinParacentrotus lividus. Sea urchin larvae at early and late developmental stages that are generally associated to benthic habitats, were grown in aquaria with or without P. oceanica plants, under ambient or low pH conditions predicted by the end of the century under the worst climate scenario (RCP8.5). The percentage of abnormal larvae and their total body length under different experimental conditions were assessed on early- (i.e., pluteus; 72 h post-fertilization) and final-developmental stages (i.e., echinopluteus; 30 days post-fertilization), respectively. The presence of P. oceanica increased mean daily pH values of ∼0.1 and ∼0.15 units at ambient and low pH conditions, respectively, compared with tanks without plants. When grown at low pH in association with P. oceanica, plutei showed a ∼23 % reduction of malformations and echinoplutei a ∼34 % increase in total body length, respectively, compared with larvae developing in tanks without plants. Our results suggest that P. oceanica, by increasing pH and altering seawater carbonate chemistry through its metabolic activity, could buffer the negative effects of ocean acidification on calcifying organisms and could, thus, represent a tool against climate-driven loss of biodiversity.

Ravaglioli C., De Marchi L., Giannessi J., Pretti C. & Bulleri F., 2024. Seagrass meadows as ocean acidification refugia for sea urchin larvae. Science of the Total Environment 906: 167465. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167465. Article.

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At what stage of life are calcium carbonate-based organisms most vulnerable to changes in water pH?

Seagrass meadows can mitigate the negative effects of ocean acidification on calcifying species, including cephalopods, by increasing the pH and reducing the acidity of the seawater.

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

However, ocean acidification is predicted to worsen under the RCP8.5 scenario, which can have significant consequences for marine ecosystems and biodiversity.

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Cephalopods, such as octopuses, are affected by ocean warming, which can cause blurred vision, reduced protein production, and accelerated metabolism.

Title:

Content: Gazeta.Ru in Telegram
It turned out that the warming of the oceans spoils the vision of octopuses
University of Adelaide: Octopus eyes blurred due to heat stress
Australian biologists from the University of Adelaide found that the heating of the water of the oceans due to climate change negatively affects the vision of octopuses.
The study was published on the official website of the scientific institution.
"We found several proteins important for vision that are affected by heat stress.
One of them is a structural protein, which is found in large quantities in the lenses of the eyes of animals and retains the transparency and optical clarity of the lens, and the other is responsible for the regeneration of visual pigments in the photoreceptors of the eyes.
"Levels of both of these proteins have been significantly reduced in the face of projected ocean warming, suggesting that octopus vision is likely to deteriorate even further," explained Dr Kiaz Hua.
The eyes remain the main sense organ for octopuses.
In these animals, 70% of the brain is responsible for vision, which is 20% than in humans.
Scientists have also found that higher water temperatures accelerate the metabolism of octopuses, make them smaller and change the distribution area of some species of these mollusks.
In addition, the warm ocean has a negative effect on the reproduction of the octopus, reducing the number of eggs that spawn.
In some cases, entire broods remained unhatched, the researchers noted.
Earlier it became known that octopuses are the oldest animals with sex chromosomes.
What do you think?
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Ocean warming can also change octopus distribution areas, reduce reproduction, and decrease egg spawn numbers.

The combined effects of ocean acidification and warming can increase the breathing rates of larvae and make them more sensitive to environmental stressors, which can have significant consequences for the resilience of the ecosystem.

Title:

Content: The Arctic region is currently undergoing rapid and significant changes, with acidification and warming occurring at alarming rates.
These shifts raise concerns about the resilience of marine communities in the face of such environmental shifts.
Marine zooplankton, especially copepods, play a crucial role in the Arctic food web.
However, differences in environmental conditions can disrupt zooplankton populations, leading to adverse consequences for the entire ecosystem.
Recent research has focused on understanding the extent to which copepods in early life are exposed to environmental stressors, as they represent a critical bottleneck in the copepods life cycle.
A study by Espinel Velasco et al.
(2023) Explore the responses of 4-day-old Kalanos Hyperborius Lenobli to acidification (pH 7.5 and 8.1) and warming (0 and 3 ° C), both individually and collectively.
The study revealed that the larvae 'breathing rates increased significantly when exposed to a combination of acidification and warming.
Surprisingly, exposure to these stressors individually did not produce the same effect.
Surprisingly, the researchers did not find any noticeable differences in fat content and fatty acid composition in the larvae across various experimental treatments.
Wax esters, which make up about 75% of the fat reserve, and high amounts of long-chain fatty acids 20: 1 and 22: 1, necessary for copepods to reproduce, have been detected in all treatments.
By highlighting the sensitivity of larvae to the combined effects of acidification and warming, this study aligns with a growing body of evidence from relevant research.
It highlights the potential impacts of global change on Arctic copepod populations and stresses the importance of understanding early life stage responses to environmental stressors.
Questions and Answers:
Q: What are zooplankton?
A: Zooplankton refers to small, often microscopic, organisms that drift into the ocean or other bodies of water and serve as one of the main sources of food for many marine species.
Q: What is the role of copepods in the Arctic food web?
A: Copepods, especially calanotic copepods such as Calanus Hyperboreus, are a critical component of the Arctic food web.
They serve as a vital link between primary producers (such as phytoplankton) and higher trophic levels, serving as a food source for various marine species.
Q: What is acidification?
A: Acidification refers to the process of increasing acidity (lowering pH) in seawater due to the absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
This occurs as a result of human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels.
Q: How does global warming affect marine ecosystems?
A: Ocean warming can have various impacts on marine ecosystems, including changes in species distribution, changing reproductive cycles, and potential disruptions to the delicate balance of food webs.
Source: Frontiers in Marine Science, DOI: 10.3389 / fmars.2023.1240673

At what stage of life are calcium carbonate-based organisms most vulnerable to changes in water pH?

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

How does elevated water acidity affect fish ability to survive?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Overall, ocean acidification has the potential to impact cephalopod-dominated ecosystems in a variety of ways, including changes to the food web dynamics, species interactions, and ecosystem processes.

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

It is essential to continue monitoring and studying the effects of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems, including those dominated by cephalopods, to better understand the potential consequences and develop effective mitigation strategies.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

The Arctic Ocean acidifies three to four times faster than other oceans, which can have severe consequences for cephalopod-dominated ecosystems in these regions.

Title:

Content: • En
Rising average temperature, melting sea ice Arctic waters acidify faster than other oceans
Scientists warn that this acidification could worsen in the coming decades if sea ice continues to melt.
The rapid melting of Arctic sea ice caused by global warming makes it easier to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, which accelerates the rate of ocean acidification.
(Photo / Associated Press)
Most people agree that the increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere caused by human activities is not only absorbed by forests, but also nearly a third of the world ’ s oceans. However, it is precisely because of the large increase in carbon dioxide needed to be absorbed that ocean acidification is rapidly worsening, especially in the polar regions.
Researchers from the Institute of Polar and Ocean Studies at Jimei University in Xiamen and the School of Marine Science and Policy at Dalawi University have found that rapid melting of Arctic sea ice due to global warming is exposing the lower sea water to the air, making it easier to absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide, thereby accelerating the rate of acidification.
Scientists have long believed that the rate of ocean acidification is related to the rate of increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, but the team looked at data from 1994 to 2020 and found that the Arctic Ocean acidified about three to four times faster than the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean and even the Antarctic Ocean.
Scientists warn that this acidification could worsen in the coming decades if sea ice continues to melt.
Because of the Arctic amplification effect, the Arctic Circle has warmed up to four times the global average in the past 43 years, and as sea ice melts, the sea water will continue to be diluted and the pH will decrease, which will also reduce the ability of the sea to resist acidification.
In addition to the coral reefs that are most directly impacted, ocean acidification affects a wide range of areas and may even make some metals more toxic, although more detailed results may be needed for further analysis.
Updated: 2022-10-01 22: 05 GMT + 08: 00

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Which of the world's oceans is acidifying at the fastest rate?

Which regions are most affected by ocean acidification?

Ocean acidification may make some metals more toxic, which can further harm cephalopods and other marine life.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Cephalopod-dominated ecosystems are vulnerable to changes in food web dynamics, as ocean acidification can disrupt zooplankton populations and affect the entire food chain.

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Ocean acidification can also impact ecosystem resilience, making it more challenging for cephalopod populations to recover from disturbances.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Some species, such as pteropods, which are an essential food source for many cephalopods, are particularly vulnerable to ocean acidification, which can harm their shell-building abilities.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

Which ocean creatures have trouble forming shells due to ocean acidification?

Ocean acidification can also affect the growth and survival of shrimp larvae, which are an essential food source for many cephalopod species.

Title:

Content: Home of the Day
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In cooperation with the Foundation for the Advancement of Science and the Atomic Energy Agency
« Research » conducted a study on the impact of « acidification » on shrimp
The Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), in cooperation with the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KFAS) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), completed a study project to investigate the impact of ocean acidification and ocean surface warming on the growth and abundance of local shrimp.
In turn, the head of the project, researcher Lamia Muslim at the Center for Environmental and Life Sciences Research at the Institute, said that there are many animals that contain in their skeleton or shell calcium carbonate, and changes in the pH of water can negatively affect these organisms, especially in the early stages of their life. The sea and some phytoplankton species, but that does not mean that this is a positive thing because the increased growth of these organisms can disrupt the food chain, biodiversity and ecosystem mechanisms and construction.
She added that the presence of large amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leads to the occurrence of global warming and the rise of the surface of the oceans by between one and three degrees Celsius, and the rise of the water level to an amount ranging from 0.18 to 0.79 meters, which in turn leads to acidification and warming of the surface of the oceans, and therefore to change the chemistry of the ocean and threaten marine ecosystems.
She pointed out that the shrimp mothers were collected from Kuwaiti territorial waters during the breeding season to obtain eggs and shrimp larvae in sufficient numbers to conduct experiments on all stages of shrimp age, as the study experiments were conducted in the laboratories of the Institute in a controlled system simulating the expected climate changes in the future.
The results of the study confirmed that the warming of the surface of the oceans could have a greater impact than ocean acidification on the early life stages of shrimp larvae, as shrimp larvae exposed to high temperatures showed accelerated growth rates to reach the sizes of older shrimp, but with lower survival rates, it is very likely that lower survival and growth rates under future climate scenarios may lead to the emergence of smaller shrimp larvae. These larvae will undergo multiple molting processes over their life cycle making them vulnerable; furthermore, the study results suggest additional effects of combined exposure to ocean surface warming and acidification on egg-hatching success, survival, and shrimp larval development.
Al-Musallam said: “The study is fully consistent across the entire life cycle of the M Nair shrimp, where high mortality of larvae at low pH and high water temperature indicates a possible collapse of this species of crustacean under conditions of increased ocean acidification and future warming of the ocean surface, which also leads to a significant reduction in shrimp stocks in the Arabian Gulf due to overfishing or reduced larval growth due to climate change. ”
For his part, dr.
Dr. Saifuddin Iqbaluddin, from the Center for Environmental and Life Sciences Research, said experts regularly measure water temperature and pH levels and look at how marine life might respond to these changes in the coming decades.
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At what stage of life are calcium carbonate-based organisms most vulnerable to changes in water pH?

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

Kelp deployment on oyster farms can protect bivalves from acidification, but more research is needed to understand how to mitigate the effects of ocean acidification on cephalopod-dominated ecosystems.

Title:

Content: Newswise — STONY BROOK, NY, May 25, 2022 – While kelp is known as a nutritious food item for sea creatures and humans alike, harvesting kelp may be a new way to help keep bivalves such as clams and oysters – a more common food source and marine industry staple – healthy and more abundant. A new study led by Christopher Gobler, PhD, and a team of scientists at the Stony Brook University School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences (SoMAS) shows that the presence of kelp significantly reduces ocean acidification, a result of climate change.

Published in Frontiers in Marine Science, the study also demonstrated that the deployment of kelp on an oyster farm nullifies ocean acidification and therefore protects bivalves against acidification. The process may also have additional ecosystem and aquaculture benefits, including the sequestration and extraction of carbon and nitrogen, and protection against harmful algae blooms.

For shellfish, one of the most serious climate change-related threats is ocean acidification. Carbon dioxide or CO2 levels in Earth’s atmosphere continue to rise, infiltrating oceans where it causes chemical reactions that lower pH and cause ocean acidification. For the past two decades, one of the most robust conclusions of ocean climate change research has been that increasing levels of CO2 in surface waters threaten shellfish that rely on higher pH waters to grow and survive. This threat is particularly acute in coastal zones where additional sources of acidity can further reduce pH and slow shell formation in shellfish, especially bivalves. And while many wild populations of bivalves have collapsed, a burgeoning wave of aquaculture in the U.S. and around the World has caused the global production of seafood via aquaculture to grow and now exceed wild capture.

“Despite this wave of aquaculture, the intensification of ocean acidification now threatens bivalve aquaculture and has necessitated a solution,” explains Professor Gobler, the Endowed Chair of Coastal Ecology and Conservation at SoMAS.  “We believe our work is foundational to a solution.”

In the study, titled “Kelp (Saccharina latissima) Mitigates Coastal Ocean Acidification and Increases the Growth of North Atlantic Bivalves in Lab Experiments and on an Oyster Farm,” Professor Gobler and colleagues conducted six experiments to assess the effects of elevated CO2 and presence of kelp (S. latissima) on the growth rates of three different species of bivalves: (Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica), blue mussels (Mytilus edulis), and hard clams / Northern quahogs (Mercenaria mercenaria).

In each of the experiments, acidification was significantly reduced with the cultivation of kelp. They furthered the research with the ultimate test – a field experiment at the Great Gun oyster farm in Moriches Bay, New York.

They found that during a one-month deployment, oysters that were surrounded by kelp enjoyed higher pH water and grew significantly faster than individual shellfish located further away where the pH of the water was significantly lower.

Professor Gobler and colleagues emphasize that these findings have powerful implications for oyster farming in coastal zones.

“We have been witnessing coastal ocean acidification for years and have documented its ability to slow the growth, and even kill off, shellfish. We began growing kelp on oyster farms to simply expand aquaculture, regionally. After seeing its ability to rapidly take up CO2 and improve low pH conditions, we knew it had the potential to benefit shellfish experiencing acidification. And while showing that in the lab was exciting, being able to improve the growth of oysters on an oyster farm experiencing coastal acidification proves this approach can have very broad applications,” explains Professor Gobler.

Overall, the research clearly shows, according to the authors, that “the cultivation of kelp constitutes an environmentally friendly means of protecting shellfisheries against present and future ocean acidification and other coastal stressors.”

Building on the work, helping the oyster farms

“We’ve helped grow kelp on 10 oyster farms across New York since 2018 and more and more aquaculturists have been hoping to incorporate kelp into their farms,” says Mike Doall, Associate Director of Shellfish Restoration and Aquaculture at Stony Brook University. “In addition to providing crop diversification and additive revenue streams, the ability of kelp to fight ocean acidification gives these oyster farmers one more reason to add kelp as a second crop.”

The recent study builds on other research by the same SoMAS group, which published a study in Harmful Algae in 2021. That study demonstrated that kelp has the ability to deter the intensity of harmful algal blooms, another environmental threat to shellfish aquaculture.

Such scenarios with kelp appear to create a win-win scenario for oyster farmers like Paul McCormick, owner of the Great Gun oyster farm where the current study was performed.

“Kelp looks to be the perfect complement to oysters on my farm,” says McCormick. “It grows during winter and spring, when the oysters need less attention, and there is lots of interest in kelp from restaurants. If it is offering protection to my oysters against poor water quality, well that’s another good reason to add it to my farm.”

Citations:

Young, C. S., Sylvers, L. H., Tomasetti, S. J., Lundstrom, A., Schenone, C., Doall, M. H., & Gobler, C. J. (2022) Kelp (Saccharina latissima) mitigates ocean acidification and increases the growth of North Atlantic bivalves in lab experiments and on an oyster farm. Frontiers in Marine Science, Volume 9 | Article 881254

Sylvers, P. H., & Gobler, C. J. (2021). Mitigation of harmful algal blooms caused by Alexandrium catenella and reduction in saxitoxin accumulation in bivalves using cultivable seaweeds. Harmful Algae, 105, 102056.

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Frontiers in Marine Science

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Ocean warming and acidification can have combined effects on marine ecosystems, including changes in species distribution, reproductive cycles, and food chain dynamics.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

Cephalopods, such as octopuses, may become smaller in warmer water temperatures, which can further exacerbate the impacts of ocean acidification.

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Overall, ocean acidification has far-reaching consequences for cephalopod-dominated ecosystems, including changes in food web dynamics and ecosystem resilience, which can have significant impacts on the entire marine ecosystem.

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?


Syria's traditional glassblowing craft dates back over 2000 years to Phoenician times, originating in Aleppo province.

The war has significantly impacted the traditional Syrian glassblowing craft, forcing many artisans to close their workshops.

The decline of traditional crafts in Syria has led to thousands of craftsmen, including glassblowing artisans, closing their workshops to pursue other jobs.

Traditional professions in Syria's Latakia province, like glassblowing, declined 50% due to high production costs and income taxes.

UNESCO listed Syrian glassblowing as intangible cultural heritage in 2023.

The listing of Syrian glassblowing as intangible cultural heritage aims to safeguard and revive the craft.

The Syrian government and others are taking actions to preserve and promote traditional glassblowing through exhibitions, seminars, and training.

The government has signed cooperation agreements with countries like Oman and China to preserve cultural heritage, including traditional glassblowing.

Syria's war and economic conditions have severely impacted its traditional glassblowing industry.

The war and economic conditions have hindered artisans' access to raw materials like glass due to blockades and sanctions.

Sanctions on Syria have hindered the glassblowing industry by limiting raw material purchases and restricting imports and exports.

UNESCO says Syrian glassblowing needs urgent preservation.

Syrian glassblowing was listed as Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding due to its significant impact from the war.

Syria was elected vice-president of the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, showing its commitment to preserving traditional crafts like glassblowing.

Syria's traditional glassblowing craft dates back over 2000 years to Phoenician times, originating in Aleppo province.

Title:

Content: Art of glassblowing returns again in Aleppo countryside liberated from terrorism

The town of Urem Al-Kubra in Aleppo province in northern Syria has historically been famous for its skilled glassblowing craftsmen. The war considerably affected this traditional craft inherited from our ancestors, but after the liberation of the city from terrorism, some artisans have brought it back to life. The artisan, Yassin Arab learned the glassblowing craft from his father when he was a child, and after the town was liberated from terrorism, he returned to his small facility, where he worked to restore it and start working again. Arab does not hide his enormous passion for the craft of glassblowing and his belief in the need to preserve this ancient Syrian heritage. Regarding the working mechanism, the artisan explained to SANA that he uses recycled glass, melts it again in the oven at high temperature, and then chooses a specific shape for its manufacture, whether hookah bottles, vases, plates, small jugs, fish houses for decoration, decorated cups and antiques of different sizes. After that, t he piece is blown, rotated and processed by the artisan until it takes its final shape using white and brown colors, and once the manufacturing of the product is finished, it is decorated and colored to give it the required aesthetics. For his part, Hussein Najjar noted that he learned the craft of blowing glass manually since he was young and has been working in this field for 40 years. He added that he is able to make any shape or glass container, using his imagination, and considered that the art of glassblowing is one of the types of plastic arts. Traditional glassblowing is a profession that dates back more than two thousand years (since the time of the Phoenicians) and was included in December 2023 by UNESCO on the list of intangible cultural heritage of humanity that needs urgent preservation. Source: Syrian Arab News Agency

The war has significantly impacted the traditional Syrian glassblowing craft, forcing many artisans to close their workshops.

The decline of traditional crafts in Syria has led to thousands of craftsmen, including glassblowing artisans, closing their workshops to pursue other jobs.

Title:

Content: What is the reality of traditional and traditional professions in Syria?
DAMASCUS – The traditional professions and crafts in Syria were not immune to the repercussions of the war. In light of the difficult economic and security conditions that the country has been witnessing for more than a decade, these professions are suffering from an unprecedented decline related to production and market conditions, which makes them today threatened with extinction.
The head of the Union of Craftsmen in the province of Latakia Jihad Pro, in a recent statement to the local newspaper Al-Watan, the decline of the production of handicrafts and handicrafts of various kinds by 50% within the province, considering the high costs of production inputs and increased income taxes as direct reasons for this decline.
Bassam Qalaji, head of the artisanal association for confectionery in Damascus, told the local newspaper Global last month that more than half of the confectionery craftsmen had stopped producing and switched to other professions due to low demand and insufficient profits.
Successive statements reveal the reality of Syrian traditional and traditional crafts, which are suffering under the weight of the economic decline that the country is suffering from.
This situation has prompted thousands of craftsmen to close their workshops and shops and switch to other jobs, or migrate and move their work abroad, amid the real threat of the disappearance of many traditional traditional traditional professions and handicrafts, which constitute vital sectors of the economic sector in the country and an integral part of its cultural identity.
What are the main reasons for this decline?
How does it affect the economic life of the country?
Lack of support and unequal competition
Anton, a 42-year-old Damascene craftsman and former owner of a mosaic workshop in rural Damascus, says his struggle for years to keep his workshop open, producing and selling enough to pay its workers has been futile.
He adds in an interview with Al Jazeera Net: "I tried hard to maintain the workshop and its workers for as long as possible, but the constant high prices of wood (local and imported) in an inappropriate manner, the long interruption of electricity (16-18 hours a day), and the low demand for mosaic in the domestic and foreign market, all factors forced me to lay off workers, and later to close the workshop after months, during which I received only two orders."
In addition to these factors, Anton attributed the low demand for "original" mosaics and other handicrafts and heritage artifacts (copperware, damask, antika, textiles) to:
The reality of the market at the moment in the absence of tourists.
• The decline of external demand for the commodity as a result of the interruption of trade relations with foreign markets.
• Migration of brokers and traders and thus reduced export.
• Unequal competition.
With heritage products becoming “more than luxury ” for Syrians suffering from poor purchasing power (average monthly salaries of about $20), and the lack of support for craftsmen and awareness of the importance and authenticity of these products by trade unions and government agencies, Syria ’ s craftsmen face major challenges to continue their craft.
Although there are no accurate figures on the number of craftsmen who have been driven by working conditions to emigrate outside the country, the head of the Damascus Craftsmen ’ s Union, Ali Qarmashti, revealed in an interview with the local news website Click News last year that the percentage of Damascene craftsmen migrating has become very high, especially among young people.
Repellent economic and social policies
In addition to the direct economic factors that led to the decline of traditional crafts during the past few years, represented by the high prices of raw materials, the poor reality of services, and the decline of the sale and purchase movement, there were indirect factors that affected these crafts.
Syrian economist Younis Karim believes that the artisan crisis began in 2008 after being subjected to great pressures due to the change of the general economic orientation in the country.
He said in an interview with Al Jazeera Net: "Since 2008, the authorities have put their hands on the spread of these industries due to the importance of their geographical location, and work to change their features in favor of wealthy investors, or provide them as donations to countries that Damascus seeks to establish bilateral relations with."
According to the expert, the reality of the work of traditional crafts after 2011 became more complex and difficult with "the continued adoption of economic and social policies by the regime that restrict the owners of these crafts, exclude them from support, take their places of deployment, in addition to the cessation of exhibitions and the difficulty of participating in external events because of the political positions of the regime.
Karim explains that the family and social disintegration suffered by Syrians as a result of large-scale migration during the last decade was an added reason for the decline of these crafts, which “relied on inheritance between generations of the same family as a tradition followed by Syrian craftsmen long ago. ”
Kilo to Piece and Pieces
It seems that some traditional crafts and crafts are in the same trench with traditional crafts in their war against extinction, where the owners of many traditional crafts are no less original than those of heritage, especially the confectioners from the high costs of raw materials in production, high costs of energy stands, and successive losses due to the reluctance of citizens to buy expensive Arabic sweets.
Suhaib, 55, owner of a sweets shop in the Jazmatiya area of Damascus, told Al Jazeera Net: "Days pass without selling a total of a kilo of various items, and two years ago the stagnation of goods in the shop became a familiar phenomenon to us, and had it not been for the holiday seasons, and some occasions and weddings held here and there, we would have closed long ago."
Al-Halwani Al-Damascene adds in an interview with Al-Jazeera Net: "Our profits, and the profits of most of the shops of Halwanis in Damascus, have decreased by a large percentage since the beginning of the economic crisis in the country."
Al-Halwani pointed out that the price of a kilo of some varieties of Arabic sweets has exceeded 400 thousand pounds recently, adding: "Which is not able for Syrians to buy, so we have become selling methods in which we rely on small quantities, so we sell baklava, crystal, shaped, asian, brominated and other items in ounces, grain (piece) and two grains to keep the sales movement, and do not stop customers from our shop."
As for the reasons why sweets in Damascus stopped working and many of them emigrated outside the country, Al-Halwani said: “Many reasons start from the large annual taxes that are inconsistent with high operating costs and low profits, in addition to the high prices of commercial electricity and fuel needed to operate shops and laboratories, the huge increase in the prices of raw materials, the high wages of workers, and the reluctance of customers to buy these sweets except on occasions. ”
High prices
Prices of food, nuts and other components of Arabic sweets have risen by varying rates recently, as the price of a kilo of animal margarine reached 150 thousand pounds ($equivalent to about 2511 pounds), while the price of a kilo of pistachio love rose to 300 thousand, and the price of a kilo of walnuts to 120 thousand.
The prices of popular sweets such as Al-Barazek and Al-Ma ’ amoul in Damascus markets, by the holy month of Ramadan, were between 100 and 130 thousand pounds per kilo, while the prices of medium and luxury sweets such as “Al-Belouria ”,“ Al-Mashkeel ”, “Kool and Shakour ”,“ Aish Al-Bulbul ” and “Baklava ” ranged between 250 and 500 thousand per kilo, which is equivalent to the salary of a Syrian employee in the public sector.
The head of the artisanal association for confectionery industry, Bassam Qalaji, attributed this rise in confectionery prices to the government lifting subsidies on oil derivatives, which led to a direct increase in costs by 150%, pointing out that raising the price of electricity by 5 times will lead to an increase in the price of about 650 products.
Qalaji said in a statement to the local newspaper Al-Watan last month that the largest number of confectionery craftsmen emigrated, and their first destination was Algeria followed by Germany.
In March last year, the head of the artisanal association for the confectionery industry revealed that 70% of the workshops of the confectionery industry were closed due to the economic crisis and the low demand for sweets and refreshments.
A severe blow to the economy
This gradual disappearance of traditional crafts is a painful blow to the Syrian economy, says economist Younis Karim, “For decades these crafts have been the largest incubator of Syrian labor, and their contribution to the economy before 2011 ranged from 40 to 50%. ”
This is what Matanios Habib, a researcher and former Syrian oil minister, said in a research paper entitled “The private sector in Syria ” (2005), when he pointed out that the private industrial sector in Syria tended to invest in crafts for fear of nationalization policies, whether during the era of Syrian-Egyptian unity (1958-1961) or after the revolution of March 8 (1967).
Karim stresses that the crisis of workers in traditional crafts, such as confectioners and others, dates back to before 2011, specifically to the period between 2007 and 2009, when there was “an attempt by the regime to pressure the owners of traditional crafts and crafts by forcing them to pay taxes, and to keep them away from city centers in favor of large investors. ”
Younis Karim believes that the gradual demise of these crafts will have negative effects on the Syrian economy because of their role in "providing job opportunities beyond those provided by large laboratories and their excellence in ease of operation and achievement, and the ability to spread.
Source: The Island

Traditional professions in Syria's Latakia province, like glassblowing, declined 50% due to high production costs and income taxes.

UNESCO listed Syrian glassblowing as intangible cultural heritage in 2023.

The listing of Syrian glassblowing as intangible cultural heritage aims to safeguard and revive the craft.

The Syrian government and others are taking actions to preserve and promote traditional glassblowing through exhibitions, seminars, and training.

Title:

Content: Exhibition of craft products by Syrian and Russian artists in the public park in Aleppo
Halab-Sana
On the grounds of the public park in the city of Aleppo, the activities of the exhibition of craft products were launched today, with the participation of 20 craftsmen and artists from Syria and the Russian Federation.
The exhibition, organized by the Ministry of Industry in cooperation with the Russian Cultural Center in Damascus, the Federation of Artisans in Aleppo and the Syrian Professional Center Association, includes a collection of heritage and artistic works, paintings of Ajami thread, ornaments and handicrafts of wool, orphans, leather, rugs, carpets, bamboo and silver industry.
According to the President of the Union of Artisans in Aleppo, Mohammed Hossam Hallak, in a statement to SANA correspondent, the exhibition aims to highlight the traditional handicrafts and crafts and folklore professions to revive them by training the younger generations and mastering their industry to preserve them.
Mustafa al-Nu, President of the Syrian Professional Center Association, pointed out that the association worked to attract professionals and handicrafts, and provided them with financial grants to encourage them to continue their work, to preserve these crafts from extinction, in addition to training young people wishing to learn these crafts and develop them to suit the times.
The Russian artist Yuri Lishin, famous for the manufacture of blowing on glass, talked about his professionalism for more than 54 years, and his participation in many exhibitions in the world, indicating that his visit to Syria to learn about the glass industry, and participate in workshops on the manufacture of hand glass in Syria.
A number of participants noted the importance of the exhibition, which allows for the marketing of their products, where Zakaria Sultan, who works in the craft of silver and peat breaking, explained that he participates with silver and copper products and accessories made by hand in various forms for swimming pools, steadfastness, image cadres and chandeliers, in addition to grafting copper on wood, calling for providing the necessary support to maintain this profession.
The craftsman Ayman Saeed presented the results of the drawing on wood, which is called Ajami art, and stated that he learned to make this art and plant motifs and painting in Arabic calligraphy in the association, and became a trainer contributing to the revival of heritage, and that the exhibition is an important opportunity to market his products.
Artist Tala Naravyan participated in watercolor, oil and other paintings painted with pencils and charcoal, talking about the Armenian and Arab heritage and the neighborhoods of Aleppo and its citadel, pointing out that she participates to introduce people to the components of the rich Syrian heritage through painting because it constitutes the language of the world.
Samira Misto, who works in the craft of making the ancient traditional macrame, using colored threads and ropes to decorate the Koran, mirrors, clothes and jewelry, pointed out that she is working to develop this profession by adding beads and tree trunks to revive and preserve it.
Qusay Razzouk
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Aleppo Public Park

Title:

Content: The news tape.
To learn about the heritage professions in Syria...
Ladies of the Diplomatic Club visit a ruined incubator
Damascus-Sana
The ladies of the diplomatic club in Syria today visited the professions market in the heritage incubator of Dummar and were briefed on the diversity of traditional industries in it.
The honorary president of the club Shukria Mikdad explained that the incubator is a distinctive heritage, cultural and human edifice that is not limited to show, but training to preserve traditional professions from extinction and extinction, expressing her pride in this place, which brings together various Syrian crafts and professions.
In turn, the president of the club, Aya bin Shaaban, said that the visit to the incubator came in coordination with the Ministry of Tourism to identify the rare heritage professions that exist in Syria.
For her part, the Director of Tourism Professions at the Ministry of Tourism, Samar Al-Issa, pointed out the importance of this visit in introducing Arab and friendly countries to the incubator and its legacy and its positive impact on tourist attraction, pointing out that the heritage incubator includes all types of crafts and represents successive stages of Syrian history.
Reem Heshmeh
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To support and empower women.
Charity Breakfast for Ladies of the Diplomatic Club
Damascus, SANA- In conjunction with the International Women 's Day, the ladies of the Syrian Diplomatic Club organized a charity breakfast with the participation of

Title:

Content: The news tape.
The aroma of roses reeks in the Arab Cultural Center in Abu Rummaneh
Damascus-Sana
The Directorate of Culture of Damascus, in cooperation with Dummar Central Incubator for Craft Arts, organized today a seminar entitled “Extraction of essential and plant oils and perfume design ” at the Arab Cultural Center in Abu Rummaneh.
The seminar was presented by the trainer Mohammed Mazen Zakour and included an exhibition of various traditional handicraft products within the plan of the Ministry of Culture to support and encourage craftsmen.
The head of the General Union of Craftsmen, Naji al-Hadwa, said in a statement that traditional crafts are a treasure we possess and reflect the quality of the Syrian worker's professionalism through what he produces and the duty of the General Union of Craftsmen to preserve and develop it, including the establishment of such kind of exhibitions and seminars, which may be framed within the productive institutions owned by the General Union or in partnership with other ministries such as the Ministry of Culture.
Al-Hadwa stressed that the General Union is following up within its plan to qualify and train cadres on an ongoing basis to maintain these crafts as well as create promotional and marketing opportunities for them through the establishment of such events.
Amani Frog
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Sight of the Spirit Spreads their Creativity in Jadak Al Ghaith on a Cultural Theater in Kafarsousa - Video
Damascus-SANA With their vision, they mastered the arts of playing, singing, reciting poetry, acting and with their delicate emotions.

Title:

Content: Samples of the Damascene Literary Heritage Attend an Exhibition and Seminar in the Culture of Infection
Damascus-Sana
In the exhibition “Heritage Crafts are Inherited by the Fragrance of History ” hosted by the Adawi Cultural Center, the artworks varied between glass decoration, Damascene brocade and various handicrafts.
The exhibition was followed by an introductory seminar on these arts for the Sheikhs of Carr and craftsmen specialized in these professions under the supervision of the handicraft trainer Rowaa Yousef.
Youssef Lassana explained that the exhibition was dedicated to traditional professions in general and handicrafts, especially such as brocade, painting on glass, Islamic motifs and handicrafts to maintain their continuity and importance.
Mohammed Bassam Rayhan Sheikh Al-Karar in painting on glass and decoration spoke in his intervention about the history of this craft, its forms, fields of work and materials used in it, pointing out that the glass, which was the first to be invented by the Phoenicians, evolved in Damascus throughout history and was painted on the mishkat and lanterns using oxides and various materials, thermal colors, acrlik and others.
The Damascene brocade craftsman Mohammed Rankous explained in his intervention that this cloth is made of natural silk and golden reed yarns and attributed to Damascus because it took its character, heritage and environment, such as the painting of Omar Khayyam, the Levantine Rose, grape clusters, the lover and the beloved, and the octagonal geometric drawings, pointing out that this craft entered the cultures of different civilizations.
Nasruddin Mohammed is a graduate of applied arts and a drawing teacher who participated in paintings for his students from children and boys. In his intervention, he explained the history of the Damascene plant decoration, its methods, types and schools such as Andalusian, Persian and Damascene, and its differences in decoration, diggings, mirrors and miniatures, indicating that its history dates back to the Andalusian civilization, which was its main creativity in palaces and buildings.
Mohammed Sabha is a bridal craftsman who participated in a group of decorative glass works for brides and explained that he has completed a model of a waterfall flowing from an electric mountain that is operated by hand from cardboard, wood and cork inspired by his ideas.
Rana Ayoub participated in a group of works of three-dimensional models and miniatures of the Levant environment. She explained that she chose this environment because she grew up and lived in it and adored it. It is necessary to inform future generations of their heritage and history, pointing out that she works with cork, wood, natural materials, gypsum, ceramic paste and others.
Bilal Ahmed

The government has signed cooperation agreements with countries like Oman and China to preserve cultural heritage, including traditional glassblowing.

Title:

Content: A year of hard work to document and preserve the Syrian tangible and intangible heritage locally and internationally
Damascus-Sana
The Syrian heritage, both tangible and intangible, forms an important pillar within the World Heritage system, and is a key factor in strengthening the cultural identity of the Syrian people, building the present and protecting the future.
During 2022, the Ministry of Culture and its concerned institutions, in particular the Directorate General of Antiquities and Museums and the Directorate of Intangible Cultural Heritage, focused on organizing a series of events and seminars and signing a series of agreements related to the importance and mechanisms of preserving this heritage in its various components.
Among the most important Syrian activities and works related to tangible and intangible heritage during 2022 are:
During the year, Syria held several discussions on the loan of Syrian artifacts damaged during the terrorist war on Syria for restoration and display in the Sultanate of Oman, and signed a joint statement on cooperation to preserve cultural heritage with the People ’ s Republic of China.
Syria participated in the International Forum of the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage in the Russian city of Kazan, and the Scientific Conference on Archaeology in the Hungarian capital, and participated in a virtual lecture within the international conference on the protection of the Syrian cultural heritage after the war.
– The archaeological missions returned to excavations in 2022, including the joint Syrian-Italian archaeological mission, which began its work for the first season at the archaeological site of Amrit, and the discovery of a funerary burial and some archaeological finds and discoveries dating back to the Roman era in Amrit by the joint excavation team between the Directorate General of Antiquities and Museums and the Department of Tartus Antiquities.
– The national expertise of the Directorate General of Antiquities worked to expand the work to discover the entire rare archaeological mosaic painting in the city of Rastan, which dates back to the Roman era, and reached a length of 20 meters and a width of 6 meters.
– Completion of the restoration work of the Arc de Triomphe in the ancient city of Palmyra, which was destroyed by terrorist organizations in 2015, and the second phase of the restoration project began with the signing of a memorandum of understanding between the Directorate of Antiquities, the Syrian Secretariat and the Institute of the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the Russian Federation.
– Holding a workshop “Restoring Syrian Heritage and Reviving Local Communities ” at Expo 2020 Dubai, in which local, Arab and international bodies specialized in antiquities participated.
– In the National Museum in Damascus and in tribute to the lives and sacrifices of about 27 martyrs who rose during the terrorist war on Syria in defense of the Syrian cultural heritage, an exhibition of recovered archaeological treasures 3 entitled (Salute to the martyrs of the General Directorate of Antiquities and Museums) was opened within the days of Syrian culture.
– The opening of a painting exhibition entitled “Restoration of Syrian Heritage by Theo Vitit ’ s Vision ” at the National Museum in Damascus, which is a painting of restoration and excavation works in Syrian archaeological sites, painted by the Dutch artist and archaeologist Theo Vitit in 2018 and 2021, and was presented in the Netherlands to introduce the Western community to what happened to the Syrian cultural heritage.
In Damascus Castle, the first national screening of the film Siriacus Section, directed by Olivier Bourgeois, was launched in 2022 in cooperation between the Ministry of Culture, the Directorate General of Antiquities and Museums, and the Syrian Trust for Development. The film, which won more than 17 international awards, talks about the solidarity of a small group of archaeologists and museum curators with the escalation of the terrorist war on Aleppo in 2015. The National Museum of Aleppo.
The Directorate of Antiquities, in cooperation with the European Center for Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Monuments and the Department of Antiquities at the University of Damascus, organized a digital exhibition on historical mosaics in Syria, entitled “Syria is still the source of arts ”.
– The beginning of the year witnessed the return of five Syrian destructive artifacts to the National Museum in Damascus at the initiative of the management of the Naboo Museum in Beirut, and the pieces are various funerary destructive statues from the collections of the Naboo Museum previously purchased from European auction houses.
The second leg of the Syrian Antiquities Exhibition, entitled “The Wonderful Syria ”, was opened in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, southwest China, which lasted until May. During this period, special scientific seminars and cultural events were held in connection with the exhibition, in which the Department of Antiquities and Museums participated with 195 important artifacts and collections of Syrian museums.
In 2022, the Directorate of Intangible Cultural Heritage has been active in most governorates, focusing on monitoring, studying and documenting the national intangible heritage and preparing the necessary plans to search for, study and inventory the elements of this heritage and include them in the national register, in cooperation with governmental and non-governmental institutions, local communities and international organizations.
The Directorate of Heritage organized a workshop on Syrian intangible cultural heritage at Al-Assad National Library, in preparation for the development of a national strategy for intangible cultural heritage in Syria.
– The project (Windows 5) was organized, whose musical evenings varied between documentation and promotion of Syrian heritage songs, and many heritage festivals were held in the provinces.
– The project of documenting the elements of the Syrian intangible heritage in ancient Homs, implemented by the Ministry of Culture in cooperation with the Syrian Secretariat and civil society, was launched in 2022 to preserve the elements of this heritage, and work continued on the project of documenting the elements of the intangible heritage in Tartus province.
Within the framework of the implementation of the plan to preserve the element of the theater of shadow imagination Karkouz and Aiwaz after registration on the list of urgent conservation of the world humanitarian heritage at UNESCO, the Syrian Secretariat for Development continued the third professional training after Damascus and Suwayda, for youth cadres in the city of Aleppo.
The Syrian Secretariat for Development has developed the “Living Heritage ” program with the local community in Aleppo governorate, the main axes for the preservation of the Aleppo cod, which was registered on the Representative List of Human Heritage at UNESCO by the end of 2021 with the participation of a group of governmental and civil authorities, artists, musicians, researchers and interested in the Arab, musical and art of cod.
At the international level:
Syria has been elected vice-president of the ninth session of the General Assembly of the States Parties to the 2003 UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity for a two-year term 2022-2024.
Syria participated in the UNESCO World Conference on Cultural Policies and Sustainable Development, Mondiacult 2022, in Mexico.
– In 2022, a scientific research by the son of the city of Aleppo, Antoine Makdis, related to how to recover from the effects of war through independent cultural production based on intangible cultural heritage won the first place in the competition of the Foundation of Santgrata, specialized in the Italian cultural economy.
– An integrated archaeological project in the Baal Shemin Temple in Palmyra has been shortlisted for the third cycle of ICCROM Sharjah Award for the Conservation and Protection of Cultural Heritage in the Arab Region 2020-2022.
Rasha Mahfoudh and Mays Al-Ani
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Syria's war and economic conditions have severely impacted its traditional glassblowing industry.

The war and economic conditions have hindered artisans' access to raw materials like glass due to blockades and sanctions.

Title:

Content: Sheikh Maqsoud... Raw materials for industry added to the blockade list
The Fourth Division of the Government of Damascus is tightening the siege on the residents of Sheikh Maqsoud and Ashrafieh neighborhoods to prolong the list of contraband, including raw materials used in the manufacture of ready-made clothes and batteries, which threatens to stop dozens of facilities and lay off their workers.
As part of the series of arbitrary practices carried out by the government of Damascus, from imposing a siege and preventing the entry of materials to the neighborhoods of Sheikh Maqsoud and Ashrafieh in the city of Aleppo, the fourth division today prevented the entry of materials for the manufacture of ready-made clothes and batteries.
In a move that would stop the wheel of the economy in the neighborhoods and create many problems, including unemployment and the failure to secure the requirements of the local market.
About 7,000 people work in the sewing profession, distributed over 500 facilities for the manufacture of ready-made garments in the Sheikh Maqsoud and Ashrafieh neighborhoods, which provide good proportions of the Syrian market demand.
(M, K), one of the owners of workshops in Sheikh Maqsoud neighborhood, pointed out to our agency that the continued cutting of the supply of cloth will cause the closure of the facilities of the manufacture of ready-made clothes and bags, which will deprive thousands of workers of salary and put unemployment around the corner.
While dozens of specialized laboratories are spread in the manufacture of batteries in the Shaqif area of   Sheikh Maqsoud neighborhood, which to some extent secure the requirements of the Syrian market of batteries stored for electric power.
A and C, one of the workers of one of the battery factories, said that preventing the fourth division from introducing materials in the manufacture of batteries, especially lead metal, in addition to preventing the export of batteries they produce, will eventually lead to the cessation of work and the laying off of workers.
It is noteworthy that the fourth division of the government of Damascus imposed a suffocating siege, according to which it prevented the introduction of flour and fuel to the Sheikh Maqsoud neighborhood since March 13, after the members of the division targeted food shipments, and to add to the list of the siege raw materials in industries specialized by the residents of the neighborhoods.
Krupp / k.
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Content: People 's Network > > International
Aleppo textile industry struggling under sanctions – written on the 11th anniversary of the Syrian crisis
March 15, 2022 18: 44 | Source: Xinhua Network
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Xinhua News Agency, Aleppo, Syria, March 15, Newsletter: Aleppo textile industry is struggling to survive under sanctions - written on the 11th anniversary of the Syrian crisis
Xinhua News Agency reporter Wang Jian and Zheng Yihan
In the Qatari industrial zone in the northern Syrian city of Aleppo, collapsed buildings were seen everywhere.
After the hole in the wall was opened by the shell, the sound of a loom working.
On March 15, 2022, the 11th anniversary of the outbreak of the Syrian crisis.
The people of the Qatari industrial zone are struggling to cope with the devastation, hardship and shortages caused by the crisis, but external sanctions have made this effort particularly difficult.
The Qatari industrial zone is located in the eastern part of Aleppo city, which has been the most hotly contested and damaged by the Syrian government and opposition forces.
After the outbreak of war, the industrial zone became a battlefield, until the end of 2016, the government announced the complete recovery of Aleppo city, and the factory owners who closed the factory and fled to return to restart production activities.
"After the imposition of sanctions by Western countries and the United States, textile manufacturers' access to textile yarn and loom parts has been greatly affected," said Abdul-Salam Muzeyek, manager of the Qatari industrial zone. About 30 to 40 percent of the textile factories were closed due to the economic situation.
The U.S. government began to impose sanctions on the Syrian government, enterprises and individuals before the full outbreak of the Syrian conflict, and has continued to impose additional sanctions after the outbreak of the conflict.
The EU also imposed sanctions on Syria in May 2011.
Years of conflict and Western sanctions have hit Syria ’ s economic and social development hard. In 2019, the US Congress passed the Caesar Act and was signed by then-President Trump, which set many obstacles for foreign investors to invest in Syria and further strengthened the economic blockade against Syria.
Saleh Muzeyek, 53, is the owner of a local textile factory.
Due to the war and sanctions, the sales of his factory are not as good as before, and the current production capacity can only be maintained at a minimum.
"Only Iraq and Lebanon imported some (products) from us."
The situation is very difficult and livelihood has been greatly affected, "Saleh said. He said that under the sanctions, the purchase of raw materials such as cotton thread has been difficult, and parts for looms are almost impossible to buy.
Another textile factory owner, Abdel-Munem al-Hashemi, said the US sanctions were a key obstacle to the textile industry ’ s return to pre-war levels and had a negative impact on local people ’ s livelihood.
In Hashemi's view, whether the import and export sanctions can be lifted, and whether the electricity supply and oil and gas supply are sufficient are three factors that affect the recovery of factory production in the future.
At present, because of the confrontation between the Syrian parties and economic sanctions covering the field of energy imports and exports, even in major cities such as Damascus and Aleppo, the daily electricity supply in most areas can only be maintained for a few hours, and gas and oil shortages are also frequent.
In the face of the deteriorating economic and humanitarian situation in Syria, the United Nations International Commission of Inquiry on Syria recently called for an assessment of the impact of economic sanctions on Syria.
Pinheiro, chairman of the committee, said that if the sanctions were not fully assessed, they could lead to further shortages, hinder humanitarian assistance to the most vulnerable and have a devastating impact on the general population.
In the 11 years since the outbreak of the Syrian crisis, fighting, poverty, displacement and COVID-19 have been common difficulties faced by countless ordinary Syrians.
They hoped that sanctions imposed in the name of so-called protection of ordinary people would no longer aggravate the suffering of ordinary people.
(Edited by: Wang Yuheng, Yang Mu)
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