Several countries and companies are leading in the development of quantum computing, with significant investments and advancements being made in the field.

China is currently leading in quantum computing research and development globally, with its Zuchongzhi No. 2 achieving record computing performance.

The US is also a major player in the field, with companies like IBM and Google making significant advancements in quantum computing.

IBM is a leader in quantum systems development, with a focus on miniaturization and accuracy, and has delivered a 1,000-qubit quantum chip in 2023.

Canada is also a leader in quantum computing innovation, with investments of $40 million in Xanadu Quantum Technologies and $177.8 million in a quantum computing project.

The Canadian government has invested over $1 billion in quantum research, with the goal of becoming a global leader in quantum technology.

Other countries, such as Germany, India, and Finland, are also investing heavily in quantum computing research and development.

The development of quantum computing has the potential to impact various fields, including communications, cryptography, and intelligence, and will require nations to address the ecosystem.

Quantum computers have the potential to solve complex computational problems beyond current computers, but error rates are still high in current quantum computing technology.

The global quantum computing industry is expected to be worth $139 billion by 2045, with applications in drug development, material design, and energy.

The University of Chicago and Tokyo have partnered on a quantum supercomputer, with the University of Chicago joining global quantum computing leadership.

IBM and Google have funded a $150 million quantum initiative, aiming to develop a 100,000 qubit quantum supercomputer.

China has delivered its first practical quantum computer to a customer, a 24-qubit Wuyan system using superconducting technology.

IBM plans to deliver a 4,000-plus qubit machine by 2025, with a roadmap that includes the 133-qubit Heron processor in 2023 and the 462-qubit Flamingo processor in 2024.

Google's Sycamore quantum processor has 70 qubits, more than its earlier version, and can make calculations in seconds that take classical computers 47 years.

Jiuzhang 3.0 is 10 quadrillion times faster than supercomputers in GBS problems, using 255 detected photons for quantum computing.

IBM's Eagle quantum computer has 127 qubits, making it the fastest quantum processor, and it exceeds traditional computer processing power.

The development of quantum computing is a global effort, with countries like the US, China, Japan, and Europe investing heavily in research and development.

The key opportunities in integrating quantum computing with classical systems include the potential for massive increases in processing power, improvements in energy efficiency, and the ability to solve complex problems that are impossible for conventional supercomputers.

However, there are also significant challenges to be addressed, including the need for better interchip communications, the development of robust error correction methods, and the integration of quantum and classical computing systems.

Quantum error correction is crucial for practical quantum computers, and companies like IBM and Google are making significant breakthroughs in this area.

IBM has reduced the number of qubits required for error correction by a factor of 10, which is a major milestone in the development of scalable quantum systems.

Google has achieved a quantum computing breakthrough with fewer errors, and their new algorithms have increased the qubit array dimension while lowering the error rate.

The development of quantum error correction techniques, such as quantum error correction codes and error mitigation strategies, is essential for the scalability and reliability of quantum computing systems.

Quantum computing systems have the potential to solve important problems, such as simulating molecules, which has applications for energy efficiency and medicine.

Countries and companies are investing heavily in quantum computing, with an estimated 30-300 million physical qubits needed to break Bitcoin encryption.

The Honghai Research Institute is sharing research with the Taiwan Quantum Team, and researchers have demonstrated a new way to represent logical qubits with hardware stability.

Quantum error correction reduces hardware error rate and is crucial for long-distance communication, with quantum repeaters using quantum memories for long-distance communication.

Machine learning methods can improve error correction outcome and longer distance communication, with reinforcement learning agents optimizing the error correction process.

In conclusion, the development of quantum computing is a rapidly advancing field, with significant investments and advancements being made by countries and companies around the world.

Several countries and companies are leading in the development of quantum computing, with significant investments and advancements being made in the field.

Several countries and companies are leading in the development of quantum computing, with significant investments and advancements being made in the field.

Several countries and companies are leading in the development of quantum computing, with significant investments and advancements being made in the field.

China is currently leading in quantum computing research and development globally, with its Zuchongzhi No. 2 achieving record computing performance.

Title:

Content: Recently, scholars from the Chinese Academy of Sciences announced the results of quantum computing research, announced that superconducting quantum computing and optical quantum computer Zuchongzhi No. 2 achieved a record computing performance, and German experts said that China has at least matched the Western level in this basic research field.
However, the current global quantum computer is still in the prototype stage, and the actual application is far from.
"German Voice" pointed out that Chinese scholars recently published a paper claiming that its newly developed 66 qubits (Qubits) programmable superconducting quantum computer Zuchunzhi No. 2, achieved record computing performance, 10 million times faster than the fastest supercomputer currently, and the computational complexity is 1 million times higher than Google's superconducting quantum computer prototype Sycamore.
In 2019, Google ’ s 54-qubit Suzuki became the world ’ s first quantum computer to achieve “quantum supremacy ” (Quantum Supremacy), significantly surpassing the performance of traditional supercomputers.
However, Suzuki can only handle some very abstract specific tasks, and there is still a lot of distance from the daily application scenarios.
According to the research and development team, the difficulty of handling the task is 2-3 orders higher than that of Suzuki.
Pan Jianwei, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences who led this research, said that the next step will be to solve quantum error correction, so as to explore the use of quantum computing to solve some scientific problems of great application value.
The report said that Pan's team also launched the optical quantum computing prototype 9 Chapter 2, which has the computing power per millisecond equivalent to 300 billion years of traditional supercomputers.
However, for the time being, Chapter 2 can only deal with specific tasks and is not yet suitable for practical application.
German experts said that in the past, the Trump administration's sanctions against Chinese technology can only be temporary measures, and they must strengthen their competitiveness in the long run.
In recent years, China has achieved a global leading position in the field of quantum technology. In 2020, Pan Jianwei ’ s team and scholars from international scientific research institutions such as Oxford University achieved unrelenting quantum secret communication based on quantum entanglement between two ground stations separated by thousands of kilometers.
These scientists also used the Mozi quantum communication experiment satellite as a quantum entanglement source, for the first time to achieve the distribution of quantum keys between two places thousands of kilometers apart.
The latest research results of quantum computing have been rated by Kristel Michielsen, a professor of physics at Aachen University and an expert in quantum communication at the Ulrich Research Center for Supercomputing in Germany, as “at least up to the level of quantum computing in the West. ”
However, Pan stressed that his team ’ s Zuchong II has 66 qubits, so its performance is four times that of a 54 qubit Google Suspension.
Neither of the two prototypes used their maximum computing power when handling the experimental task.
Pan Jianwei pointed out that the current quantum computing prototype error rate is still too high, so it can not be put into the actual application scenario.
The stability of qubits remains a major challenge for researchers around the world.
Michelson said that first to try to make high-quality qubits and quantum logic gates, but to keep them stable, it can only last 30 to 95 milliseconds, and scientists are fighting for the moment to let quantum computers handle experimental tasks.
Source: China ’ s quantum computing technology “at least parity with the West ”
# Quantum Computing # Quantum Bit # Quantum Computer # Zu Chong No.2 # Prototype

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

What have been the landmark achievements in quantum computing?

China's "Zu Chongzhi-2" quantum supremacy experiment

The US is also a major player in the field, with companies like IBM and Google making significant advancements in quantum computing.

Title:

Content: Univ. of Chicago joins University of Tokyo to create first quantum supercomputer

CHICAGO (CBS) -- Two universities, including one in Chicago, are joining forces to develop what would be the most powerful computer in the world.

It's a partnership that was recently announced at the G7 Summit and the expectations are pretty super. CBS 2's Andrew Ramos explains.

From climate change to complex chemical reactions, supercomputers have been on the forefront of addressing some of the world's most pressing problems.

Now, a new global partnership is aiming to create the first ever quantum supercomputer, which would usher in a new age of innovation.

The University of Chicago will join forces with the University of Tokyo to build what would be the world's most powerful computer as part of a 10 year, $150 million initiative funded by IBM and Google, recently announced at the G7 summit in Japan.

"The Chicago area is really becoming sort of a world leader in this area."

Fred Chong is a computer science professor at the University of Chicago, and he said this type of innovation will have a significant impact on lives everywhere.

"It's really going to be able to solve problems problems that we can't even approach today," Chong said. "Certain problems on a quantum scale like understanding materials of chemistry, but also UPS trucks like scheduling UPS trucks or flights on an airline."

Over the next decade, researchers at both universities will build this super computer powered by 100,000 qubits, which is the basic unit of information in computing.

Currently, the industry standard is roughly 430 qubits. The goal is to first reach 1,000 then 10,000 and ultimately 100,000 -- which will be a collaborative effort between both universities.

"Already IBM has a 433 qubit machine so we will be building upon their technology and googles technology to come up with ways of using these machines," Chong said.

This partnership is set to kick off in the next couple of weeks, where we could actually start seeing breakthroughs in as early as two to three years.

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What companies are leading in developing quantum computing?

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

What have been the landmark achievements in quantum computing?

IBM's world's first integrated quantum computing system, IBM Quantum System One

Google's Sycamore quantum supremacy experiment

What seminal quantum computers/ processors have been developed?

20-qubit "IBM Q System One"
IBM's 1,121 Quantum Condor
IBM's 65-qubit Hummingbird
IBM's Eagle

IBM is a leader in quantum systems development, with a focus on miniaturization and accuracy, and has delivered a 1,000-qubit quantum chip in 2023.

Title:

Content: 3 Quantum Computing Stocks That Could Grow Your Wealth

Advertisement

  • Quantum computing stocks offer growth potential in emerging technology.
  • IBM (IBM): Leader in quantum systems development, focusing on miniaturization and accuracy.
  • Intel (INTC): Applying transistor-based design to quantum computing with silicon spin qubits.
  • IonQ (IONQ): Developing trapped ion quantum systems with strong technological advantages.

Quantum computing stocks are working toward creating and selling quantum computers and other quantum products. These technologies are based on principles of quantum mechanics. This includes superposition and entanglement to perform operations that a classical processor cannot. These stocks provide a way to enter a field expected to transform many industries.

Thus, investing in quantum computing stocks is quite promising, considering the development of the industry. Some of the breakthroughs in quantum computing hardware include the creation of superconducting qubits and error correction software for larger quantum computers. There has been progress in increasing the qubit coherence times and combining classical and quantum computing to solve real-life problems.

Many of these quantum computing stocks trade at reasonable valuations. Now is a great time for investors to consider these options to grow their wealth. So here are three quantum computing stocks to consider.

IBM (IBM)

Source: shutterstock.com/LCV

IBM (NYSE:IBM) is one of the leading companies in the race toward quantum computing. It’s constantly pushing forward to create efficient quantum systems. The company’s delivery of the first 1,000-qubit quantum chip in 2023 proved incredible advancements are being made in this field.

What’s more, IBM’s approach has changed significantly since the company decided to focus on the miniaturization of quantum chips and their increased accuracy rather than increasing the number of qubits. While quantum computing still has a long way to go before it is practically usable, it has the potential to be used in fields such as cryptography, optimization, and simulation. This is where computing accuracy is paramount.

Thanks to its technical competence, cooperation with other industries, and conceptual approach to the development of quantum computing, IBM has the potential to lead the way forward.

Financially and technically, IBM pays a solid and growing dividend and has a low beta, making it a defensive pick in one’s portfolio.

Intel (INTC)

Intel (NASDAQ:INTC) has become one of the frontrunners in the race to build quantum computers through the application of transistor-based design and semiconductor manufacturing. Thus, by transferring the methods for creating and verifying conventional chips to silicon-based quantum computers, Intel has made a significant leap forward in its creation.

This is because the company is using silicon spin qubits, which are somewhat similar to the familiar semiconductor transistors. This allows the company to use its advanced CMOS fabrication facilities to place millions or even billions of these qubits on a single chip.

Intel’s progress in developing a 12-qubit silicon chip on a 300mm wafer with an impressive 95% yield rate proves its capacity to meet the stability standards of quantum computers. Also, Intel has perfected the cryogenic wafer probing technique. This allows it to test its quantum devices and make necessary adjustments faster.

INTC could be one of the top quantum computing stocks to consider to include an award-winning brand your portfolio.

IonQ (IONQ)

IonQ (NYSE:IONQ) is a leading developer of quantum computing systems using trapped ions. This approach could potentially enhance the reliability of its quantum computations.

IonQ has a strong technological advantage and owns 74 US-issued patents and 163 pending applications covering its quantum computing solutions. It is also engaged in the process of developing its quantum hardware for the commercial market, through which is available on the major cloud platforms and has signed several strategic partnerships,

One of the best things about IONQ is its financials are in good shape. This is more than what can be said for other companies that are exploring more experimental strategies.

As per its Q1 results, IonQ has high gross margins and increasing orders for quantum systems. The company expects to achieve net income before seeking more capital and thus prepare for long-term development. These factors make IONQ one of those quantum computing stocks to buy.

On the date of publication, Matthew Farley did not have (either directly or indirectly) any positions in the securities mentioned in this article. The opinions expressed are those of the writer, subject to the InvestorPlace.com Publishing Guidelines.

Matthew started writing coverage of the financial markets during the crypto boom of 2017 and was also a team member of several fintech startups. He then started writing about Australian and U.S. equities for various publications. His work has appeared in MarketBeat, FXStreet, Cryptoslate, Seeking Alpha, and the New Scientist magazine, among others.

Article printed from InvestorPlace Media, https://investorplace.com/2024/07/3-quantum-computing-stocks-that-could-grow-your-wealth/.

©2024 InvestorPlace Media, LLC

What are important areas in quantum research?

What companies are leading in developing quantum computing?

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

Canada is also a leader in quantum computing innovation, with investments of $40 million in Xanadu Quantum Technologies and $177.8 million in a quantum computing project.

Title:

Content: There were 1,711 press releases posted in the last 24 hours and 342,181 in the last 365 days.

Supporting Canada's leadership in quantum computing to grow the economy and create jobs

TORONTO, Jan. 23, 2023 /CNW/ - Quantum technologies are at the leading edge of science and innovation. As Canadian researchers, workers and businesses continue to demonstrate leadership on the world stage in innovating and developing quantum technologies, we have the potential to transform how we work and live in Canada and around the world – in areas from fighting climate change to making advancements in health care. The Government of Canada will continue to support Canadian companies to help them keep growing and staying competitive, while driving economic growth and creating highly skilled and well-paying jobs for Canadians.

The Prime Minister, Justin Trudeau, today announced a new federal investment of $40 million to enable the Toronto-based Canadian quantum computing company Xanadu Quantum Technologies Inc. to build and commercialize the world's first photonic-based, fault-tolerant quantum computer. Once developed, this computer will have the potential to provide world leading capabilities to help solve complex data problems and could be used in a variety of sectors such as finance, transportation, environmental modelling, and health.

Supported through the government's Strategic Innovation Fund, this $177.8 million project is expected to create 530 new highly skilled positions in the high-tech and quantum computing fields.

Home to some of the world's largest quantum tech hubs, Canada is well positioned to become a global leader in the developing quantum sector, which will create new opportunities for Canadians and Canadian businesses. The Government of Canada will continue to invest in innovative companies to grow the economy and create highly skilled and well-paying jobs for Canadians.

Quotes

"Quantum technology is changing the world as we know it. With the potential to solve difficult problems in key areas such as health care, finance, and climate sciences, this sector expands the realm of possibility. Today's announcement is great news for Canadian workers and businesses. This investment will bring good jobs, spur economic growth, boost innovation, and solidify Canada as a world leader in quantum technology."

— The Rt. Hon. Justin Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada

"Quantum technologies will set the course of the future and thanks to companies like Xanadu, Canada is at the forefront ready to lead. With today's announcement, our government is strengthening Canada's position in quantum technology and helping to create more economic growth and good jobs for Canadians. We'll continue to build this sector through our National Quantum Strategy and support made-in-Canada technology so Canada remains a world leader for decades to come."

— The Hon. François-Philippe Champagne, Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry

"The government's continued investment in quantum technologies has been invaluable to our success. We are proud to be a Canadian company and, with this investment, are excited to enter the next phase in our mission to build quantum computers that are useful and available to people everywhere."

— Christian Weedbrook, Founder and CEO, Xanadu

Quick Facts

  • Since the birth of quantum science more than 100 years ago, quantum technologies have been the source of many game-changing innovations such as semiconductors and the laser.
  • Quantum science is the study, manipulation, and control of systems at the atomic and subatomic level.
  • It is estimated that by 2045, the Canadian quantum industry will be a $139 billion industry, including all economic effects, and account for over 200,000 jobs, according to a study commissioned by the National Research Council in 2020.
  • Earlier this month, the Government of Canada launched its National Quantum Strategy, which invests an additional $360 million to help solidify Canada as a global leader in quantum technologies.
  • Over the past 10 years, the Government of Canada has invested more than $1 billion in quantum research and science.
  • Additionally, the government has invested in bringing new quantum technologies to the Canadian and global markets, including investments through Canada's regional development agencies, the Strategic Innovation Fund, and the National Research Council of Canada's Industrial Research Assistance Program.
  • Xanadu is a notable contributor to Canada's innovation ecosystem and has committed to continuing to support innovation, growth, and Canada's research and development sector.
  • Founded in 2016, Xanadu is a Toronto-based Canadian quantum computing company with the mission to build quantum computers that are useful and available to people everywhere. Xanadu has become one of the world's leading quantum hardware and software companies and leads the development of PennyLane, an open-source software library for quantum computing and application development.

Associated Links

This document is also available at https://pm.gc.ca

SOURCE Prime Minister's Office

View original content: http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/January2023/23/c3179.html

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

The Canadian government has invested over $1 billion in quantum research, with the goal of becoming a global leader in quantum technology.

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

Other countries, such as Germany, India, and Finland, are also investing heavily in quantum computing research and development.

Title:

Content: Finland has big plans for quantum computing applications

The QuTI project will develop new components, manufacturing and testing solutions, and algorithms for the needs of quantum computing applications.
25 January 2022

Quantum computing applications are expected to be adopted by more industries this year as organizations around the world begin testing the use cases for the technology. While organizations are the ones most looking forward to making the most of the technology, a few governments are also hoping quantum computing applications can improve their services.

In Finland, their first-ever quantum computer was commissioned at a research center near the capital. Scientists are expected to use it to study next-generation computing power. The 5 quantum-bit computers were developed to learn how to build a quantum computer, how to program one, and how to operate one in the future.

The state-owned VTT Technical Research Center (VTT) plays a crucial role in ensuring researchers learn in a range of scientific domains and making quantum computing applications ready for the industry. According to a report by Computer Weekly, the Finnish government believes that the best way to be ready for the quantum computing industry is to build a working quantum computer.

Computer Weekly also highlights five areas for quantum computing applications. They are in drug and materials discovery, supply chain and logistics, financial services, artificial intelligence, and cloud security.

For drug and materials discovery, Computer Weekly reports that a separate team in VTT which is the quantum algorithm team is developing algorithms to be used on the quantum computer. They are looking at two broad types of quantum computing applications. The first is to solve complex optimization problems that exist in many industries. This includes energy distribution, process control, and fleet management. The second is to predict the structures and properties of molecular formations more accurately and effectively. This will help accelerate drug discovery and the development of new materials.

While other countries are also developing quantum computer ecosystems, with the majority focusing on topics and platforms. Tech vendors like IBM and Google, who are also developing quantum use cases are not government-linked or owned and are mostly testing industry use cases.

Compared to the rest of the world, Finnish researchers focus almost exclusively on the superconducting qubit approach, which they have been using for years and know very well. In fact, a new research project has just been launched to accelerate the progress of Finnish quantum technology.

The QuTI project, coordinated by VTT, will develop new components, manufacturing and testing solutions, and algorithms for the needs of quantum technology. The QuTI consortium, partly financed by Business Finland, consists of 12 partners and has a total budget of around EUR 10 million.

For Professor Mika Prunnila, QuTI project’s coordinator, from VT, “Quantum technology is a multidisciplinary and rapidly advancing field. The QuTI consortium provides an ideal starting point for strengthening the international competitiveness of Finnish technology and industry in this fast-growing field.”

The quantum computing, communication and sensing devices to be developed in the QuTI project are largely based on expertise in microsystems, photonics, electronics, and cryogenics. The project develops customized software and algorithms hand in hand with the hardware, strengthening the Finnish quantum computing infrastructure. In addition, new tools will be created for quantum technology product development that will serve the needs of the QuTI project as well as the entire field of quantum technology.

As China and the US continue to battle each other for quantum computing supremacy, Finland is definitely building their presence in the industry as well. With the government supporting quantum computing initiatives, Finland might just have a quantum computing ecosystem on the horizon.

Title:

Content: Artificial intelligence - a global race on quantum computing | Science and technology | Latest discoveries and studies from DW Arabia | DW | 04.09.2021
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Science and Technology
Artificial Intelligence: A Global Race for Quantum Computing
Germany is in the midst of a frantic global race for artificial intelligence technologies through quantum computers.
The Quantum Valley Lower Saxony project will make this state a leading center for the development of quantum computing in Germany, attracting 400 researchers.
The possession of quantum computer technology has become one of the most important bets of the future for which the world powers are engaged in a feverish race to harness all the scientific and financial possibilities.
The technology is far more powerful than today ’ s best computers, employing the incredible physical properties of tiny particles.
Instead of the data storage unit (BIT) on which traditional computing operates with values of 0 and 1, the quantum scientist uses a unit (Qbits) that allows multiple values at the same time, theoretically enabling parallel calculations beyond anything known to man to date.
However, this technology is still at an experimental stage and in the future it is expected to solve complex computational problems that current computers cannot do, applying to multiple fields, including computation of tracks and more complex decoding, as well as countless application areas, such as drug development, to name a few.
In May 2021, German Chancellor Angela Merkel, who has completed a PhD in quantum chemistry, launched the first quantum computer built in Germany by the American company IBM, at a time when the world is in a race against time to take the lead in this promising technology.
The Q System One, built near Stuttgart in cooperation with the German research institute Fraunhofer, has been in service since the beginning of April, and is the first device of its kind for the American company outside the United States.
Lower Saxony is also seeking to be a leading platform for the development of this technology in Germany as part of the Quantum Valley Lower Saxony project, which attracts at least 400 researchers.
Watch the video 26: 00
Made in Germany - Innovation is the engine of success
Germany - Artificial Intelligence for Quantum Computing
The major world powers have entered a frantic race over the technologies of the future that will change the way of life of humanity in the world of tomorrow.
The German government has earmarked at least €2 billion this year for the development of quantum computers, which experts say are the main entry point for artificial intelligence technologies.
Germany aims to keep pace with global competition by developing a quantum computer over the next five years.
German Minister of Scientific Research Anja Karlyschek (May 2021) said: “Quantum technologies are one of the key technologies that will be crucial in the future.
"It will allow us to make our communications completely secure, make leaps in medical technology via highly sensitive sensors, or address previously unsolvable problems in logistics or materials research via quantum computing."
Lower Saxony aims to build Germany ’ s first quantum computer and put it into operation by the end of 2025.
Using a technique called the "ion trap", ions are charged atoms, as the basic unit of computation of a computer - the ion is a qubit.
With the help of electric fields, these ions are captured and controlled by radio waves and laser beams.
Lower Saxony - Leadership in Quantum Technology
The state of Lower Saxony (eastern Germany) is seeking to take the lead in the development of quantum computer technology in Germany, in cooperation with a number of universities and research institutions, attracting the expertise of at least 400 researchers under the project "Quantum Valley Lower Saxony".
The project is expected to receive funding of 1.5 billion euros over 10 years.
watch video 01: 33
Rare bipartisan deal in U.S. Congress on tech support
Between science fiction and hard science facts, quantum technology is one of the most important breakthroughs in modern technology.
The industry is increasingly relying on highly complex computing processes in the shortest possible time frame.
However, all current quantum computers are basically just experimental or prototype devices.
The number of qubits does not have to be the only measure, but the quality of the calculations is more important.
In the future, a complete system with special algorithms and software will have to be developed so that researchers can develop technology with enormous potential.
Computers are all at the same time.
The first (mechanical) computer appeared in 1941 before a number of inventions were developed that changed the face of computing and made computers the devices we know today in terms of efficiency, smallness and lightness compared to the first models.
Despite the tremendous development of computing technologies, they still face numerous dilemmas, including, but not limited to, the constant fear of hacking and intrusion of data confidentiality.
Quantum computers go beyond the binary logic of qubits being in the states of 0 and 1 at the same time, but also in the states in between.
This means that far fewer kibbutz are needed to perform calculations, which traditional computing devices cannot.
Another advantage of quantum technology is that these processes take place at close to the speed of light.
However, the generation of quantum "bits" still poses a number of dilemmas, using superconducting elements, such as ions, "trapped" atoms, photons and other similar processes.
The ions are stimulated by microwave radiation, which can be placed in multiple states, which can then be loaded with different information.
The particles are moving.
To be able to function, it must be "frozen", with extreme cooling close to absolute zero (-273.15 ° C) using complex techniques such as magnetic fields.
In addition, qubits are unstable and react to the slightest external stimulation, such as vibrations, magnetic and electrical fields, and other factors.
watch video 02: 01
European Commission seeks to limit market power of tech giants
From a quantum computer to a neural computer.
Traditional computer chips are almost beginning to exhaust their maximum capabilities because semiconductor performance is starting to reach its physical limits.
Because chips cannot be downsized indefinitely in order to increase their performance in as little space as possible, quantum computers and neural computers are being developed as technological alternatives in the future.
As explained above, a classical computer operates with 0 and 1 binary mode geometry (i.e., current flow or no current flow).
This is specified in the bit unit.
The physical structure in a computer consists of electronic components, such as capacitors or transistors in microchips.
The primary and fundamental property of a "bit" unit is that its value is precisely defined and does not change when measured, on the other hand, the value of a "bit" does not change immediately once the value of another "bit" changes, and in a classical computer only after a certain period of time in the range of milliseconds per second.
Coinciding with the interest in quantum computers, a new technological approach has emerged and concerns computers that do not rely on artificial intelligence but mimic the human brain and are called neural computing.
It has the privilege of extremely low energy consumption, computing speed and high capacity to store information in an analogy to the functioning of the human brain.
Artificial Intelligence: The Tool of Domination in Tomorrow ’ s World
An ambitious US project has invested $170 billion for scientific research and development in the field of precision technology, such as artificial intelligence and semiconductors.
China is engaged in an economic and technological war with Western powers and the United States in particular that exploded in the form of trade battles under former President Donald Trump, and is one of the rare issues adopted by Democratic President Joe Biden after his Republican predecessor.
It enjoys broad consensus in Congress for its strategic dimension.
It has become clear that whoever wins the race for future technologies such as artificial intelligence will be the world ’ s first economy.
The U.S. project provides for $52 billion over five years to encourage companies to manufacture chips and semiconductors in the United States.
Washington believes the Chinese rival is investing at least $150 billion to develop the technologies of the future.
Hassan Zinind

Title:

Content: Satyam Priyadarshy

Rajesh Mehta

Governments, venture capitalists, and private companies have invested billions of dollars in quantum computing in the last 10 years. Recently, at the Puzzle X conference held in Barcelona, it was evident that Europe is preparing to take on the leadership role to push the boundaries of quantum computing ecosystem. So, what is quantum computing?

Bits to Qubits

In simple words, quantum computing combines the fields of quantum mechanics and computer science. It moves us beyond Bits to Qubits. In traditional computer science, the information is stored and manipulated using bits that have two discrete states, 0 and 1, while in the quantum computing world, Qubits can represent both states at the same time, thus allowing for a high degree of parallelism, enabling by phenomena of “interference, superposition, and entanglement.”

Such parallelism allows quantum computers to tackle computational challenges that become a limiting factor for traditional computers.

Wide applications

Many companies in the quantum computing field are engaged in solving complex problems that could significantly impact the fields of drug development, material design, energy transition, finance, security, and defense.

All nations must address various aspects of the quantum computing ecosystem sooner than later due to China’s quantum computing activities.

The National Quantum Mission (NQM) was approved by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, on April 19, 2023.

With a budget of ₹6,003 crore over eight years, it aims to create, develop, and nurture the quantum technology ecosystem in the country.

The goal of the mission is to develop intermediate-scale quantum computers with 50-1,000 physical qubits in various platforms like superconducting and photonic technology. Satellite-based secure quantum communications between ground stations over a range of 2,000 km within India, long-distance secure quantum communications with other countries, inter-city quantum key distribution over 2,000 km, as well as multi-node quantum networks with quantum memories, are among the other deliverables. The technology is expected to break ground in communications, cryptography, intelligence, fossil fuel exploration, space research, and drug design.

As we step into 2024, an increased set of activities to solve complex challenges will be addressed by combining the tools of Artificial Intelligence and Quantum computing.

Priyadarshy is a pioneer in the fields of Quantum Mechanics, Data Science, Big Data and Emerging Technologies; Mehta is an International Consultant in the field of Market Entry, Innovation and Public Policy

COMMENT NOW

The development of quantum computing has the potential to impact various fields, including communications, cryptography, and intelligence, and will require nations to address the ecosystem.

Title:

Content: Satyam Priyadarshy

Rajesh Mehta

Governments, venture capitalists, and private companies have invested billions of dollars in quantum computing in the last 10 years. Recently, at the Puzzle X conference held in Barcelona, it was evident that Europe is preparing to take on the leadership role to push the boundaries of quantum computing ecosystem. So, what is quantum computing?

Bits to Qubits

In simple words, quantum computing combines the fields of quantum mechanics and computer science. It moves us beyond Bits to Qubits. In traditional computer science, the information is stored and manipulated using bits that have two discrete states, 0 and 1, while in the quantum computing world, Qubits can represent both states at the same time, thus allowing for a high degree of parallelism, enabling by phenomena of “interference, superposition, and entanglement.”

Such parallelism allows quantum computers to tackle computational challenges that become a limiting factor for traditional computers.

Wide applications

Many companies in the quantum computing field are engaged in solving complex problems that could significantly impact the fields of drug development, material design, energy transition, finance, security, and defense.

All nations must address various aspects of the quantum computing ecosystem sooner than later due to China’s quantum computing activities.

The National Quantum Mission (NQM) was approved by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, on April 19, 2023.

With a budget of ₹6,003 crore over eight years, it aims to create, develop, and nurture the quantum technology ecosystem in the country.

The goal of the mission is to develop intermediate-scale quantum computers with 50-1,000 physical qubits in various platforms like superconducting and photonic technology. Satellite-based secure quantum communications between ground stations over a range of 2,000 km within India, long-distance secure quantum communications with other countries, inter-city quantum key distribution over 2,000 km, as well as multi-node quantum networks with quantum memories, are among the other deliverables. The technology is expected to break ground in communications, cryptography, intelligence, fossil fuel exploration, space research, and drug design.

As we step into 2024, an increased set of activities to solve complex challenges will be addressed by combining the tools of Artificial Intelligence and Quantum computing.

Priyadarshy is a pioneer in the fields of Quantum Mechanics, Data Science, Big Data and Emerging Technologies; Mehta is an International Consultant in the field of Market Entry, Innovation and Public Policy

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Quantum computers have the potential to solve complex computational problems beyond current computers, but error rates are still high in current quantum computing technology.

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INTERNATIONAL NEWS

China Delivers Its First Practical Quantum Computer System to a Customer

China’s Science Ministry on Monday announced that the country’s first practical quantum computer was delivered to a user, which the agency didn’t identify, a year ago.

The 24-qubit Wuyan system based on superconducting technology was built by Origin Quantum Computing Technology, a company founded in 2017 by two of the country’s leading quantum physicists, Guo Guoping and Guo Guangcan. A qubit in the quantum world performs functions akin to bits in the digital world.

With the on-premises installation of the Wuyan system, China became the third country, after Canada and the United States, to deliver a complete quantum computer system to a customer.

Some skeptics questioned the timing of the announcement.

“Quantum technology has a high priority for national security in China. If this were something very important, I doubt it would be disclosed like this in a transparent way by Chinese authorities,” explained Weifeng Zhong, a senior research fellow at the Mercatus Center of George Mason University in Fairfax, Va.

“The fact that it was delayed for a year suggests that they realize now that it’s not important to national security, so they’re trying to use it to build China’s image as a technology leader at a time when they’re trying to open up their economy to the rest of the world,” Zhong told TechNewsWorld.

Important Step

However, Hodan Omaar, a senior AI policy analyst at the Center for Data Innovation, a think tank studying the intersection of data, technology, and public policy, in Washington, D.C., maintained the announcement shows that China has made an important step in its quantum development.

“Overcoming technical challenges on the path toward large-scale quantum computers will depend on the ability to scale the number of qubits in quantum systems, much like modern classical computers have depended on the growth in the number of transistors in superconducting chips,” Omaar told TechNewsWorld.

“Investing in near-term quantum computing applications helps bolster the development of longer-term use cases of the technology, thereby helping to improve competitiveness,” she added.

Skip Sanzeri, co-founder and COO of QuSecure, a maker of quantum-safe security solutions in San Mateo, Calif., called the announcement “formidable” because China is stating that they have a fully functional quantum computer, albeit the qubit count is low.

“Nonetheless, error correction and noise reduction are two significant factors in ensuring that a quantum computer can process data and provide applications that we can rely on,” Sanzeri told TechNewsWorld. “By announcing that they have been able to get to this level shows that China is making progress towards larger quantum computers.”

Bucking a Trend

The Wuyan system appears to be on par with other systems in the market, noted Heather West, a senior research analyst at IDC’, an international market research company.

“The fact that they sold a 24 qubit system to someone isn’t that different from what we’re seeing elsewhere around the world,” West told TechNewsWorld.

Delivering a standalone system like the Wuyan is actually bucking the current trend in the market.

“Most quantum computers that people are accessing today are accessed through the cloud,” explained Doug Finke, an analyst with Global Quantum Intelligence, an international market intelligence firm.

“This Wuyan computer is being delivered to a customer in an on-premise situation,” Finke told TechNewsWorld. “On-premise has a lot of disadvantages. You have to worry about maintenance. You have to worry about spare parts. You have to worry about calibration.”

“In addition,” he continued, “quantum computing innovation is so fast that they become obsolete in about two years. So few people want an on-premise quantum computer. They’re much more comfortable with the cloud.”

Superconducting Challenges

The Wuyan system is built using superconducting chip technology, one of the earliest technologies for quantum computers. Since its introduction, other technologies have been explored. They include photonics, trapped ions, and neutral atoms.

“At the moment, no one knows which technology will be the winner or if there’ll be a combination of technologies that will combine for efficacious quantum applications,” Sanzeri said.

“Superconducting is very difficult,” he explained. “It requires near zero Kelvin refrigeration.”

“The electrons used in superconducting quantum computers are very hard to manage due to very short coherence times,” he continued. “That’s why they must be cooled to such a low temperature.”

Other methods are managing longer coherence times and a faster path to the desired goal of 1,000 error-corrected qubits, he added.

“The million-dollar question is what technology will win the race to the fault-tolerant quantum computer,” West said. “There might not be one winner. There might not be one system that comes out on top. It might be that certain kinds of systems are better than others at solving certain kinds of problems.”

Long View

Omaar countered that superconducting chips have a number of advantages over competing technologies.

“First, superconducting qubits are solid-state electrical circuits that are easier to control because they are manipulated using microwaves,” she said. “Scientists can therefore use easily accessible commercial microwave devices and equipment in superconducting quantum computing applications.”

“Second,” she continued, “because preparing superconducting circuits is based on the existing method for fabricating semiconductor chips, the development of high-quality devices can leverage advanced chip-making technologies, which is good for manufacturing and scalability.”

Despite developments like China’s Wuyan system, the arrival of a quantum computer that can tackle problems beyond the capacity of silicon computers appears to be years away.

“What quantum computers are going to be best for is solving complex, intractable problems beyond the scope of classical compute technology,” West said. “Those problems are years away from a quantum computer solving.”

“To get to that, we need at least a million qubits,” she continued. “That’s going to take a lot of work in scaling and stabilizing the qubits. Qubits are very sensitive to outside noise. As a result, the error rates are high in the technology we have.”

Despite the exuberance exhibited by many, we’re still in the early days of quantum computing, added Richard Stiennon, founder and chief research analyst at IT-Harvest, a cybersecurity industry analyst firm in Birmingham, Mich.

“There are many physical constraints on quantum computing that require precision in length of pathways — we are talking microns — and resistance to forces — footsteps can interfere with it. Supercooled chips just add to the complexity,” Stiennon told TechNewsWorld.

“I put it in the same realm as developing usable nuclear fusion as an energy source,” he said. “Hundreds of billions of dollars and decades to show a glimmer of progress.”

John P. Mello Jr. has been an ECT News Network reporter since 2003. His areas of focus include cybersecurity, IT issues, privacy, e-commerce, social media, artificial intelligence, big data and consumer electronics. He has written and edited for numerous publications, including the Boston Business Journal, the Boston Phoenix, Megapixel.Net and Government Security News. Email John.

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The global quantum computing industry is expected to be worth $139 billion by 2045, with applications in drug development, material design, and energy.

The University of Chicago and Tokyo have partnered on a quantum supercomputer, with the University of Chicago joining global quantum computing leadership.

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Content: Univ. of Chicago joins University of Tokyo to create first quantum supercomputer

CHICAGO (CBS) -- Two universities, including one in Chicago, are joining forces to develop what would be the most powerful computer in the world.

It's a partnership that was recently announced at the G7 Summit and the expectations are pretty super. CBS 2's Andrew Ramos explains.

From climate change to complex chemical reactions, supercomputers have been on the forefront of addressing some of the world's most pressing problems.

Now, a new global partnership is aiming to create the first ever quantum supercomputer, which would usher in a new age of innovation.

The University of Chicago will join forces with the University of Tokyo to build what would be the world's most powerful computer as part of a 10 year, $150 million initiative funded by IBM and Google, recently announced at the G7 summit in Japan.

"The Chicago area is really becoming sort of a world leader in this area."

Fred Chong is a computer science professor at the University of Chicago, and he said this type of innovation will have a significant impact on lives everywhere.

"It's really going to be able to solve problems problems that we can't even approach today," Chong said. "Certain problems on a quantum scale like understanding materials of chemistry, but also UPS trucks like scheduling UPS trucks or flights on an airline."

Over the next decade, researchers at both universities will build this super computer powered by 100,000 qubits, which is the basic unit of information in computing.

Currently, the industry standard is roughly 430 qubits. The goal is to first reach 1,000 then 10,000 and ultimately 100,000 -- which will be a collaborative effort between both universities.

"Already IBM has a 433 qubit machine so we will be building upon their technology and googles technology to come up with ways of using these machines," Chong said.

This partnership is set to kick off in the next couple of weeks, where we could actually start seeing breakthroughs in as early as two to three years.

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Content: Univ. of Chicago joins University of Tokyo to create first quantum supercomputer

CHICAGO (CBS) -- Two universities, including one in Chicago, are joining forces to develop what would be the most powerful computer in the world.

It's a partnership that was recently announced at the G7 Summit and the expectations are pretty super. CBS 2's Andrew Ramos explains.

From climate change to complex chemical reactions, supercomputers have been on the forefront of addressing some of the world's most pressing problems.

Now, a new global partnership is aiming to create the first ever quantum supercomputer, which would usher in a new age of innovation.

The University of Chicago will join forces with the University of Tokyo to build what would be the world's most powerful computer as part of a 10 year, $150 million initiative funded by IBM and Google, recently announced at the G7 summit in Japan.

"The Chicago area is really becoming sort of a world leader in this area."

Fred Chong is a computer science professor at the University of Chicago, and he said this type of innovation will have a significant impact on lives everywhere.

"It's really going to be able to solve problems problems that we can't even approach today," Chong said. "Certain problems on a quantum scale like understanding materials of chemistry, but also UPS trucks like scheduling UPS trucks or flights on an airline."

Over the next decade, researchers at both universities will build this super computer powered by 100,000 qubits, which is the basic unit of information in computing.

Currently, the industry standard is roughly 430 qubits. The goal is to first reach 1,000 then 10,000 and ultimately 100,000 -- which will be a collaborative effort between both universities.

"Already IBM has a 433 qubit machine so we will be building upon their technology and googles technology to come up with ways of using these machines," Chong said.

This partnership is set to kick off in the next couple of weeks, where we could actually start seeing breakthroughs in as early as two to three years.

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What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

China has delivered its first practical quantum computer to a customer, a 24-qubit Wuyan system using superconducting technology.

What are important areas in quantum research?

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

IBM plans to deliver a 4,000-plus qubit machine by 2025, with a roadmap that includes the 133-qubit Heron processor in 2023 and the 462-qubit Flamingo processor in 2024.

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IBM today updated its existing quantum computing roadmap, foreseeing a 4,000-plus qubit machine by 2025. Included in its plan is orchestration for more potent combinations of classical and quantum resources.

Such combinations, which comprise what may be called “quantum-centric supercomputing,” will place the new quantum crew more firmly in the world of high-performance computing, where technologists tackle some of humankind’s most pressing challenges.

IBM said it expects to deliver in 2023 software tooling that allows developers to run jobs that help them tap into both quantum and classical computing resources. IBM said it sees no letup in the steady advance of quantum scaling.

The company uses the term “Serverless Quantum” to describe an architecture that deploys infrastructure that assigns work to processors of either the classical or quantum variety.

“Serverless Quantum is part of getting the world ready for quantum-centric supercomputing,” according to Jerry Chow, IBM fellow and director of quantum infrastructure. He likened the effect to today’s elastic computing methods, “in the sense that you have computing resources on demand.”

Speaking with VentureBeat, Chow said the idea is that parts of problems can be handled by either classical CPUs, GPUs or non-classical QPUs, or quantum processing units. This is enabled by a common service layer that efficiently orchestrates, or arranges, workload assignments.

Better hardware and software methods for interchip communications is also important in this quantum quest, Chow indicated as he discussed future plans for quantum “circuit knitting.”

“That’s where you can take larger problems,” he said, “and find ways to break them down into small-order quantum circuits, and knit or take all the results and put them back together.”

The problems imagined are manifold, and some appear especially pressing.

Simulating nature with quantum systems, for example, is seen as a path to efficiencies that could drive substantial environmental, social and governance improvements.

Also, world governments are now seen in a race to succeed in quantum computing, as quantum systems could crack long standing cryptographic coding practices. Viewers suggest adversary governments are gathering encrypted data now, to process when quantum breakthroughs occur.

Sticking to their circuit knitting

IBM has indicated Serverless Quantum capabilities in its Qiskit Runtime software, including circuit knitting, will support distribution of parallelizable work in 2023. As well, improvements in error mitigation and suppression are expected to improve quality of quantum results, the company said. These are due for Qisket as part of the roadmap in 2024 and 2025.

The bird is the word when it comes to code names for IBM quantum processors. Last year, IBM released a 127-qubit Eagle processor to be followed this year by Osprey, a 433-qubit unit. An increasingly powerful flock of IBM qubit processors will follow. IBM’s roadmap anticipates: a 133-qubit Heron processor to appear in 2023; a 462-qubit Flamingo processor in 2024; and the 4,158-qubit Kookaburra device in 2025.

While Heron’s qubit count may look like a step back, it’s important to IBM’s overall plans to knit clusters of qubit processors together. That is vital to IBM’s assertions of continued scalability.

“What’s exciting about Heron is that it is defined in such a way that they’re going to be classically controllable [via] the same control hardware infrastructure. So what that means is effectively, we’re going to have quantum computing with classical communication and classical parallelization,” said Chow, who is expected to further detail IBM’s  quantum roadmap this week at the Inside Quantum Technology Conference 2022 in San Diego, Calif.

Quantum timelines

Timelines for quantum computing have been closely watched since qubits first emerged from the lab as part of physics experiments. A common joke holds that today, just as at the turn of the century, “quantum computing is five to ten years away.”

But IBM’s timelines for quantum computing have usually been realistic, according to Brian Hopkins, analyst, Forrester Research.

“IBM has the most detailed roadmap of any of the full stack quantum computing vendors I cover,” he told VentureBeat via email. “Furthermore, they are establishing credibility with the market by completing roadmap milestones per their plan.”

That gives Forrester’s Hopkins confidence in IBM’s 4,000-plus qubit projections, although he emphasizes that IBM is still refraining from any meaningful prediction on when its computers and software will be able to demonstrate advantage – in the form of a positive ROI — for any problem domain.

Hopkins goes on to say this is valuable, in that the company will have greater credibility when it does prove such an advantage.

“Even when we hit advantage for one problem area, it will still be many years before quantum computers are scalable and powerful enough to be applicable to the many areas where we see potential,” he said.

We love qubits – but….

Skepticism of quantum computing timelines is not likely to abate, but elements of IBM’s new timeline suggest the technology may be moving forward faster than some skeptics thought.

While “qubit counts” will get the headlines here and elsewhere, the technology advances that surround qubit research bear closer watching, as do hybrids that match classical and quantum computing to different parts of problems.

“We love qubits – but the exact number is not as important as [the fact] that we have defined the path for the technology to keep scaling,” said Chow.

VentureBeat's mission is to be a digital town square for technical decision-makers to gain knowledge about transformative enterprise technology and transact. Learn more about membership.

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What are important areas in quantum research?

What companies are leading in developing quantum computing?

Google's Sycamore quantum processor has 70 qubits, more than its earlier version, and can make calculations in seconds that take classical computers 47 years.

Title:

Content: Google develops a quantum computer that can instantly make calculations that would take the best rival supercomputers 47 YEARS

  • Google claimed to have achieved 'quantum supremacy' before its rivals in 2019
  • But at the time the huge claim was questioned by quantum rivals including IBM
  • Now a newer device is 'beyond capabilities of existing classical supercomputers'

Within the next couple of decades, experts think quantum computers will replace the 'classical' computers at our desks and revolutionise our lives.

By employing the odd effects of quantum physics, they'll be capable of speeding up machine learning, solving climate change and discovering new drugs, it's believed.

Now, Google claims it's hit a major milestone in the quest to build such a device, by achieving 'quantum supremacy' – solving problems that no classical machine can.

The tech giant says it has created a quantum computer capable of instantly making calculations that would take even the fastest computer in existence today 47 years to do.

If this sounds familiar, Google said it achieved quantum supremacy back in 2019, although at the time the claim was questioned by opponents.

Google claims it's achieved 'quantum supremacy' - using a quantum device to solve problems that no classical machine can. According to Google, the newest version of its Sycamore quantum processor runs 70 qubits, more than its earlier version of Sycamore that had 53 qubits (pictured)

READ MORE: Google 'achieved quantum supremacy' in 2019

Google announced its 2019 breakthrough in Nature

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Rival IBM pointed out that the task Google's Sycamore quantum computer was able to perform was not a particularly difficult one and could technically be done by a classical machine albeit more slowly.

Four years on, Google researchers claim to have created a more powerful machine with capabilities beyond classical machines – in other words, quantum supremacy.

It remains unclear how much the quantum computer cost to develop, although MailOnline has contacted Google for further information.

'Quantum computers hold the promise of executing tasks beyond the capability of classical computers,' the team say in their paper, published on the arXiv pre-print server, yet to be peer reviewed.

'We estimate the computational cost against improved classical methods and demonstrate that our experiment is beyond the capabilities of existing classical supercomputers.'

Quantum technology makes use of the spooky effects of quantum physics to vastly speed up information processing, which could lead to the most powerful computer on Earth.

Even the fastest computers that exist today – such as the Frontier supercomputer in Tennessee – don't match the potential of quantum computers.

These 'conventional' or 'classical' computers use the processing language of binary code, a language based on one of two states – zeroes or ones.

In the new paper, Google demonstrates quantum supremacy or quantum advantage. This graph compares performance of the 70-qubit quantum computer compared with the previous iteration (Sycamore-53) and the Chinese Zuchongzhi quantum computer

Even the fastest computers that exist today, such as the Frontier supercomputer in Tennessee (pictured), don't match the potential of quantum computers

READ MORE: 'Quantum apocalypse' could make data vulnerable

Quantum computing could break the encryptions that secure banking and medical details, experts say (file photo)

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But quantum mechanics allows a unit of quantum information – a quantum bit or 'qubit' – to be in a state of zero, one, or both states simultaneously.

According to Google, the newest version of its Sycamore quantum processor runs 70 qubits, more than its earlier version of Sycamore that had 53 qubits.

A quantum processor with 70 qubits means that it can store and process 70 quantum bits of information – impossible for a classical computer however fast or slow it's going.

To put this power increase in perspective, the team says Frontier would only take 6.18 seconds to match a calculation from Google's 53-qubit computer, but would take 47.2 years to match its latest one.

Google researchers say they now have the 'ultimate goal of demonstrating and verifying the beyond-classical performance for our 70-qubit device'.

IBM is yet to comment on Google's new work, but Steve Brierley, chief executive of Cambridge-based quantum company Riverlane, told the Telegraph that Google's new work is a 'major milestone'.

'The squabbling about whether we had reached, or indeed could reach, quantum supremacy is now resolved,' he said.

IBM's Q System One (pictured) is a quantum computer available to businesses and researchers. The IBM Q System One is a powerful quantum computer, but it is not yet powerful enough to achieve quantum supremacy

READ MORE: Sussex reveals blueprint for building quantum computer

The University of Sussex is leading the UK's charge to build a quantum computer

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However, Sebastian Weidt, from the University of Sussex's Ion Quantum Technology group, echoed much of the criticism from 2019 – that Google is yet to demonstrate solving a useful problem with quantum.

'This is a very nice demonstration of quantum advantage,' Weidt said.

'While a great achievement academically, the algorithm used does not really have real world practical applications though.

'We really must get to utility quantum computing – an era where quantum computers with many thousand qubits actually begin to deliver value to society in a way that classical computers never will be able to.'

Professor Winfried Hensinger, director of the Sussex Centre for Quantum Technologies, told MailOnline: 'Google solved a particular academic problem which is hard to compute on a conventional computer.

'Their most recent demonstration is yet another powerful demonstration that quantum computers are developing at steady pace.

'The next important step will be to build quantum computer which can correct for the inherent errors within their operation.'

The University of Sussex is leading the UK's charge to build a quantum computer, along with the likes of big tech firms including Google, IBM and Microsoft.

Ultimately, the aim is to build a 'commercial' quantum computer – one that could be purchased by members of the public.

As this is still a decade or two away at least, for now, firms are building 'experimental' quantum computers that are still in the research and development phase.

IBM has already created a quantum machine called Q System One, available for businesses and researchers to use.

After it was revealed in 2019, critics pointed out that it only had 20 qubits and was not powerful enough to achieve quantum supremacy.

Did Google really achieve quantum supremacy in 2019?

In 2019, Google said its 53-quibit quantum computer could perform a calculation in 200 seconds that would take classical computers 10,000 years.

Writing in the journal Nature, the team said they performed a fixed set of operations that entangles 53 qubits into a quantum state to solve a random number sampling task.

However, Google’s big rivals in quantum technology research including IBM took issue with Google's claim that it had achieved the so-called act of 'quantum supremacy' – solving problems that no classical machine can.

IBM, which is working on its own quantum computer design, argued that the random number generator task completed by Google's 'Sycamore' quantum computer is technically achievable on a classical computer – after 10,000 years of processing.

‘Because the original meaning of the term quantum supremacy, as proposed by John Preskill in 2012, was to describe the point where quantum computers can do things that classical computers can't, this threshold has not been met,' IBM researchers wrote in a blog post.

Professor Winfried Hensinger, director of the Sussex Centre for Quantum Technologies, told Laboratory News at the time: ‘The problem they [Google] picked is a completely utterly useless problem.

'The next step will be to solve useful problems.’

Google claims quantum computer breaththrough

What advantages do quantum computers have over conventional computers?

extremely complex calculations
extremely fast calculations

What are important areas in quantum research?

What companies are leading in developing quantum computing?

What have been the landmark achievements in quantum computing?

Google's Sycamore quantum supremacy experiment

Jiuzhang 3.0 is 10 quadrillion times faster than supercomputers in GBS problems, using 255 detected photons for quantum computing.

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Content: LINE

Text:AAAPrint
Sci-tech

China secures world-leading computational power with freshly unveiled quantum computer prototype

2023-10-12 08:59:07Global Times Editor : Li Yan ECNS App Download

Introductory illustration to the Jiuzhang 3.0 quantum computer prototype. (Photo/Courtesy of University of Science and Technology of China)

With the successful development of the Jiuzhang 3.0 quantum computer prototype, which makes use of 255 detected photons, China continues to hold a world-leading position in the field of quantum computer research and development, lead scientists for the program told the Global Times on Wednesday.

The research team, composed of renowned quantum physicists Pan Jianwei and Lu Chaoyang from the University of Science and Technology of China in collaboration with the Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology under the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Parallel Computer Engineering Technology Research Center, announced the successful construction of a 255-photon-based prototype quantum computer named Jiuzhang 3.0 early Wednesday morning.

The quantum computing feat accomplished by the team of talents achieves a speed that is 10 quadrillion times faster in solving Gaussian boson sampling (GBS) problems compared with the world's fastest supercomputers.

According to a press release Pan's team provided to the Global Times on Wednesday, this achievement has once again "renewed the world record in the field of optical quantum information technology, solving the mathematical problem of Gaussian boson sampling 10 quadrillion times faster than the current fastest supercomputer in the world, taking an important step toward the development of quantum computers."

The study was published online in the journal Physical Review Letters early Wednesday morning.

Meanwhile, according to the publicly disclosed optimal algorithm, the speed of Jiuzhang 3.0 in processing Gaussian boson sampling is one million times faster than its predecessor, the 133-photon-based Jiuzhang 2.0. Jiuzhang 2.0 could calculate the most complex sample in 1 microsecond, while the current fastest supercomputer Frontier would take more than 20 billion years to do the same calculation, according to the press release.

Lu Chaoyang, a key member of the research team, explained that quantum computing is specially designed for solving highly complicated calculations while the simpler calculations are the job of regular computers. This is why the comparison was made between the Jiuzhang 3.0 and supercomputers.

Currently, the prototype is used for calculation of graph theory related problems and in the future it will also be used in the field of material design, Lu told the Global Times on Wednesday.

According to the scientist, developing quantum computers is one of the biggest challenges at the forefront of current world technology. During Jiuzhang's research and development, scalable quantum control technology has been developed, providing a technical foundation for the development of fault-tolerant universal quantum computers.

"This paves the way for universal quantum computers, which is estimated by the academic community to be achieved in 10-15 years, said Lu.

In 2021, the team led by Pan developed the 133-photon-based Jiuzhang 2.0 and a 66-qubit programmable superconducting quantum computing system named Zuchongzhi 2.1, making China the only country to achieve a quantum computational advantage in two mainstream technical routes - one via photonics quantum computing technology and the other via superconducting quantum computing technology.

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What advantages do quantum computers have over conventional computers?

extremely complex calculations
extremely fast calculations

IBM's Eagle quantum computer has 127 qubits, making it the fastest quantum processor, and it exceeds traditional computer processing power.

Title:

Content: IBM announced “Eagle,” the world’s fastest quantum processor, with a speed unbeatable by any traditional computer today.

Within the framework of IBM Quantum Summit 2021, IBM presented Eagle, the most powerful quantum processor in the world. With 127 quantum bits (qubits) it promises to vastly exceed the processing power of traditional computers.

Until now, the fastest quantum processor in the world was the Jiuzhang 2.0 from China with a power of 113 qubits. There was also the Bristlecone from Google with 72 qubits and the Hummingbird from IBM with 65 qubits. The 127 qubits of Eagle They leave behind any quantum processor and represent a huge leap to exceed the processing speed of the processors used in traditional computers. However, what does this power measured in qubits mean?

What does the power in qubits of quantum processors mean?

Computers with quantum processors are so named because they draw on the world of quantum physics to increase the computing power in data processing. A classical computer stores and processes data in bits that are represented by a zero or a one. On the contrary, and because their code is non-binary, quantum processors, in addition to presenting a state of “zero” or “one”, can also be superimposed on both at the same time. In this way, they achieve a power that is measured in the number of qubits.

Read:  These 11 new games get touch controls on xCloud

The entrails of the Eagle from IBM They incorporate a single-layer architecture, which the technology company says reduces error rates. On the other hand, it is presented as the first processor with a power beyond the reach of “traditional supercomputers”, a milestone that IBM calls “quantum advantage”. In fact, IBM declares that recreating one of the states of Eagle in a traditional computer it would require more classical bits than the total number of atoms in each person on Earth.

What if Eagle represented a huge leap in terms of data processing, the company announced that in 2022 it plans to launch Quantum odyssey 433 qubits and Quantum condor of 1,121 qubits in 2023.

What advantages do quantum computers have over conventional computers?

extremely complex calculations
extremely fast calculations

What companies are leading in developing quantum computing?

What seminal quantum computers/ processors have been developed?

The development of quantum computing is a global effort, with countries like the US, China, Japan, and Europe investing heavily in research and development.

Title:

Content: Science and Technology
Publish Date: August 16, 2021 13: 42 GMT
Updated Date: 16 Aug 2021 15: 00 GMT
New Scientific Breakthrough Promises Massive Increase in Processor Power
Researchers in Japan have made a discovery that could open up opportunities to combine classical and quantum computing techniques in new ways, leading to a massive increase in processing power.
+ A -A
Source: Amr Zanati - Eram News
Researchers in Japan have made a discovery that could open up opportunities to combine classical and quantum computing techniques in new ways, leading to a massive increase in processing power.
The team, led by Professor Takahiro Matsumoto of Nagoya City University, was investigating a concept called quantum entanglement, where the interaction between multiple particles is so that they can only be described in relation to each other.
Historically, scientists have found it difficult to manufacture quantum entanglement (which is fundamental to quantum computing) due to numerous engineering and logistical challenges.
Proton entanglement was previously observed in molecular hydrogen and plays an important role in a variety of scientific disciplines, however, entanglement was found only in gas or liquid phases, Matsumoto explained.
"Now, we have discovered quantum entanglement on a solid surface, which could lay the foundation for future quantum technologies."
According to the paper, the integration of a proton qubit (a fundamental unit of quantum information) with modern silicon technology “could lead to an organic union of classical and quantum computing platforms. ”
This could allow systems with far more qubits (10 ^ 6) than is currently possible (10 ^ 2) and thus significantly boost processing speeds across supercomputing applications.
On the importance of his team ’ s discovery, Matsumoto explained that “the new generation of quantum computers can create new opportunities across a wide range of disciplines and use cases. ”
"Quantum computers can handle complex problems that are almost impossible to solve using conventional supercomputers."
“The discovery could be a game changer in quantum computing in terms of data storage, processing and transmission, potentially leading to a paradigm shift in pharmaceuticals, data security and many other areas. ”
Quantum computers are machines that explicitly use quantum physics to increase computational speeds beyond the capabilities of conventional computers.
Experts agree that the next revolution in informatics will be driven by quantum computing, which will provide an enormous ability to process information and accomplish tasks that the most powerful conventional computers cannot do.
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Title:

Content: Google, IBM and China have already achieved quantum supremacy. Now they face another challenge: the correction of errors

Quantum supremacy is no longer at the center of the debate. It was at the end of 2019 because it came to light that the Google team led by John Martinis had managed to achieve it using its Sycamore quantum processor, and no one had done it until that moment. The noise that this news caused when it broke was justified.

But a year later, in December 2020, the group of Chinese researchers led by Jian-Wei Pan published an article in Science showing that I had also reached using its Zuchongzhi superconducting processor. And a year later, in November 2021, IBM followed suit and announced that it had reached this milestone using its 127-qubit Eagle quantum processor.

At this point no one doubts that quantum computers have come a long way. And, furthermore, they have done it in a real record time if we bear in mind that the first solid theoretical proposals arrived in the mid-1990s. And they are already capable of solving a few problems (very few still). in much less time than the most advanced supercomputers we currently have.

In fact, this is what quantum supremacy consists of: in solving in a short period of time, a few minutes or a few hours, a problem in which a classical supercomputer would spend many years. Even several centuries. Or millennia. Right now it is not too important whether these problems have practical applications or not. Whether or not they are relevant. We are still establishing the foundations of quantum computing, and the important thing is to face the challenges that are around the corner.

In search of higher quality qubits

One of the biggest challenges facing researchers involved in the development of quantum computing is delaying the onset of quantum decoherence. This phenomenon occurs when the necessary conditions for a system that is in an entangled quantum state to be maintained disappear.

Perhaps a slightly simpler way of describing it is to see it as a system that stops behaving as dictated by the rules of quantum mechanics when certain conditions are met, beginning to behave from that moment on as dictated by the rules of classical physics. . When does quantum decoherence appear? quantum effects disappear. And, therefore, also the advantages that they bring in the context of quantum computing.

The time it takes for quantum decoherence to appear is closely linked to the quality of the qubits

This phenomenon is very important because it helps us understand why many macroscopic physical systems do not exhibit quantum effects. Or, what is the same, why in our daily environment we cannot observe the counterintuitive effects of quantum mechanics. In any case, what is really relevant is that as the the quality of the qubits of a quantum processor, the longer it takes for quantum decoherence to appear. And, for this reason, we have more time available to carry out operations with it.

The two qubit fabrication technologies that are currently giving us the best results are superconducting qubits, which benefit greatly from recent advances in silicon lithography, and ion traps. However, some research groups also have other very promising technologies on the table that are worth pursuing, such as neutral atoms or the ions implanted in macromolecules.

IBM already has a 127-qubit superconducting quantum processor, and by the end of 2023 it plans to have Condor ready, a promising quantum chip with no less than 1,121 qubits.

We already brush the correction of errors with the tips of our fingers

The other big challenge facing quantum computing right now is error correction. Quantum computers make errors when carrying out some operations, and when this happens, the results they return to us are not correct, of course. The problem is that implementing a quantum error correction protocol it’s not trivial. And furthermore, if they abound, it is essentially impossible to correct them and simultaneously prevent the quantum processor’s efficiency from sinking.

Fortunately, we have good news. As we told you a few days ago, three independent research groups have managed to perfect superconducting qubits that have an accuracy greater than 99%. This simply means that they make mistakes very infrequently, and the good news is that when they are so infrequent it is easier to correct them. Much easier.

When the incidence of errors is less than 1%, it is much easier for quantum fault-correction protocols to carry out their task

In fact, these research groups ensure that when the incidence of errors is less than 1% quantum fault-correction protocols find it much easier to do their job. At the moment they are working with only one or two qubits, and these quantum processors are too simple to solve significant problems, but if they manage to scale this technology to many more qubits, quantum computers could leave behind one of the biggest challenges they currently face. .

As we have just seen, quantum computing is advancing at a breakneck pace. The entry of private companies in this sector you are greatly accelerating your progress, but before we get carried away with enthusiasm, it is important that we keep in mind that there are other challenges that are also crucial to solve.

Two of the most substantial are the need to control qubits more precisely, and also the importance of implementing new quantum algorithms that they are able to help us tackle the problems that we cannot solve with the most powerful classical supercomputers that we have today. Still, the future for quantum computing is hopeful. And, above all, very promising.

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Title:

Content: People 's Daily Online > > Economy and Technology
First quantum computer and supercomputer collaborative computing solution released
December 18, 2022 06: 35 | Source: Guangming Daily
Small number
The paper Hefei December 17 (Reporter Changhe, Ding Yiming) China's first quantum computer and supercomputer collaborative computing system solution (referred to as "volume super collaborative" system solution) has been released recently.
According to the research center of quantum computing engineering in Anhui Province, the program can decompose, schedule and distribute computing tasks between quantum computers and supercomputers, and realize efficient coordination between quantum computing and supercomputers, thus giving full play to the advantages of quantum computers and supercomputers in both directions.
"Quantum computers and supercomputers are like aircraft carriers and cruisers in an aircraft carrier task force, and the two together will produce more combat power, but require a scientific and coordinated approach."
The first quantum computing system solution in China was recently released, which is the command system for joint computing operations with aircraft carriers (quantum computers) and cruisers (supercomputers). The supercomputer can assist quantum computers to complete the quantum computing process and handle the work that quantum computers are not good at. Director Dou yanghan said.
He Ruijun, executive member of the quantum computing professional group of the Chinese Computer Society, said that many international scientific research teams are working on the integration of quantum computing and supercomputers.
Several supercomputing centers in Europe have developed quantum-classical computing systems.
HELMI, Finland ’ s first quantum computer, has been connected to LUMI, Europe ’ s fastest supercomputer.
The French government launched the National Quantum Computing Platform, which will use the Very Large Computing Center (TGCC) as a carrier to interact with traditional computer systems and quantum computers.
The “quantum hyper-synergistic ” Chinese solution can leverage the advantages of quantum computers and supercomputers in both directions.
If you use a supercomputer, the power is at the megawatt level, and the quantum processor power is only 25 kilowatts, and the energy consumption of quantum computing will be greatly reduced. The resource scheduling of the quantum computer operating system allows quantum computing and classical computing to cooperate to complete the computing task, which can give full play to the advantages of quantum computing and supercomputing.
(Edited by: Yuan Bo, Yue Hongbin)
Public Number ： People 's Network Finance
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The key opportunities in integrating quantum computing with classical systems include the potential for massive increases in processing power, improvements in energy efficiency, and the ability to solve complex problems that are impossible for conventional supercomputers.

Title:

Content: Science and Technology
Publish Date: August 16, 2021 13: 42 GMT
Updated Date: 16 Aug 2021 15: 00 GMT
New Scientific Breakthrough Promises Massive Increase in Processor Power
Researchers in Japan have made a discovery that could open up opportunities to combine classical and quantum computing techniques in new ways, leading to a massive increase in processing power.
+ A -A
Source: Amr Zanati - Eram News
Researchers in Japan have made a discovery that could open up opportunities to combine classical and quantum computing techniques in new ways, leading to a massive increase in processing power.
The team, led by Professor Takahiro Matsumoto of Nagoya City University, was investigating a concept called quantum entanglement, where the interaction between multiple particles is so that they can only be described in relation to each other.
Historically, scientists have found it difficult to manufacture quantum entanglement (which is fundamental to quantum computing) due to numerous engineering and logistical challenges.
Proton entanglement was previously observed in molecular hydrogen and plays an important role in a variety of scientific disciplines, however, entanglement was found only in gas or liquid phases, Matsumoto explained.
"Now, we have discovered quantum entanglement on a solid surface, which could lay the foundation for future quantum technologies."
According to the paper, the integration of a proton qubit (a fundamental unit of quantum information) with modern silicon technology “could lead to an organic union of classical and quantum computing platforms. ”
This could allow systems with far more qubits (10 ^ 6) than is currently possible (10 ^ 2) and thus significantly boost processing speeds across supercomputing applications.
On the importance of his team ’ s discovery, Matsumoto explained that “the new generation of quantum computers can create new opportunities across a wide range of disciplines and use cases. ”
"Quantum computers can handle complex problems that are almost impossible to solve using conventional supercomputers."
“The discovery could be a game changer in quantum computing in terms of data storage, processing and transmission, potentially leading to a paradigm shift in pharmaceuticals, data security and many other areas. ”
Quantum computers are machines that explicitly use quantum physics to increase computational speeds beyond the capabilities of conventional computers.
Experts agree that the next revolution in informatics will be driven by quantum computing, which will provide an enormous ability to process information and accomplish tasks that the most powerful conventional computers cannot do.
Download Erm News app on your phone

Title:

Content: A new quantum processor, a modular quantum computer and more were unveiled at the IBM Quantum Summit, held in New York on Dec. 4. This hardware is part of IBM’s effort toward large-scale quantum computing for scientific research.

In addition, IBM announced Qiskit 1.0, which is the stable release of the open source programming software development kit for quantum circuits.

While quantum computing is often experimental and used in academic settings, it can be used in the enterprise when organizations need to solve mathematical problems too complex for classical computing, such as creating new chemical combinations in materials engineering or pharmaceuticals. Quantum key distribution and quantum cryptography can be used in cybersecurity.

Jump to:

Researchers can now access the new IBM Quantum Heron processor

IBM Quantum Heron (Figure A) is a 133-qubit quantum processor available today via the cloud. It is the successor to IBM Quantum Eagle, which came out in 2021 and established 3D packaging techniques that laid the groundwork for the company’s subsequent quantum processors.

Figure A

“Fundamentally, Heron looks a lot like Eagle — it’s the same type of qubits, the same fabrication and the same packaging technology; so most of Eagle has carried straight across; it’s really some details of the on-chip circuitry and our controls that have changed,” said Oliver Dial, CTO at IBM Quantum, in an email to TechRepublic. “One of the key breakthroughs from Eagle was the development of multi-level wiring, with the qubits sitting on a single plane, to provide flexibility for signal routing and device layout.”

IBM Quantum Heron includes advances in qubit fabrication and laminate size and a five-fold improvement in error reduction compared to IBM Quantum Eagle.

“We are firmly within the era in which quantum computers are being used as a tool to explore new frontiers of science,” said IBM SVP and Director of Research Dario Gil in a press release.

Specifically, IBM quantum processors are being used in scientific settings to simulate chemistry, physics and materials problems. The long-term goal is to expand these experiments to what IBM calls “utility scale” – in essence, to solve practical, widespread problems.

“In this context, ‘utility-scale’ means a processor with 100+ qubits, which allows the user to run calculations that are too big to be simulated on a classical computer,” Dial said. “It’s the combination of this scale and error-mitigation techniques that will allow users to derive real value from a quantum computer – hence ‘utility.’ Now that we’ve achieved utility-scale, we’re seeing people using quantum computing as a scientific tool.”

“I like to say users are using quantum computing to do quantum computing,” Gambetta wrote in a blog post on Dec. 4.

WATCH: Explore quantum computing myths and realities in this TechRepublic video

These institutions work with IBM to demonstrate research exploring large-scale quantum computing:

  • University of Tokyo.
  • Argonne National Laboratory.
  • Fundacion Ikerbasque.
  • Qedma.
  • Algorithmiq.
  • University of Washington.
  • University of Cologne.
  • Harvard University.
  • UC Berkeley.
  • Q-CTRL.

IBM Quantum System Two modular system combines classical and quantum computing

IBM Quantum System Two (Figure B) is the system behind IBM’s current quantum computing system architecture. IBM Quantum System Two combines classical and quantum computing, with a middleware layer in between to integrate the two. Scalable cryogenic infrastructure works alongside classical runtime servers with modular qubit control electronics.

IBM Quantum System Two is remarkable because it’s the first modular quantum computer built for utility-scale problems, IBM said. IBM expects it to be upgradeable over time, with the goal of running 1 billion operations in a single quantum circuit by 2033. That’s an extraordinary amount of supercomputing resources for a wide variety of scientific and upcoming business operations.

Figure B

Currently, IBM Quantum System Two runs three IBM Quantum Heron processors. It began operating recently at an IBM facility in Yorktown Heights, NY.

Qiskit quantum SDK reaches stable release 1.0

Qiskit 1.0, the stable release of IBM’s quantum computing software development kit, will be available in February 2024. (IBM first made Qiskit available in 2017.) Qiskit 1.0 is built around the idea of Patterns, IBM’s programming template for making quantum computing more accessible by translating classical inputs to quantum problems. Patterns are meant to be run on IBM’s Quantum Serverless computing infrastructure.

Generative AI for quantum code programming in Qiskit will be available through IBM’s enterprise AI platform watsonx. IBM revealed Qiskit Code Assistant, a generative AI assistant bot made to help users navigate Qiskit and IBM Quantum Platform. Qiskit Code Assistant is coming in alpha in early 2024 for premium subscribers of the IBM Quantum Platform.

“Generative AI and quantum computing are both reaching an inflection point, presenting us with the opportunity to use the trusted foundation model framework of watsonx to simplify how quantum algorithms can be built for utility-scale exploration,” said Jay Gambetta, vice president and IBM fellow at IBM, in a press release.

Plus, IBM announced:

  •  A new Transpiler Service in Qiskit
  •  AI Transpiler passes for Qiskit Premium users
  •  the Batch execution mode, a context manager.

IBM expands roadmap for quantum development

IBM unveiled an expanded roadmap that will shape its work on developing quantum computing. IBM Quantum System Two is part of the plan as the home of IBM’s upcoming quantum processors.

According to the roadmap, 2023 was the year of IBM adding generative AI and speeding up quantum processing by five times with quantum serverless and Execution modes. IBM plans to focus 2024 on improving quantum circuit quality and speed to allow 5,000 quantum logic gates with parametric circuits. (A quantum logic gate is a building block of quantum computing, operating on qubits instead of conventional bits.) IBM Quantum Heron and resource management are on the schedule for 2024.

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What advantages do quantum computers have over conventional computers?

extremely complex calculations
extremely fast calculations

What are important areas in quantum research?

What fields can quantum computers advance?

What advantages do quantum computers have over conventional computers?

extremely complex calculations
extremely fast calculations

What are important areas in quantum research?

What fields can quantum computers advance?

However, there are also significant challenges to be addressed, including the need for better interchip communications, the development of robust error correction methods, and the integration of quantum and classical computing systems.

Title:

Content: IBM showed what the quantum computers of the future will look like (video)
The new electronics and cooling system will allow to launch large-scale quantum computing as early as 2023.
IBM has announced a next-generation integrated quantum computing system called IBM Quantum System Two.
Details are described on the official website.
According to the developers, the platform is designed to work with future quantum processors with 433 and 1121 qubits.
It is based on the principle of modularity, when functional parts are combined into complete blocks.
This approach allows you to change the capabilities of the machine, increasing the number or power of computing modules designed for certain tasks.
The IBM Quantum System Two prototype is expected to be launched in 2023.
In the meantime, the company has shown what the future hall with quantum computers will look like.
In the video, you can see that the processors want to place in huge luminous blocks, most of which will be hidden at the lower level, probably cryogenic installations.
There will be a lot of free space between the equipment to move employees.
As IBM notes, due to the increase in the number of qubits in processors, high flexibility of the control equipment and resources for scaling are needed - the ability of the machine to cope with increasing workload.
These include tools that allow users to control qubits, as well as cryogenic cooling systems that maintain a very low temperature so that particles exhibit their quantum properties.
The design of the IBM Quantum System Two will receive advanced scalable electronics to control qubits, as well as cables and cooling elements of higher density.
The engineers, in collaboration with Bluefors, have developed a new cryogenic platform that will allow the most efficient use of space for auxiliary equipment and larger processors and provide specialists with convenient access for maintenance.
Thanks to the new design, the working space of the cooling unit was expanded and it became possible to connect several quantum processors.
“IBM ’ s Quantum System Two offers a glimpse into the future of the quantum computing data center, where the modularity and flexibility of the system infrastructure will be key to continuous scaling, ” said Jay Gambetta, IBM ’ s vice president of quantum computing.
In 2019, IBM launched the world ’ s first integrated quantum computing system called IBM Quantum System One.
Over the past three years, the company has made it the foundation for its cloud services in the US, Germany and Japan.
In addition, on November 16, IBM partnered with Yonsei University in Seoul to deploy the country ’ s first Quantum System One in South Korea.
Earlier, IBM created a new 127 qubit Eagle quantum processor.
According to the developers, no classical computer is able to keep up with it in performance.
According to IBM CEO Arvind Krishna, to solve the same problems, an electronic machine needs to use more bits than there are atoms on Earth.
At the same time, quantum computers will not be able to solve any problem and require complex equipment to work.

What are important areas in quantum research?

What are the challenges in quantum computing research?

What are important areas in quantum research?

What are the challenges in quantum computing research?

What are important areas in quantum research?

What are the challenges in quantum computing research?

Quantum error correction is crucial for practical quantum computers, and companies like IBM and Google are making significant breakthroughs in this area.

Title:

Content: The Extra Complexity of Quantum Mechanics: How Quantum Computers Will Correct Errors in the Future
2021 / 11 / 29 10: 31: 12 Source: Sina Technology Author: Ren Tianren Editor: Gucheng
Beijing time November 29 news, according to foreign media reports, the topic of quantum error correction is far less than "quantum hegemony", for the application of quantum computers, quantum error correction is far more important than quantum hegemony.
So, what kind of error correction will a practical quantum computer take? Recently, researchers demonstrated on a real machine.
The state of a single qubit needs to be changed to 9 qubits for error correction.
In 1994, Peter Shore, a mathematician at Bell Labs in New Jersey, proved that quantum computers could solve some problems much faster than classical machines, even exponentially.
The question is, can we build a quantum computer?
Skeptics argue that the quantum state is so fragile that the environment will inevitably confuse the information in a quantum computer so that it is not a quantum state at all.
A year later, Peter Shore responded.
The classic error correction scheme is to correct errors by measuring a single bit, but this method is not suitable for qubits, because any measurement will destroy the quantum state and thus interfere with quantum computing.
Shure found a way to detect if an error occurred without measuring the state of the qubit itself.
This approach marks the beginning of the field of quantum error correction.
As the field flourished, most physicists began to see Shur ’ s algorithm as the only way to build practical quantum computers.
Without this approach, there is no way to improve the performance of quantum computers so that they can solve really difficult problems.
As with normal quantum computing, developing error correction code is one thing, and implementing it in a working machine is another.
However, in early October 2021, a research team led by University of Maryland physicist Chris Monroe reported that they successfully demonstrated multiple elements necessary for Shur ’ s error correction circuit to operate.
So, how did Peter Shore solve this problem?
In short, he took advantage of the extra complexity of quantum mechanics.
Repeated comparison
Peter Shore modeled the code for classical repeaters when designing error correction codes, which involved copying each bit of information and then periodically checking those copies.
If one of these bits is different from the other, the computer can correct the error and proceed with the calculation.
In the quantum error-correcting coding designed by Shure, he used three separate “physical ” qubits to encode a single qubit of information, namely“ logical ” qubits.
Of course, his quantum relay encoding cannot be exactly the same as the classical version.
The advantage of quantum computing essentially comes from the fact that qubits can exist in a “superposition ” of 0 and 1 at the same time.
Since measuring the quantum state disrupts this superposition, there is no direct way to check if an error has occurred.
The classic error correction scheme is to correct errors by measuring a single bit, but this method is not suitable for qubits, because any measurement will destroy the quantum state and thus interfere with quantum computing.
In order to solve this problem, quantum error correction coding needs to find another way to detect the state of the qubit.
Instead, Shure found a way to tell if the three physical qubits were in the same state.
If one of the qubits is different, it indicates that an error has occurred.
Checking whether a qubit has gone wrong is not much different from solving a simple logic puzzle.
If you were given three balls that looked exactly the same, but one of them might have different weights; and if you were given a simple balance, what measure would you use to determine if there were balls of different quality? If so, which ball?
The answer is, first pick out the two balls and compare their weights, then replace one of them with the remaining balls, and check again.
If the balance is balanced twice, then all the balls are the same weight; if the balance is balanced only once, then the ball being replaced or the ball being replaced is of different weight; if the balance is not balanced twice, then the ball that is still is of different quality.
The Shur code replaces the balance with two additional "auxiliary" qubits.
First, compare the first auxiliary qubit with the first and second physical qubits; then, compare the other auxiliary qubit with the second and third physical qubits.
By measuring the state of these auxiliary qubits, it is possible to know whether they are in the same state without interfering with the three physical qubits containing information.
This code prevents what ’ s called a “bit flip ” — the only error that can occur in classical computing.
However, qubits have another potential source of error.
Superposition is the key to quantum computing, but what matters is not just the value of the qubits, but the relative “phases ” between the qubits are also important.
You can imagine the phase as a wave, which describes the position of the crest and trough of the wave.
When two waves are in phase, their ripples are synchronized.
If two waves collide, they will produce constructively interfere, merging into a wave twice as large; but if two waves are inverse, then when one wave is at its peak and the other at its lowest, they will cancel each other out, that is, destructive interference.
The quantum algorithm uses the phase relationship between qubits to set a situation in which the correct result of the calculation is interfered for a long time, thereby being amplified, and the wrong result is eliminated by the cancellation interference.
However, if an error causes a phase reversal, the cancelling interference becomes a phase long interference, and the quantum computer begins to amplify the wrong result.
Peter Shure discovered that he could correct phase errors using a principle similar to that of bit-flipping.
Each logical qubit is encoded into three qubits, and the auxiliary qubit checks if one of the phases is flipped.
Shure then combined the two codes to obtain a code that could convert a logical qubit into nine physical qubits, correcting bit flips and phase errors.
fault-tolerant
Shur's coding can, in principle, protect a single logical qubit from error.
But what if the error measurement itself is wrong?
In this case, when you try to correct an error that doesn ’ t exist, there may be a bit flip that unknowingly introduces a real error.
In some cases, this can cause an error cascade to propagate into the code.
Shur ’ s coding also didn ’ t consider how to operate a quantum computer built from logical qubits.
In 1996, after three years of pioneering research, Peter Shore proposed the concept of fault tolerance.
Fault-tolerant coding can handle errors introduced by the environment, errors introduced by imperfect manipulation of these qubits, and even errors introduced by the error correction step itself – provided that these errors occur less frequently than a certain threshold.
Just in October 2021, a team of researchers announced that they had successfully used the Bacon-Shor code — a fail-safe version of the Shor code — to demonstrate almost all the tools needed for a fully fault-tolerant quantum computer.
They encoded a logical qubit into a quantum state of nine ions and then used four auxiliary qubits to demonstrate that all the single-qubit operations required for quantum computing can be performed under fault-tolerant conditions.
The results show that fault-tolerant quantum computers are feasible.
However, this is still a long way off, and we will only see the advantages of error correction when the quantum computer reaches about 100 logical qubits.
Such a machine requires about 1,300 physical qubits, because each logical qubit requires nine physical qubits plus four auxiliary qubits (the largest quantum processor at the moment is IBM ’ s newly released Eagle, which has 127 physical qubits), and only then can we start building a qubit factory and then introduce error correction coding.
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What are important areas in quantum research?

What are the challenges in quantum computing research?

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

IBM has reduced the number of qubits required for error correction by a factor of 10, which is a major milestone in the development of scalable quantum systems.

Title:

Content: New Codes Could Accelerate the Advent of Practical Quantum Computing

One of the biggest stumbling blocks for quantum computers is their tendency to be error-prone and the massive computational overhead required to clean up their mistakes. IBM has now made a breakthrough by dramatically reducing the number of qubits required to do so.

All computers are prone to errors, and even the computer chip in your laptop runs code designed to fix things when a bit flips accidentally. But fragile quantum states are far more vulnerable to things like environmental noise, which means correcting errors in quantum processors will require considerable resources.

Most estimates predict that creating just a single fault-tolerant qubit, or logical qubit, that can carry out useful operations will require thousands of physical qubits dedicated to error correction. Given that today’s biggest processors have just hundreds of qubits, this suggests we’re still a long way from building practical quantum computers that can solve real problems.

But now researchers at IBM say they’ve discovered a new approach that slashes the number of qubits required for error correction by a factor of 10. While the approach currently only works on quantum memory rather than computation, the technique could open the door to efficient new approaches to creating fault-tolerant devices.

Practical error correction is far from a solved problem,” the researchers write in a blog post. “However, these new codes and other advances across the field are increasing our confidence that fault tolerant quantum computing isn’t just possible, but is possible without having to build an unreasonably large quantum computer.”

The leading approach to error correction today is known as the surface code, which involves arranging qubits in a specially configured 2D lattice and using some to encode data and others to make measurements to see if an error has occurred. The approach is effective, but it requires a large number of physical qubits to pull off—as many as 20 million for some key problems of interest, according to IBM.

The new technique, outlined in a preprint on arXiv, comes from the same family of error-correction approaches as the surface code. But while each qubit in the surface code is connected to four others, the new technique connects them to six others, which makes it possible to encode more information into the same number of physical qubits.

As a result, the researchers say they can reduce the number of qubits required by an order of magnitude. Creating 12 logical qubits using their approach would require only 288 physical qubits, compared to more than 4,000 when using the surface code.

There are some significant caveats, though. For a start, it’s currently impossible to achieve the kind of six-way connectivity the team envisages. While the surface code operates on a single plane and can therefore be easily implemented on the kind of flat chip already found in quantum processors, the new approach requires connections to distant qubits that aren’t located on the same surface.

The researchers say this isn’t an insurmountable barrier, and IBM is already developing the kind of long-range couplers required to make these kinds of corrections. The technologies needed are certainly plausible, Jérémie Guillaud at French quantum computing startup Alice & Bob told New Scientist, and could be here in just a matter of years.

A bigger open question, though, is the fact that so far the approach only works with a small number of logical operations. This means that while it works for reading and writing to a quantum memory in a fault-tolerant way, it wouldn’t support most quantum computations.

But the IBM researchers say the techniques they’ve unveiled are just a stepping stone that points toward a rich new vein of even better error-correction approaches. If they’re right and scientists are able to find more efficient alternatives to the surface code, it could significantly accelerate the advent of practical quantum computing.

Image Credit: IBM

Edd Genthttp://www.eddgent.com/
I am a freelance science and technology writer based in Bangalore, India. My main areas of interest are engineering, computing and biology, with a particular focus on the intersections between the three.
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What are important areas in quantum research?

What are the challenges in quantum computing research?

What companies are leading in developing quantum computing?

Google has achieved a quantum computing breakthrough with fewer errors, and their new algorithms have increased the qubit array dimension while lowering the error rate.

Title:

Content: Google confirms quantum computing breakthrough – more computing power with fewer errors
On the pages of our site you can find a lot of information about quantum computers, so regular readers know that quantum bits, qubits, are very sensitive to external interference.
Light, heat and electromagnetic waves cause errors during calculations, which makes the results of these calculations less reliable.
And, the more qubits are included in the quantum computing system, the higher, naturally, the error rate becomes.
However, representatives of the group of developers of quantum systems Google announced that they managed to “see the light at the end of the tunnel ”.
In their latest work, they used new algorithms for quantum error correction, which allowed them to increase the dimension of the qubit array, while even lowering the error rate.
Previously, Google specialists combined qubits into logical groups of 17 qubits, but the new design of a logical qubit with 49 qubits allowed to implement a more effective mechanism for correcting errors.
According to the available data, this case is the first in the history of quantum informatics, when the size of an array of qubits was increased while reducing the error rate.
And this is a very big and important step towards the creation of a real universal quantum computer.
However, the creation of a large logical qubit with a small error rate in itself entails the need to modify the hardware and software of a quantum computing system.
At present, Google specialists are already working towards the creation of a new system of cryogenics and electronic control.
When all this is ready, it will be embodied in the form of a new processor for the next generation quantum computer Sycamore 2, which will replace the previous computer and will be used as a cloud service for the development of new drugs, battery technologies, new materials, etc.
Key words:
Google, Quantum, Computer, Processor, Cubit, Error, Odds, Sycamore
Primary source
Other news on the topic:
Google begins to introduce the first technologies of error correction in the field of quantum computing
Google predicts the emergence of full-fledged quantum computers capable of self-learning within the next ten years
Intel begins development of silicon qubits, which will become the basis of scalable quantum computers with millions of qubits
A new type of quantum logic element will allow you to create quantum computers that do not allow errors
Matrix of five superconducting qubits - a prototype of the future quantum processor
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What are important areas in quantum research?

What are the challenges in quantum computing research?

What companies are leading in developing quantum computing?

The development of quantum error correction techniques, such as quantum error correction codes and error mitigation strategies, is essential for the scalability and reliability of quantum computing systems.

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Content: Alert
Chen Yao-li, a doctor who changed his name to Chen Yao-li, fled Changhui to Taiwan during the war.
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Honghaili supports Taiwan Quantum National Team to reduce hardware error rate
The quantum error correction technology developed by Honghai (2317) Research Institute has been recognized by the world's top journals.
The latest research results, “Entanglement-assisted concatenated quantum codes ”, by Prof. Vincent H. Poor of Princeton University and his collaborators, were published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences PNAS, a top journal in the world. The research developed a new technology for quantum error correction. Construct better error correction codes to improve quantum hardware performance.
Founded in 1915, PNAS is the official research weekly of the National Academy of Sciences. Like Nature and Science, PNAS is one of the most recognized academic journals in the field of basic science in the world, with a large readership of basic science around the world.
The journal has a five-year average impact factor of 12.291.
Quantum error correction As the core key technology of quantum fault tolerance calculation, Xie Mingxiu said that the research is to use quantum entanglement to build a high code rate and long code distance quantum sequential code, and then develop a new quantum error correction technology, which is expected to improve the hardware performance of quantum computers and reduce the error rate.
The core of the research theory is based on an extension of the structure of the journal Science published by Director Xie Mingxiu during his PhD.
Xie Mingxiu pointed out that only by implementing error correction technology on hardware can we build quantum computers that exceed the existing classical computing capabilities, and in addition, more efficient error correction codes can also improve the speed of quantum communication transmission.
Upholding the concept of assisting the development of quantum computing in Taiwan, Honghai Research Institute also plans to share the research results with the Quantum National Team of the Ministry of Science and Technology of the Executive Yuan to make more contributions to the research of quantum computing in Taiwan.
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What are the challenges in quantum computing research?

Quantum computing systems have the potential to solve important problems, such as simulating molecules, which has applications for energy efficiency and medicine.

Title:

Content: How big does your quantum computer need to be?

Quantum computers are expected to be disruptive and potentially impact many industry sectors. So researchers in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands decided to explore two very different quantum problems: breaking the encryption of Bitcoin (a digital currency) and simulating the molecule responsible for biological nitrogen fixation.

In AVS Quantum Science, from AIP Publishing, the researchers describe a tool they created to determine how big a quantum computer needs to be to solve problems like these and how long it will take.

“The majority of existing work within this realm focuses on a particular hardware platform, superconducting devices, like those IBM and Google are working toward,” said Mark Webber, of the University of Sussex. “Different hardware platforms will vary greatly on key hardware specifications, such as the rate of operations and the quality of control on the qubits (quantum bits).”

Many of the most promising quantum advantage use cases will require an error-corrected quantum computer. Error correction enables running longer algorithms by compensating for inherent errors inside the quantum computer, but it comes at the cost of more physical qubits.

Pulling nitrogen out of the air to make ammonia for fertilizers is extremely energy-intensive, and improvements to the process could impact both world food scarcity and the climate crisis. Simulation of relevant molecules is currently beyond the abilities of even the world’s fastest supercomputers but should be within the reach of next-gen quantum computers.

“Our tool automates the calculation of the error-correction overhead as a function of key hardware specifications,” Webber said. “To make the quantum algorithm run faster, we can perform more operations in parallel by adding more physical qubits. We introduce extra qubits as needed to reach the desired runtime, which is critically dependent on the rate of operations at the physical hardware level.”

Most quantum computing hardware platforms are limited, because only qubits right next to each other can interact directly. In other platforms, such as some trapped ion designs, the qubits are not in fixed positions and can instead be physically moved around — meaning each qubit can interact directly with a wide set of other qubits.

“We explored how to best take advantage of this ability to connect distant qubits, with the aim of solving problems in less time with fewer qubits,” said Webber. “We must continue to tailor the error-correction strategies to exploit the strengths of the underlying hardware, which may allow us to solve highly impactful problems with a smaller-size quantum computer than had previously been assumed.”

Quantum computers are exponentially more powerful at breaking many encryption techniques than classical computers. The world uses RSA encryption for most of its secure communication. RSA encryption and the one Bitcoin uses (elliptic curve digital signature algorithm) will one day be vulnerable to a quantum computing attack, but today, even the largest supercomputer could never pose a serious threat.

The researchers estimated the size a quantum computer needs to be to break the encryption of the Bitcoin network within the small window of time it would actually pose a threat to do so — in between its announcement and integration into the blockchain. The greater the fee paid on the transaction, the shorter this window will be, but it likely ranges from minutes to hours.

“State-of-the-art quantum computers today only have 50-100 qubits,” said Webber. “Our estimated requirement of 30 [million] to 300 million physical qubits suggests Bitcoin should be considered safe from a quantum attack for now, but devices of this size are generally considered achievable, and future advancements may bring the requirements down further.

“The Bitcoin network could perform a ‘hard-fork’ onto a quantum-secure encryption technique, but this may result in network scaling issues due to an increased memory requirement.”

The researchers emphasize the rate of improvement of both quantum algorithms and error- correction protocols.

“Four years ago, we estimated a trapped ion device would need a billion physical qubits to break RSA encryption, requiring a device with an area of 100-by-100 square meters,” said Webber. “Now, with improvements across the board, this could see a dramatic reduction to an area of just 2.5-by-2.5 square meters.”

A large-scale error-corrected quantum computer should be able to solve important problems classical computers cannot.

“Simulating molecules has applications for energy efficiency, batteries, improved catalysts, new materials, and the development of new medicines,” said Webber. “Further applications exist across the board — including for finance, big data analysis, fluid flow for airplane designs, and logistical optimizations.” The article “The impact of hardware specifications on reaching quantum advantage in the fault tolerant regime” is authored by Mark Webber, Vincent Elfving, Sebastian Weidt, and Winifried K. Hensinger. It will appear in AVS Quantum Science on Jan. 25, 2022 (DOI: 10.1116/5.0073075). After that date, it can be accessed at https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1116/5.0073075.

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What advantages do quantum computers have over conventional computers?

extremely complex calculations
extremely fast calculations

What fields can quantum computers advance?

Countries and companies are investing heavily in quantum computing, with an estimated 30-300 million physical qubits needed to break Bitcoin encryption.

What are important areas in quantum research?

What are the potential threats of quantum computers?

threatening national security through breaking encryption

What fields can quantum computers advance?

The Honghai Research Institute is sharing research with the Taiwan Quantum Team, and researchers have demonstrated a new way to represent logical qubits with hardware stability.

Title:

Content: People 's Daily Online > > Economy and Technology
Physical quantity subbits with built-in error correction function
Zhang Mengran
February 5, 2024 09: 23 | Source: Science and Technology Daily
Small number
Original title: The physical quantity subbit with built-in error correction function came out
A team of researchers from the University of Tokyo in Japan, Johannes Gutenberg University in Germany and the University of Paratsky in the Czech Republic recently demonstrated a new way to build photonic quantum computers.
Instead of using a single photon, the team used a laser generated pulse of light that can be made up of multiple photons.
The findings were published in a new issue of the journal Science.
Qubits are highly susceptible to external influences, which means that the information they store is easily lost.
In order for a quantum computer to provide reliable results, it is necessary to produce a real entanglement that connects several physical qubits together to form a logical qubit.
If one of the physical qubits fails, the other qubits will retain the information.
However, one of the main difficulties hindering the development of functional quantum computers is the need for large quantities of physical qubits.
A single photon is usually used as a physical qubit.
In a sense, these photons are tiny particles of light that essentially run faster than solid-state qubits, but are also easier to lose.
This time, the research team converted the laser pulse into a quantum optical state, providing an inherent ability to correct errors.
Although the system consists only of laser pulses, in principle it eliminates errors immediately.
Therefore, there is no need to generate individual photons into qubits through a large number of light pulses, and then let them interact as logical qubits.
The researchers say they only need one pulse of light to get a powerful logical qubit.
In other words, in this system, physical qubits are already equivalent to logical qubits.
It is an extraordinary and unique concept.
Although the quality of the logical qubits produced by the University of Tokyo experiment is not enough to provide the necessary level of fault tolerance.
But the new research clearly shows that it is possible to convert non-universally corrected qubits into correctable qubits using the most innovative quantum optics methods.
The physical qubits are the basic units of the physical system, they are real, and there is no doubt that they will "make mistakes".
A logical qubit is an ideal, abstract concept that preserves the stability of the result no matter how many errors are made in the calculation.
People can regard the latter as the former's "protective shell", such as encoding logic qubits, so that its information is retained in the physical qubits, so as to achieve the protection and fault tolerance of the physical qubits.
In this study, scientists have made physical qubits almost identical to logical qubits, which can indeed be called a remarkable advance.
(Editor: Shen Jiaping, Yang Di)
Public Number ： People 's Network Finance
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What are important areas in quantum research?

new types of qubits
implementations of quantum processors

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

Quantum error correction reduces hardware error rate and is crucial for long-distance communication, with quantum repeaters using quantum memories for long-distance communication.

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What Is Quantum Memory And What Is It Good For?

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I recently participated in the 2023 OFC Conference and attended a tutorial session on quantum communication. Practical quantum computing may require networking a number of smaller quantum-computing systems, thus requiring transport of quantum entangled particles. Such transport may use “quantum memories” for long distance communication, similar to the use of repeaters for classical communication. It may also use sophisticated machine learning methods and error correction techniques for longer distance communication without quantum repeaters.

Quantum memories are devices that provide quantum computers an analog to the memory used in binary digital devices. Quantum memories store the quantum state of a photon or other entangled particle without destroying the quantum information of that particle. The quantum memory should be able to release an entangled particle with the same quantum state as the stored particle for data retrieval. Whereas digital binary memory stores two states, 0 or 1, a quantum memory can store several states in a quantum superposition. In other words, quantum memories store qubits for later retrieval.

In conventional binary computers various memory technologies are used to store and synchronize various computational processes or to store information that is being transferred from one location to another. Likewise for a quantum computer or for communication using qubits a quantum memory serves a similar purpose. Current quantum memories use photons (light) where the quantum state of a photon is mapped onto a group of atoms and can later be restored as a photon with the same quantum state.

Quantum memories are limited by similar coherence issues that limit the use of quantum computing. They require coherent matter systems so the quantum information stored in the memory isn’t lost due to decoherence. These coherent matter systems could be a very cool gas or a solid-state system.

Quantum memories will enable quantum repeaters that can allow longer distance quantum communication networks. This was an important element in a symposium on “Quantum Information and Optical Communication Networks” at the 2023 OFC as well as looking at alternatives to quantum repeaters for longer distance communication. Researchers from universities from many countries spoke about how to create quantum-based communication networks.

Prem Kumar from Northwestern University led off the symposium talking about engineering challenges for emerging quantum networks. He said that there are two important issues in using quantum states for communication. First, the No-cloning theorem says that it is impossible to duplicate an unknown quantum state and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle says that it is impossible to know a quantum state.

Entangling the quantum states of particles such as photons enables teleportation, which bypasses these quantum mechanical issues, but practical use of entanglement is hard because it is difficult to maintain, so many factors can lead to decoherence and loss of entanglement. There are many operational challenges to creating a quantum internet that uses quantum states. In particular, how does it work with classical communication networks (in order to make this technology affordable) and how can users get access to the entangled particles used in quantum communication (which may require very specialized and expensive equipment) and what sort of software and algorithms would be used to manage a quantum network.

The Northwest McCormick School of Engineering is building the Illinois Express Quantum Network (IEQNET) experimental quantum metro area network. The network will connect Fermilab, Argonne Lab and Northwestern University and will allow quantum and classical light on the same optical fibers. The image below shows three planes of operation for this network, the quantum infrastructure plane at the bottom of the image, the IEQNET control plane in the middle and the quantum network application plane at the top.

There was a demonstration zone at the OFC by a company called NuCrypt of classical and quantum communication using the same fiber. Note that “quantum wrapper” networking protocols are required for qubit transport over a conventional optical network. Note that the IEQNET does not include a quantum repeater technology, which is needed for longer distance quantum communication.

The image below shows quantum networking with this quantum wrapper. Note the QLNA3 with quantum memory clusters that can participate in making a larger quantum computer out of a number of smaller quantum computer systems.

Reza Nejabati from the University of Bristol (in the UK) spoke about secure and scalable quantum computing, including quantum networks. The UK quantum network connects the Bristol QNET to the Cambridge QNET. This network also enabled using the same communication fiber for classical and quantum communication. It uses a dynamic versus a fixed network topology for the entangled photons. They also used machine learning (ML) with a deep neural network (DNN) to estimate and manage the performance of an entanglement-based network.

A useful quantum computer should have more than 1 million Qubits. This is not possible or economical with a single quantum computer. Thus, a scalable quantum computing system will be a network of a large number of smaller quantum processors. A quantum communication network is an important element in creating a useful quantum computer. An FPGA-based interconnection solution provides low-latency and time-deterministic classical communication between remote gate quantum processing units (QPUs) for measurement exchange.

Sophia Economou from Virginia Tech gave a broad overview of quantum error correction coding. This included discussion of long-distance communication using quantum repeaters. These quantum repeaters use a quantum memory to enable retransmission of quantum data over greater distances. She looked at an all-photonic repeater scheme, not requiring a quantum memory or classical signaling between communication nodes using loss-tolerant repeater graphs.

She also looked at deterministic entangled particle generation using matter emitters to create entangled photons. There are two approaches for this, transduction and sequential emission. One uses spatial and the other temporal resources. The sequential emission, such as with quantum dots (QMs) is more practical.

Quantum communication will be an important element in creating practical quantum computing systems. This requires the transport of quantum states in communication networks shared with conventional communication. This may be done with quantum repeaters using quantum memories or other techniques to enhance longer distance quantum entangled particle data transmissions.

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What are the challenges in quantum computing research?

Machine learning methods can improve error correction outcome and longer distance communication, with reinforcement learning agents optimizing the error correction process.

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Content: Quantum Error Correction: Shattering the Breakeven Barrier

A logical qubit is embedded into the state space of a harmonic oscillator using the grid code, represented here by faces of the cube. Quantum error correction protects these grid states from corruption by a noisy environment, symbolized by the ray. Credit: Image courtesy of Polina Shmatkova

Researchers have achieved a major milestone in quantum computing by extending the lifetime of quantum information beyond the breakeven point using Quantum Error Correction, opening the path for effective quantum information processing amidst real-world noise.

Understanding Decoherence and Quantum Error Correction

Decoherence is a foundational phenomenon in which the classical behavior emerges from the quantum laws of nature. This quantum-classical interface presents significant hurdles in utilizing these laws for information processing, especially in the field of quantum computing. Practical issues, like stray radiation, can cause a quantum computer’s qubits to alter their quantum states, resulting in a loss of stored information.

The Breakeven Point and Quantum Error Correction

To mitigate the effects of decoherence, Quantum Error Correction (QEC) is implemented. Despite this, previous experimental attempts to use QEC were mostly unsuccessful as the speed of the error correction was slower than the rate of decoherence. This resulted in the quantum system losing information faster than QEC could compensate. The term ‘breakeven’ describes the juncture where the added complexity of the correction circuit just manages to counteract the induced decoherence.

Extended Lifetimes and New Possibilities

In a groundbreaking experiment, scientists have managed to extend the lifetime of quantum information past the breakeven point by over twofold. This significant finding demonstrates that no fundamental roadblocks exist in extending the lifetime of quantum information through active interventions. This experimental achievement aligns with scientists’ theoretical expectations and paves the way for quantum information processing in the presence of noise from radiation, cosmic rays, and other sources.

Looking Forward: Error-Corrected Qubits and Real-World Challenges

As quantum systems in the real world are unavoidably affected by noise, the next challenge for this research platform is to realize high-fidelity logical operations between two error-corrected qubits.

Implementing Grid Code in Quantum Experiments

The experiment utilized the grid code within an electromagnetic mode located in a superconducting cavity. The quantum state of this mode is managed by an auxiliary superconducting circuit, known as the transmon. To conduct the experiment, scientists cooled the system inside a dilution refrigerator to a temperature 100 times colder than the cosmic background of outer space. An external controller coordinated the quantum error correction process, which only took a few hundred nanoseconds, and a reinforcement learning agent optimized the process to offset the imperfections in the experimental setup and the controller.

Reference: “Real-time quantum error correction beyond break-even” by V. V. Sivak, A. Eickbusch, B. Royer, S. Singh, I. Tsioutsios, S. Ganjam, A. Miano, B. L. Brock, A. Z. Ding, L. Frunzio, S. M. Girvin, R. J. Schoelkopf and M. H. Devoret, 22 March 2023, Nature.
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05782-6

This work was conducted at Yale University and funded in part by the Co-design Center for Quantum Advantage (C2QA), a national quantum information science research center led by Brookhaven National Laboratory.

This research was supported by the U.S. Army Research Office and by the Department of Energy Office of Science, National Quantum Information Science Research Center, Co-design Center for Quantum Advantage (C2QA). The use of fabrication facilities was supported by the Yale Institute for Nanoscience and Quantum Engineering and the Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science Cleanroom.

In conclusion, the development of quantum computing is a rapidly advancing field, with significant investments and advancements being made by countries and companies around the world.

Title:

Content: Doubling a qubit’s life, Yale scientists prove a key theory of quantum physics

Researchers at Yale have for the first time, using a process known as quantum error correction, substantially extended the lifetime of a quantum bit — a long-sought-after goal and one of the trickiest challenges in the field of quantum physics.

Led by Yale’s Michel Devoret, the experiment proves — decades after its theoretical foundations were proposed — that quantum error correction works in practice.

Quantum error correction is a process designed to keep quantum information intact for a period of time longer than if the same information were stored in hardware components without any correction.

The results were published March 21 in Nature.

Information in classical computing comes in the form of bits corresponding to ones or zeros. In quantum computing, information is stored in special devices with quantum properties that are known as quantum bits, or “qubits.”

In the lab of Devoret, the Frederick W. Beinecke Professor of Applied Physics, these qubits are constructed with superconducting circuits cooled to temperatures 100 times lower than those in outer space.

The qubits can each represent a one or a zero, or — confoundingly — both one and zero at the same time.

This “quantum parallelism” is one of the properties that enables quantum computers to make calculations that will potentially be orders of magnitude faster than what is possible on classical supercomputers and transform multiple industries.

Quantum systems, though, are fragile. They are bedeviled by a fundamental phenomenon of decoherence, a process in which the information stored in qubits quickly loses its quantum properties as a result of their interactions with the surrounding environment.

Quantum error correction, which was theoretically discovered in 1995, offers a means to combat this decoherence. Employing redundancy, it protects the quantum bit of information by encoding it in a system larger than what, in principle, is needed to represent a single qubit.

This larger system, however, makes the effect of the surrounding environment even more invasive and the encoded qubit even more fragile. Because of this effect, and complications from the additional components required to perform error correction, this process had never been able to definitively extend the lifetime of a quantum bit in practice.

In fact, just breaking even with an uncorrected qubit is a rare event, researchers say. Contrary to theoretical promises, in most experiments, error correction accelerates the decoherence of quantum information.

“For the first time, we have shown that making the system more redundant and actively detecting and correcting quantum errors provided a gain in the resilience of quantum information,” Devoret said. “Our experiment shows that quantum error correction is a real practical tool. It’s more than just a proof-of-principle demonstration.”

Devoret’s group has managed to more than double the lifetime of quantum information. Their error-corrected qubit lived for 1.8 milliseconds — things happen fast in the quantum realm.

They achieved their results using an error-correction code that was invented in 2001. “It gives you a sense of the delay between the theoretical proposals and practical realization of them in our field,” Devoret said.

Volodymyr Sivak, the lead author of the paper, said that this performance was achieved in part by employing a machine-learning agent that tweaked the error correction process to improve the outcome.

“There is no single breakthrough that enabled this result,” said Sivak, a former Ph.D.  student in Devoret’s lab and now a research scientist at Google. “It’s actually a combination of a whole bunch of different technologies that were developed in the past few years, which we combined in this experiment.”

The practical success of quantum computing will hinge on being able to create quantum bits of extremely high quality using quantum error correction. “Our experiment validates a cornerstone assumption of quantum computing, and this makes me very excited about the future of this field,” said Sivak.

Other authors of the paper (all affiliated or formerly affiliated with Yale) are Alec Eickbusch, Baptiste Royer, Shraddha Singh, Ioannis Tsioutsios, Suhas Ganjam, Alessandro Miano, Benjamin Brock, Andy Ding, Luigi Frunzio, Steven Girvin, and Robert Schoelkopf.

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Content: People 's Network > > Education
China achieves "quantum computing superiority" in two physical systems
Xu Jing
October 27, 2021 08: 26 | Source: People's Daily - People's Daily
Small number
Original title: Quantum computing prototype "Zuchongzhi II" and "Jiuchang II" came out - China in two physical systems to achieve "quantum computing superiority"
Recently, the research team of China University of Science and Technology has made important progress in the quantum computing of superconducting quantum and light quantum systems, and successfully developed the "Zu Chongzhi II" and "Jiuchang II", making China the only country in the world to achieve the "quantum computing superiority" milestone in the two physical systems.
The research team composed of Pan Jianwei, Zhu Xiaobo and Peng Chengzhi, and the Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, recently successfully built the 66-bit programmable superconducting quantum computing prototype "Zuchongzhi II", which solved the "quantum random line sampling" task more than 10 million times faster than the fastest supercomputer in the world.
The research team composed of Pan Jianwei, Lu Chaoyang, Liu Naile and other researchers, in cooperation with the Shanghai Institute of Microsystems and Information Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Parallel Computer Engineering Technology Research Center, recently successfully built 113 photon 144 mode of quantum computing prototype "Nine Chapter 2", solving Gaussian Bose sampling mathematical problems 10 times faster than the world's fastest supercomputer.
In 1981, Nobel Prize winner Richard Feynman proposed the idea of a quantum computer.
Quantum computing is thought to be a key technology for the next generation of the information revolution.
"'Quantum computing superiority' refers to a specific task, or a special track, that surpasses the current supercomputer," said Lu Chaoyang, a professor at the China University of Science and Technology.
The physical realization of large-scale quantum computers is one of the major challenges at the forefront of world science and technology.
Therefore, to achieve the physical realization of quantum computing, the international academic community takes a three-step road map.
Among them, the first milestone, is known academically as the “superiority of quantum computing. ”
At present, random line sampling based on superconducting bits and Bose sampling based on photons are two important schemes to demonstrate the superiority of quantum computing experimentally.
The latest achievements of these two programs are "Zuchongzhi II" and "Jiuchang II" respectively.
"In terms of volume, you can think of the two as a large special computing device that can be installed in a room," Lu said.
As for the difference between the two, Lu Chaoyang said, mainly the media is different, "superconducting quantum computing mainly depends on the medium is superconducting material, light quantum computing mainly depends on the medium is photon."
According to the existing theory, the speed of the quantum-random line sampling problem handled by "Zuchongzhi II" is 7 orders of magnitude faster than the fastest supercomputer at present, and this achievement is the first time that China has reached the "quantum computing superiority" milestone after the "nine chapters" of the optical quantum computing prototype in the superconducting quantum bit system.
According to the existing theory, Nine Chapters Two can process Gaussian Bose samples 10 times faster than the current fastest supercomputer 24 times faster.
This achievement has once again refreshed the international technical level of light quantum manipulation, and further provided experimental evidence of quantum computing acceleration.
According to reports, the successful demonstration of the superiority of quantum computing marks the second stage of the development of quantum computing research, and begins the exploration of quantum error correction and recent applications.
"At present, the development of quantum computing is still in a very early stage, it is difficult to predict how broad the application prospects in the end, but now, it can improve our computing capabilities, in many scientific research areas are very helpful, such as drug design, molecular simulation, code deciphering, etc." Lu Chaoyang said.
People 's Daily (October 27, 2021, 12 pages)
(Editor: Lin Yutong (intern), Wen Lu)
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Content: Intel and Dutch state research institute cooperate to make "silicon qubits"
2022 / 4 / 17 17: 55: 22 Source ： IT Home Author ： Qinzhou
Intel announced on the 15th that it has produced silicon qubits at its D1 plant in Hillsboro, Oregon, in cooperation with the Dutch state-owned research institution Qtech.
It is reported that this is the first large-scale manufacturing of quantum bits in the factory.
Quantum bits are the basic unit of quantum computing in a quantum computer.
Unlike traditional computers, it can perform operations by processing both 0 and 1 at the same time.
Intel explained that it can produce more than 10,000 arrays with multiple silicon qubits, with a chip yield of more than 95%.
"Quantum computers can provide exponential performance for specific applications of high-performance computing," said James Clark, Intel's head of quantum hardware. "It can be manufactured."
The findings were published in the international academic journal Nature Electronics.
Quantum bits are an important achievement in the expansion of the field of quantum computer semiconductors.
As an important direction for expanding quantum computer semiconductors, qubits can already be produced in existing semiconductor manufacturing facilities.
In addition, the US Department of Energy has previously announced cooperation with Intel Core to promote the development of quantum devices and quantum materials.
It is understood that in order to accelerate the development of quantum devices, Intel will deliver its first quantum computing test bench to the US Department of Energy's Argonne National Laboratory, which is the main laboratory of the US Department of Energy's National Quantum Information Science Research Center Q-NEXT.
The quantum testbed will be installed at the Argonne Quantum facility for the manufacture and testing of new quantum materials and equipment, which is expected to be completed by 2022.
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Content: Home Computing RIKEN Chooses Quantinuum’s H1 Quantum Computer for a Quantum-HPC Hybrid Platform

RIKEN Chooses Quantinuum’s H1 Quantum Computer for a Quantum-HPC Hybrid Platform

RIKEN, one of Japan’s premier research institution, has set its sights on the future of computing with its selection of Quantinuum’s H1 ion-trap quantum computer for its ambitious hybrid quantum-supercomputing platform. The H1 processor is expected to be installed and operational by early 2025. This collaboration, driven by a consortium of leading academic institutions and supported by Japan’s national research agency, promises to accelerate the development of software tools and applications that harness the combined power of classical supercomputers with cutting-edge quantum technology. Alongside RIKEN, prominent institutions including SoftBank, the University of Tokyo, and Osaka University will work to develop the necessary tools and applications to achieve an effective integration between the quantum and classical computers.

The H1 boasts superior performance within the NISQ (noisy intermediate-scale quantum) era. This makes it ideally suited for RIKEN’s ambitious goals, which include demonstrating the practical advantages of hybrid platforms and paving the way for their post-5G deployment as advanced computational services.

RIKEN brings invaluable expertise to the table. Its world-renowned Center for Computational Science, home to the supercomputer Fugaku, possesses extensive experience in developing cutting-edge HPC technologies. This expertise, coupled with Quantinuum’s quantum hardware and software, creates a potent synergy for pushing the boundaries of hybrid computing.

For a deeper dive into the technical details of the H1 system, you can access Quantinuum’s dedicated webpage here. Additionally, a video benchmarking the H1’s capabilities is available on Vimeo here. A press release from Quantinuum announcing the selection by Riken can be seen here.

January 9, 2024

Reference

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Content: Full quantum computing is still a few decades away, but Nvidia and Rolls-Royce are already mimicking it with GPUs.
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The search for a usable quantum computer continues, but it could take decades before we have a powerful and reliable device that uses qubits for computing.
Meanwhile, classical calculations with zeros and ones are also evolving, and Nvidia ’ s hardware helps.
The GPU maker, in collaboration with Israeli startup Classiq and Rolls-Royce, has tested quantum algorithms to simulate extremely complex physics inside a jet engine.
It is reported that Rolls-Royce is now conducting a simulation of computational hydrodynamics in the design of a new jet engine.
If in simple terms, the modern jet engine is a rotating monster with blades, drawing in air at a speed of hundreds of kilometers per hour.
Understanding how air passes through an engine when the turbine rotates thousands of times per second is not an easy task for even the most powerful classical computers.
Rolls-Royce engineers have to scale down CFD models or accept a lower level of detail.
But the company believes that quantum computing could pave the way for more powerful and accurate simulations.
Unfortunately, the quantum computers at our disposal in 2023 do not cope with this task.
The most powerful quantum computers used in research have only a few dozen qubits (quantum bits), and their results are not particularly reliable.
However, quantum computing promises a leap forward several generations.
A fully realized quantum computer could use quantum mechanical properties such as spontaneity, superposition, and interference to speed up computations much faster than is possible with bits limited to 0 or 1.
Rolls-Royce used Nvidia A100 graphics cards to replace quantum computers.
The HHL-based algorithm that Rolls-Royce is developing could significantly accelerate the development of a new jet engine, but they don ’ t yet have a quantum computer to run it.
Nvidia doesn ’ t make chips for quantum computing, but it does have the A100 ’ s heavy-duty GPUs.
In collaboration with Nvidia, Rolls-Royce and Classiq have launched the latest quantum simulation scheme with 39 qubits on the A100 cards.
The company did not say how many graphics cards it used, but we can assume that there are a lot.
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Simulating quantum algorithms on classical hardware involves many challenges, but Rolls-Royce seems pleased with the result.
Lee Lapworth of Rolls-Royce told IEEE Spectrum that this is the first time the company has been able to model its HHL algorithm on a large enough scale to collect useful data.
The greatest interest in quantum computing has focused on applications such as integer factoring and database search, but simulations like the one being tested at Rolls-Royce show just how flexible the technology can be.
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Intel has established industrial production of quantum processors
Employees with the assistance of the research center QuTech have established the production of quantum processors on an industrial scale.
According to a press release, the company ’ s Oregon factory is capable of assembling more than 10,000 processors on a single silicon wafer.
Photo by IntelIntel
Quantum processors Intel and QuTech are built on the basis of qubits placed on special 300-mm sheets of silicon.
Representatives of the company do not specify the details of the architecture of the microchip, but it is known that earlier at the same plant in Oregon, Intel assembled processors from several (maximum two) qubits.
In the future, the manufacturer expected to present assemblies consisting of seven and seventeen qubits.
According to Intel ’ s director of quantum equipment, in the future the technology can provide incredible performance for certain tasks in the field of intensive computer computing.
According to Clark, the company ’ s research proves that a full-fledged quantum computer can be assembled at current chip factories.

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Using direct digital synthesis to generate microwave pulses in quantum computing provides advantages in the form of simplicity, scalability and improved phase accuracy.
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Quantum Machines has demonstrated the use of direct digital synthesis (DDS) for large-scale quantum computing.
In their new OPX1000 module, designed to work with quantum processors containing 1,000 or more qubits, they used advanced DDS to generate microwave pulses directly, without analog generators or mixers.
The choice of DDS was based on its advantages, including scalability, improved phase accuracy, and the ability to synchronize multiple channels.
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Traditional methods of generating microwave signals, such as blending and IQ blending, require analog generators or complex circuits such as double superheterodyne blending.
These methods, while having their advantages, also have limitations, including the difficulty of calibration, the requirement for low phase sources, and signal loss.
DDS, on the other hand, provides a simple and accurate microwave pulse generation system without these limitations.
One of the important indicators of microwave signal generation performance is the interference free dynamic range (SFDR).
DDS allows SFDR to be achieved above 60 dBq over the entire frequency spectrum, which is significantly superior to some other generation methods.
Although for most qubits, the difference between the SFDR of 50 dBq and 70 dBq is not critical, an improvement in the SFDR can be useful to ensure high system accuracy.
However, it should be noted that the accuracy of qubits also depends on other sources of noise and interference, such as cross-linking between channels and the environment.
Therefore, an improvement in SFDR above the level of 50 dBq may not be so significant in ensuring the accuracy of the quantum system.
In general, the use of direct digital synthesis to generate microwave pulses in quantum computing provides advantages in the form of simplicity, scalability and improved phase accuracy.
This could be an important step in the development of large-scale quantum computing and providing more accurate and efficient qubit management.
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Content: Australia's quantum industry prepares grants for early 2024

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Part of $60m government investment.

Australia's government has earmarked early 2024 for the first round of feasibility grants for two new programs of work under the country’s first quantum strategy.

Lead scientist and strategy lead developer Dr Cathy Foley provided further information on the two projects, created as part of the federal government's $60 million quantum investment in the May federal budget.

The Australian Quantum Growth Centre and the Critical Technologies Challenges Program were presented as a ‘North Star’ to champion Australia's quantum sector.

Foley said the emerging technology has potential to shape all facets of Australian industry, noting CSIRO estimates that the industry "could be worth as much as $6.1 billion and employ 19,000 Australians by 2045”.

The two programs that will shape and promote quantum technology in Australia remain “at a stage of early nascent development” but will soon be opened for broader development and feedback.

“There is a formal process that government needs to go through to develop grant guidelines for both programs,” Foley added.

Department of industry, science and resources manager for quantum growth, Jacqueline Cooke said it's anticipated “that applications for round one feasibility grants will open in early 2024” while “successful technology demonstrator projects will commence from late 2025.”

The timeline will also see the Australian Quantum Growth Centre head into the consultation stage in early July 2023, followed by the Critical Technologies Challenges Program through th back half of this year.

Cooke said the Australian Quantum Growth Centre will provide “up to $18.5 million in grant funding over four years for an existing organisation to deliver a range of industry growth services to the sector.”

The centre is intended to support the growth of the quantum technology industry and uplift demand.

“These services might include things like supporting collaborative [research and development] opportunities, undertaking education and awareness activities, increasing international collaboration, export and investment opportunities,” Cooke said.

“The department will consult with the quantum industry and researchers over the coming months to check the design of the program and identify potential improvements.”

An "open competitive process” would be used to award grants.

It is further anticipated “that applications to deliver the centre will open later this year with the centre’s activities commencing from early 2024 until June 2027”.

Meanwhile, the Critical Technologies Challenges Program “will provide up to $36 million in grant funding to address challenges of national significance using quantum technologies, potentially in conjunction with other critical technologies such as robotics and artificial intelligence.”

“People need to see the positive impact quantum technology can have to build social licence and to increase the public's familiarity with quantum," Cooke said.

The critical technologies challenge program will provide up to $36 million in grant funding to “address challenges of national significance using quantum technologies, potentially in conjunction with other critical technologies such as robotics and artificial intelligence.”

Open to quantum industry players, “it will use a challenge-based innovation approach to drive cooperation and collaboration between quantum researchers, startups and the wider community," Cooke said.

It will also “demonstrate Australian capability, drive private sector demand and de-risk the adoption of quantum technology across the economy."

This grant is expected to be delivered under two challenge rounds, each comprising two stages.

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Content: Abu Dhabi University and Xanadu Quantum Technologies collaborate
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Abu Dhabi University (ADU) and Xanadu Quantum Technologies (Xanadu Quantum Technologies), a leading Canadian quantum computing company, have signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to develop the university ’ s educational potential in the fields of quantum computing and provide students with the knowledge and skills needed to upgrade their capabilities in today ’ s rapidly evolving quantum computing technology.
Through the signing of this memorandum, the university and Xanadu Quantum Technologies seek to launch collaborative research projects, exchange educational resources, develop advanced quantum computing curricula, develop software that takes advantage of quantum physics concepts to run on quantum computers, and provide students with the concepts and tools needed to perform quantum computing simulations such as Stroperez Fields, Beneline and Xanadu Quantum Cloud platforms. ".
Dr. Muntasser Al Qassaima, Associate Vice Chancellor for Academic Research and Development at Abu Dhabi University, stressed the importance of this cooperation between Abu Dhabi University and the prestigious company « Xanadu », and the university ’ s permanent commitment to improve education and promote scientific research in the field of quantum technologies.
“We are confident that building strong relationships between academia and industry leaders will provide us with the opportunity to support our mission to provide our students with contemporary and diverse educational experiences, while preparing them uniquely for the challenges and opportunities of the future. ”
Dr. Christsan Widbrook, CEO, Xanadu Quantum Technologies, said:
“We are delighted with this collaboration with Abu Dhabi University, our first official partner in the UAE, a partner that has built an excellent foundation for the quantum ecosystem in Abu Dhabi and we look forward to further advancing quantitative education in the region and accelerating research in this area using PennyLane. ”
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Content: People 's Daily Online > > Economy and Technology
Physical quantity subbits with built-in error correction function
Zhang Mengran
February 5, 2024 09: 23 | Source: Science and Technology Daily
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Original title: The physical quantity subbit with built-in error correction function came out
A team of researchers from the University of Tokyo in Japan, Johannes Gutenberg University in Germany and the University of Paratsky in the Czech Republic recently demonstrated a new way to build photonic quantum computers.
Instead of using a single photon, the team used a laser generated pulse of light that can be made up of multiple photons.
The findings were published in a new issue of the journal Science.
Qubits are highly susceptible to external influences, which means that the information they store is easily lost.
In order for a quantum computer to provide reliable results, it is necessary to produce a real entanglement that connects several physical qubits together to form a logical qubit.
If one of the physical qubits fails, the other qubits will retain the information.
However, one of the main difficulties hindering the development of functional quantum computers is the need for large quantities of physical qubits.
A single photon is usually used as a physical qubit.
In a sense, these photons are tiny particles of light that essentially run faster than solid-state qubits, but are also easier to lose.
This time, the research team converted the laser pulse into a quantum optical state, providing an inherent ability to correct errors.
Although the system consists only of laser pulses, in principle it eliminates errors immediately.
Therefore, there is no need to generate individual photons into qubits through a large number of light pulses, and then let them interact as logical qubits.
The researchers say they only need one pulse of light to get a powerful logical qubit.
In other words, in this system, physical qubits are already equivalent to logical qubits.
It is an extraordinary and unique concept.
Although the quality of the logical qubits produced by the University of Tokyo experiment is not enough to provide the necessary level of fault tolerance.
But the new research clearly shows that it is possible to convert non-universally corrected qubits into correctable qubits using the most innovative quantum optics methods.
The physical qubits are the basic units of the physical system, they are real, and there is no doubt that they will "make mistakes".
A logical qubit is an ideal, abstract concept that preserves the stability of the result no matter how many errors are made in the calculation.
People can regard the latter as the former's "protective shell", such as encoding logic qubits, so that its information is retained in the physical qubits, so as to achieve the protection and fault tolerance of the physical qubits.
In this study, scientists have made physical qubits almost identical to logical qubits, which can indeed be called a remarkable advance.
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The advance of quantum computing has the promise of reshaping artificial intelligence (AI) as it’s known and deployed today. This development is drastically expanding AI’s enterprise and commercial outreach, perhaps even getting closer to artificial general intelligence. And there is another promise of convergence of quantum computing, AI, and programming languages into a single computational environment.

The potential effects of this coalescence of capabilities are nothing short of formidable. Deep learning applications will run much faster. The problems they solve will reach a complexity defying that of traditional approaches to advanced machine learning. Statistical and symbolic AI will run in tandem, while verticals from energy production to finance reap the benefits.

None of this will occur, however, without the enablement of flexible AI programming languages. Such programming languages are indispensable for writing AI algorithms bolstered by quantum computing to create advanced applications with the power to transform the use cases for which they’re deployed.

By availing themselves of these adaptive programming languages with the power to support paradigms for object orientation, reflection, procedural and functional programming, and meta-programming, organizations can harness this conjunction of capabilities to achieve a degree of horizontal productivity that’s not otherwise possible.

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Programming languages

As the foundation for writing effective quantum AI applications, adaptive programming languages tailored for this task are immensely helpful to developers. These high-level languages make it easy to abbreviate the time required to write code while increasing throughput when doing so. The best ones involve functional programming, which is often contrasted with, and considered superior to, imperative programming.

The dynamic capability of these AI languages to change while the program is running is superior to languages relying on a batch method, in which the program must be compiled and executed prior to outputs. Plus, these quantum AI programming languages enable both data and code to be written as expressions. Since functions in these frameworks are written like lists, they’re readily processed like data, so specific programs can actually manipulate other programs via metaprogramming — which is key for their underlying flexibility. This advantage also translates into performance benefits in which such languages operate much faster in applications — such as those for bioinformatics involving genomics — aided by various dimensions of AI.

The AI effect

When enabled by flexible programming languages for developing AI, quantum computing allows organizations to perform AI calculations much faster, and at a greater scale, than they otherwise could. These programming languages also underpin both statistical and symbolic AI approaches enhanced by quantum computing. Optimization problems, for example, are traditionally solved in knowledge graph settings supporting intelligent inferences between constraints.

For applications of advanced machine learning (ML), writing AI algorithms fortified by quantum computing reduces the amount of time required for bringing new pharmaceuticals to market, for example. There are even data science applications that are universally applicable for training better ML models with less computational overhead. In all of these use cases, the key to devising AI solutions enhanced by quantum computing is the array of programming languages that empower developers to write algorithms that unequivocally benefit from the speed and scalability of quantum computing methods.

Quantum computing

Although there are several others, the two capital ways quantum computing supplies the above benefits is via quantum computations and quantum annealing. Each of these functions involves specialized hardware for quantum computers that are more effective than traditional computers for tackling problems at the scale and speed at which AI becomes supercharged. Quantum computers encode information as 0’s, 1’s, or both — simultaneously — in quantum bits (qubits), whereas traditional computers can only encode them as 0’s or 1’s. The ability to superimpose these states is one of the ways in which quantum machines process gigantic quantities of data at once.

Another is via quantum annealing, which is reflective of nature in that it solves even NP-hard problems by reaching the lowest energy state of the computer. Traditional computers take an exponential amount of time to solve certain problems, such as concerns for optimization issues related to vehicles, fuel consumption, delivery objectives, and others. Quantum annealing methods expedite the time required to achieve answers to such problems, providing a degree of actionable efficiency that’s pivotal for logistics or routing equipment in the travel and transportation industries.

The programming language gatekeeper

The boons of applying quantum computing to accelerate and buttress the overall utility of AI for society and the enterprise are apparent. Much less attention, however, is given to the programming languages that are used to design these quantum AI applications. These frameworks are the gatekeepers for the future of quantum AI. Shrewd organizations are utilizing them to capitalize on this growing development.

Jans Aasman, Ph.D., is an expert in cognitive science and CEO of Franz Inc.

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Content: State of the Art Quantum Chemistry in 2022

Quantum chemistry is very hard. The best quantum computing chemistry seems to be at the level of 12 qubits / 12 atoms. Supercomputer simulations can handle 20 qubits and 20 atoms simulation. There are early papers that suggest classical supercomputers can get to 100 atoms and 1000 qubit for some types of simulation. Quantum computers are pushing up to 35 high fidelity trapped ion and there is work to achieve superior error mitigation and error suppression and eventual error correction with quantum computers. Breakthroughs in algorithms for supercomputers and for quantum systems are continuing and there are many competitors with different quantum technologies looking to make breakthroughs to scale to thousands and millions of qubits and to develop superior and more efficient error management.

There was a paper in 2022 where quantum simulations on the Sunway supercomputer was performed. At the current stage, classical simulation of quantum computation is crucial for the study of quantum algorithms and quantum computing architectures, especially for heuristic quantum algorithms as VQE. The largest VQE experiment performed on a quantum computer up to date has used 12 qubits. An industrially relevant quantum computational advantage in quantum chemistry is expected to appear at around 38 ≤ N ≤ 68 qubits (under the assumption of error-corrected qubits), which is related to an electronic structure problem including
19 ≤ N ≤ 34 electrons.

Compared to RQC (Random Quantum Circuits), VQE (variational quantum eigensolver) is much more demanding for both quantum and classical computers, for example, the number of CNOT gates involved in a typical quantum computational chemistry simulation quickly goes beyond 1 million with commonly used physically motivated ansatz such as unitary coupled-cluster (UCC). Moreover, the parametric quantum circuit has to be executed many times as is typical for variational algorithms. These effects limit most of the current investigations of VQE using classical computers to very small problems (less than 20 qubits). Unleashing the Julia programming language on Sunway architectures and running it efficiently over 20 million cores is also an extremely challenging task. The 2022 work has set the standard for large-scale classical simulation of quantum computational chemistry, and paves the way for benchmarking VQE applications on near-term noisy quantum computers.

Q2 Chemistry is suitable for large-scale simulation of quantum computational chemistry, based on a combination of the Density Matrix Embedding Theory and the Matrix Product States to reduce the exponentially memory scaling against the system size; a customized three-level parallelization scheme has been implemented according to the nature of the physical problem and the many-core architecture; Julia is used as the primary language which both makes programming easier and enables cutting edge performance close to native C or Fortran; Real chemical systems have been studied to demonstrate the power of Q2Chemistry in computational quantification of proteinligand interactions. To the best of their knowledge, this is the first reported quantum computational chemistry simulation
calculation for real chemical system with as many as 100 atoms and 1000 qubits using DMET-MPS-VQE (and 200 qubits using MPS-VQE), and scales to around 20 million cores. This paves the way for benchmarking with near term
VQE experiments on quantum computers with around 100 qubits.

A new study shows that for problems of real-world interest, such as calculating the energy states of a cluster of atoms, quantum simulations are not yet more accurate than those of classical computers.

The study results show how close quantum computers are to becoming useful atomic and molecular simulation tools for chemists and materials scientists.

Garnet Chan of the California Institute of Technology and his co-workers performed simulations of a molecule and a material using a 53-qubit Google processor called Weber, based on Sycamore.

The team selected two problems of current interest, without any consideration of how well suited they might be to a quantum circuit. The first involves calculating the energy states of an 8-atom cluster of iron (Fe) and sulfur (S) found in the catalytic core of the enzyme nitrogenase. This enzyme breaks strong bonds in nitrogen molecules as the first step in an important biological process called nitrogen fixation. Understanding the chemistry of this process could be valuable for developing artificial nitrogen-fixing catalysts for the chemical industry.

One of the key obstacles to accurate quantum simulations is noise—random errors in both the switching of the “gates” that perform quantum logic operations and in the reading of their output states. These errors accumulate and restrict the number of gate operations a computation can enact before the noise dominates. The researchers found that simulations with more than 300 gates were overwhelmed by noise. But the more complex the system, the more gates are needed. The Fe-S cluster, for example, has long-range interactions between spins; to be represented accurately, such interactions require many gates.

The simulations provided predictions for the energy spectra of the Fe-S cluster and the heat capacity of 𝛼-RuCl3 reasonably well—but only if the simulated systems were not too big. For 𝛼-RuCl3 the team could only obtain meaningful results for a very small 6-atom chunk of the crystal lattice; if they increased the size to just 10 atoms, the noise overwhelmed the output. And the constraints on gate operations meant that only about one-fifth of Weber’s quantum resources could be used for the calculation.

State of the Art Quantum Chemistry on IonQ Trapped Ion

Quantum computation has attracted significant attention for its potential to solve certain computational problems more efficiently than with classical computers, especially since IBM launched the first cloud accessible quantum computer and Google demonstrated quantum advantage. One of its most promising applications is to solve electronic structure problems efficiently: to illustrate, consider that for a problem containing N spin orbitals, the number of classical bits required to represent the wave function scales combinatorially with N, while on a quantum
computer only N qubits are needed. The exponential advantage offered by quantum computers has motivated a great deal of research in developing quantum algorithms to solve the electronic structure problem.

The variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) algorithm is designed specifically for current near-term intermediate scale quantum (NISQ) computers. VQE estimates the ground state of a system by implementing a shallow parameterized circuit, which is classically optimized to variationally minimize the energy expectation value. The VQE algorithm allows the user to select the form of the parameterized circuit.

There is a research paper from $2 billion Trapped Ion quantum computer company IonQ. They got a new record with 12 qubits and 72 parameters. If I am not mistaken the Google work with 10 atoms and qubits was surpassed by this IonQ work.

IonQ is currently testing a 35 trapped ion qubit system. Trapped ion should theoretically be able to achieve physically perfect qubits. However, there are other sources of error in the whole system.

The Sunway supercomputer work on classical machines simulating atoms and the IonQ and other quantum systems will continue to push ahead and race to simulating larger and larger physical atomic and molecular systems.

Orbital-optimized pair-correlated electron simulations on trapped-ion quantum computers

Variational quantum eigensolvers (VQE) are among the most promising approaches for solving electronic structure problems on near-term quantum computers. A critical challenge for VQE in practice is that one needs to strike a balance between the expressivity of the VQE ansatz versus the number of quantum gates required to implement the ansatz, given the reality of noisy quantum operations on near-term quantum computers. In this work, we consider an orbital-optimized pair-correlated approximation to the unitary coupled cluster with singles and doubles (uCCSD) ansatz and report a highly efficient quantum circuit implementation for trapped-ion architectures. We show that orbital optimization can recover significant additional electron correlation energy without sacrificing efficiency through measurements of low-order reduced density matrices (RDMs). In the dissociation of small molecules, the method gives qualitatively accurate predictions in the strongly-correlated regime when running on noise-free quantum simulators. On IonQ’s Harmony and Aria trapped-ion quantum computers, we run end-to-end VQE algorithms with up to 12 qubits and 72 variational parameters – the largest full VQE simulation with a correlated wave function on quantum hardware. We find that even without error mitigation techniques, the predicted relative energies across different molecular geometries are in excellentagreement with noise-free simulators.

Is there evidence of exponential quantum Advantage in Quantum chemistry.

Abstract
The idea to use quantum mechanical devices to simulate other quantum systems is commonly ascribed to Feynman. Since the original suggestion, concrete proposals have appeared for simulating molecular and materials chemistry through quantum computation, as a potential “killer application”. Indications of potential exponential quantum advantage in artificial tasks have increased interest in this application, thus, it is critical to understand the basis for potential exponential quantum advantage in quantum chemistry. Here we gather the evidence for this case in the most common task in quantum chemistry, namely, ground-state energy estimation. We conclude that evidence for such an exponential advantage across chemical space has yet to be found. While quantum computers may still prove useful for quantum chemistry, it may be prudent to assume exponential speedups are not generically available for this problem.

Researchers from Berkeley and elsewhere examined the case for the exponential quantum advantage (EQA) hypothesis for the central task of ground-state determination in quantum chemistry. The specific version of EQA that they examined required quantum state preparation to be exponentially easy compared to classical heuristics, and for classical heuristics to be exponentially hard. Their numerical simulations highlight that heuristics are necessary to achieve efficient quantum ground-state preparation. At the same time, they do not find evidence for the exponential scaling of classical heuristics in a set of relevant problems. The latter suggests that quantum state preparation can be made efficient for the same problems. However, as EQA is based on the ratio of costs, this does not lead to EQA.

Numerical calculations are not mathematical proof of asymptotics with respect to size and error, nor can they exclude EQA in specific problems. However, their results suggest that without new and fundamental insights, there may be a lack of generic EQA in this task. Identifying a relevant quantum chemical system with strong evidence of EQA remains an open question. They did not consider tasks other than ground-state determination, nor do they rule out polynomial speedups. Depending on the precise form, polynomial quantum speedups could be associated with useful quantum advantage, as even a polynomial classical algorithm does not mean that solutions can be obtained in a practical time. Both aspects may prove important in the further development of quantum algorithms in quantum chemistry.

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Content: ISSN 2330-717X

Finland’s First 5-Qubit Quantum Computer Is Now Operational

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VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland recently announced that the country’s first operational 5-qubit quantum computer is up and running. Together with the quantum computing hardware startup IQM, VTT has taken its first steps to enable the building of quantum computers that will be both scalable and easier to manufacture, allowing more companies to begin their quantum computing journey.

The incredible computing performance of quantum computers makes it possible to solve problems that are beyond the capabilities of modern high-performance computers. In the future, quantum computers will be used, for instance, to accurately model viruses and drugs or used to design materials that are challenging to design with today’s technology.

“The development of quantum computing will affect all industries. Our experience in building the quantum computer, and our know-how in developing quantum algorithms will help us develop quantum foresight to, for example, identify future trends and support companies in understanding how and when their business will be affected,” says Pekka Pursula, Research Manager at VTT. “The best way to do this will be for companies to work together with VTT, and actually use our new hardware.”

The now-unveiled 5-qubit quantum computer is located at Micronova, part of OtaNano, the national research infrastructure for micro and nanotechnology, jointly run by VTT and Aalto University.

The big challenge in quantum computing is scalability. Quantum physicists and engineers around the world are trying to figure out how to scale quantum computing hardware to include hundreds and thousands of qubits, scale up the production in an economically efficient way, and scale algorithms and use of quantum computing in real-life applications.

VTT has 30 years of expertise in quantum technology research and excellent facilities to work on hardware scaling. The scaling of the use requires VTT to work hand-in-hand with the companies to develop algorithms for specific applications.

“Today’s announcement marks an important milestone for IQM and for the European quantum initiatives. With the completion of this phase, IQM will become one of the very few quantum companies that can deliver an on-premises quantum computer to a customer. I congratulate our partners, VTT and also the entire IQM team who has managed to deliver this ambitious milestone during the pandemic. This is just the first phase of the delivery and because of our ability to upgrade the systems, we are looking forward to working with VTT on delivering the 20-qubit and the 50-qubit systems,” says Dr. Jan Goetz, CEO and co-founder of IQM

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Russian scientists have launched and tested the first domestic 12-qubit quantum processor on superconductors.
While the development will be used exclusively for research purposes, it brings closer the creation of a quantum computer that will be able to solve problems that are inaccessible to modern computers.
Work on the processor took scientists about a year.
Their next step will be to create a 16-qubit device.
According to experts, the result obtained can be called a noticeable success on the way to creating a technology for the production of quantum devices with hundreds of qubits.
Count to 12
Specialists of the Moscow University of Physics and Technology (MIPT) began testing Russia ’ s first 12-qubit quantum processor based on superconductors (materials conducting electric current without resistance and loss of electricity), the computing elements of which are made of pure aluminum.
The development process took about a year.
By the end of 2024, scientists plan to present the first 16-qubit processor created using the same technology.
According to experts, these days, scientists around the world are working on the creation of quantum processors.
These are computing devices, the principle of which is based on the phenomena of quantum mechanics.
In the future, they will be able to be used in quantum computers, which are designed to solve problems that are not able to cope with the usual electronic computers.
This is, for example, the modeling of natural processes or very complex mathematical calculations.
The direction of so-called quantum machine learning is also actively developing.
In a classical computer, the unit of information is a bit — an element that can be either “turned on ” or“ turned off. ”
In a quantum device, this role is performed by a qubit, which can be in two states at the same time.
This opens up new opportunities for the creation of innovative computers.
For us, this is another stage, another important step.
Phystech already has a well-established technology with which we produced five-qubit and eight-qubit quantum chips.
This is a complex process, including, in particular, electronic lithography.
But this time we had to change the technological drawings, because instead of linear we used a two-dimensional architecture of the scheme, — said senior researcher of the laboratory of artificial quantum systems MIPT Gleb Fedorov.
That is, previous versions of the processors were built as a one-dimensional line - a chain with a connection of only the nearest neighbors, and the 12-qubit version - two-dimensional, located on a plane, the scientist explained.
Over the past year, scientists have been developing blueprints for the processor, calculating its electromagnetic characteristics.
Then they carried out quantum-mechanical calculations and in several stages produced samples, and then measured their parameters in room conditions.
The final version was received after the fourth repetition.
Development opportunities are already being tested in practice.
A quantum integrated circuit is the “heart ” of a prototype computing device consisting of a classical computer and a quantum accelerator.
Now the system is being tested: learning algorithms for a quantum neural network are being launched.
The program can determine the variety of wine by its chemical composition and make medical diagnoses.
The tests are necessary for a detailed comparison of the characteristics of the new system with the results obtained by scientists earlier on an eight-qubit sample.
In the third dimension
According to scientists, while their invention can only be used for research purposes.
For practical application and the achievement of new computing capabilities, a quantum processor of at least 100 qubits is required.
But to create it, you need equipment that allows you to place elements in three dimensions, and not only on the plane.
Now it is produced only in a few countries that are not friendly to us, such as Germany and South Korea.
However, Russian developers are trying to find an opportunity to buy it.
With the help of these devices, it is possible to approach the control lines individually to each qubit much more freely than with a two-dimensional architecture.
This avoids the crosstalk that occurs when the signal lines are crossed and prevents the correct control of the device.
Work on the creation of prototypes of quantum computers and simulators is underway at MIPT as part of the implementation of the Quantum Computing Roadmap for 2021-2024.
The launch of a 12-qubit processor is an important achievement, because it is the most powerful superconductor processor that is now in Russia, said Stanislav Straupe, associate professor of the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University, head of the scientific group of the Russian Quantum Center.
This is another step towards further scaling.
IBM and Google already have processors with hundreds of qubits, but there ’ s a long way to go to get these results.
This is necessary to have both the technology of manufacturing processors, and the electronics controlling them.
The transition from eight qubits to 12 is a gradual movement in this direction.
Further exponential growth is possible, ” said Stanislav Straupe.
The new processor is a good result for Russian science, as it opens up prospects for building medium-scale quantum computers.
Here we have something to strive for: in the world, this technology is developed somewhat better, said Sergey Kulik, Scientific Director of the Laboratory of Quantum Optical Technologies of Lomonosov Moscow State University.
In December 2023, IBM announced the creation of a 1121-qubit computer, that is, two orders of magnitude more than our achievement.
But for the development of scientific research, any increase in the number of qubits is an important step, ” said Sergey Kulik.
The strengths of the development include multi-stage study, including theoretical and numerical calculations, the manufacture of prototypes and the measurement of their properties, said Nikolai Ushakov, associate professor at the Higher School of Applied Physics and Space Technologies of SPbPU.
— The ability to use standard microelectronic technologies in the basis of the manufacture of such a processor is an important factor in the further scaling of the processor.
Since for the implementation of a full-fledged, close to universal quantum device, it is necessary, first, to ensure the desired state of all qubits, and secondly, to achieve the joint evolution of their states, he said.
The next development of MIPT scientists - a 16-qubit processor - will also be two-dimensional.
When creating it, scientists intend to focus on the accuracy of calculations and the correct simultaneous operation of all computing elements, which is no less important than their number.
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In Russia, launched a high-precision quantum processor
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Specialists from the Scientific and Educational Center (REC) “Functional Micro / Nanosystems ”, created on the basis of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University (MSTU) and the All-Russian Research Institute of Automation (VNIIA) named after N.L. Dukhov, launched the first domestic high-precision superconductor quantum processor.
It is called Snowdrop 4Q.
This is a system that includes a chip based on four qubits, modules for reading their signals with parametric cryo-amplifiers and control electronics units.
The accuracy of simple single-qubit algorithms on the new processor was 99.76%, and more complex two-qubit operations – 99.11%.
These characteristics are record-breaking for Russian science and are comparable to the world ’ s leading achievements.
The obtained parameters made it possible for the first time in Russia to perform complex algorithms that consist of more than a hundred quantum logic operations.
In particular, the magnetization of the material was modeled (Ising model), the equation of thermal conductivity was solved and a sequence of calculations was implemented to solve the systems of equations.
“The best test for a processor is to run a complex algorithm on it using all the available qubits, which we did.
Directly calibrating and fully characterizing a quantum system is a complex process, and we have been working on it for the last three months.
The accuracy of the logical operations achieved by our chip allowed us to conduct a whole series of operations aimed at solving practical problems, "Nikita Smirnov, a leading developer of quantum processors at the scientific and educational center, told Izvestia.
The scientist also said that in the process of development, experts have tried their own method of error mitigation, which is based on neural network learning.
As specified by the scientific director of VNIIA Alexander Andriyash, the presented device acts as a coprocessor for a classical computer.
With its help, specialists will be able to solve the most difficult subtasks for traditional microelectronics.
Read more in the exclusive material "Izvestia":
Sharp calculation: in Russia launched the most accurate quantum processor
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New Quantum Control Law Could Advance the Development of Quantum Computers
July 29, 2022 09: 07 | Source: Science and Technology Daily
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Previous: New Quantum Control Law Could Advance the Development of Quantum Computers
To the extent that quantum computers can meet their expected performance potential, large-scale quantum processors and memories need to be developed.
To do this, precise control of the qubits is critical, but the method of controlling the qubits has limitations for high-precision large-scale high-density wiring.
Researchers at Yokohama National University in Japan have found a way to precisely control qubits.
This advance is a step toward larger quantum computing.
The findings were published in the journal Nature Photonics on the 26th.
Scientists at Yokohama National University Graduate School of Engineering said: Microwaves are usually used for separate quantum control, but require separate wiring of microwave circuits.
In addition, it is possible to manipulate qubits locally, but not to use light precisely.
Using the nitrogen atom vacancy center in the diamond, the team demonstrated control of the qubit by manipulating the electron spin through a combination of microwave manipulation and local optical movement of atomic and molecular transition frequencies.
This process is known as the Stark shift.
In other words, they were able to combine laser-dependent optical methods with microwaves to overcome previous limitations.
The researchers demonstrated that this control of electron spin, in turn, controls the nuclear spin of nitrogen atoms at the nitrogen vacancy center, and the interaction between electrons and nuclear spins.
Simultaneous irradiation of light and microwaves can individually and precisely control qubits without individual wiring.
The team says this paves the way for the realization of large-scale quantum processors and memories, which are crucial for the development of large-scale quantum computers.
In addition, quantum entanglement between electron spin and nuclear spin has been realized.
This allows the connection between qubits and photons, requires less computing power, and transmits information to quantum processors and quantum memories through the quantum teleportation principle.
The new method meets all of the DiVincenzo standards, which are required for quantum computers to operate, including scalability, initialization, measurement, general gates, and coherence.
It can also be applied to other magnetic field schemes other than the Stark offset, in which qubits can be manipulated separately, and it prevents common types of computational errors, such as gate errors or ambient noise.
Researchers say that by further improving the resolution of individual quantum operations and entanglement operations, large-scale integration of diamond quantum computers, quantum storage and quantum sensors can be achieved.
It will also improve the data transmission capabilities of quantum relay networks for long-distance quantum communications and distributed quantum computer networks or quantum internet.
(Intern reporter Zhang Jiaxin)
(Editor: Zhao Zhuqing, Chen Jian)
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Content: Monday, 25 March 2024 02: 58 GMT
UAE invests in ‘ quantum computing ’ to look to the future
(MENAFN- Al-Bayan)
The UAE is investing in the sector of quantum computing, which is expected to reach a global market value of $1 trillion in 2035, as one of the fastest expanding fields of technology in the world and because of its innovative applications capable of solving challenges in many sectors, because of its strength and speed in calculating physical phenomena, compared to traditional computers.
The UAE aims to invest in quantum computing to enable innovation and a knowledge and sustainable economy through the Quantum Research Center and UAE institutes and universities to explore the future of this vital sector. The Institute of Technology Innovation ’ s (TII) Quantitative Research Center is working to build the first quantum computer in the UAE, according to the Interregional Center for Strategic Analytics in Abu Dhabi.
The UAE has quickly realized the benefits of the quantum computing sector in all sectors and fields, especially in the economy and scientific research, as part of the country ’ s long-term strategies to keep pace with the global technological development represented by the fourth industrial revolution and artificial intelligence, which will change the face of the world in the coming years.
IDC expects global investments in quantum computing to reach $16.4 billion by the end of 2027, with a compound annual growth rate of 11.5%, which includes investments by the public and private sectors and R & D spending from technology, services and finance companies.
There is growing interest in quantum computing by global government agencies, with 14 of them (13 countries plus the European Union) announcing multi-year initiatives that will generate billions of dollars for quantum computing research.
The center said that the UAE is among the 50 projects working to create an attractive investment environment for investments in new and future sectors, including quantum computing technology.
According to Accenture Middle East, quantum computing technology is advancing rapidly, making it a promising technology sector.
The US and China dominate the quantum computing sector to take advantage of the features of the new technological revolution that has enabled scientists to study the basic particles of matter, whose applications have multiplied across different fields despite their relative novelty, promising radical transformations for any industry dependent on speed and processing power, including aerospace, automotive, medicine and others.
Quantum computing technologies have a huge market value, with quantum computing alone expected to reach a global market value of $1 trillion by 2035.
Quantum technology has played a role in many areas, including complex mathematical models, simulations, electronic devices, CT scanners and many others, as it has the potential to revolutionize the way humans communicate and process information at record speeds.
The most prominent areas of use of quantum computing can be found in many fields of military, communications and medicine, and can address economic crises and challenges quickly, and there is no doubt that quantum computing technology can change the map of national industries.
Major technology companies are leading efforts to develop quantum computing, with Google Research Lab and IBM, which built one of the largest quantum computers in the field, and the Chinese University of Science and Technology has developed a quantum computer that is 10 billion times faster than the computer developed by Google.
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Study combines quantum computing and generative AI for drug discovery

Insilico Medicine, a clinical stage generative artificial intelligence (AI)-driven drug discovery company, today announced that it combined two rapidly developing technologies, quantum computing and generative AI, to explore lead candidate discovery in drug development and successfully demonstrated the potential advantages of quantum generative adversarial networks in generative chemistry.

The study, published in the Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, was led by Insilico's Taiwan and UAE centers which focus on pioneering and constructing breakthrough methods and engines with rapidly developing technologies—including generative AI and —to accelerate drug discovery and development.

The research was supported by University of Toronto Acceleration Consortium director Alán Aspuru-Guzik, Ph.D., and scientists from the Hon Hai (Foxconn) Research Institute.

"This was a very fun project," said Alán Aspuru-Guzik, director of the Acceleration Consortium and professor of computer science and chemistry at the University of Toronto. "It sets the stage for further developments in AI as it meets drug discovery. This is a global collaboration where Foxconn, Insilico, Zapata Computing, and University of Toronto are working together."

Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) are one of the most successful generative models in drug discovery and design and have shown remarkable results for generating data that mimics a data distribution in different tasks. The classic GAN model consists of a generator and a discriminator. The generator takes random noises as input and tries to imitate the data distribution, and the discriminator tries to distinguish between the fake and real samples. A GAN is trained until the discriminator cannot distinguish the generated data from the real data.

In this paper, researchers explored the quantum advantage in small molecule drug discovery by substituting each part of MolGAN, an implicit GAN for small molecular graphs, with a variational quantum circuit (VQC), step by step, including as the noise generator, generator with the patch method, and quantum discriminator, comparing its performance with the classical counterpart.

The study not only demonstrated that the trained quantum GANs can generate training-set-like molecules by using the VQC as the noise generator, but that the quantum generator outperforms the classical GAN in the drug properties of generated compounds and the goal-directed benchmark.

In addition, the study showed that the quantum discriminator of GAN with only tens of learnable parameters can generate valid molecules and outperforms the classical counterpart with tens of thousands parameters in terms of generated molecule properties and KL-divergence score.

"Quantum computing is recognized as the next technology breakthrough which will make a great impact, and the is believed to be among the first wave of industries benefiting from the advancement," said Jimmy Yen-Chu Lin, Ph.D., GM of Insilico Medicine Taiwan and corresponding author of the paper. "This paper demonstrates Insilico's first footprint in quantum computing with AI in molecular generation, underscoring our vision in the field."

Building on these findings, Insilico scientists plan to integrate the hybrid quantum GAN model into Chemistry42, the Company's proprietary small molecule generation engine, to further accelerate and improve its AI-driven and development process.

Insilico was one of the first to use GANs in de novo molecular design, and published the first paper in this field in 2016. The Company has delivered 11 preclinical candidates by GAN-based generative AI models and its lead program has been validated in Phase I clinical trials.

"I am proud of the positive results our quantum computing team has achieved through their efforts and innovation," said Alex Zhavoronkov, Ph.D., founder and CEO of Insilico Medicine. "I believe this is the first small step in our journey. We are currently working on a breakthrough experiment with a real quantum computer for chemistry and look forward to sharing Insilico's best practices with industry and academia."

More information: Po-Yu Kao et al, Exploring the Advantages of Quantum Generative Adversarial Networks in Generative Chemistry, Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling (2023). DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00562

The data acquisition code and source codes associated with this study are publicly available at: github.com/pykao/QuantumMolGAN-PyTorch

Provided by Insilico Medicine

Citation: Study combines quantum computing and generative AI for drug discovery (2023, May 19) retrieved 19 May 2023 from https://phys.org/news/2023-05-combines-quantum-generative-ai-drug.html
This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.

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Chandeliers, ‘qubits’ and Schrödinger’s cat: Inside the bizarre world of quantum computing

In the quantum realm, the laws of physics are different. Now its mind-bending tech could soon transform our lives. How does it work?

It was 2009, and a group of scientists had crowded around a tiny monitor in a Sydney physics laboratory. The team, led by electrical engineer Andrea Morello, held their collective breath and peered at a single flat line on the screen. Then, in the blink of an eye, the line changed: it was a series of blips, like a heartbeat. They’d hit paydirt. “When you see that symbol, you’re in the game,” recalls physicist Charles Tahan.

Welcome to the quantum world, a subatomic realm – yes, smaller than an atom – where the laws of physics are, well, different. The experiment made Morello and his team the first in the world to show that a quantum computer could be made using not diamonds, not the superconductor niobium, but everyday silicon. “To show you could do that, 100 different things had to go right,” says Tahan.

Quantum computing is one of the key technologies defining this century. Its proponents say it will do for computers what the car did to the horse and buggy. It will upend encryption and molecular biology. In theory, it could even possibly find cures for cancer. Australia is among the world leaders in a quantum computing gold rush, with Prime Minister Anthony Albanese saying his government is “serious about building a strong quantum ecosystem” and investing nearly a billion dollars.

Yet despite eye-watering outlays worldwide, quantum computing is still in its infancy, part of a mind-bending world that physicists are only beginning to fully grasp. What is it? And how will it make a difference to our lives?

How does a quantum computer work (and why did Alice in Wonderland have the jump on it?)

It’s often remarked that it looks like a beautiful chandelier, or a wedding cake. And IBM’s quantum computer, one of the world’s largest, is certainly an intriguing object, an intricate dome of golden wires and graceful tubes suspended from a ceiling.

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The part we can see, though, is really just the control and support system for a microchip (currently a version called Condor) buried deep inside. The glittering exoskeleton is there to keep its tiny heart as cold as possible – a hundred times colder than the coldest depths of space – and to feed information in and out, the process that makes it a “computer” and not just a science experiment.

The chip itself is smaller than a postage stamp, with several layers of circuitry and metal sandwiched in a tiny square, cooled to improve conductivity and to eliminate “noise”, the bugbear of many such devices. But even what we see here is not where the action happens. For that, we have to go deeper still, down into the chip and well beyond what’s visible through even the most powerful microscope, beyond the layers of individual atoms, into the atoms themselves.

‘The truth is the universe doesn’t run by the rules that we see every day – gravity, you bounce a ball and it falls. It runs on these other rules: quantum mechanics.’

In the subatomic realm of electrons, protons and photons, things happen very differently. Indeed, these tiny particles have no use for Newton’s laws of physics, nor even many of Einstein’s. “The truth,” says Tahan, “is the universe doesn’t run by the rules that we see every day – gravity, you bounce a ball and it falls. It runs on these other rules: quantum mechanics.”

Why these particles behave as they do in the quantum realm is a difficult concept to get your head around. Even Einstein resisted aspects of it, famously arguing that “God does not play dice with the Universe”. It was a misstep. “Because he didn’t believe in the completeness of quantum mechanics,” says Morello, “he lost a lot of productive years because he didn’t understand how it is possible that this thing is true.”

Many leading physicists investigated the concept from the early 1900s, including some familiar from popular culture today, notably Einstein and Neils Bohr (portrayed in Oppenheimer), Werner Heisenberg (whose name Walter White stole for his drug-chemist alter ego in Breaking Bad) and Viennese physicist Erwin Schrödinger, of the famous cat experiment (explained below).

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Lewis Carroll, meanwhile, may have had the jump on quantum physics with his ideas in the Alice books, as James Renner observed in The Wall Street Journal in 2015. “We speak of going down the wormhole into a mysterious world that defies Newtonian physics, where once Alice went down the rabbit hole into a mysterious world that had much the same effect. Now we speak of quantum particles being in two places at once or even Schrödinger’s cat being alive and dead at the same time, long after the Cheshire Cat’s grin was magically displaced from its body.”

The quantum realm has only truly begun to reveal itself to us relatively recently. In 1964, the Irish-born physicist John Bell published one of the most important theorems, which, according to Professor Andrew Whitaker in Physics World, “opened up the possibility of experimental philosophy, the study of what are normally thought of as philosophical issues in experiments. Not only do these experiments probe the deepest and most profound aspects of quantum theory, they also provide information on the fundamental nature of the universe.”

At the time, Bell’s theorem could not be tested in a lab. That would come in the late 1960s and early 1970s when experimentalists such as John Clauser began to show that the weirdness Bell had described on paper actually occurred in the real world. Which, at the time, was considered quite rude. One eminent physicist “was highly offended by my impertinent effort and told me that it was tantamount to professing a disbelief in quantum physics,” Clauser later recalled.

He and other apostates continued their work because he found some of the predictions “sufficiently bizarre that I could not accept them without seeing experimental proof”. Working with leftover lab equipment – “physics department scrap” – he went on to provide experimental evidence that refuted even Einstein’s theories. “I was very sad to see that my own experiment had proven Einstein wrong,” he said. Clauser would go on to win the 2022 Nobel Prize for Physics alongside Alain Aspect and Anton Zeilinger for their groundbreaking experiments with so-called “entangled” particles.

Quantum physicists still despair at the difficulties of explaining their weird world to outsiders. “Many writers fall back on boilerplate that makes physicists howl in agony,” wrote computer scientist Scott Aaronson in The New York Times in 2019. Unfortunately, says Gerard Milburn, a quantum physicist from the University of Queensland, “The quantum world lies beyond the reach of natural language.”

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But we’ll give it a go. Chiefly, particles in the quantum realm aren’t tied down to being in one place or state in the way bigger things are in the outside world, such as cats, which tend to be in one place at once. They obey different rules entirely. The first way to understand this oddness harks back to high-school science and how light can behave as both a particle and a wave. Photons – bursts of light – can act like ball bearings, with position and momentum. Yet light also behaves like a wave washing over a beach in a way that a ball bearing can’t. That’s a quantum physics party trick.

What is Schrödinger’s cat?

The most famous primer for quantum mechanics is the paradox of Schrödinger’s cat, a mind experiment devised by Schrödinger in 1935. A hypothetical cat goes into a box with a vial of poison gas, which has a 50-50 chance of killing it. You close the box and can’t see inside. So, without opening the box, you can’t know whether the poison has killed the cat or not. Therefore, posited Schrödinger, puss is neither dead nor alive but both – until you open the box.

In quantum mechanics, this state is called “superposition”. It’s impossible to describe properly without a background in higher-level mathematics, which we lack, but it generally means not knowing whether, say, an electron is over here, or over there, or – cat-like – in both places at the same time. Another way of looking at it is to visualise a coin spinning on its side. Until it stops and lands on one side or another, it’s not heads or tails but both.

At least, kind of.

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“Every explanation we give in lay terms is in some way wrong,” says Stephen Bartlett, a theoretical quantum physicist and director of the University of Sydney Nano Institute. “People often say a quantum superposition is in the value zero and the value one at the same time. That’s sort of right, and sort of not right.” Says Morello: “This is where language is failing us, right? If you’re trying to say that in plain English, it sounds really weird. But if you actually think about, you know, the mathematics of it, and the actual physical embodiment of that, it actually makes perfect sense.” Suffice to say, a real cat cannot find itself in “superposition”: this is a state that can exist only in the subatomic world.

How is this useful (and what’s a qubit)?

In a conventional computer, information is encoded as voltages that pass around the system thanks to millions of tiny transistors – essentially, gates or switches that turn on and off. A quantum computer is similar except that instead of using transistors as switches it uses subatomic particles, such as electrons or photons, that can have many more states than simply on or off, according to their position, momentum, spin direction and polarisation. Once harnessed – and there are many ways of doing that – these particles-as-switches are called “qubits”, a play on the word “bit”, the smallest unit of data that a computer can process and store.

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Information can be encoded on qubits in various ways: for his computers, Morello uses silicon and strong magnetic fields like those found in MRI machines. “The stuff that I build in my lab is actually a small silicon chip the size of a fingernail,” he says, “but the whole infrastructure around it is quite fancy. It’s a very powerful refrigerator that cools down the chip to [just] above absolute zero.

Critically, qubits can relate to other qubits in a state called “entanglement”. This enables quantum computers to perform multiple calculations simultaneously – which is their superpower. Schrödinger described entanglement as “the characteristic trait of quantum mechanics, the one that enforces its entire departure from classical lines of thought”. Sceptical Einstein called entanglement “spooky action at a distance”. Gerard Milburn says entanglement is great for building a computer “because if you want to have all these switches, having them strongly correlated is exactly what you want. And if you can control those correlations, you can do computation.”

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It’s these characteristics that have scientists and engineers excited. Not because quantum computers will necessarily take over from the conventional miracles we so rely on today but because they can do some particular things that transistor-based machines either struggle with or fail at completely. Today’s supercomputer might try to simulate molecular behaviour with “brute force”, says IBM’s quantum department. “But as it moves past the simplest, most straightforward molecules available, the supercomputer stalls. Quantum algorithms take a new approach to these sorts of complex problems, creating multidimensional computational spaces.”

‘Calculations that are completely impossible … would rapidly become possible on a quantum computer.’

This might include modelling how a drug might affect a virus, how new materials in aeroplanes might react to stress, or the exact process necessary to create a perfect chemical reaction.

“Calculations that are completely impossible – not just on present-day conventional computers but any conceivable future conventional computer – would rapidly become possible on a quantum computer,” says Andrew Doherty, professor of physics at Sydney University. “These are things where the application of that computer would be transformative to people’s lives without every home, you know, having a laptop quantum computer.”

Whether quantum computing will also revolutionise artificial intelligence is less certain. AI works by drawing from a huge amount of data, which is not something that naturally fits on a quantum computer, says Morello. “The problem with quantum computers in general and, in particular, with applications to AI is that loading data into them and reading data out of them is slow and cumbersome and prone to errors. It’s a bottleneck.”

Why is it so hard to build quantum machines?

Creating the qubits is hard, whatever material you start with. Interfacing with them via tiny wires like the golden lattice in IBM’s machines is hard. Getting accurate information from them is hard: “noise”, in the form of vibration or spurious electromagnetic signals, makes them behave badly and give poor results – “decoherence”, in physics speak.

Much of Andrew Doherty’s team’s work these days is in figuring out how to reduce this noise to acceptable levels and compensating for the errors that noise produces. “Compared to our conventional computers, quantum technology [computers] are very noisy devices,” he says. “They go wrong one time in 1000 as opposed to one time in an astronomically huge number of uses of [normal computers].”

Teams around the world are working on multiple approaches both to building the machines and compensating for their eccentricities, from labs in Australia to the tech giants Google, Microsoft and IBM – its Quantum Lab relies on superconducting qubits made from aluminium and niobiumand the Chinese government.

Some versions, such as IBM’s and Morello’s, chill the atoms to keep them as stable as possible. In contrast, the Australian company Quantum Brilliance is working with synthetic diamonds because they work at room temperature. “Unlike other materials,” says co-founder Marcus Doherty (no relation to Andrew), “diamond’s incredible hardness means that even at room temperature, there isn’t enough thermal energy in the environment to create vibrations that destroy the quantum properties of qubits.”

‘People are working really hard to try to find different mathematical problems that they think maybe quantum computers can’t crack.’

Another key moment in the quantum timeline came in 1994 when US mathematician Peter Shor showed that a quantum computer could crack encryption standards safeguarding everything from national intelligence systems to bank accounts. “He devised an algorithm, in theory, that he would need to run on a quantum computer,” says Bartlett. “And if you could build a quantum computer of sufficient size, then yeah, all information security falls apart.” Cybersecurity experts call that scenario Q-Day. “At the moment, people are working really hard to try to find different mathematical problems that they think maybe quantum computers can’t crack,” says Bartlett.

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In 2001, IBM made a seven-qubit device controlled through radio frequency pulses to demonstrate Shor’s Theorem. IBM’s prototype wasn’t given a huge task, managing to calculate that three times five was … wait for it ... 15. Yet this was considered a great success, even if it had shades of the famous supercomputer Deep Thought from Douglas Adams’ Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, which ponders the question of “life, the universe and everything” for thousands of years before giving the answer: 42.(Adams also dreamed up the Infinite Improbability Drive for a spaceship called the Heart of Gold, which used quantum theory to allow it to cross through every point in the universe simultaneously, allowing interstellar travel without all that “tedious mucking about in hyperspace”.)

Then, in 2019, Google claimed its 54-qubit Sycamore processor had performed a calculation in 200 seconds that would have taken the world’s most powerful supercomputer 10,000 years – a breakthrough some breathlessly likened to the Wright brothers’ first flight in 1903. Others were more sceptical, saying it would be many more years before quantum computers would have enough qubits – and be stable enough – to do anything actually useful. IBM said it could simulate Google’s experiment in two-and-a-half days on a “normal” computer, albeit if it had access to the Oak Ridge Summit supercomputer, a beast occupying an area the size of two basketball courts. IBM’s shimmering Eagle, meanwhile, had just 127 qubits; its successors, Osprey and now Condor, have pushed the bar to over 1000 and it plans for 1386 qubits in its Kookaburra in 2025.

Yet most of these devices are still basically proofs of concept, says Morello, the first step to manufacturing and miniaturising, as we saw with today’s transistor-based computers, which started out as rooms full of valves and cables. In the post-World War II era, says Andrew Doherty, “computers took up office floors of buildings in Manhattan and people put paper cards into them to program them. Out came numbers that even my childhood pocket calculator could have calculated right.” Many hundreds of billions of dollars have gone into developing computer technology, in packaging it for convenience and getting the components to work reliably, he says. “That whole engineering thing has got to grow up around these quantum technologies.”

Already, Marcus Doherty’s Quantum Brilliance has installed a quantum computer at the Pawsey Supercomputing Centre in Perth and is about to export computers, at this stage for customers to experiment with quantum computing and work out how to make it useful. In the future, finding commercial applications for a quantum computer will require tailoring it, at least initially, says UNSW’s Maja Cassidy, a former quantum researcher for Microsoft. “People have to go in and understand a company’s problem, how they’re using classical computing and … work out what section might be enhanced by the quantum computer.”

Who is leading the quantum race?

China is the only other nation giving the United States a run for its money. Its leader, Xi Jinping, put accelerating quantum technology in his 2021 five-year plan. McKinsey & Company estimates China has spent at least $15.3 billion in public funds on quantum research. That partly came to fruition in April with the Chinese Academy of Science’s unveiling of a 504-qubit chip, still half the size of IBM’s biggest.

For its part, Australia got a head start with quantum research in the 1990s. Today, two major spinoffs from UNSW research are pursuing silicon-based quantum computing: Silicon Quantum Computing (SQC), led by Professor Michelle Simmons, and Diraq, led by Professor Andrew Dzurak. SQC’s approach involves embedding phosphorus atoms within a wafer of silicon. Dzurak’s approach involves trapping electrons on silicon transistors. Both have the advantage of silicon chips already being ubiquitous. “Today, in our phones and our laptops, the silicon chips that are in those have upwards of a billion transistors on them,” says Dzurak. “The benefit of the technology that we’ve developed is that we are also able to get millions, and ultimately billions, of quantum bits onto a single silicon chip.”

‘Computers as we know them today are an absolutely mind-blowing achievement. So any technology that has the ambition of being an alternative or being better than that has a phenomenally high bar to clear.’

Other leading players in Australia include Q-CTRL, which is working on controlling and enhancing quantum hardware; quantum security company QuintessenceLabs; and Doherty’s Quantum Brilliance, which used its synthetic diamonds in the world-first integration of a two-qubit quantum device into a supercomputer at room temperature in 2022.

Meanwhile, out of the University of Queensland came early gains in “photonic” quantum computing, which harnesses particles of light – photons – as qubits. In April, the federal and Queensland governments jointly set aside $940 million in share purchases, grants and loans for PsiQuantum, a Silicon Valley company whose founders include Australian professors Jeremy O’Brien and Terry Rudolph. Unlike ions or electrons, photons are not charged, Bartlett says, so are not sent haywire by electromagnetic forces – but they are hard to manipulate and measure.

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Another approach involves “trapped ion” quantum computing, pursued by US company IonQ: physicists take an atom, flick off an electron so it is positively charged, then suspend the resulting ion within an electromagnetic field and manipulate the ion with lasers. But Bartlett says this approach will be hard to scale, given the technology to suspend millions of ion qubits doesn’t yet exist.

In April, the federal government also announced $18 million for the University of Sydney to establish Quantum Australia, a research consortium between several universities headed by Bartlett. “It used to be a small research community,” he says. “You absolutely needed to speak the common language of everyone else, which were the rules of physics. Now we are really seeing quite a bit of specialisation.”

Even if quantum computers develop practical uses, they will likely live in vast, super-cooled server farms where land and power are cheap. We’ll communicate with them through our everyday devices, much as we download and upload data from cloud servers, Netflix, TikTok, DropBox, whatever, today. The real challenge for quantum computing, says Morello, is that the alternative is “really, really good”. “Computers as we know them today are an absolutely mind-blowing achievement. So any technology that has the ambition of being an alternative or being better than that has a phenomenally high bar to clear.”

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Content: Published 07 May 2024, 00: 00
1 min.
MISIS scientists have developed a way to speed up quantum computing
It uses two types of superconducting qubits.
The press service of NUST MISIS reported that scientists of the university have developed a new approach that will speed up the implementation of logical operations on quantum computers.
The new method uses two types of superconducting qubits and microwave pulses to entangle three qubits in one operation.
This will allow more complex algorithms to be executed on quantum computers.
© Ferra.ru
One of the main problems of quantum computers is the limited lifetime of qubits.
Due to random interactions with the environment, information in qubits can be lost.
The new approach of MISIS partially solves this problem, making operations with qubits faster, noted in the RPS service.
The development of Russian scientists could be an important step towards the creation of more powerful quantum computers.
Quantum computers can perform calculations that are not available to ordinary computers.
They can be used to develop new drugs, create heavy-duty materials, and solve other complex problems.

Title:

Content: Terra Quantum announces hybrid quantum computing collaboration with NVIDIA

Terra Quantum collaborates with NVIDIA to develop quantum-accelerated applications. The partnership aims to bridge the gap between classical and quantum computing, leveraging hybrid algorithms.

Terra Quantum, a quantum services company with headquarters in Germany and Switzerland, has today announced a collaboration with NVIDIA aimed at fostering the development of quantum-accelerated applications.

The chicken and egg conundrum

As the manufacturers of quantum computers and error correction mechanisms continue to compete in a qubit arms race, in order to do the algorithm research needed to develop applications that can leverage this technology, scientists need a solution to bridge the divide between classical and quantum computing. A chicken and egg conundrum that Terra Quantum has been working on since 2019 with its hybrid algorithm approach.

Focusing on harnessing the power of quantum computing, both hybrid now and native in the future, and applying it specifically in the fields optimisation, simulation, and machine learning, the Swiss/German outfit has assembled, in the words of its founder and CEO Markus Pflitsch, “one of the largest libraries in the world” of algorithms designed to not only deliver unprecedented accelerated computing solutions using today’s hybrid computational power but ones that will scale exponentially when native quantum hardware is realised.

The quantum inflection point

There is no arguing that NVIDIA has been instrumental, if not the linchpin in driving the explosion of AI technologies that proliferate today’s headlines.

The company is so crucial to the development of next-gen technologies that world governments have butted heads on who has dibs on the company’s next purchase orders.

And now, according to Pflitsch, we’re about to see the same revolution in quantum computing.

Driven by NVIDIA’s open-source CUDA Quantum initiative, a project that allows for the integration and programming of quantum processing units (QPU), graphics processing units (GPU), and central processing units (CPU) all in one system, the chicken and egg conundrum has seemingly met its match.

C-suite proof

While we’ve seen governments pour tremendous amounts of money into quantum, China $9.7 billion, the United States $1.9 billion, and the European Union $1.1 billion, government support can and will only take the market so far.

To fully realise and advance the potential of a technology, c-suite executives have to see the bottom line in dollars and cents. Helping to move this needle Terra Quantum has partnerships with a number of blue chip organisations including HSBC, Thales, and Schaeffler Group.

Now in collaboration with NVIDIA providing its CUDA Quantum participants with access to Terra Quantum’s library of algorithms, that needle is set to jump.

Pflitsch shared:

“We are using our hybrid quantum algorithms delivered on NVIDIA GPUs to deliver significant business impact today. This collaboration will not only accelerate this impact but also help unlock  a whole new range of opportunities in the areas of machine learning and simulation — while also setting a pathway for quantum computing.”

Furthermore, NVIDIA’s director of HPC and Quantum Tim Costa explained:

“Our collaboration with Terra Quantum will put CUDA Quantum into the hands of a new set of  researchers working to build the world’s first quantum accelerated applications, contributing to breakthroughs on the path to valuable quantum computing.”

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Content: Keysight Technologies, Inc. (NYSE: KEYS) and Q-CTRL, a pioneer of quantum infrastructure software to make quantum technologies useful, are partnering to integrate key infrastructure quantum software to accelerate quantum processor development, characterization, and key proof of principle scientific demonstrations.

An interesting feature of quantum computation is that as qubits are added to a quantum processor, the computational space available to the end user expands exponentially. However, as quantum systems grow exponentially, they become increasingly more complex to design, test, and operate. This means quantum hardware developers face a slow and complex design cycle as current software tools require users to exhaustively test and calibrate an ever-growing number of configurations and combinations.

To address these design challenges, Keysight and Q-CTRL are partnering to provide an integrated solution enabling quantum developers to effectively scale both quantum processor quantity and quality. The solution will integrate Q-CTRL’s Boulder Opal hardware optimization and automation functionality into Keysight’s Quantum Control System (QCS) providing enhanced capability in quantum processor characterization and optimization to rapidly decrease characterization time and improve device up-time.

To accelerate quantum development, the joint solution will:

  • Help navigate complexity – Provide advanced AI/ML tools to navigate complex design and characterization spaces.
  • Automate device optimization – Enable closed loop, autonomous agents to efficiently determine the relationship between Hamiltonian parameters and QCS hardware settings.
  • Accelerate the quantum design cycle – Less time calibrating and characterizing a quantum processor means faster development cycles and more use case development time available.
  • Customizable experiments – Allow users to program and optimize experiments specific to their quantum device.
  • Enhanced exploration – Enable more avenues of exploration and innovation for quantum scientists and engineers.

The Keysight QCS combines dedicated quantum control hardware and full-stack software capabilities to provide an easy-to-use solution for the control and readout of quantum devices. Q-CTRL Boulder Opal delivers cloud-accelerated hardware design, AI-based automation, and quantum control optimization, giving professional teams everything they need to get ahead of the competition.

Alex Shih, Head of Product, Q-CTRL, said: "We are delighted to be working with Keysight to bring Q-CTRL’s hardware characterization and optimization capabilities to their end users and empowering experimentalists and researchers to build and scale real quantum systems. We designed our products to be easily integrated and interoperable across hardware and software architectures, and we are proud to see this help activate the quantum ecosystem. To us, making quantum technology useful relies on not just developing new technologies, but supporting researchers to easily leverage them in building and scaling their quantum systems.”

Eric T. Holland, Director of Strategic Initiatives, Quantum at Keysight, said: "Customer success is at the core of all that we do at Keysight. We are continually seeking feedback from our quantum users to drive our roadmap and spur innovation. This collaboration with Q-CTRL comes from such feedback and we are thrilled to begin our journey to improve the end-user experience and capabilities for our customers."

About Keysight

At Keysight (NYSE: KEYS), we inspire and empower innovators to bring world-changing technologies to life. As an S&P 500 company, we're delivering market-leading design, emulation, and test solutions to help engineers develop and deploy faster, with less risk, throughout the entire product life cycle. We're a global innovation partner enabling customers in quantum, communications, industrial automation, aerospace and defense, automotive, semiconductor, and general electronics markets to accelerate innovation to connect and secure the world. Learn more at Keysight Newsroom and www.keysight.com.

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Content: Univ. of Chicago joins University of Tokyo to create first quantum supercomputer

CHICAGO (CBS) -- Two universities, including one in Chicago, are joining forces to develop what would be the most powerful computer in the world.

It's a partnership that was recently announced at the G7 Summit and the expectations are pretty super. CBS 2's Andrew Ramos explains.

From climate change to complex chemical reactions, supercomputers have been on the forefront of addressing some of the world's most pressing problems.

Now, a new global partnership is aiming to create the first ever quantum supercomputer, which would usher in a new age of innovation.

The University of Chicago will join forces with the University of Tokyo to build what would be the world's most powerful computer as part of a 10 year, $150 million initiative funded by IBM and Google, recently announced at the G7 summit in Japan.

"The Chicago area is really becoming sort of a world leader in this area."

Fred Chong is a computer science professor at the University of Chicago, and he said this type of innovation will have a significant impact on lives everywhere.

"It's really going to be able to solve problems problems that we can't even approach today," Chong said. "Certain problems on a quantum scale like understanding materials of chemistry, but also UPS trucks like scheduling UPS trucks or flights on an airline."

Over the next decade, researchers at both universities will build this super computer powered by 100,000 qubits, which is the basic unit of information in computing.

Currently, the industry standard is roughly 430 qubits. The goal is to first reach 1,000 then 10,000 and ultimately 100,000 -- which will be a collaborative effort between both universities.

"Already IBM has a 433 qubit machine so we will be building upon their technology and googles technology to come up with ways of using these machines," Chong said.

This partnership is set to kick off in the next couple of weeks, where we could actually start seeing breakthroughs in as early as two to three years.

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Content: Soft News 13.05.2024 at 13: 27
NVIDIA unveils CUDA-Q platform for integrating quantum computers with the company ’ s supercomputers
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NVIDIA announced the creation of a platform for quantum computing CUDA-Q, which will work in national supercomputer centers around the world.
Supercomputers in Germany, Japan and Poland will use the Quantum Processing Units (QPU) platform in their high-performance computing systems.
We are talking about software support for the work of existing quantum computers with NVIDIA accelerators.
The company said that nine new supercomputers around the world will use NVIDIA Grace Hopper superchips to accelerate scientific research and discoveries.
Collectively, the systems provide 200 exaflops of energy-efficient AI computing power.
"Useful quantum computing will be made possible by the close integration of quantum supercomputers with GPUs.
NVIDIA ’ s quantum computing platform gives pioneers such as AIST, JSC and PSNC the opportunity to push the boundaries of scientific discovery and advance modern quantum integrated supercomputer technologies, ” said Tim Costa, director of quantum technology and HPC at NVIDIA.
The new platform will allow the use of quantum computers for research in artificial intelligence, energy, biology, chemistry and other industries.
NVIDIA has provided examples of real-world scientific projects that will use the new technology.
CUDA-Q is a quantum-classical accelerated open-source supercomputer platform that does not depend on specific QPUs.
NVIDIA will combine the capabilities of classical and quantum computers with a set of tools cuQuantum
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Content: Intel's New Chip to Advance Silicon Spin Qubit Research for Quantum Computing

52 minutes ago

What’s New: Today, Intel announced the release of its newest quantum research chip, Tunnel Falls, a 12-qubit silicon chip, and it is making the chip available to the quantum research community. In addition, Intel is collaborating with the Laboratory for Physical Sciences (LPS) at the University of Maryland, College Park’s Qubit Collaboratory (LQC), a national-level Quantum Information Sciences (QIS) Research Center, to advance quantum computing research.

This press release features multimedia. View the full release here: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20230615304303/en/

A photo shows one of Intel's Tunnel Falls chips on a human finger to display its scale. Silicon spin qubits are up to 1 million times smaller than other qubit types. The Tunnel Falls chip measures approximately 50-nanometers square, potentially allowing for faster scaling. (Credit: Intel Corporation)

“Tunnel Falls is Intel’s most advanced silicon spin qubit chip to date and draws upon the company’s decades of transistor design and manufacturing expertise. The release of the new chip is the next step in Intel’s long-term strategy to build a full-stack commercial quantum computing system. While there are still fundamental questions and challenges that must be solved along the path to a fault-tolerant quantum computer, the academic community can now explore this technology and accelerate research development.”
–Jim Clarke, director of Quantum Hardware, Intel

Why It Matters: Currently, academic institutions don’t have high-volume manufacturing fabrication equipment like Intel. With Tunnel Falls, researchers can immediately begin working on experiments and research instead of trying to fabricate their own devices. As a result, a wider range of experiments become possible, including learning more about the fundamentals of qubits and quantum dots and developing new techniques for working with devices with multiple qubits.

To further address this, Intel is collaborating with LQC as part of the Qubits for Computing Foundry (QCF) program through the U.S. Army Research Office to provide Intel’s new quantum chip to research laboratories. The collaboration with LQC will help democratize silicon spin qubits by enabling researchers to gain hands-on experience working with scaled arrays of these qubits. The initiative aims to strengthen workforce development, open the doors to new quantum research and grow the overall quantum ecosystem.

The first quantum labs to participate in the program include LPS, Sandia National Laboratories, the University of Rochester, and the University of Wisconsin-Madison. LQC will work alongside Intel to make Tunnel Falls available to additional universities and research labs. The information gathered from these experiments will be shared with the community to advance quantum research and to help Intel improve qubit performance and scalability.

“The LPS Qubit Collaboratory, in partnership with the Army Research Office, seeks to tackle the hard challenges facing qubit development and develop the next generation of scientists who will create the qubits of tomorrow,” said Charles Tahan, chief of Quantum Information Science, LPS. “Intel’s participation is a major milestone to democratizing the exploration of spin qubits and their promise for quantum information processing and exemplifies LQC’s mission to bring industry, academia, national labs, and government together.”

Dr. Dwight Luhman, distinguished member of Technical Staff at Sandia National Laboratories, said, “Sandia National Laboratories is excited to be a recipient of the Tunnel Falls chip. The device is a flexible platform enabling quantum researchers at Sandia to directly compare different qubit encodings and develop new qubit operation modes, which was not possible for us previously. This level of sophistication allows us to innovate novel quantum operations and algorithms in the multi-qubit regime and accelerate our learning rate in silicon-based quantum systems. The anticipated reliability of Tunnel Falls will also allow Sandia to rapidly onboard and train new staff working in silicon qubit technologies.“

Mark A. Eriksson, department chair and John Bardeen Professor of Physics, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, said, “UW-Madison researchers, with two decades of investment in the development of silicon qubits, are very excited to partner in the launch of the LQC. The opportunity for students to work with industrial devices, which benefit from Intel’s microelectronics expertise and infrastructure, opens important opportunities both for technical advances and for education and workforce development.”

About Tunnel Falls: Tunnel Falls is Intel’s first silicon spin qubit device released to the research community. Fabricated on 300-millimeter wafers in the D1 fabrication facility, the 12-qubit device leverages Intel’s most advanced transistor industrial fabrication capabilities, such as extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUV) and gate and contact processing techniques. In silicon spin qubits, information (the 0/1) is encoded in the spin (up/down) of a single electron. Each qubit device is essentially a single electron transistor, which allows Intel to fabricate it using a similar flow to that used in a standard complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) logic processing line.

Intel believes silicon spin qubits are superior to other qubit technologies because of their synergy with leading-edge transistors. Being the size of a transistor, they are up to 1 million times smaller than other qubit types measuring approximately 50 nanometers by 50 nanometers, potentially allowing for efficient scaling. According to Nature+Electronics, “Silicon may be the platform with the greatest potential to deliver scaled-up quantum computing.”

At the same time, utilizing advanced CMOS fabrication lines allows Intel to use innovative process control techniques to enable yield and performance. For example, the Tunnel Falls 12 qubit device has a 95%25+yield+rate+across+the+wafer and voltage uniformity similar to a CMOS logic process, and each wafer provides over 24,000 quantum dot devices. These 12-dot chips can form between four to 12 qubits that can be isolated and used in operations simultaneously depending on how the university or lab operates its systems.

What’s Next: Intel will continuously work to improve the performance of Tunnel Falls and integrate it into its full quantum stack with the Intel Quantum Software Development Kit (SDK). In addition, Intel is already developing its next-generation quantum chip based on Tunnel Falls; it is expected to be released in 2024. In the future, Intel plans to partner with additional research institutions globally to build the quantum ecosystem.

More Context: Intel+Labs+Quantum+Computing+Backgrounder | Intel+Labs (Press Kit) | Intel+Quantum+Researchers+Introduce+Tunnel+Falls+Silicon+Qubit+Research+Chip (Video) | Intel+Introduces+Tunnel+Falls+Silicon+Qubit+Research+Chip (Video) | Quantum+Computing+Laboratory+in+Oregon (B-Roll Video)

About Intel

Intel (Nasdaq: INTC) is an industry leader, creating world-changing technology that enables global progress and enriches lives. Inspired by Moore’s Law, we continuously work to advance the design and manufacturing of semiconductors to help address our customers’ greatest challenges. By embedding intelligence in the cloud, network, edge and every kind of computing device, we unleash the potential of data to transform business and society for the better. To learn more about Intel’s innovations, go to newsroom.intel.com and intel.com.

© Intel Corporation. Intel, the Intel logo and other Intel marks are trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries. Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.

View source version on businesswire.com: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20230615304303/en/

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Engineers make critical advance in quantum computer design

Quantum engineers from UNSW Sydney have removed a major obstacle that has stood in the way of quantum computers becoming a reality. They discovered a new technique they say will be capable of controlling millions of spin qubits—the basic units of information in a silicon quantum processor.

Until now, quantum computer engineers and scientists have worked with a proof-of-concept model of quantum processors by demonstrating the control of only a handful of qubits.

But with their latest research, published today in Science Advances, the team have found what they consider "the missing jigsaw piece" in the quantum computer architecture that should enable the control of the millions of qubits needed for extraordinarily complex calculations.

Dr. Jarryd Pla, a faculty member in UNSW's School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications says his research team wanted to crack the problem that had stumped quantum computer scientists for decades—how to control not just a few but millions of qubits without taking up valuable space with more wiring, which uses more electricity and generates more heat.

"Up until this point, controlling electron spin qubits relied on us delivering microwave magnetic fields by putting a current through a wire right beside the ," Dr. Pla says.

"This poses some real challenges if we want to scale up to the millions of qubits that a quantum computer will need to solve globally significant problems, such as the design of new vaccines.

"First off, the magnetic fields drop off really quickly with distance, so we can only control those qubits closest to the wire. That means we would need to add more and more wires as we brought in more and more qubits, which would take up a lot of real estate on the chip."

And since the chip must operate at freezing cold temperatures, below -270°C, Dr. Pla says introducing more wires would generate way too much heat in the chip, interfering with the reliability of the qubits.

"So we come back to only being able to control a few qubits with this wire technique," Dr. Pla says.

Lightbulb moment

The solution to this problem involved a complete reimagining of the silicon chip structure.

Rather than having thousands of control wires on the same thumbnail-sized silicon chip that also needs to contain millions of qubits, the team looked at the feasibility of generating a from above the chip that could manipulate all of the qubits simultaneously.

This idea of controlling all qubits simultaneously was first posited by quantum computing scientists back in the 1990s, but so far, nobody had worked out a practical way to do this, until now.

"First we removed the wire next to the qubits and then came up with a novel way to deliver microwave-frequency magnetic control fields across the entire system. So in principle, we could deliver control fields to up to four million qubits," says Dr. Pla.

Dr. Pla and the team introduced a new component directly above the silicon chip—a crystal prism called a dielectric resonator. When microwaves are directed into the resonator, it focuses the wavelength of the microwaves down to a much smaller size.

"The dielectric resonator shrinks the wavelength down below one millimeter, so we now have a very efficient conversion of microwave power into the magnetic field that controls the spins of all the qubits.

"There are two key innovations here. The first is that we don't have to put in a lot of power to get a strong driving field for the qubits, which crucially means we don't generate much heat. The second is that the field is very uniform across the chip, so that millions of qubits all experience the same level of control."

Quantum team-up

Although Dr. Pla and his team had developed the prototype resonator technology, they didn't have the silicon qubits to test it on. So he spoke with his engineering colleague at UNSW, Scientia Professor Andrew Dzurak, whose team had over the past decade demonstrated the first and the most accurate quantum logic using the same silicon manufacturing technology used to make conventional computer chips.

"I was completely blown away when Jarryd came to me with his new idea," Prof. Dzurak says, "and we immediately got down to work to see how we could integrate it with the qubit chips that my team has developed.

"We put two of our best Ph.D. students on the project, Ensar Vahapoglu from my team, and James Slack-Smith from Jarryd's.

"We were overjoyed when the experiment proved successful. This problem of how to control millions of qubits had been worrying me for a long time, since it was a major roadblock to building a full-scale quantum computer."

Once only dreamt about in the 1980s, quantum computers using thousands of qubits to solve problems of commercial significance may now be less than a decade away. Beyond that, they are expected to bring new firepower to solving global challenges and developing new technologies because of their ability to model extraordinarily complex systems.

Climate change, drug and vaccine design, code decryption and artificial intelligence all stand to benefit from quantum computing technology.

Looking ahead

Next up, the team plans to use this new technology to simplify the design of near-term silicon quantum processors.

"Removing the on- control wire frees up space for additional qubits and all of the other electronics required to build a quantum processor. It makes the task of going to the next step of producing devices with some tens of qubits much simpler," says Prof. Dzurak.

"While there are engineering challenges to resolve before processors with a million qubits can be made, we are excited by the fact that we now have a way to control them," says Dr. Pla.

Explore further

Adding logical qubits to Sycamore quantum computer reduces error rate

More information: Single-electron spin resonance in a nanoelectronic device using a global field, Science Advances (2021). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg9158
Journal information: Science Advances

Citation: Engineers make critical advance in quantum computer design (2021, August 13) retrieved 13 August 2021 from https://phys.org/news/2021-08-critical-advance-quantum.html
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April 25, 2023

Investment in quantum technology hit a record $2.35bn last year

Billions of dollars have been invested in quantum technology since 2001 with the majority of that investment happening since 2020.

By Ryan Morrison

Quantum technology companies attracted more than $2.35bn in private investment last year, slightly breaking the record set in 2021. A new report by McKinsey suggests this investment could be well placed, as companies deploying quantum stand to gain $1.3trn in value by 2035. To unlock this potential companies have to focus on attracting top talent and scaling up the speed and accuracy of qubits. One expert says public and private sector organisations have a role to play in solving the talent problem.

The McKinsey report suggests four industries are likely to see the earliest impact – automotive, chemicals, financial services and life sciences. This is because these areas have high compute needs and complex problems where quantum advantage is likely to come earlier.

A significant amount of investment in quantum technology is going to start-ups that came into the industry in the past two years. According to McKinsey, 68% of the money put into quantum since 2001 has been invested in the last two years

As of last year, that investment is being spread over fewer new companies. In 2021, 41 quantum technology start-ups were founded, dropping to 19 in 2022 which, according to McKinsey suggests money is going to established start-ups rather than new companies, which could be tied to difficulties in attracting new talent.

The report suggests investors are looking for companies “ready to scale”, with four of the ten largest investment deals since 2001 closed in 2022. Some of these have been worth up to $500m and seven of the ten largest deals in 2022 were worth more than $100m.

Public sector investment is also growing rapidly with the US committing $1.8bn in 2022, the UK will spend £2.5bn over a decade and the EU has $1.2bn for quantum on the table. These are all dwarfed by the estimated $15.2bn public investment in quantum announced by the Chinese government.

Another reason for the redirection of investment towards more established companies could be tied to the slowdown in major scientific breakthroughs, the report authors speculated.

Many of the early-stage quantum technology companies are formed out of university projects and in 2022 the number of published papers on quantum technology declined by 61% between 2020 and 2021. There was another decline, of about 5% between 2022 and 2021. This, they wrote, could be due to challenges becoming harder to solve.

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Need for ‘fault -olerant’ quantum machines

The next stage in quantum computing requires both a ramp-up in qubit numbers and quality to create “fault-tolerant” processors capable of solving real-world problems more accurately and faster than classical computers. The problem is that while qubit numbers have been growing steadily, the quality hasn’t kept pace.

IBM has gone from a 20-qubit processor in 2019 to announcing a 1,000+ qubit machine due for release next year, but it also has a second track of processors with better quality qubits but far fewer actual qubits on each chip.

“In each of the five main approaches to quantum computers, difficult challenges remain,” the authors wrote. This is across all the main types of qubit being developed. For example, in photonics these devices still “leak” photons which results in computation failures and high error rates. In superconducting systems like those used by IBM and Google there are issues scaling up the control and cooling systems to handle potentially thousands of qubits.

These problems have to be solved to unlock the economic value the technology holds, the report authors declared. As economic value depends on speedup, which depends on algorithm complexity, execution time and problem size.

Achieving this scale-up will require top talent and while the talent gap is “significant”, McKinsey suggests it is narrowing in quantum technologies. “Our analysis shows that nearly two-thirds of open jobs in the industry could be filled with new masters’-level graduates in 2022.”

There are still shortages though, with OECD figures showing 717 active job postings last year and 450 master's-level graduates with degrees applicable to those vacancies. This was better than in 2021 when there were 851 job vacancies and just 290 graduates.

Talent isn't evenly spread. Based on density per million inhabitants the EU and UK are top destinations for graduates in quantum technology-relevant fields with 303 per million graduating in the EU in 2020 and 217 per million in the UK.

Ekaterina Almasque, general partner at VC fund OpenOcean, told Tech Monitor the quantum industry was “in its growth phase”, making it extremely challenging to find talent with the necessary skills across a range of technologies and services. “Most individuals working in the industry today were introduced to the concept of quantum computing at a relatively late stage," Almasque says. "While this will change naturally as the industry becomes more established, the private and public sector stakeholders of quantum computing must work together to improve this.”

She adds: “From a European perspective, many pioneering quantum computing businesses are pushing to become world leaders. For Europe to properly establish and maintain a lead in quantum computing, there must be a broad, strategic initiative for early education in quantum computing.”

  • Ryan Morrison writes a new weekly newsletter, Quantum Untangled, looking at the practical applications of quantum computing and interviewing leading figures from the industry. Sign up here.

Read more: How will the UK develop quantum computer regulation?

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  1. Analysis
September 23, 2022

Is the finance sector quantum ready?

By

It is an important year for quantum computing, according to GlobalData’s Technology, Media and Telecoms Predictions 2022. In addition to the high levels of hype generated around this disruptive technology, significant technical advances have seen companies starting to invest in exploring its potential benefits.

The global quantum computing market size is set to reach $1.77bn by 2026, up from $472m in 2021, at a compound annual growth rate of 30.2%, according to Markets and Markets. Pioneering adoption of quantum computing by financial services companies is expected to drive this growth.

Is the financial services industry prepared for quantum?

What does a quantum advantage over classical computing mean for financial services? Increasing the speed and volume of calculations and transactions by multiples represents the biggest change for a post-quantum financial services sector – and the key to identifying the potential benefits of specific use cases is exploration. Early iterations of quantum computing-as-a-service are under way with Big Tech companies Microsoft, Amazon, IBM and Google offering clients a cloud service for experimenting with quantum simulators (essentially classical computers mimicking quantum computers in the cloud to see what they can do).

This collaborative approach between businesses and tech companies addresses two problems in tandem: first, it allows businesses to familiarise themselves with the emerging technology despite quantum supremacy being some years away; second, it tackles the biggest business challenge, which is identifying the most effective use cases for financial services.

US tech giant IBM’s quantum accelerator programme was set up with exactly that in mind: to allow businesses themselves to find effective quantum computing use cases. Many of IBM’s financial services clients in the accelerator programme have initial concerns about the effect quantum computing will have on cryptography, according to Prakash Pattni, managing director for financial services – digital transformation at IBM.

“It took a few years for banks to work out where blockchain fits in with cryptography, for example, and we are now at a stage where blockchain is really taking off,” he says.

Pattni likens quantum computing as being at that same early stage of experimentation as blockchain was. Financial services companies are perhaps even more acutely aware of the potential impact of quantum computing on data security because the nature of banking regulation means data has to be stored and kept safe for many years, adds Pattni.

While cybersecurity remains a clear concern for clients, specific use cases are still being worked out. Again, experimentation is key, according to Pattni, who says: “I think we’ are still at that very early stage in terms of experimentation where quantum is concerned.” According to Gartner, 40% of large companies are planning to create initiatives around quantum computing by 2025, but even with accelerator programmes and research and development budgets, very specific use cases are still proving hard to identify.

Financial services, particularly those which work across multiple markets, stand to benefit greatly from efficiencies enabled by quantum computing given that it enables the modelling of multiple permutations of different scenarios or values to solve the most efficient outcomes in a fraction of the time it would take classical computing.

Pattni believes this could be particularly useful in the cross-border fraud detection space, saying: “Real-time payments mean the window to look at fraud needs to be in real time too.” As AI is increasingly integrated into banking systems, the interface between AI and quantum computing is also a testing ground. Pattni says risk calculation is an area that investment banks are looking at.

“It requires incredibly high levels of compute power to run multiple risk scenarios that regulators don’t like, so that is another area where quantum computing could be applied, but it is still really early days of experimenting with applications,” he adds.

Finance’s first movers in quantum computing adoption

EY’s 2022 Quantum Readiness survey, produced in collaboration with the UK’s National Quantum Computing Centre, found that 81% of senior UK executives expect quantum computing to play a significant role in their industry by 2030. Despite this, most companies are taking a ‘watch and see’ approach. However, there are those in the finance sector taking a pioneering approach by testing the technology and ramping up investment in a calculated bet that quantum computing will, in fact, live up to its hype.

US investment bank Goldman Sachs is actively researching how quantum computing can be applied to the pricing of complex derivatives. Computing a price within a complicated contract or statistical model can be an expensive process. Derivatives are so common in finance that even a small improvement in pricing them, or in calculating related quantities, could be very valuable, according to William Zeng, head of quantum research for Goldman Sachs, who made the claim in September 2022 for Microsoft Azure’s quantum blog.

In March 2022, Spain’s CaixaBank’s life insurance and pensions company, VidaCaixa, announced that it is using Canadian quantum computing company D-Wave’s cloud service to build a quantum computing application for its investment portfolio selection and allocation activities, as well as its portfolio hedging.

According to CaixaBank, this is the first time a financial services company has applied quantum computing in investment hedging in the insurance sector. What normally took the bank several hours of computing time was reduced to just minutes, representing up to a 90% decrease. This time reduction facilitates increased modelling complexity, which is better adapted to real-time markets, optimises invested capital while maintaining constant risk levels and improves the hedging decision-making process. The Spanish banking group is evaluating whether to use the application in other areas of its operations over the coming months.

In March 2022, HSBC announced it will join the IBM Quantum Accelerator programme to progress potential quantum use cases in pricing and portfolio optimisation to advance its net-zero goals and to mitigate risks, including identifying and addressing fraudulent activity. The collaboration will also include knowledge transfer through internal training programmes, as well as actively recruiting quantum computing research scientists to build a dedicated capability within its innovation team.

Elsewhere, Standard Chartered has embarked upon research into quantum computers as part of an academic partnership with the Universities Space Research Association. The partnership is already actively developing what is known as the Quantum Computing System for Financial Services, and the bank will use it to address the security challenges posed by a super-powerful quantum computer.

Post-quantum security a pressing matter

Both IBM and Google have road maps to create quantum computers capable of defeating current encryption by 2030, according to GlobalData. Despite the cybersecurity industry developing quantum-resistant encryption before that time, future quantum computers could decrypt data harvested today. As a result, GlobalData expects companies to implement quantum security solutions in 2022, particularly as cybersecurity has become front of mind for business leaders.

Over the past 12 months, interest in quantum security has grown considerably in the financial services sector, according to Duncan Jones, head of cybersecurity at quantum computing company Quantinuum. “This is partly driven by the stream of announcements from the US government highlighting the urgent need to combat the quantum threat alongside the business opportunities,” he says.

In addition, as more quantum-enabled business use cases emerge, so too do the cybersecurity concerns. Jones and his team at Quantinuum are working on ways to remedy this. Quantinuum’s partnership with cybersecurity software company PureVPN uses Quantinuum’s cyber platform, Quantum Origin, to create and deploy encryption keys generated using a verifiable quantum process, which are more secure than keys from unverified, classical computing processes.

Every technology advance creates a commensurate cybersecurity challenge and quantum-proofing financial services companies will continue to be a concern alongside the business growth opportunities, according to Jones. “Financial services companies are realising there is a new quantum baseline for security and are factoring this into their cyber planning,” he adds.

In July 2022, it became public knowledge that US investment bank JPMorgan Chase had hired assistant professor Dr Charles Lim – a world-renowned expert in next-generation, quantum-resistant communication networks at the National University of Singapore – to lead the bank’s quantum communications and cryptography. The move not only demonstrates how quantum computing has become a business concern but also highlighted a global race for talent in the field, serving as a warning to other financial services companies that they may want to ramp up their search for quantum computing talent. Historically, financial services has attracted the brightest and the best with attractive compensation, but the sector is now competing with commensurate employee offerings by Big Tech. A battleground for quantum computing talent is set to continue.

Credit rating financial services company Moody's Analytics announced in September 2022 that it is establishing the Moody's Analytics Quantum Computing Team, which is perhaps a sign that quantum computing has become part of the financial services establishment. Early adoption of this technology may seem like a choice in 2022, but it may prove vital in future-proofing financial services companies against the changes that it will bring to the sector. As with any emerging technology there are first movers and those that follow the trend – it is still too soon to tell which approach will reap the most benefits.

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Title:

Content: The present and future of quantum computing
New Research 2022 / 12 / 13 19: 16: 07 Edited by: Yuansheng
The limitations of contemporary supercomputers, as well as their implications for academia and institutions around the world, are drawing the attention of the scientific community.
For example, researchers can use current techniques to perform more complex simulations, such as those that focus on chemistry and the reactive properties of each element.
However, as the complexity of these interactions increases, they become more challenging for current supercomputers.
Due to the limited processing power of these devices, it is nearly impossible to complete these types of calculations, forcing scientists to choose between speed and precision when conducting these studies.
To provide some context for the breadth of these experiments, let ’ s start with the example of hydrogen atom modeling.
With only one proton and one electron in hydrogen, researchers can easily perform chemical reactions manually or rely on computers to complete calculations.
However, depending on the number of atoms and whether the electrons are entangled, the process becomes more difficult.
To write out every conceivable result of an element like thulium, which contains a staggering 69 electrons, all twisted together, would take more than 20 trillion years.
Obviously, this time is too long for us, and we need a new way out.
Quantum computers open the door to a whole new world of possibilities.
The equations needed to simulate chemistry have been known to the scientific community since the 1930s, but it has only recently begun to build computers with the ability and reliability to perform these calculations.
Today ’ s quantum computers provide the speed researchers need to mimic all aspects of chemistry, making them significantly predictive and reducing the need for laboratory testing.
Colleges and universities may be able to use quantum computers to augment existing knowledge of chemistry.
Consider the potential time and cost savings that could be achieved if quantum computers were able to eliminate the need for laboratory testing during research.
Moreover, since the computational power to master chemical properties did not exist previously, this step could lead to a major step forward in chemistry previously unknown to the world
01. Quantum computing in practice
Many companies are already using quantum computing.
For example, IBM is working with Mercedes-Benz, ExxonMobil, CERN, and Mitsubishi Chemical to implement quantum computing into their products and services:
Mercedes-Benz
Mercedes-Benz is exploring quantum computing to create better batteries for its electric vehicles.
The company hopes to shape the future of modern electric vehicles by implementing quantum computing in its products and making an impact on the environment by implementing quantum computing in its products in an effort to be carbon neutral by 2039.
Simulating what ’ s going on inside a battery is incredibly difficult, even with today ’ s most advanced computers.
However, using quantum computing technology, Mercedes-Benz can more accurately simulate chemical reactions in car batteries.
Exxon Mobil
ExxonMobil is using quantum algorithms to more easily discover the most efficient routes for transporting clean combustion fuels around the world.
Without quantum computing, it would be almost impossible to compute all routing combinations and find the most efficient routing combinations.
European Centre for Nuclear Research
The European Centre for Nuclear Research (CERN) is trying to discover the secrets of the universe.
Using quantum computing, CERN can find algorithms to pinpoint complex events in the universe in a more efficient way.
For example, quantum computing could help CERN figure out patterns in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) data.
Mitsubishi Chemical
A team from Mitsubishi Chemical and Keio University is working on a key chemical step for lithium-oxygen batteries: lithium superoxide rearrangement.
They are using quantum computers to "perform accurate simulations of what happens inside a chemical reaction at the molecular level".
Advantages and disadvantages of quantum computing
Quantum computing has the potential to revolutionize industries such as finance, pharmaceuticals, artificial intelligence, and automotive in the coming years, fundamentally changing the world around us.
The value of quantum computers comes from the probabilistic way in which they operate.
By using the probabilistic computing style directly instead of simulating it, computer scientists have shown potential applications for fast search engines, more accurate weather forecasts, and precise medical applications.
In addition, quantum computers represent the original motivation for the development of quantum computing and are very useful in directly simulating quantum mechanics.
Perhaps the main appeal of quantum computing is that it can solve problems faster, making it ideal for applications that need to handle large amounts of data (for example, aerospace logistics, drug manufacturing, molecular research, or other fields that use canonical processes at the atomic level).
However, creating a powerful quantum computer is not an easy task and involves many drawbacks.
The sensitivity of quantum computing systems to extreme temperatures is one of the main drawbacks.
In order for the system to function properly, it must be near absolute zero temperature, which poses a major engineering challenge.
Moreover, quantum bit quality is not where it needs to be.
After a given number of instructions, qubits can produce inaccurate results, and quantum computers lack error correction to solve this problem.
Because of the number of wires or lasers required to make each qubit, keeping control is difficult, especially if the goal is to create a chip with a million qubits.
And quantum computing is very expensive: the cost of a single qubit can be as high as $10,000 or so.
Finally, if standard information systems and encryption methods are used for malicious purposes, they will be overwhelmed by the processing power of quantum computers.
These computers ’ reliance on the principles of quantum physics allows them to decrypt the most secure data (e.g., bank records, government secrets, and internet / email passwords).
Cryptography experts around the world will need to develop encryption techniques that can withstand possible attacks from quantum computers.
Impact of Quantum Computing on Higher Education
The education community is always looking for new opportunities for growth and prosperity.
Many higher education institutions have begun extensive research into quantum computing, using the unique properties of quantum physics to usher in a new era of technology, including computers capable of performing currently impossible computations, ultra-secure quantum networks, and exotic new quantum materials.
Oxford University
Researchers at the University of Oxford are interested in quantum research because of its huge potential in areas such as healthcare, finance and security.
The university is recognized worldwide as a pioneer in the field of quantum science.
Oxford and York universities demonstrate first working pure state NMR quantum computer
Harvard University
Researchers at Harvard University have established a community group, the Harvard Quantum Initiative for Science and Engineering, with the goal of making significant progress in science and engineering related to quantum computers and their applications.
According to research conducted by the group, the “second quantum revolution ” will build on the first quantum revolution, which is responsible for the development of global communications, technologies such as GPS flight, and medical breakthroughs such as magnetic resonance imaging.
University of Maryland
Researchers from the University of Maryland's Department of Physics, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and the Physical Sciences Laboratory are part of the Joint Quantum Institute "dedicated to the goal of controlling and utilizing quantum systems."
Institute of Technology
MIT researchers have built a quantum computer and are working on areas such as quantum algorithms and complexity, quantum information theory, measurement and control, and applications and connectivity.
University of California, Berkeley
Researchers at the Center for Quantum Computing and Information at the University of California, Berkeley are working on basic quantum algorithms, cryptography, information theory, quantum control, and experiments with quantum computers and quantum devices.
University of Chicago Quantum Exchange
Researchers at the University of Chicago Quantum Exchange are focusing on developing new ways to understand and utilize the laws of quantum mechanics. CQE encourages collaboration, joint projects and information exchange between research groups and collaborating institutions.
China University of Science and Technology
Researchers at the University of Science and Technology of China are exploring quantum optics and quantum information.
Areas of major interest include quantum foundations, free space and fiber-based quantum communication, superconducting quantum computing, supercooled atomic quantum simulations, and quantum metrology theory and theory-related concepts.
One broad impact on higher education is that quantum computing will open up new careers for tomorrow ’ s students.
In addition, this technology will allow for accurate forecasting of the overall growth of the job market and the demand for skilled and knowledgeable workers in all fields.
In the near future, the power of quantum computing will be unleashed on machine learning.
In the field of education, quantum-driven algorithms will make informed decisions about student learning and deficiencies, just as quantum computing promises to revolutionize medical classification and diagnosis.
In addition, quantum computing will power a new era of individual learning, knowledge and achievement.
This will be achieved by processing large amounts of student data in a timely manner, and quantum computers may eventually have the ability to control programs designed to accommodate students ’ unique achievements and abilities, as well as backfilling specific areas where students may need help.
These aspects of quantum computing are critical to achieving the goal of truly personalized learning.
Through the cloud, you can access any of the relatively small number of physical quantum subcomputers in the world.
These computers include the 20 + IBM Quantum System One, which is currently installed more in the United States, Germany and Japan, and more are planned in the United States, South Korea and Canada.
Anyone with an internet connection can log on to a quantum computer and be educated on the basics of quantum programming.
For example, IBM offers a variety of quantum-centric education programs, including access to quantum computers, teaching support, summer schools, and hackathons.
The IBM Quantum Educator and Investigator Program and Qubit ’ s “Introduction to Quantum Computing ” are just two examples of quantum computing resources that are accessible to educators and students alike.
Such initiatives are absolutely necessary.
Colleges and universities around the world need to collaborate to bridge the current knowledge gap in quantum education and prepare the next generation of scientists and engineers.
04 、 Conclusion
The quantum computing revolution is happening.
We have just entered a new era of computing.
Next generation computing is not the next generation of hardware, but the next generation of algorithms and computing
Quantum computers use quantum mechanics principles to solve problems.
Compared to classical computers, the state of a quantum system is inherently probabilistic.
This means that quantum computers can handle many times more computations than conventional computers.
05, extended reading
The main players in quantum computing can be divided into four categories: the first category is international technology giants, such as IBM, Google, Honeywell, etc.; the second category is quantum computing startups, such as Rigetti, IonQ, etc.; the third category is national scientific research institutes, such as Fermilab, Argonne National Laboratory, and the Institute of Quantum Information and Quantum Technology Innovation. University of Cambridge, University of Science and Technology of China, Harvard University, etc.
Today's quantum computers can only deal with one or a few aspects of the problem, and they have not yet reached the level of generality.
Quantum technology companies not only need to invest heavily in developing quantum computers, but also need to have many researchers designing and manufacturing quantum hardware and software to support these machines.
In the future, general quantum computers need to work on the underlying quantum physics equipment, quantum computer architecture, quantum resource scheduling, upper quantum programming language, quantum algorithms and quantum application software.
The following are typical representatives of the quantum computing industry regarding the latest technological and commercial advances in quantum computing.
The information provided herein is for general guidance and informational purposes only, and the contents of this article should not be considered investment, business, legal or tax advice under any circumstances.
This article is from the WeChat public account: new research (ID: chuxinyanjiu), author: Yousef Fazea, compiled by: Tang Shi
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Title:

Content: IBM announced “Eagle,” the world’s fastest quantum processor, with a speed unbeatable by any traditional computer today.

Within the framework of IBM Quantum Summit 2021, IBM presented Eagle, the most powerful quantum processor in the world. With 127 quantum bits (qubits) it promises to vastly exceed the processing power of traditional computers.

Until now, the fastest quantum processor in the world was the Jiuzhang 2.0 from China with a power of 113 qubits. There was also the Bristlecone from Google with 72 qubits and the Hummingbird from IBM with 65 qubits. The 127 qubits of Eagle They leave behind any quantum processor and represent a huge leap to exceed the processing speed of the processors used in traditional computers. However, what does this power measured in qubits mean?

What does the power in qubits of quantum processors mean?

Computers with quantum processors are so named because they draw on the world of quantum physics to increase the computing power in data processing. A classical computer stores and processes data in bits that are represented by a zero or a one. On the contrary, and because their code is non-binary, quantum processors, in addition to presenting a state of “zero” or “one”, can also be superimposed on both at the same time. In this way, they achieve a power that is measured in the number of qubits.

Read:  These 11 new games get touch controls on xCloud

The entrails of the Eagle from IBM They incorporate a single-layer architecture, which the technology company says reduces error rates. On the other hand, it is presented as the first processor with a power beyond the reach of “traditional supercomputers”, a milestone that IBM calls “quantum advantage”. In fact, IBM declares that recreating one of the states of Eagle in a traditional computer it would require more classical bits than the total number of atoms in each person on Earth.

What if Eagle represented a huge leap in terms of data processing, the company announced that in 2022 it plans to launch Quantum odyssey 433 qubits and Quantum condor of 1,121 qubits in 2023.

Title:

Content: <img height="1" width="1" style="display:none" src="https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=1126676760698405&ev=PageView&noscript=1">
Home Business Wire PsiQuantum publishes paper projecting a 700x reduction in the computational resource requirements...

PsiQuantum publishes paper projecting a 700x reduction in the computational resource requirements for breaking Elliptic Curve Cryptography using a fault tolerant quantum computer

PsiQuantum’s latest paper describes a more efficient method to break Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) which is widely used for secure communications. This approach uses techniques especially applicable to photonic architectures, and reduces the number of gate operations required to break an ECC key by up to 80% as well as a 700x reduction in computation time relative to the state-of-the-art quantum algorithms.

PALO ALTO, Calif.–(BUSINESS WIRE)–PsiQuantum announced today in a new publication, a thorough resource count for how large a quantum computer is needed to impact a commonly used cryptosystem – namely Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) – considering a novel fault-tolerant quantum computing architecture that the company recently introduced1. This active volume architecture leverages long-range connections within the quantum computer and results in a 700x reduction in the computational resource requirements for breaking ECC keys relative to state-of-the-art quantum algorithms. This is also orders of magnitude less time to compute than the billions of years required by conventional computers to perform the equivalent task for a 256-bit ECC key.

Secure digital communications, which underpin our modern use of the internet, rests on the success of public-key cryptographic systems. These cryptographic systems work by allowing a user to provide a public key, with which anyone can securely encode messages to them. These messages can then only be decoded with a secret private key held by the user. These keys for encoding and decoding are built from mathematical operations which are easy to apply (for the encoding), but hard to reverse (for the decoding). The difficulty of the decoding relies on the fact that reversing these mathematical operations is an impractically time-consuming task for conventional computers.

Two prominent such schemes are RSA and elliptic curve cryptography (ECC). In RSA, the mathematical operation used to provide the public and private keys centers around the ease of multiplying two prime numbers, compared with the difficulty of the inverse process – recovering these prime factors. The approach taken by ECC is a little more obscure, but the concept is similar. Public key encoding can be performed using a mathematical operation known as elliptic curve point multiplication, and reversing this process to decode the messages is hard without information contained in a private key.

Both RSA and ECC keys could be easily broken using large-scale quantum computers. Algorithms have been discovered for quantum computers that can, unlike conventional computers, efficiently reverse the mathematical operations at the heart of RSA and ECC. Several research papers have explored quantum algorithms for the generation of RSA and ECC keys in the past decades. Surprisingly, although it involves more mathematically complex operations, breaking 256-bit ECC keys is easier than breaking 2048-bit RSA keys, thanks to the shorter keys needing fewer resource-intensive arithmetic operations.

In this paper, PsiQuantum uncovered architecture-independent improvements to existing ECC quantum algorithms that reduce the number of gates required for breaking ECC keys by up to 80%. The team also conducted a resource estimate for implementing ECC quantum algorithms using PsiQuantum’s newly unveiled active volume architecture technique (read more) which led to a reduction in the number of quantum operations needed to crack an ECC key by up to 700x.

The active volume compilation technique is especially applicable to photonic architectures, like that of PsiQuantum’s. This is because the technique relies on the ability to have long-range connections within the quantum computer and currently only photonic architectures have this feature. Unlike matter-based qubits such as ion traps or superconducting qubits, photons have the ability to be easily non-locally connected using conventional optical fiber, as widely used in the telecommunications industry.

So, are all our secrets at immediate risk of being stolen? Not yet. Despite these breakthroughs, cracking 256-bit ECC keys still requires quantum computers having millions of physical qubits. Even though photonic quantum computers can reduce the size of the required system, this still requires a machine much larger than what we have today. Nevertheless, researchers are actively preparing for that eventuality with the development of post-quantum cryptography schemes such as lattice cryptography, and the recommendation of using longer RSA or ECC keys in the meantime. These approaches are suspected to be secure against quantum algorithms, and moreover other developing technologies can actually offer encryption schemes that are provably secure against quantum algorithms.

Prof. Terry Rudolph, Chief Architect and Co-Founder at PsiQuantum, said:

“These results illustrate a characteristic property of the field of quantum computing, which is that while much progress is made through slow and painful incremental development, it is also not surprising to see huge leaps forward by an order of magnitude or more. Because of this unpredictability, as well as the high potential impact of the technology, companies and organizations which are developing quantum computers carry a serious responsibility to ensure that quantum computing is deployed in a responsible and appropriately transparent way. This is why we are choosing to publish our methods in the public domain.”

VADM (Ret.) Robert D. Sharp, former Director of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, said:

“I applaud and am comforted by PsiQuantum’s relentless commitment to ensuring that we maintain our competitive edge in strategic technologies like quantum computing; one with such widespread applications and – arguably – some of the most profound national security implications the US and our allies will face this century. Beyond being impressed by what the company is doing, I appreciate how thoughtfully and strategically they’re doing it – learning rapidly and iteratively, and approaching the technology as a committed and transparent partner to the US and allied governments as they reach critical milestones.”

About PsiQuantum

Powered by breakthroughs in silicon photonics and fault-tolerant quantum architecture, PsiQuantum is building the first utility-scale quantum computer to solve some of the world’s most important challenges. PsiQuantum’s approach is based on single-photon qubits, which have significant advantages at the scale required to deliver a fault-tolerant, general-purpose quantum computer. With their photonic chips manufactured in a world-leading semiconductor fab, PsiQuantum is uniquely positioned to deliver quantum capabilities reaching the scale needed to drive advances in climate technologies, pharmaceuticals, healthcare, finance, energy, agriculture, transportation, communications, and beyond. To learn more, visit www.psiquantum.com.

Follow PsiQuantum: LinkedIn

Link to paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08585

© 2023 PsiQuantum. PsiQuantum and the PsiQuantum logo are registered or pending registration trademarks of PsiQuantum, Corp., in the United States and other countries.

1 https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08585

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Tel: +1 (512) 554-9718

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Content: People 's Daily Online > > Economy and Technology
New superconducting qubit "unicorn" launched
Quantum logic gates with 99.9% confidence
Liu Xia
November 17, 2022 07: 12 | Source: Science and Technology Daily
Small number
Original title: New superconducting qubit "unicorn" launched
An artistic diagram of a single "unicorn" qubit located inside a quantum processor.
Source: Physicists Network
Science and Technology Daily Beijing, November 16 (Reporter Liu Xia) Scientists from Aalto University, European quantum computing company IQM and Finnish National Technology Research Center published a paper in the latest issue of Nature Communications magazine that they have developed a new superconducting qubit "unicorn", aiming to improve the accuracy of quantum computing, and achieve quantum logic gates with 99.9% confidence using "unicorns". Milestones, the latest research is expected to advance the application of quantum computers.
Superconducting qubits are leading the way in all the different ways of building quantum computers, but the design methods and technical performance of superconducting qubits currently used are not enough to provide practical applications, and researchers have been looking for more precise qubits to make quantum computing better at solving practical problems.
In the latest research, the research team introduced a new superconducting qubit “unicorn ” that inherits several advantages: increased non-harmonicity, complete insensitivity to DC charge noise, reduced sensitivity to magnetic noise, and simple structure consisting only of a single Josephson junction in the resonator.
The team implemented a 13-nanosecond single-qubit gate on three different “unicorn ” qubits, with confidence ranging from 99.8% to 99.9%.
The researchers explain that because the “unicorn ” qubits are more non-harmonic or non-linear than the“ transporter ” qubits that have received much attention in recent years, they can operate faster and thus reduce errors per operation.
To demonstrate the “unicorn, ” the team designed and built chips, each consisting of three“ unicorn ” qubits.
They used niobium as a superconducting material, with the exception of Josephson junctions, where superconducting leads were made of aluminum.
The researchers say that the first “unicorn ” qubit performs well, providing a lot of room for further optimization and major breakthroughs, and the next goal is to further improve its design, manufacturing materials and gate time to break through the 99.99% fidelity goal, achieve useful quantum advantage and effective quantum error correction in noisy systems, and demonstrate a logic gate consisting of two qubits.
(Edited by: Luo Zhi, Chen Jian)
Public Number ： People 's Network Finance
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Content: Britain snubs EU and strikes deal with US, Japan and Aus to develop 'tech of tomorrow'

BREXIT BRITAIN appears to have snubbed the EU and will pump £17million into a deal to cooperate with international partners and develop the "technologies of tomorrow".

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George Freeman claims EFTA is the best alternative Brexit plan

The deal will see the UK work with the likes of NASA and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the US to Australia’s University of Sydney, Japan’s Riken and the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology in Germany. They will address a number of technology challenges including monitoring Earth’s emissions and climate. The 12 projects are funded by a £17million investment from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), part of UK Research and Innovation (UKRI).

A team from Durham University, Imperial College London and the University of Oxford will also work with US collaborators on quantum computing.

They will use ultra0cold molecules as the building blocks on the revolutionary technology.

Researchers at the Universities of Sheffield, Strathclyde and Bath will work with Harvard and MIT scientists to develop advanced visible light communications.

It is a new form of communication network which could provide bandwidth three times larger than conventional WiFi or 5G.

The UK appears to have snubbed the EU (Image: GETTY)

The UK will work with NASA on climate change (Image: GETTY)

Researchers at the University of Leeds will work with the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology in Germany and the Rosalind Franklin Institute.

They will develop a new, faster, way to create better medicines to treat conditions ranging from cancer to infectious diseases.

A project team from Newcastle and Cardiff universities in the UK will work with the University of Sydney and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation in Australia.

Their project aims to ensure electric vehicles using the Internet are protected from cyber-attacks.

READ MORE: China humiliated as 'zero Covid' strategy backfires – Xi's plans crippled by new outbreak

Quantum computing will also feature (Image: GETTY)

It comes after the EU blocked the UK's access to Horizon Europe – its £80billion key research and innovation project that the UK was set to contribute £15billion to.

The bloc demanded that Brexit disputes be resolved before Britain could re-join, despite its participation being a feature EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement.

Science Minister George Freeman previously warned that if the EU "stands in our way, we are ready with a seamless transition to something just as good, or better."

And now it looks like he has got the ball rolling.

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They will also work on revolutionary medicine (Image: GETTY)

Electric vehicles will be central to the plans (Image: GETTY)

On the new deal, he said: "From improving cancer treatment and generating clean growth to designing the communication networks of tomorrow, UK science, technology and innovation is developing pioneering solutions to some of the world’s greatest challenges.

"These 12 international projects will harness the expertise of the UK’s world-leading researchers and global collaborators, helping us accelerate our path to an innovation nation and underline our position as a science superpower."

EPSRC Executive Chair Professor Dame Lynn Gladden added: "From better, cheaper medicines to powerful quantum computers and next-generation communications networks, these new technologies have the potential to transform the way we live.

"By bringing together world-leading researchers to deliver ground-breaking science and engineering solutions, these projects will generate impact that will be felt across all of society."

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Content: Recently, scholars from the Chinese Academy of Sciences announced the results of quantum computing research, announced that superconducting quantum computing and optical quantum computer Zuchongzhi No. 2 achieved a record computing performance, and German experts said that China has at least matched the Western level in this basic research field.
However, the current global quantum computer is still in the prototype stage, and the actual application is far from.
"German Voice" pointed out that Chinese scholars recently published a paper claiming that its newly developed 66 qubits (Qubits) programmable superconducting quantum computer Zuchunzhi No. 2, achieved record computing performance, 10 million times faster than the fastest supercomputer currently, and the computational complexity is 1 million times higher than Google's superconducting quantum computer prototype Sycamore.
In 2019, Google ’ s 54-qubit Suzuki became the world ’ s first quantum computer to achieve “quantum supremacy ” (Quantum Supremacy), significantly surpassing the performance of traditional supercomputers.
However, Suzuki can only handle some very abstract specific tasks, and there is still a lot of distance from the daily application scenarios.
According to the research and development team, the difficulty of handling the task is 2-3 orders higher than that of Suzuki.
Pan Jianwei, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences who led this research, said that the next step will be to solve quantum error correction, so as to explore the use of quantum computing to solve some scientific problems of great application value.
The report said that Pan's team also launched the optical quantum computing prototype 9 Chapter 2, which has the computing power per millisecond equivalent to 300 billion years of traditional supercomputers.
However, for the time being, Chapter 2 can only deal with specific tasks and is not yet suitable for practical application.
German experts said that in the past, the Trump administration's sanctions against Chinese technology can only be temporary measures, and they must strengthen their competitiveness in the long run.
In recent years, China has achieved a global leading position in the field of quantum technology. In 2020, Pan Jianwei ’ s team and scholars from international scientific research institutions such as Oxford University achieved unrelenting quantum secret communication based on quantum entanglement between two ground stations separated by thousands of kilometers.
These scientists also used the Mozi quantum communication experiment satellite as a quantum entanglement source, for the first time to achieve the distribution of quantum keys between two places thousands of kilometers apart.
The latest research results of quantum computing have been rated by Kristel Michielsen, a professor of physics at Aachen University and an expert in quantum communication at the Ulrich Research Center for Supercomputing in Germany, as “at least up to the level of quantum computing in the West. ”
However, Pan stressed that his team ’ s Zuchong II has 66 qubits, so its performance is four times that of a 54 qubit Google Suspension.
Neither of the two prototypes used their maximum computing power when handling the experimental task.
Pan Jianwei pointed out that the current quantum computing prototype error rate is still too high, so it can not be put into the actual application scenario.
The stability of qubits remains a major challenge for researchers around the world.
Michelson said that first to try to make high-quality qubits and quantum logic gates, but to keep them stable, it can only last 30 to 95 milliseconds, and scientists are fighting for the moment to let quantum computers handle experimental tasks.
Source: China ’ s quantum computing technology “at least parity with the West ”
# Quantum Computing # Quantum Bit # Quantum Computer # Zu Chong No.2 # Prototype

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Content: Quantum technology, known as the powerful engine of next-generation technology, has become increasingly competitive in recent years. According to an article published by Korean media on quantum information technology, quantum technology is not only fiercely competitive, but the scale of investment is also rapidly increasing.
However, according to statistics, in addition to sweeping half of the world's quantum technology patents, China ranks first in the world in the scale of investment in quantum information technology.
According to a South Korean media report, China's basic science and system research and development force of quantum information technology is rapidly growing and has become a competitor on par with the United States and Europe.
And to achieve this kind of technological leap, can not be separated from huge investment.
The data shows that China ranks first in the world in terms of investment in quantum information technology and has built the world ’ s largest quantum laboratory.
As of 2022, China ’ s investment in quantum information technology has reached $15.3 billion, far exceeding Europe ’ s $8.4 billion and the United States ’ $3.7 billion.
South Korean media cited China's often used "curve overtaking" strategy, and pointed out that the rapid development of electric vehicles in recent years as an example, in the 1980s, mainland enterprises officially entered the commercial vehicle industry, and imitated Germany, the United States and other developed countries.
However, with the fastest perception of automotive electrification trends and bold push, China has successfully entered the leading group of global electric vehicles.
The article pointed out that if it is said that in the field of electric vehicles, China and the United States and Europe have launched a parallel competition, in the field of quantum information technology as a future technology, China is also playing a competitive role with the United States and Europe.
Judging from the global patent application volume on quantum information technology, China is leading the world with its huge investment.
At present, China's patent applications account for 52.3%, which has an absolute advantage.
After China, it is followed by Japan (13.8%), the European Union (13.8%), the United States (10%), and South Korea (3.6%).
Looking at the breakdown, China has an absolute advantage in quantum computer patents (52.8% of the world's total), quantum communication (43.2% of the world's total), and quantum sensing (56.6% of the world's total), especially in quantum cryptographic communication.
Source: China has swept half of the world ’ s quantum technology patent investment scale is the world ’ s first
# Quantum # Technology # China # Patent # Quantity

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Content: Quantum computing expert Ilana Wisby explains how next-generation processing power can help operators revolutionize network management by significantly reducing the time required for complex computing.
The CEO and founder of Oxford Quantum Circuits (pictured) said in a keynote speech that the core rules of quantum entanglement can be used to form the basics of algorithms covering optimization, machine learning and simulation, helping to shorten the time needed to solve various problems.
Algorithms can provide solutions that are “impossible in today ’ s concept ”“ in an instant ” rather than thousands of years.
Using the puzzle of calculating how many cities a traveling salesperson can go to in the shortest amount of time, Wisby explains that while this is “somewhat solvable, ” at some point it will take“ longer than the total time known to the universe. ”
In the quantum state, the algorithm can "effectively encode this to an optimized problem", is a solvable problem, and can "significantly shorten the computation time".
Of course, Wisby believes that quantum computing can bring a wide range of benefits to society, but he also stresses that the challenges surrounding security and ethics remain prominent.

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Content: Newswise — Quantum researchers at the University of Bristol have dramatically reduced the time to simulate an optical quantum computer, with a speedup of around one billion over previous approaches.

Quantum computers promise exponential speedups for certain problems, with potential applications in areas from drug discovery to new materials for batteries. But quantum computing is still in its early stages, so these are long-term goals. Nevertheless, there are exciting intermediate milestones on the journey to building a useful device. One currently receiving a lot of attention is “quantum advantage”, where a quantum computer performs a task beyond the capabilities of even the world’s most powerful supercomputers.

Experimental work from the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) was the first to claim quantum advantage using photons - particles of light, in a protocol called "Gaussian Boson Sampling" (GBS). Their paper claimed that the experiment, performed in 200 seconds, would take 600 million years to simulate on the world's largest supercomputer.

Taking up the challenge, a team at the University of Bristol’s Quantum Engineering Technology Labs (QET Labs), in collaboration with researchers at Imperial College London and Hewlett Packard Enterprise, have reduced this simulation time down to just a few months, a speedup factor of around one billion.

Their paper “The boundary for quantum advantage in Gaussian boson sampling”, published today in the journal Science Advances, comes at a time when other experimental approaches claiming quantum advantage, such as from the quantum computing team at Google, are also leading to improved classical algorithms for simulating these experiments.

Joint first author Jake Bulmer, PhD student in QET Labs, said: “There is an exciting race going on where, on one side, researchers are trying to build increasingly complex quantum computing systems which they claim cannot be simulated by conventional computers. At the same time, researchers like us are improving simulation methods so we can simulate these supposedly impossible to simulate machines!”

“As researchers develop larger scale experiments, they will look to make claims of quantum advantage relative to classical simulations. Our results will provide an essential point of comparison by which to establish the computational power of future GBS experiments,” said joint first author, Bryn Bell, Marie Curie Research Fellow at Imperial College London, now Senior Quantum Engineer at Oxford Quantum Circuits.

The team’s methods do not exploit any errors in the experiment and so one next step for the research is to combine their new methods with techniques that exploit the imperfections of the real-world experiment. This would further speed up simulation time and build a greater understanding of which areas require improvements.

“These quantum advantage experiments represent a tremendous achievement of physics and engineering. As a researcher, it is exciting to contribute to the understanding of where the computational complexity of these experiments arises. We were surprised by the magnitude of the improvements we achieved – it is not often that you can claim to find a one-billion-fold improvement!” said Jake Bulmer.

Anthony Laing, co-Director of QET Labs and an author on the work, said: “As we develop more sophisticated quantum computing technologies, this type of work is vital. It helps us understand the bar we must get over before we can begin to solve problems in clean energy and healthcare that affect us all. The work is a great example of teamwork and collaboration among researchers in the UK Quantum Computing and Simulation Hub and Hewlett Packard Enterprise.”

Further information

The Quantum Engineering Technology Labs (QET Labs) The QET Labs at the University of Bristol launched in April 2015 and encompass the activity of over 100 academics, staff and students. The aim is to maximise opportunities for new scientific discoveries that underpin engineering and technology development. The QET Labs bring together the Quantum Engineering Centre for Doctoral Training (QE-CDT), the Quantum Technology Enterprise Centre (QTEC) and the research teams of their staff and students. Working together, we aim to transform science into real concept demonstrators and entrepreneurial innovation that will be the springboard for the commercial success of quantum technologies.

Bristol Quantum Information Institute

Quantum information and its translation into technologies is one of the most exciting research activities in science and technology today. Long at the forefront of the growing worldwide activity in this area, the Bristol Quantum Information Institute crystallises our research across the entire spectrum, from theory to technology. With our expert cross-disciplinary team, including founders of the field, we have expertise in all major areas of theoretical quantum information science and in experiment. We foster partnerships with the private sector and provide superb teaching and training for the future generation of quantum scientists and engineers and the prototypes of tomorrow.

The Quantum Computing & Simulation Hub

The Quantum Computing & Simulation Hub (QCS) is a collaboration between 17 UK universities, working with an extensive network of academic, industrial, and governmental partners. It is one of four hubs in the UK National Quantum Technologies Programme, which represents £1 billion of public and private investment to accelerate the translation of quantum technologies into the marketplace. The Hub is focused on the critical research challenges for quantum computing, across a broad range of hardware and software disciplines. As well as addressing the technical challenges in providing quantum computing and simulation at scale, the Hub engages with industries, end users, government, and citizens to help the UK become ‘quantum ready’. For more information visit https://www.qcshub.org

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India is not too late in quantum computing: Tata Institute of Fundamental Research's Rajamani Vijayaraghavan

Investment in quantum tech has crossed $36 billion globally. It is billed to be the next big thing in tech after semiconductors and artificial intelligence. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) scientist says India is lagging, but can catch up

April 06, 2023 / 11:23 AM IST

Professor Rajamani Vijayaraghavan

When Professor Rajamani Vijayaraghavan was not present at a quantum tech conference in New Delhi last week, he was missed by his peers.

As scientists, bureaucrats, military officers and startup executives gathered for a conversation on the way forward for India’s quantum technology ambitions, the general feeling was that Vijayaraghavan should have been there.

Quantum computing taps the unique behaviour of quantum physics to solve certain problems that are too complex for traditional computing.

If semiconductor technology was the first giant leap in computing and Artificial Intelligence is the current disruptor, it is probably going to be quantum technology next. Quantum computing, conceived by Nobel Prize-winning physicist Richard Feynman in the early 1980s, was mostly studied in university labs in the US and Europe until the turn of the millennium.

As advances took place, tech behemoths like Google, International Business Machines (IBM) and Intel threw their hat in the ring with billions of dollars in investment. According to an estimate, China has invested $15 billion even as global funding in the technology has topped $36 billion.

At the New Delhi conclave last week, a senior defence official said the wars of the future will be fought on the quantum front. While sizeable quantum computers do not yet exist, the fear among governments and industry is that it will be a Y2K moment once the technology comes to life.

Apart from strategic affairs, quantum tech is also expected to play a central role in areas like drug discovery, financial modelling, weather forecasting and fighting climate change.

Moneycontrol spoke with Professor Vijayaraghavan, a quantum computing scientist at Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) who returned to the country a decade ago after studying at the universities of Cambridge, Yale and Berkeley, to take stock of India’s progress in the area.

Edited excerpts:

At the quantum tech conclave in Delhi last week, it seemed as though most Indian quantum start-ups are working on secure communications rather than quantum computing. Why so?

See, in terms of the technology required for doing quantum key distribution (for secure communications), or associated areas like quantum random number generators, it is now fairly well developed internationally. Also, the essential tools and core pieces of hardware and things you need are relatively low-cost and easily available, compared to quantum computing.

If you shift to quantum computing, even if you just take a very basic estimate, it needs about a million dollars just to set up a very basic lab. This was the kind of funding that was given to me when I started in TIFR about 10 years ago, just to have a very basic setup and do simple experiments.

I'm not even talking about the resources you need to develop prototypes and technology. And even this $1 million is an underestimate, because there are other facilities, which were already existing in the institute for device fabrication, clean rooms, and other tools. If I count all of those, then you are talking about a couple of million dollars, at the very least, to get started.

Now, of course, a company could hire these resources from other places. But such facilities don't exist in India, and as of now, even internationally, they are limited, where a company with no infrastructure of their own, but just the idea and expertise could go to a place and say, hey, you know, here is my design, manufacture this for me, and we will put it together.

Experts say that India first missed the bus in taking a lead in semiconductor technology and now even in artificial intelligence. They say it is now or never if we want to be leaders in quantum computing. What is your take?

I broadly agree with it, but let me expand on that. Before something becomes close to technology, there is decades of basic research where they are not even thinking about technology. I started my PhD in the year 2001, i.e. over 22 years back. And that was a turning point when the field of quantum computing was taking off. That was on the back of basic research in quantum computing from the 1980s.

It is absolutely true that if you want to do this, you have to do it now. And with this particular technology, we are not so far behind. Barring a few areas where things have sort of more or less been figured out, we still need several breakthroughs. Even though it looks like IBM has reached so many qubits (a qubit is the basic unit of information in quantum computing) and Google that many, they still don't have a useful quantum computer today. None of these quantum computers that exist anywhere in the world are really useful in the sense that they can replace something to do the work much better.

At how many qubits do you think we can solve real world problems better than existing supercomputers?

It really depends on what you mean by qubits. So there is this notion of physical qubits and logical qubits. The difference is that physical qubits are unstable. Unlike conventional bits in our regular computers, which are extremely stable, and you don't have to worry about them at all, these things are not stable. They actually randomly change their state and give rise to errors. And this happens over a certain timescale, which can be as short as 10s of microseconds or a few milliseconds.

Today’s quantum computers are essentially limited in how long you can use them, or essentially, what is the longest calculation you can run before you can't trust the results of what the computer is outputting. This is a fundamental problem across all quantum computing platforms today. There are some clear paths to solve this, but it is not clear which particular method would win.

And this is where I want to go back to my earlier point that India is not too late. If we invest now, we could create those breakthroughs that can make this technology useful. If enough people start working, and it's not just one or two people in the entire country, then you can hope that these breakthroughs can happen here. And then that will allow us to take a lead in some areas.

In your estimate, how many people are working on quantum computing in India vis-a-vis the US or other countries?

For superconducting qubit research, as of now, there are four people in India. I was the first one who started about 10 years ago, and then two others started maybe about six and four years ago, and one has just joined.

In the US, there are at least 20 or more academic labs, in addition to Google, IBM, or national labs like Fermilab, and I'm not even counting theoretical groups. Many of them have been working for over 20 years or so. And you know, similarly, in Europe, there will be at least 10 to 15 labs just in superconducting quantum computing.

If you look into some of the other subfields like trapped ion quantum computing, it's even smaller.

One of the major issues in advanced research is brain drain. Many of our best researchers still tend to settle abroad. Is more funding alone going to solve this to an extent? What tipped the scales for you to return?

Decisions about moving back to India can be very complicated, you know. There are all kinds of personal and professional reasons, but the point is very simple. You cannot attract someone to come to India to work in a field that requires a certain level of investment by telling them that we will not give it to you.

For me, I always wanted to come back to India and do something if it is possible. And once I finished my PhD, I started looking around and realised that there are lots of labs, which are fairly high-tech and at the cutting edge. Funding seemed to have improved in the previous few years or decade. It was important that I would be able to do the kind of research I was interested in doing rather than compromise. If that had not happened, I would have taken up a job abroad.

Has the funding scenario gotten better since then?

It's now becoming better, at least among the bigger institutes, but it's still quite a challenge. There is no real guarantee that you will get the kind of funding needed for experimental quantum research, and we are trying to solve this problem with the new funding programmes.

There is a reluctance to invest so much money in a new person. The idea of a startup grant is very clear in the West – your offer letter clearly says that you will get $1 million and you have to spend it in the next four to five years… everything is spelt out. We are not able to do that.  You have to keep your fingers crossed and hope for the best.

This actually does pose a barrier to entry because it's not competitive. If I have offers from an Indian institute, where everything is ambiguous, and some other foreign Institute, where everything is clearly spelt out, then it is very difficult to make a decision in favour of the former. Unless, of course, there are personal reasons to be in the country.

It should be a much more streamlined process for the government to disburse funds now as many new advanced research and academic institutes have come up. What are we missing here?

Oh, no. It is not easy at all. The bigger institutes have some advantages in terms of flexibility of using their funds, but it is not easy to get big grants. Currently, the amount that you can get for a standard Department of Science and Technology (DST) project is Rs 10 lakh-50 lakh. That’s the typical range. Special programmes can provide bigger funding but they are rare.

Usually, it is easier to get big funding when a new institute is being built to set up new facilities. From thereon, things get tougher as you reach a steady state. Look, you need investment if you want to work in quantum tech. Of course, one can make a call that ‘Okay, we cannot afford this research, so we will not do it.’ But if you want to, there is no other option, you have to find ways to support this.

A few years back, the DST started a programme called QUEST (Quantum Enabled Science and Technology) where 50 scientists got funded with a combined funding of about Rs 200 crores. It was the first major effort in funding quantum tech research where an individual group could have hoped to get something of the order of Rs. 5 to 10 crore, which is the minimum you need to set up a lab working in quantum tech.

Was this part of the Rs 8,000 crore quantum national mission announced in the 2020 budget?

No, this was a different programme where the first discussions started in 2017 and the money started coming in  2019-2020. Unfortunately, it was right in the middle of the pandemic, when you know, things were shut, and we couldn't spend the money. On top of that, as part of the pandemic-related things, the government made it very difficult to import things.

The National Mission on Quantum Technology and Applications (NMQTA) with a proposed budget of Rs 8,000 crore is expected to launch sometime soon. Probably, you know, in the next few months. We have been working on it.

Can you tell us more about the import policy?

It was introduced in the summer of 2020. This was not a science policy. This was a government procurement policy. You know, on the face of it, it seems like a good idea. They wanted to encourage Indian industry and push for self-reliance. On paper, it sounds great. And it might even work for certain types of government procurement.

They're basically saying that if you're supported by government funds, you have to prioritise Indian-manufactured goods. And the way they implemented it is by saying that if something costs more than Rs 5 lakh and you want to import it, you have to go through a new procedure and get a waiver before you can even float a global tender.

In the beginning, we were surprised, and we said, okay, maybe they just didn't think about scientific procurement. So, in a few months, they will fix it but it didn't happen. It took about six to seven months before some exception was given. But there is no blanket exception given for scientific procurement.

They reduced the number of signatures required by one and made some exceptions. Unfortunately, even there, because of a lack of clarity, every institute has interpreted the rules differently. And we are definitely facing a lot of problems still. In the best-case scenario, we are still wasting about three months just to get approval to import an item.

Does most scientific procurement happen from abroad?

The problem is to assume that there is an Indian option and we are actively choosing not to use it. That is not the case for 99 percent or even more. It is a well-known fact that for scientific high-tech equipment, there is no manufacturing happening in India… there are no companies which exist. But, we have to now prove it with paperwork to get the waiver. Even if we invest Rs 8,000 crore, it won’t work if these kinds of policies are not fixed. We are wasting a bulk of the time just doing this paperwork, and not actually doing research.

It might be more fruitful if you create opportunities in the nation for companies to come together and manufacture at least some of the things in India. But, when you have not had a manufacturing base in a certain technology for decades, how can you start doing that overnight? And in many cases, it might not even make economic sense for a company because it's a niche market.

Is it possible for India to build an indigenous quantum computer?

In today's globalised world, nothing is going to be fully indigenous. For superconducting qubits, you can innovate the design of the chip and make it here, but the lithographic machines and dilution refrigerators have to come from outside.

There is a section which says we can just use quantum computing on the cloud that foreign tech companies provide. Isn’t there a possibility that the use cases of quantum on the cloud will be limited?

As I said earlier, none of the available quantum computers are doing anything useful better than classical computers at present. When it happens in the future, and it will, you might be able to use cloud-based systems for many applications. On one hand, we can continue to be just a leader in the software layer. One could decide that we will develop the best quantum software in the world, but we will never develop any hardware.

The problem really comes when you start talking about strategic applications – whether the cloud company will provide you with the best systems they have access to. That's the fundamental question we have to ask ourselves.

We don’t have a quantum computer, but startups are providing a solution called quantum key distribution (QKD) for secure communications. How do we know it is really secure if they have not been tested against a quantum computing hack?

QKD fundamentally relies on the fact that if somebody tries to interfere, you will know. And the trick in any secret communication is that if two parties can exchange a key without anybody else knowing, then the information you transmit using encoding based on that key is secure. Quantum key distribution is a method where the laws of physics guarantee that the key you have exchanged has not been intercepted by anybody else. Because the moment somebody intercepts, you will know and you will discard that key. It cannot be broken by even a quantum computer. So you don't need to test it against a quantum computer.

A bureaucrat was saying that enterprises are concerned that they might be sold classical computing solutions in the garb of quantum tech. So the government is trying to bring a quantum certification programme. Would it have the bandwidth to do such accreditation?

You have to look at this slightly differently. There are things in quantum which are impossible in classical. So if whatever you're purchasing is actually carrying out that task, it cannot do it the classical way. And if there are applications where both classical and quantum can do that, then it is unclear why you would bother unless there is a cost advantage or a performance advantage for the quantum solution.

As a business or an enterprise that wants some problem solved, you will put the problem statement, and the quantum company will say this is the solution. So, why do you care what is inside? The bureaucrat was probably referring to quantum communication systems where you want some central body to verify that the system is really secure and meets certain standards. I believe the government is setting up such bodies for various quantum technologies.

Deepsekhar Choudhury Deepsekhar covers tech and startups at Moneycontrol. Tweets at @deepsekharc

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Content: IBM to explore 433 qubit and 1,121 qubit chips in 2022
2021 / 11 / 15 14: 44: 17 Source: ijiwei Author: holly Editor: Wang Miao
IBM said Monday it has designed a new quantum computing chip that its executives believe will allow quantum systems to start outperforming conventional computers on certain tasks within the next two years
According to a Reuters report, IBM said its “Eagle ” computing chip has 127 so-called qubits that can represent information in quantum form.
Whereas the "bit" used by traditional computers must be 1 or 0, qubits can be 1 and 0 at the same time.
This fact may make quantum computers much faster than conventional computers, but qubits are extremely difficult to manufacture and require huge, low-temperature refrigerators to function properly.
IBM pointed out that the new technology learned in the manufacturing of chips at its New York state plant, combined with other advanced technologies for quantum computer cooling and control systems, will eventually produce more qubits.
The company said on Monday it plans to produce 433 qubit “Osprey ” chips and 1,121 qubit“ Condor ” chips by 2022.
By then, IBM says, the company will be close to what it calls “quantum advantage, ” the point where quantum computers can beat traditional computers.
“This does not mean that quantum computers will overtake traditional computers all at once.
Instead, IBM envisions a world where parts of a computing application run on traditional chips and parts run on quantum chips, depending on the best way to work on each task, ” said Darío Gil, IBM ’ s senior vice president and head of research. “We believe that we will demonstrate quantum advantage in the next few years. ”
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Content: IBM’s Quantum Computing Moves Could Put Industrial Space in Demand

IBM's quantum computing advancements and industrial collaborations are set to boost demand for specialized industrial spaces, transforming sectors like materials science and supply chain logistics.

IBM’s aggressive expansion in quantum computing is set to significantly impact various industries, potentially increasing the demand for industrial space. The company has been at the forefront of quantum research and development, advancing both its hardware and software capabilities. IBM’s recent developments in their Qiskit software stack, which includes over 100 updates, are aimed at enhancing the performance and usability of quantum circuits. These advancements are crucial for the optimization and execution of quantum algorithms, making them more accessible and practical for industrial applications.

Key Partnerships and Industrial Applications

IBM has partnered with major industry players to explore practical applications of quantum computing. For instance, Bosch has joined forces with IBM to utilize quantum computing for materials science research. This collaboration aims to develop new materials for applications such as electromobility and renewable energy, areas where classical computers fall short. The potential to design materials with higher energy efficiency and reduced resource consumption could revolutionize these sectors.

Impact on Supply Chain and Logistics

Quantum computing is poised to transform supply chain management by enhancing modeling capabilities. The complexity of supply chain models, which involve numerous variables, can be better managed with quantum computing. This technology promises to optimize logistics, improve data sharing security, and facilitate digital twin simulations. IBM’s quantum advancements could thus lead to more efficient and resilient supply chains, further driving the demand for industrial space to house these advanced computing facilities.

The Future of Quantum Computing

IBM’s roadmap includes the development of a 4,000-qubit system by 2025, which underscores the company’s commitment to scaling quantum computing capabilities. This modular architecture will enable the integration of quantum and classical computing resources, opening new frontiers in high-performance computing. As these systems become operational, industries will increasingly require specialized facilities to host and manage these advanced quantum computers, driving a surge in demand for industrial real estate.

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Vishal Jain

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Title:

Content: U.K. quantum computing startup Quantum Motion raises $50.5M

U.K. quantum computing company Quantum Motion has raised £42 million ($50.5 million) in an equity round of funding led by Bosch Ventures (RBVC), with participation from Porsche, the U.K. government's National Security Strategic Investment Fund (NSSIF), and a host of additional investors.

Quantum computing, for the uninitiated, builds on principles borrowed from quantum mechanics, with a focus on quantum bits (qubits) rather than atoms, promising to advance what's possible with computers by performing complex calculations in a fraction of the time. Use-cases may include accelerating new drug discoveries, or powering the vast amount of data processing required for AI applications.

"Quantum computers will think in totally different ways to computers today," Quantum Motion CEO James Palles-Dimmock explained to TechCrunch. "Problems that would take a supercomputer thousands of years to crack could be solved by a quantum computer in minutes. The earliest impact will be in areas related to materials science including energy materials, chemistry such as drug discovery, or optimization -- possibly stretching to logistics and transport."

Founded in 2017 by Professors John Morton and Simon Benjamin from UCL and Oxford University respectively, Quantum Motion is setting out to create "scalable quantum computers" through new quantum computing architectures that are compatible with established silicon processing.

As with normal computers, heat adversely impacts the qubits in quantum computing, meaning that quantum computers need to be kept very cold. Quantum Motion says it has designed integrated circuits that are capable of "generating, routing and processing signals at deep cryogenic temperatures," operating at just a few tenths of a degree above absolute zero.

"Our silicon-based quantum chips are typically a few millimetres across, and we expect that the cooling system required to operate the chip will have a form factor similar to a standard 19-inch server rack," Palles-Dimmock said. "Being able to show that our approach to quantum computing doesn't require data centres the size of football pitches, or vast CERN-type facilities, was one of the motivations behind our central London location."

Quantum Motion: working on dilution fridge Image Credits: Quantum Motion

Quantum leap

Quantum Motion's latest raise comes amidst a flurry of activity in the quantum computing space. In the past month alone we've seen French startup Pasqal raise €100 million, while Israel's Quantum Machines closed out its Series B round at $70 billion and Australia's Quantum Brilliance secured $18 million. Elsewhere over the past year, Finland's IQM, France's Alice&Bob, and U.K.-based Quantum Circuits have all raised sizeable chunks of VC cash.

Quantum Motion and its ilk are up against a host of competition in the big tech sphere too, including IBM which recently unveiled its 433 qubit Osprey quantum computer, while Google gained a new quantum computing sibling last year after Alphabet spun out Sandbox AQ as a standalone company, going on to raise $500 million in funding just last week. Elsewhere, other tech juggernauts such as Microsoft and Intel are also investing heavily in quantum.

So, what can Quantum Motion and its upstart brethren bring to the mix that the deep-pocketed behemoths can't?

"Compared to the big tech companies, our advantage is that we are agile, focused on a single goal and have a team that is comparable with the best in the world," Palles-Dimmock said. "We have a highly skilled team across multiple disciplines including IC (instrumentation and control) engineering, quantum theory, hardware and software, and deep relationships with world leading universities that helps us seek out that talent."

Quantum Motion CEO James Palles-Dimmock with co-founders Prof. John Morton (CTO), and Prof. Simon Benjamin (CSO) Image Credits: Quantum Motion

Quantum Motion had previously raised around $24 million in equity and grand funding, and with its fresh cash injection, the company said that it plans to accelerate its development of silicon quantum processors through forging "deeper ties" with manufacturers. Indeed, the startup's strategic investors including Bosch and Porsche provide some clue as to the impact that Quantum Motion is looking to have on industry -- quantum computing could transform battery technology as we know it, allowing scientists and researchers to simulate batteries to better understand what is going on at a molecular level to optimize materials and thus improve energy density.

But the true possibilities are effectively endless, and it's difficult to conceive just how transformative quantum computing will prove.

"Just like computing in the early 1960s, it was hard to predict just what amazing things computing would lead to, and yet it has revolutionised our society," Palles-Dimmock said. "It was only when computers got into the hands of people everywhere that we got really creative and pushed the boundaries of what computers can do. Quantum computing will be similar, we know that it will be transformative in areas like drug discovery, battery technology and more, but we won’t know just how transformative they’ll become until we get there."

It's worth noting that while quantum computing is advancing at breakneck speed, it's still in its relative infancy, and the fruits of all the current R&D labor we're seeing across the board may still be some years off.

"Many quantum computing companies exist today and they are all in R&D mode," Palles-Dimmock said. "Investors know it will take time. It may be the end of the decade before we have really impactful quantum computers. This raise enables us to strengthen our relationship with manufacturing partners and demonstrate prototypes that can scale to millions of qubits."

Quantum Motion's latest cash injection included contributions from Octopus Ventures, Oxford Sciences Enterprises, British Patient Capital, Inkef, Parkwalk Advisors, and IP Group.

Title:

Content: Breakthrough quantum computer instantly makes calculations that take rivals 47 years

Google claims to have proved its supremacy over conventional machines

Google has developed a quantum computer that instantly makes calculations that would take the best existing supercomputers 47 years, in a breakthrough meant to establish beyond doubt that the experimental machines can outperform conventional rivals.

A paper from researchers at Google published online claims that the company’s latest technology is “beyond the capabilities of existing classical supercomputers”.

Proponents of quantum computers say the technology, which relies on the peculiar states of quantum physics, can create hugely powerful machines able to battle climate change and create breakthrough drugs.

However, they also threaten to undermine today’s encryption systems, making them a national security priority.

Four years ago, Google claimed to be the first company to achieve “quantum supremacy” – a milestone point at which quantum computers surpass existing machines.

This was challenged at the time by rivals, which argued that Google was exaggerating the difference between its machine and traditional supercomputers.

The company’s new paper – Phase Transition in Random Circuit Sampling – published on the open access science website ArXiv, demonstrates a more powerful device that aims to end the debate.

While the 2019 machine had 53 qubits, the building blocks of quantum computers, the next generation device has 70.

Adding more qubits improves a quantum computer’s power exponentially, meaning the new machine is 241 million times more powerful than the 2019 machine.

The researchers said it would take Frontier, the world’s leading supercomputer, 6.18 seconds to match a calculation from Google’s 53-qubit computer from 2019. In comparison, it would take 47.2 years to match its latest one.

The researchers also claim that their latest quantum computer is more powerful than demonstrations from a Chinese lab which is seen as a leader in the field.

Google’s paper demonstrates how larger quantum computers can manage “noise” – interference that threatens to disrupt the fragile states in which qubits operate – to continue to make calculations.

The researchers said: “We conclude that our demonstration is firmly in the regime of beyond-classical quantum computation.”

The rival machines were measured on a randomisation task that critics say favour quantum computers and lack any practical value beyond academic study.

Steve Brierley, the chief executive of Cambridge-based quantum company Riverlane, said: “This is a major milestone. The squabbling about whether we had reached, or indeed could reach, quantum supremacy is now resolved.”

Sebastian Weidt, the chief executive of Brighton-based start-up Universal Quantum, said quantum computers needed to demonstrate more practical functions.

He said: “This is a very nice demonstration of quantum advantage. While a great achievement academically, the algorithm used does not really have real world practical applications though.

“We really must get to utility quantum computing – an era where quantum computers with many thousand qubits actually begin to deliver value to society in a way that classical computers never will be able to.”

Title:

Content: Science and Technology
Publish Date: August 16, 2021 13: 42 GMT
Updated Date: 16 Aug 2021 15: 00 GMT
New Scientific Breakthrough Promises Massive Increase in Processor Power
Researchers in Japan have made a discovery that could open up opportunities to combine classical and quantum computing techniques in new ways, leading to a massive increase in processing power.
+ A -A
Source: Amr Zanati - Eram News
Researchers in Japan have made a discovery that could open up opportunities to combine classical and quantum computing techniques in new ways, leading to a massive increase in processing power.
The team, led by Professor Takahiro Matsumoto of Nagoya City University, was investigating a concept called quantum entanglement, where the interaction between multiple particles is so that they can only be described in relation to each other.
Historically, scientists have found it difficult to manufacture quantum entanglement (which is fundamental to quantum computing) due to numerous engineering and logistical challenges.
Proton entanglement was previously observed in molecular hydrogen and plays an important role in a variety of scientific disciplines, however, entanglement was found only in gas or liquid phases, Matsumoto explained.
"Now, we have discovered quantum entanglement on a solid surface, which could lay the foundation for future quantum technologies."
According to the paper, the integration of a proton qubit (a fundamental unit of quantum information) with modern silicon technology “could lead to an organic union of classical and quantum computing platforms. ”
This could allow systems with far more qubits (10 ^ 6) than is currently possible (10 ^ 2) and thus significantly boost processing speeds across supercomputing applications.
On the importance of his team ’ s discovery, Matsumoto explained that “the new generation of quantum computers can create new opportunities across a wide range of disciplines and use cases. ”
"Quantum computers can handle complex problems that are almost impossible to solve using conventional supercomputers."
“The discovery could be a game changer in quantum computing in terms of data storage, processing and transmission, potentially leading to a paradigm shift in pharmaceuticals, data security and many other areas. ”
Quantum computers are machines that explicitly use quantum physics to increase computational speeds beyond the capabilities of conventional computers.
Experts agree that the next revolution in informatics will be driven by quantum computing, which will provide an enormous ability to process information and accomplish tasks that the most powerful conventional computers cannot do.
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Title:

Content: While the UK considers where to channel investment, we need to ensure that quantum technology is at the forefront of those considerations.

Quantum will not only drive our economy, but will also help create new opportunities in different sectors, ranging from healthcare to agriculture.

At the Global Investment Summit (GIS) last month, Prime Minister Rishi Sunak announced a three-fold increase, up to £29.5bn, from the world’s leading investors in new UK projects and capital.

These funds will be channelled into “high-growth projects” in the UK, including quantum technology.

It is great to see quantum being recognised as a potential game changer in the future of the UK economy, and it is important that we continue this momentum.

Quantum’s economic and social value

Quantum provides an exciting opportunity for the economy because the technology has a wide range of possible applications.

The last decade has seen an 81% growth in the quantum sector and now contributes an estimated £1.7bn to the UK economy. Financial services, healthcare and climate change - all major sectors in the UK ecosystem - are just three of the areas that will be enhanced by quantum.

The ability to optimise complex financial portfolios in real-time or simulate molecular interactions with unprecedented accuracy could reshape sectors in their entirety. Molecular interaction simulation can assist the healthcare industry to an immense extent.

Possibilities include being able to improve the process of accurately modelling how new drugs will impact different types of conditions and diseases - leading to breakthroughs in serious and harder-to-treat illnesses.

This technology will also help us in the battle against climate change, specifically in its ability to predict weather more accurately. Current computational power for measuring CO2 does not always predict the correct climate outcome, as we saw with the MET office’s prediction for Storm Ciaran.

As quantum technology is introduced into these sectors, it will forecast weather more accurately than our current conventional methods, therefore enhancing the precision of new data.

However, in order to see these possibilities realised, quantum needs investment from the government; it needs further development and innovation to be able to reach its potential.

Nurturing this sector is crucial not only to cement the UK as a leader in this technology, but to enable us to develop the tools that can tackle pressing global issues, whether that is developing more solar farms or investing in nuclear energy.

Investment moves to boost growth

Earlier in 2023, the UK government published its 10-year vision, the National Quantum Strategy. This outlines £2.5bn of public and private investment into the rapidly growing quantum sector.

At the GIS, Oxford Quantum Circuits stated its intention to raise £85m for research and development projects, while SBI Investment - Japan’s foremost venture capital fund - is leading the raise. This raise will be the largest for Series B in quantum computing ever in the UK, supporting the need for investment to empower growth.

Quantum computers need to be developed and operated by the brightest minds in the field to solve the world’s most pressing challenges – from climate change to accelerated drug discovery.

It is crucial that we make investments that induce growth in all sectors, combating concerns about additional capital in quantum being 'snake oil'.

Investment in devices and systems which rely on quantum mechanics will provide capabilities that classical machines cannot; it is just a matter of time.

Facilitating long-term growth

While investment in quantum has not always led to growth, with several smaller enterprises struggling in the short term, it is important that we are supporting research and innovation in this sector in order to facilitate long-term growth.

Quantum technology has a unique power to solve problems that classical computers cannot manage.

When performing complex calculations, quantum is able to pinpoint a more precise answer among the billions of alternate possibilities.

Therefore, with the potential for groundbreaking advancements and transformative applications, quantum computing is set to drive innovation, reshape industries, and unlock new possibilities we can hardly fathom today, culminating in growth.

Graeme Malcolm OBE is the chief executive and founder of M Squared

Title:

Content: Investments in quantum computing startups reached $2.35 billion in 2022
Quantum technologies have great potential for both science and business, and attract large investments in different countries of the world, including Russia.
This is stated in the analytical report "Quantum Computing: Prospects for Business", which was prepared jointly with the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "VNIIA named after N.L. Dukhov" and the Institute of Artificial Intelligence AIRI.
“Increasing attention in the world is paid to supporting start-ups in the field of quantum technologies.
In 2022, venture investors around the world invested $2.35 billion in them.
Also last year, almost 1,600 patents were issued and published in all subfields of quantum computing: from physical implementations of quantum equipment and error correction to AI [artificial intelligence] and machine learning.
Video of the day
Leading countries, realizing the breakthrough potential of this direction, include quantum technologies in national programs and allocate increasing budgets for research.
The leader is China with $15.3 billion in government funding.
Development programs have the leading technological corporations of the world.
So, which has made a quantum processor for 433 qubits [qubit or quantum bit - the main unit of information in quantum processors and quantum computing], plans this year to increase the number of qubits to 1121, and intends to show a device for a thousand qubits after 2025.
The intention to develop a full stack of technologies for quantum computing announced and has already released to the market quantum chips on spin qubits.
In Russia, work on quantum computing is underway on four key physical platforms: superconducting qubits, photonic circuits, neutral atoms, and trapped ions.
The Russian Federation has also formed a pool of organizations, including companies, scientific institutions and universities that conduct research and development, study the applicability of quantum computing to practical tasks.
“Quantum computing can give the world an impetus to the development of new industries based on the processing of big data.
In addition, they can improve the performance and efficiency of artificial intelligence algorithms, the accuracy of models and simulations of complex systems (such as molecules of new drugs, chemical reactions or physical processes), as well as provide a new level of calculations in finance and logistics, new solutions to climate problems and cryptographic algorithms that will provide a higher level of security.
The authors of the report come to the conclusion that although no one in the world has been able to demonstrate practical quantum superiority, nevertheless, companies should plan today what will happen after its achievement.
Quantum computing is able to integrate seamlessly into data processing workflows, using adaptation tools for popular programming languages and interfaces.

Title:

Content: California Institute of Technology has developed a new photon chip that can measure more light quantum states
2022 / 9 / 20 7: 54: 18 Source: Sina Technology Author: - Editor: Wang Miao
According to reports, since the advent of wireless telegraphy and vacuum tubes, electronic computing and communication have made great strides, and the processing power and memory level of today ’ s consumer devices are unimaginable decades ago.
But as computing and information processing devices become smaller and more powerful, they are encountering some fundamental limitations imposed by the laws of quantum physics, and the future development prospects of this field may be closely related to photonics, an optical fundamental concept parallel to electronics, which is similar in theory to electronics, but uses photons instead of electrons, which can process data much faster than electronic devices, including quantum computers.
At present, basic research in the field of photonics is still very active, but there is a lack of key equipment for practical applications, and the development of a new photonic chip at the California Institute of Technology may represent a major breakthrough in the field, especially in making it possible for a photonic quantum information processor to generate and measure light quantum states, which was previously only possible with bulky and expensive laboratory equipment.
Based on the basic properties of photons, different kinds of photons are distinguished by their energy, momentum and polarization characteristics, and the photon state determined by these different characteristics is called the light quantum state.
The new photonic chip is made of lithium niobate material, which has wide application in the optical field, and it produces the so-called light compression state on one side of the chip and measures on the other side.
Light compression state, simply said is in the quantum level to reduce the "noise" of light, it is reported that until recent years the light compression state technology has been used to enhance the sensitivity of the laser interference gravitational wave observatory (LIGO), LIGO observatory is the use of laser beam detection gravitational wave detection equipment, if scientists use light-based quantum equipment to process data, the same low noise light state is also very important.
Alireza Marandi, associate professor of electrical engineering and applied physics at Caltech, said: "Now that we have achieved the need for quantum state mass to exceed quantum information processing, and quantum information processing can be used to process large experimental devices, our research work marks an important step forward in integrating photonic circuits to generate and measure the quantum state of light."
We can use it to break through the limitations of many traditional nonlinear optics studies, and even break many traditional assumptions. "
At the same time, Malandi pointed out that photonic chip technology shows a final direction toward running a quantum optical processor at an ether-hertz clock rate, which is thousands of times faster than the computing processor of the Apple MacBook Pro, and that the technology could be put into practical use in communications, sensing and quantum computing in the next five years.
"Optics has always been one of the most promising paths to quantum computing because it has some inherent advantages in scalability and ultra-fast logic operations at room temperature. However, one of the main challenges for scalability applications is generating and measuring sufficient quantum states in nanophotonics, and our goal is how to solve this challenge," said study co-author and postdoctoral scholar Rajveer Nehra.
Related articles
Key words: photon chip quantum photon
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Title:

Content: Quantum Computing Market was valued at nearly USD 234.06 billion by 2032

Prudour Private Limited

Updated · Mar 06, 2023

Quantum Computing Market Overview

Published Via 11Press: Quantum computing is a rapidly developing market that is revolutionizing how we approach computing and data processing. By employing principles of quantum mechanics to perform computations, quantum computers are capable of solving problems that classical computers may find impossible or impracticable to resolve.

The global quantum computing market size is forecast to reach USD 234.06 billion by 2032 from USD 10.13 billion in 2022, rising at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 36.89% during the forecast period.

At present, the quantum computing market is dominated by a few major players such as IBM, Google, Microsoft, and Honeywell. These firms are investing heavily in quantum computing research and development as well as creating quantum computing hardware and software systems.

The quantum computing market is expected to have a profound effect on industries such as healthcare, finance, logistics, and energy. Some key applications of quantum computing include drug discovery, supply chain optimization, financial modeling, and climate modeling.

Though the quantum computing market is promising, it still faces several obstacles such as high costs of hardware, a shortage of skilled experts in this area, and technical difficulties when building large-scale quantum computers. With ongoing research and development efforts, however, these problems should be overcome within the coming years, leading to even greater growth and innovation in this space.

Key Takeaways

  • The global quantum computing market size was valued at USD 234.06 billion in 2022 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of around 36.89% from 2022 to 2032.
  • Quantum computing is capable of solving problems that would be intractable or impossible for classical computers to solve.
  • The quantum computing market is dominated by a few major players, including IBM, Google, Microsoft and Honeywell.
  • The quantum computing market is expected to have a profound effect on numerous industries, such as healthcare, finance, logistics and energy.
  • Quantum computing has many important applications such as drug discovery, supply chain optimization, financial modeling and climate modeling.
  • The quantum computing market remains plagued by several obstacles, such as the high cost of quantum computing hardware, lack of qualified quantum computing experts and technical difficulties in building and running large-scale quantum computing systems.
  • Research and development are expected to overcome these obstacles within the next couple of years, propelling even greater growth and innovation in the quantum computing market.

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Regional Snapshot

  • North America: North America is currently the leading market for quantum computing, with the United States playing a major role. Major companies such as IBM, Google, and Microsoft are driving this growth through their presence and investment in research and development activities related to quantum computing. This region boasts numerous key players such as IBM, Google, and Microsoft which are driving demand within this region.
  • Europe: Europe is an increasingly important market for quantum computing, with countries such as the UK, Germany, and France investing heavily in research and development. Through partnerships between quantum computing companies and other technology firms as well as the growing adoption of quantum computing across various industries, this region’s market is experiencing rapid expansion.
  • Asia Pacific: The quantum computing market in Asia Pacific is expected to experience significant growth over the coming years due to increased investments in research and development by countries like China, Japan, and South Korea. Furthermore, there have been an increasing number of collaborations between companies using quantum computing with academic institutions as well as its increasing adoption across industries like healthcare and finance – all contributing factors for market expansion within this region.
  • The Rest of the World: Countries such as Brazil, South Africa, and the UAE are expected to experience significant growth in the quantum computing market over the coming years due to increased investments in research and development efforts as well as the growing adoption of quantum computing across various industries. These factors are fueling this region’s meteoric rise in this region.

Drivers

  • Quantum Computing Gaining Adoption in Various Industries: Quantum computing is seeing an uptick in popularity across a range of industries, such as healthcare, finance, logistics, and energy – as companies seek to use their power to solve complex problems and gain an edge in competition.
  • Investments in Quantum Computing Research and Development: Governments, academic institutions, and private companies have made substantial investments in quantum computing research and development, spurring innovation and progress within the field.
  • Growing Number of Partnerships and Collaborations: There has been an uptick in partnerships and collaborations between quantum computing companies and other technology firms, as well as academic institutions and research organizations. This trend is propelling the development of new quantum computing hardware and software systems, as well as its adoption across various industries.
  • Increasing Access to Cloud-Based Quantum Computing Services: The growing availability of cloud-based quantum computing services is making it simpler for companies and researchers to utilize this cutting-edge technology, spurring adoption and innovation within the field.

Restraints

  • Limited Access to Qualified Quantum Computing Experts: Unfortunately, there is currently a shortage of highly experienced quantum computing specialists, making it challenging for companies to construct and sustain quantum computing systems.
  • Technical Challenges in Building and Maintaining Large-Scale Quantum Computing Systems: The development of large-scale quantum computing systems is still in its early stages, so there are numerous technical obstacles that must be overcome, such as noise reduction, error correction, and scalability.
  • Limited Quantum Computing Applications: Although the list of potential applications for quantum computing is growing, the number of practical ones that have been developed and implemented remains limited. This can make it challenging for companies to justify investing in quantum computing technology.
  • Regulatory Challenges: Quantum computing technology may face regulatory restrictions, particularly around data privacy and security. This could create additional obstacles to the adoption and investment in the technology.

Opportunities

  • Growing Number of Partnerships and Collaborations: The growing number of partnerships and collaborations among quantum computing companies, other technology firms, academic institutions, and research organizations is creating opportunities for the development of new quantum computing hardware and software systems as well as its adoption across various industries.
  • Advancements in Quantum Computing Hardware and Software: With the rapid progress being made in the development of quantum computing hardware and software, new opportunities will present themselves for applying this technology across various industries and fields.
  • The growing availability of cloud-based quantum computing services: Cloud-based quantum computing services are making it simpler for companies and researchers to access and utilize quantum computing technology, spurring adoption and innovation within the field.
  • Growth of Quantum Computing as a Service: As more companies and researchers embrace the potential of quantum computing, cloud-based quantum computing services are creating exciting new business opportunities for those offering these solutions.
  • Potential for Breakthroughs in Areas such as Drug Discovery, Finance, and Energy: Quantum computing holds the potential to unravel complex issues in fields like drug discovery, finance, and energy – leading to major breakthroughs and advances. This presents companies with unique opportunities for those who can develop and implement quantum computing solutions in these sectors.

Challenges

  • Technical Challenges in Constructing and Running Large Quantum Computing Systems: As quantum computing systems continue to emerge, numerous technical obstacles must be overcome such as noise reduction, error correction, and scalability. These issues make it challenging for companies to construct and run these massive quantum computers efficiently.
  • Limited Access to Qualified Quantum Computing Experts: There is currently a shortage of highly experienced quantum computing professionals, making it difficult for companies to construct and maintain quantum computing systems. This shortage could potentially restrict the growth of this industry in the coming years.
  • Quantum computing Applications: While quantum computing has many potential uses, the number of practical applications that have been created and implemented remains limited. This could make investing in quantum computing technology and research on practical applications an attractive prospect.

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Recent Developments

  • Google Claims Quantum Supremacy: In 2019, Google claimed to have achieved quantum supremacy by performing a calculation on its quantum computer that even the most powerful supercomputers would take thousands of years to complete. This was seen as an important milestone in the advancement of quantum computing technology.
  • IBM Launches Quantum Computing Program for Students: In 2020, IBM unveiled a quantum computing program specifically tailored towards students that provides them with access to IBM’s resources and tools, as well as a platform for learning and collaboration.
  • Honeywell Achieves Quantum Computer Record Performance: On March 20, 2021, Honeywell revealed its creation of a quantum computer with an astonishing quantum volume of 512. This feat marked an amazing advancement in quantum computing technology and demonstrated how rapidly progress has been made since then.
  • Amazon Web Services Announces Quantum Computing Service: On June 2021, Amazon Web Services (AWS) announced the launch of its own quantum computing service called Amazon Bracket. This offering gives customers access to various vendors’ hardware as well as tools and resources for developing and testing quantum algorithms.

Key Market Segments

Type

  • Hardware
  • Software
  • Services

Application

  • Defense
  • Healthcare & pharmaceuticals
  • Chemicals
  • Banking & Finance
  • Energy & power

Key Market Players

  • D-Wave Systems
  • Google
  • IBM
  • Intel
  • Microsoft
  • 1QB Information Technologies
  • Anyon Systems
  • Cambridge Quantum Computing
  • ID Quantique
  • IonQ
  • QbitLogic
  • QC Ware
  • Quantum Circuits
  • Qubitekk
  • QxBranch
  • Rigetti Computing

Nature Insights

  • Progress is being made in the development of quantum computing hardware: Despite the challenges facing large-scale quantum computing systems, progress is being made on quantum computing hardware. This includes creating quantum processors with increasingly more qubits and creating new materials suitable for use in quantum computers.
  • Quantum computing software is still in its early stages: While progress is being made with quantum computing hardware, software development for quantum computation remains at a standstill. This presents an immense challenge to the industry as developing efficient quantum algorithms is essential to realizing its full potential.
  • Collaboration is essential to the advancement of quantum computing: Collaboration between companies, academic institutions, and research organizations is essential for progress in this industry. This includes joint efforts to develop new hardware and software systems as well as collaborations that promote quantum computing across various industries.

Report Scope

Report Attribute Details
The market size value in 2022 USD 10.13 Bn
Revenue forecast by 2032 USD 234.6 Bn
Growth Rate CAGR Of 36.89%
Regions Covered North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa, and the Rest of the World
Historical Years 2017-2022
Base Year 2022
Estimated Year 2023
Short-Term Projection Year 2028
Long-Term Projected Year 2032

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FAQ.

What is quantum computing?

Quantum computing is a type of processing data using quantum mechanics. It relies on principles such as superposition, entanglement, and interference which enable quantum computers to perform calculations that would be impossible with classical computers.

What are some potential applications of quantum computing?

Quantum computing holds great promise for revolutionizing industries such as drug discovery, finance, energy, and logistics. Potential uses include creating new drugs and materials, optimizing supply chains and logistics networks, and even improving weather forecasting models with greater precision.

What are some of the challenges facing the quantum computing market?

The quantum computing market faces numerous obstacles, such as technical difficulties in building and running large-scale quantum computers, high costs associated with quantum computing hardware, a scarcity of highly qualified quantum experts, and an absence of practical applications developed and deployed.

Who are some of the major players in the quantum computing market?

Major companies operating within this space include IBM, Google, Microsoft, Honeywell, Intel, and Rigetti Computing. These firms are actively developing and commercializing quantum computing hardware and software systems.

What is the outlook for the quantum computing market?

Overall, analysts anticipate a bright future for quantum computing, with continued investment and innovation anticipated in the coming years. Though still in its early stages of development, its potential advantages are immense - leading to rapid industry growth over the coming years.

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Title:

Content: Researchers at the University of Sydney ’ s Nanometer Institute have been awarded a contract by non-profit organisation Wellcome Leap to develop quantum technologies for use in biology and health.
The multi-million dollar project, called Q4Bio, aims to identify and demonstrate the applications of quantum computers in human health in the coming years that will benefit from the advent of quantum computers.
The University of Sydney team will focus on using quantum technology to develop new molecules to treat skin cancer and improve sunscreen.
It is difficult for traditional computers to accurately predict quantum chemical dynamics in molecules, which is a major bottleneck in drug development.
By developing innovative quantum solutions and developing algorithms for precise quantum simulations, the team hopes to greatly improve the modeling of photosensitive chemical reactions.
These reactions occur so quickly that they cannot be observed in real time, making it difficult to understand and study their mechanisms.
By using analogue quantum simulations, scientists can slow these processes down 10 billion times to accurately observe and analyze them.
The team ’ s recently published research demonstrates this significant slowdown in quantum simulations.
The multidisciplinary team, led by Dr. Tingrei Tan, Associate Professor Ivan Kassal and Professor Pablo Fernandez Peñas, aims to bring together expertise in quantum technology, chemistry and medical research to address these complex challenges.
Their research may lead to an entirely new approach to understanding and treating diseases, as well as designing innovative molecules for medical applications.
Quantum technology is still in its early stages, but it promises to revolutionize various fields, including drug design, materials science, and cryptography.
The University of Sydney, with its comprehensive, world-class research capabilities, is the ideal institution to conduct this research.
Frequently Asked Questions:
Q: What is biological quantum (Q4Bio)?
Q4Bio is a project that aims to identify, develop and demonstrate the use of quantum technologies in human health.
Q: What is the main focus of the University of Sydney ’ s research on Q4Bio?
A: The research team is focused on using quantum technology to develop new molecules to treat skin cancer and improve sunscreen.
Q: Why is quantum technology important in drug development?
A: Quantum technology can accurately predict quantum chemical dynamics in molecules, a key component of drug development that is difficult for traditional computers to solve.
Q: What is a quantum simulation?
Analog quantum simulations allow scientists to slow the process down 10 billion times to observe and study reactions that happen too fast to be observed in real time.
Q: What impact does this research have on the medical field?
A: This research may lead to new ways of understanding and treating diseases, as well as the design of innovative molecules for medical applications.
Q: Why is the University of Sydney ideally suited for this study?
A: The University of Sydney has one of the most extensive and in-depth quantum technology programs in the world, with world-class experts in quantum theory, hardware and software development.

Title:

Content: Honghai Group Receives Two Quantum Computing Research Achievements from QIP 2024
Honghai (2317-TW) today (12) announced that two research results of the Quantum Computing Research Institute of the Group ’ s Honghai Research Institute have been accepted by The 27th Conference on Quantum Information Processing (QIP 2024).
“Geometrically Local Quantum and Classical Codes from Subdivision, ” according to Hung Hai, is the result of the research presented by Xie Mingxiu, director of Quantum, and Adam Wills, members of the overseas internship program of Quantum Institute. And the results of the collaboration at the University of California Davis.
Hsieh explains that the main contribution of Geometrically Local Quantum and Classical Codes from Subdivision is to construct a geometrically local code with an optimal energy barrier.
This means that this quantum-low density parity check error correction code is designed to protect quantum information from noise and errors, and that the operation of its decoder involves only a small number of space-local qubits, reducing the chance of measurement errors.
Xie Mingxiu further pointed out that compared to the only known construction method, this code construction developed by the Institute is more clear and simple, easier to understand and apply, the article also discusses the possibility of applying classical coding, these corresponding traditional codes can be used to protect information in everyday technologies, such as computers and smartphones.
Overall, this work has greatly advanced the field of coding theory, which has practical implications for quantum and classical information processing.
Another major contribution of his work, "A new operator extension of strong subadditivity of quantum entropy," is to propose a new mathematical inequality, which Xie says describes the relationships between different subsystems and helps us understand the relationships between different subsystems in quantum systems.
Xie stressed that quantum systems are very different from classical systems, and understanding their behavior is crucial to the development of new technologies, such as quantum computers, which will help understand how quantum systems work and whether they have the potential to solve problems that classical computers cannot or cannot solve.
QIP 2024, held from January 13 to 19, will be held in Taiwan by Honghai Research Institute and the Taiwan Association for Quantum Computing and Information Technology, as well as academic partners such as Academia Sinica, Taiwan University, Tsinghua University, Yangming Jiaotong University, Cheng Kung University and Sun Yat-sen University.
The event will invite leading researchers from around the world to discuss the latest theoretical and experimental advances in quantum information science, including quantum information, quantum cryptography, quantum entanglement, quantum entanglement and quantum algorithms.
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Content: Quantum Error Correction: Shattering the Breakeven Barrier

A logical qubit is embedded into the state space of a harmonic oscillator using the grid code, represented here by faces of the cube. Quantum error correction protects these grid states from corruption by a noisy environment, symbolized by the ray. Credit: Image courtesy of Polina Shmatkova

Researchers have achieved a major milestone in quantum computing by extending the lifetime of quantum information beyond the breakeven point using Quantum Error Correction, opening the path for effective quantum information processing amidst real-world noise.

Understanding Decoherence and Quantum Error Correction

Decoherence is a foundational phenomenon in which the classical behavior emerges from the quantum laws of nature. This quantum-classical interface presents significant hurdles in utilizing these laws for information processing, especially in the field of quantum computing. Practical issues, like stray radiation, can cause a quantum computer’s qubits to alter their quantum states, resulting in a loss of stored information.

The Breakeven Point and Quantum Error Correction

To mitigate the effects of decoherence, Quantum Error Correction (QEC) is implemented. Despite this, previous experimental attempts to use QEC were mostly unsuccessful as the speed of the error correction was slower than the rate of decoherence. This resulted in the quantum system losing information faster than QEC could compensate. The term ‘breakeven’ describes the juncture where the added complexity of the correction circuit just manages to counteract the induced decoherence.

Extended Lifetimes and New Possibilities

In a groundbreaking experiment, scientists have managed to extend the lifetime of quantum information past the breakeven point by over twofold. This significant finding demonstrates that no fundamental roadblocks exist in extending the lifetime of quantum information through active interventions. This experimental achievement aligns with scientists’ theoretical expectations and paves the way for quantum information processing in the presence of noise from radiation, cosmic rays, and other sources.

Looking Forward: Error-Corrected Qubits and Real-World Challenges

As quantum systems in the real world are unavoidably affected by noise, the next challenge for this research platform is to realize high-fidelity logical operations between two error-corrected qubits.

Implementing Grid Code in Quantum Experiments

The experiment utilized the grid code within an electromagnetic mode located in a superconducting cavity. The quantum state of this mode is managed by an auxiliary superconducting circuit, known as the transmon. To conduct the experiment, scientists cooled the system inside a dilution refrigerator to a temperature 100 times colder than the cosmic background of outer space. An external controller coordinated the quantum error correction process, which only took a few hundred nanoseconds, and a reinforcement learning agent optimized the process to offset the imperfections in the experimental setup and the controller.

Reference: “Real-time quantum error correction beyond break-even” by V. V. Sivak, A. Eickbusch, B. Royer, S. Singh, I. Tsioutsios, S. Ganjam, A. Miano, B. L. Brock, A. Z. Ding, L. Frunzio, S. M. Girvin, R. J. Schoelkopf and M. H. Devoret, 22 March 2023, Nature.
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05782-6

This work was conducted at Yale University and funded in part by the Co-design Center for Quantum Advantage (C2QA), a national quantum information science research center led by Brookhaven National Laboratory.

This research was supported by the U.S. Army Research Office and by the Department of Energy Office of Science, National Quantum Information Science Research Center, Co-design Center for Quantum Advantage (C2QA). The use of fabrication facilities was supported by the Yale Institute for Nanoscience and Quantum Engineering and the Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science Cleanroom.

Title:

Content: Leading diamond quantum computing company releases first software supporting NVIDIA CUDA Quantum

The integration of NVIDIA CUDA Quantum within Qristal brings hybrid quantum computing with diamond-based quantum hardware one step closer to reality”
— Timothy Costa, Director of HPC and Quantum Computing at NVIDIA
CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA, March 21, 2023 /EINPresswire.com/ -- Quantum Brilliance, the leading developer of quantum computing products and solutions, has released a new version of its open-source Qristal software able to compile quantum programs written in CUDA Quantum, NVIDIA's newly announced open-source programming model.

Announced today at NVIDIA GTC, a global AI conference, Quantum Brilliance's new release of Qristal heralds a major step forward in hybrid quantum-classical computing.

"This new version of Qristal is the first full-stack quantum software to support CUDA Quantum," said Pat Scott, Software Lead at Quantum Brilliance. "Working together with NVIDIA, we have been able to place the powerful new CUDA Quantum framework at the heart of the quantum software landscape, right from the moment of its first release. The introduction of CUDA Quantum is a transformative step in the evolution of quantum computing, as it offers extensive tools for tightly integrating high-performance classical algorithms with cutting-edge quantum ones."

"By providing the capability in Qristal to compile quantum programs written in CUDA Quantum, we have made it possible to build quantum software that runs seamlessly across NVIDIA graphics processing units (GPUs), central processing units (CPUs) and quantum processing units (QPUs). Incorporating CUDA Quantum into Qristal also means users can run large-scale supercomputer simulations of future hybrid quantum-classical computers that simultaneously exploit quantum processors, classical CPUs and GPUs."

"The integration of NVIDIA CUDA Quantum within Qristal brings hybrid quantum computing with diamond-based quantum hardware one step closer to reality," said Timothy Costa, Director of High Performance Computing and Quantum Computing at NVIDIA. "As the leading full-stack development platform, CUDA Quantum enables dynamic workflows to seamlessly use quantum and GPU acceleration, which is essential to unlock the potential of quantum computing."

Quantum Brilliance's diamond-based quantum accelerators were designed from the outset with hybrid quantum-classical applications in mind. They run at room temperature and can be miniaturised, allowing them to be deployed at scale in edge, cloud and supercomputing applications. Qristal is the leading full-stack software package for writing, compiling, testing and simulating quantum and hybrid quantum-classical programs.

About Quantum Brilliance
Founded in 2019, Quantum Brilliance is a venture-backed quantum products and solutions company developing diamond quantum computers supported by software and applications. Quantum Brilliance’s goal is to enable mass deployment of its quantum technology to propel industries to harness edge computing applications and next-generation supercomputers. Quantum Brilliance has global partnerships in the Americas, EMEA and Asia Pacific, working with governments, supercomputing centres, research organisations and industry.

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HKA Marketing Communications
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Title:

Content: Quantum physicists at Trinity College Dublin have achieved a significant breakthrough by simulating superdiffusion in a system of interacting quantum particles on a quantum computer.
This achievement, made possible through a collaboration with IBM Dublin, opens up new avenues for research in condensed matter physics and materials science.
The team used a 27-qubit quantum computer located at the IBM lab in New York but programmed remotely from Dublin.
Quantum computing, a booming field, is showing promising results for both commercial applications and basic research.
Through simulations, the researchers aim to gain insights into quantum transfer calculations, which are difficult to solve on classical computers.
Quantum simulation allows scientists to study the dynamics of complex quantum systems with interacting components.
The advantage of using a quantum computer for this simulation is that the quantum system itself is described by a wave function, eliminating the need to significantly increase classical resources.
This makes quantum simulation an attractive way to study quantum dynamics.
In this particular study, the team focused on simulating spin chains, which serve as models for understanding magnetism in more complex materials.
They investigated the long-term behavior of spin excitation and noted the super-propagation, which is characterized by faster transmission as the size of the system increases.
The researchers were able to verify the existence of the Cardar-Parisi-Jang equation, which describes the random growth of surfaces, in the quantum dynamics of the simulated system.
Programming quantum computers comes with its own set of challenges.
One of the big challenges is dealing with errors and disruptions caused by noise and environmental factors.
Reducing program uptime is critical to mitigating the impact of these disruptions on results.
This achievement by quantum physicists at Trinity College Dublin underscores the potential of quantum computing in furthering our understanding of fundamental physics and facilitating future technological advances.
As quantum simulation becomes more widespread, Trinity ’ s Quantum Alliance, in partnership with IBM and other industry collaborators, is well positioned to drive further innovation in the field.
Source
– Nathan Keenan, Nial F.
Robertson, Tara Murphy, Sergey Jock, John Gould, “Evidence for measuring Kardar-Parisi-Zhang on a digital quantum simulator ” (npj Quantum Information, 2023)

Title:

Content: People 's Daily Online > > Economy and Technology
A major breakthrough in the development of reliable quantum computers
June 26, 2023 09: 24 | Source: Science and Technology Daily
Small number
BEIJING, June 25 (Xinhua) -- A team of researchers from the quantum division of Microsoft Corporation in the United States has made the first milestone breakthrough in creating a reliable and practical quantum computer.
In a recent paper published in the journal Physical Review B, the team describes this milestone breakthrough and their plan to build a reliable quantum computer over the next 25 years.
For a quantum supercomputer to be able to solve not only problems that classical computers cannot solve, but also to scale to solve the most complex problems facing the world today, it must be both high performance and reliable.
The research team has devised a new way to represent logical qubits with hardware stability.
It is reported that the device can induce the type of fermions, a phase of matter characterized by the zero mode of Majorana.
The research team also reports that these devices have shown low enough disorder to demonstrate that the technique is feasible through topological gap protocols.
Microsoft said in its announcement that it has created a new metric to measure the performance of quantum supercomputers — reliable quantum operands per second (rQOPS).
This number describes how many reliable operations a computer can perform in a second, and it takes into account the performance of the entire system, not just the performance of the qubits, so it ensures the correct operation of the algorithm.
Research shows that the first quantum supercomputer requires at least 1 million rQOPS and will scale to more than 1 billion to solve impactful chemical and material science problems.
Christa Wall, Microsoft ’ s vice president of advanced quantum technology development, said that within 10 years, the final part of the company ’ s quantum computing roadmap, which is to build a quantum supercomputer, will be reached.
(Editor: Wang Renhong, Chen Jian)
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Nvidia positions for quantum computing with new products

03/21/2023 | 05:31pm EDT

(Reuters) - Nvidia Corp, the computing company powering the bulk of artificial intelligence, is positioning itself as a key player in quantum computing with the launch of new software and hardware.

On Tuesday at its developer conference GTC, Nvidia unveiled CUDA Quantum, a platform for building quantum algorithms using popular classical computer coding languages C++ and python. The program would help run the algorithm across quantum and classical computers depending on which system is most efficient in solving the problem.

The new platform is named after CUDA, the software most AI developers use to access Nvidia's graphics processing unit (GPU) and which has given Nvidia chips a huge competitive edge.

"CUDA Quantum will do the same for quantum computing, enabling domain scientists to seamlessly integrate quantum into their applications and gain access to a new disruptive computing technology," said Tim Costa, Nvidia's director of HPC and quantum.

One difference, Costa said, is while CUDA is proprietary, CUDA Quantum is open source and was developed with input from many quantum computing companies.

Nvidia also launched a new hardware system called DGX Quantum to connect the quantum computer with classical computers. It was designed in partnership with Israeli-based startup Quantum Machines whose hardware communicates with quantum processors.

"We see more and more demand to integrate these quantum computers with standard computers," said Itamar Sivan, co-founder and CEO of Quantum Machines.

While quantum computers could potentially speed up some calculations millions of times faster than the fastest supercomputer, it is still uncertain when that would happen. And even when they become good enough to be useful, they would have to be paired with powerful digital computers to operate, said Sivan.

"All quantum today is research, not production, and that isn't going to change next week," said Costa. With DGX Quantum, researchers will be able to develop hybrid applications and critical methods for quantum computing's future, he added.

(Reporting by Jane Lanhee Lee; Editing by Richard Chang)

By Jane Lanhee Lee

© Reuters 2023
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Content: People 's Network > > International
China 's science and technology innovation "acceleration" (international discourse)
This reporter is red.
February 13, 2023 05: 20 | Source: People's Daily Overseas Edition
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At the 2022 World Manufacturing Conference, Hefei Benyuan Quantum Computing Technology Co., Ltd. exhibited a 24-bit superconducting quantum computer model.
Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Zhou Mu
Thanks to the continuous emergence of innovative technologies, in recent years, China has continued to achieve breakthroughs in the fields of high-speed rail, 5G communications, artificial intelligence, clean energy, and machinery manufacturing.
The Australian "Dialogue" website said that the key driver of China's extraordinary economic growth stems from its pragmatic innovation system, and China is at the forefront of the world in promoting technological innovation and application.
At present, China's accelerated promotion of high-tech research and development will have a profound impact on the world.
Significant progress has been made in each indicator
According to a recent report released by the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, China's innovation and advanced industrial capabilities have increased to 139% of the United States in absolute terms on a comparable basis, up from 78% in 2010.
According to another measure of the relative size of the economies and populations of the two countries, China ’ s innovation output is three-quarters of that of the United States, up from 58% in 2010.
The foundation looked at 22 innovation-related indicators from 2010 to 2020, including venture capital, patents and advanced industrial value added, and concluded that China had made significant progress on almost every indicator.
Previously, the 2022 Global Innovation Index released by the World Intellectual Property Organization showed that China ’ s ranking rose from 12th in the world in 2021 to 11th, a steady improvement for 10 consecutive years.
The number of patents is an important indicator to measure the level of scientific and technological innovation in a country, and China has performed brilliantly.
According to a report released by the World Economic Forum in December 2022, China accounted for 39.6% of the 1.7 million patents granted worldwide in 2021, followed by North America with 19.9% and Europe with 11.8%.
The World Intellectual Property Index released by the World Intellectual Property Organization also shows that in 2021, innovators around the world filed 3.4 million patent applications, an increase of 3.6% year-on-year.
Among them, the number of patent applications in China increased by 5.5% year-on-year.
China ranks first in the world in the number of patent applications for the first time, and ranks first in the world in the number of valid patents with 3.6 million more than the United States' 3.3 million.
This marks a significant improvement in the quality of Chinese patents.
China has shown great potential to lead the world in key areas such as supercomputers, space exploration, artificial intelligence, quantum computing and high-speed rail.
In 2020, Chinese physicists announced the "superiority of quantum computing". Just a few months later, China launched the prototype of quantum computing "Zuchong No." In 2022, after Canada and the United States, China became the third country in the world to have the ability to deliver a complete quantum computer.
Moreover, China will soon launch the faster quantum computer "Wukong".
In the field of space exploration, China has made great strides.
The United States "Washington Post" website reported that in 2003, China became the third country in the world to send a human into space with its own rocket. In 2013, a Chinese unmanned spacecraft landed on the moon, which is the first time a human probe has landed on the moon since 1976.
According to the US space website, China carried out 64 orbital rocket launches in 2022 and completed the construction of its own space station.
In the field of green energy, China's solar, wind, electric vehicles and other technologies are among the forefront of the world, and have been called "an important promoter of clean energy technology" by Fatih Birol, director of the International Energy Agency.
A key component of the world's largest nuclear fusion experiment has been made in China, marking a breakthrough in the increasingly completed international project.
Chinese scientists have also achieved a milestone in the field of ultra-cold chemistry...
“The Chinese are at the forefront of the world. ”
In recent years, China has accelerated innovation-driven development.
Japan's "Sankei Shimbun" reported that China is speeding up the process of "core technology" autonomy of its own industry.
China hopes to achieve the goal of technological autonomy so that the supply of industries, including semiconductors, will not be affected by geopolitical fluctuations.
Chinese leaders stressed the need to improve the new national system for tackling key core technologies, give full play to the characteristics of the Chinese system, and strengthen the leadership of the Party and the state over major scientific and technological innovations, and issued a call for "accelerating the realization of scientific and technological self-reliance."
In China's 14th Five-Year Plan, emphasis is placed on artificial intelligence, quantum information, integrated circuits, life and health, and space science and technology, which are "fundamental core areas that are related to national security and the overall development of the country."
According to the data released by the United Nations, the ratio of China's total social R & D investment to GDP increased from 0.89% in 2000 to 2.4% in 2020, the global ranking rose from 30th to 13th, and the average annual growth rate of R & D investment from 2000 to 2020 was 14%, twice that of South Korea and four times that of the United States.
China ’ s total R & D expenditure in 2021 increased by more than 14% year-on-year to 2.8 trillion yuan, an acceleration from the 10.2% growth rate in 2020.
According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, in 2022, the intensity of China ’ s R & D spending (R & D spending ratio to GDP) reached 2.55%, ranking 12th among major countries in the world and close to the average of OECD countries (2.67%).
In the field of quantum computing, for example, McKinsey & Company estimates that countries around the world have so far invested $30 billion in public funds to research quantum computing.
China is in the lead: it plans to invest $15 billion in research and development of quantum computers.
"The Chinese are at the forefront of the world in making high-quality qubits," said John Martinez, a theoretical physicist at the California Institute of Technology.
China's investment in scientific research and its unremitting efforts in the training of researchers have contributed to the development of China's scientific research, the Japan Economic News website reported.
In recent years, China's footprint in the field of advanced research has increased rapidly.
According to the report of the Institute of Science, Technology and Academic Policy of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Science and Technology of Japan, from 2018 to 2020, the total number of scientific papers published in China, the number of citations of researchers in the top 1% of the "top papers" and the number of citations in the top 10% of the "papers of concern" three key indicators, China all surpassed the United States, ranking in the world.
The trend of technological progress is "unstoppable"
China ’ s schedule is full.
In order to support its growing number of satellites and its space ambitions, China has established a network of ground stations around the world.
According to Singapore's Lianhe Zaobao website, China plans to build a satellite earth station in the South Pole to support the marine monitoring satellite network as a measure to achieve its goal of promoting marine economic development and accelerating the construction of a maritime power.
According to the New York Times website, the Pentagon predicts that China will surpass the United States in space capabilities as early as 2045.
According to the US space website, 2023 will be a busier year for China.
China Aerospace Science and Technology Group, China's main space contractor and manufacturer of Long March launch vehicles, announced on January 18 that it plans to arrange more than 60 space launches this year after carrying out 54 launches in 2022.
According to the Russian Satellite News Agency, the "Renewable Energy 2022" report released by the International Energy Agency in December 2022 predicts that the increase in global renewable energy installed capacity in the next five years is expected to be nearly double the increase in the previous five years, of which photovoltaic power generation and wind energy will contribute more than 90% of the new generation capacity.
The report predicts that China will account for nearly half of the world ’ s new renewable energy capacity between 2022 and 2027.
The article pointed out that Chinese scientists have invented some revolutionary technologies that can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and store green energy, including: cultivating a new gene-edited algae that can process carbon dioxide faster than existing microalgae; advanced technology using vanadium flow batteries to store "clean" energy; environmentally friendly cooling technology using paraffin liquid and solid to generate thermal response, which can make refrigeration equipment zero carbon emissions in the near future. And...
Russia's Komsomolskaya Pravda website article said that China plans to build a lunar base in 2028, and the first phase of the project may begin in 2023.
Vasily Kashin, director of the Center for Integrated European and International Studies of the Russian Higher School of Economics, pointed out that China intends to achieve a number of goals in the course of lunar development.
The first is to promote the development of basic science, which can drive the take-off of application fields, such as materials science.
In addition, the construction of the first extraterrestrial base in human history will significantly enhance China's international prestige in all fields.
Even in the semiconductor field, which has suffered from the "neck of the United States", experts generally believe that China has a large number of excellent scientific and technological personnel in the field, and the US restrictions may temporarily weaken China's competitiveness, but it is impossible to stop China's development.
According to the Financial Times website, Japan's Sony chief technology officer Hiroaki Kitano said he expects the US-led sanctions will "temporarily affect" China's ability to purchase semiconductors, but it is "entirely possible" that China's global presence in the field of artificial intelligence will continue to grow.
Nippon Electric CEO Takeshi Morita also expressed doubts about the long-term effectiveness of the Washington sanctions: "I personally feel that the technical dispute between China and the United States in the field of chips may slow down China's technological progress, but the overall trend of China's technological progress will not change."
"In the long run, China will become one of the forces that cannot be ignored," he said.
(Editor: Hu Yongqiu, Bai Yu)
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Development of Digital Annealing Algorithm to Accelerate Material Screening by 10x
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The research team supported by the National Science Council has developed a special "digital annealing" algorithm, and cooperated with Formosa Plastics, Fujitsu and the Institute for Information Technology to select five kinds of inhibitors from 5,000 candidate structures. The time required has been greatly shortened to 1 / 10 of the original. Research.
Digital Annealing is an attempt to solve complex problems that are too time-consuming to deal with before quantum computers mature to be able to operate, and digital annealing is best used to solve various problems of "combination optimization", such as nurse scheduling.
Fujitsu ’ s third-generation digital annealing hardware has achieved remarkable results by developing a digital annealing algorithm for cyclic compound screening, using the fitting parameters of Formosa Plastics ’ complete compound database, Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO).
The NSC pointed out that the molecules selected by the calculation process are being tested in the PVC (polyvinyl chloride resin) process after being confirmed by the Formosa Plastics pilot plant, and the results have been selected as one of the next covers of the International Journal of Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research.
The research team further explained that the petrochemical products in contact with oxygen, natural oxidation phenomenon will occur, the appropriate addition of inhibitors, can effectively slow down the oxidation rate of compounds, this time is selected phenolic inhibitors for research, hoping to quickly screen the structure with good inhibitory effect from a large number of combinations.
According to the research team, through the annealing model, the team selected five of the more than 5,000 candidate structures that were expected to have the best results, and verified them with traditional classical simulation calculations, and found that the annealing model calculation results were quite accurate.
In the comparison of time cost, from 5000 candidate structures, the selection of 5 kinds of good effect, classical simulation requires 7500 hours, annealing model only needs 700 hours, in other words, the screening time is greatly shortened to about 1 / 10 of the original, for the industry in the synthesis of compounds and the search for new compounds, there is a good acceleration effect.
The research team pointed out that before the general purpose quantum computer mature, the actual application value of this annealing technology is very high. In addition to the phenolic inhibitors research, Formosa Plastics will also be extended to the research of environmentally friendly and green energy-related materials. At the same time, the current screening structure has not yet considered the cost, and price screening will be added in the future.
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Content: IBM showed what the quantum computers of the future will look like (video)
The new electronics and cooling system will allow to launch large-scale quantum computing as early as 2023.
IBM has announced a next-generation integrated quantum computing system called IBM Quantum System Two.
Details are described on the official website.
According to the developers, the platform is designed to work with future quantum processors with 433 and 1121 qubits.
It is based on the principle of modularity, when functional parts are combined into complete blocks.
This approach allows you to change the capabilities of the machine, increasing the number or power of computing modules designed for certain tasks.
The IBM Quantum System Two prototype is expected to be launched in 2023.
In the meantime, the company has shown what the future hall with quantum computers will look like.
In the video, you can see that the processors want to place in huge luminous blocks, most of which will be hidden at the lower level, probably cryogenic installations.
There will be a lot of free space between the equipment to move employees.
As IBM notes, due to the increase in the number of qubits in processors, high flexibility of the control equipment and resources for scaling are needed - the ability of the machine to cope with increasing workload.
These include tools that allow users to control qubits, as well as cryogenic cooling systems that maintain a very low temperature so that particles exhibit their quantum properties.
The design of the IBM Quantum System Two will receive advanced scalable electronics to control qubits, as well as cables and cooling elements of higher density.
The engineers, in collaboration with Bluefors, have developed a new cryogenic platform that will allow the most efficient use of space for auxiliary equipment and larger processors and provide specialists with convenient access for maintenance.
Thanks to the new design, the working space of the cooling unit was expanded and it became possible to connect several quantum processors.
“IBM ’ s Quantum System Two offers a glimpse into the future of the quantum computing data center, where the modularity and flexibility of the system infrastructure will be key to continuous scaling, ” said Jay Gambetta, IBM ’ s vice president of quantum computing.
In 2019, IBM launched the world ’ s first integrated quantum computing system called IBM Quantum System One.
Over the past three years, the company has made it the foundation for its cloud services in the US, Germany and Japan.
In addition, on November 16, IBM partnered with Yonsei University in Seoul to deploy the country ’ s first Quantum System One in South Korea.
Earlier, IBM created a new 127 qubit Eagle quantum processor.
According to the developers, no classical computer is able to keep up with it in performance.
According to IBM CEO Arvind Krishna, to solve the same problems, an electronic machine needs to use more bits than there are atoms on Earth.
At the same time, quantum computers will not be able to solve any problem and require complex equipment to work.

Title:

Content: Ultra-Pure Silicon Chip Sparks a Quantum Computing Revolution

A collaboration between the Universities of Melbourne and Manchester has led to a groundbreaking method for producing ultra-pure silicon, enhancing the potential for scalable and accurate quantum computers. This technique extends quantum coherence, significantly reducing computing errors and allowing for complex calculations that outpace traditional computers.

Researchers at the Universities of Melbourne and Manchester have invented a breakthrough technique for manufacturing highly purified silicon that brings powerful quantum computers a big step closer.

The new technique to engineer ultra-pure silicon makes it the perfect material to make quantum computers at scale and with high accuracy, the researchers say.

Enhancing Quantum Coherence

Project co-supervisor Professor David Jamieson, from the University of Melbourne, said the innovation – published today (May 7, 2024) in Communication Materials, a Nature journal – uses qubits of phosphorous atoms implanted into crystals of pure stable silicon and could overcome a critical barrier to quantum computing by extending the duration of notoriously fragile quantum coherence.

“Fragile quantum coherence means computing errors build up rapidly. With robust coherence provided by our new technique, quantum computers could solve in hours or minutes some problems that would take conventional or ‘classical’ computers – even supercomputers – centuries,” Professor Jamieson said.

A qubit – such as an atomic nucleus, electron, or photon – is a quantum object when it is in a quantum superposition of multiple states. Coherence is lost when the qubit reverts to a single state and becomes a classical object like a conventional computer bit, which is only ever one or zero and never in superposition.

Quantum bits or qubits – the building blocks of quantum computers – are susceptible to tiny changes in their environment, including temperature fluctuations. Even when operated in tranquil refrigerators near absolute zero (minus 273 degrees Celsius), current quantum computers can maintain error-free coherence for only a tiny fraction of a second.

University of Manchester co-supervisor Professor Richard Curry said ultra-pure silicon allowed construction of high-performance qubit devices – a critical component required to pave the way toward scalable quantum computers.

“What we’ve been able to do is effectively create a critical ‘brick’ needed to construct a silicon-based quantum computer. It’s a crucial step to making a technology that has the potential to be transformative for humankind,” Professor Curry said.

Lead author and joint University of Melbourne/University of Manchester PhD student Ravi Acharya prepares a silicon chip for enrichment in the University of Manchester P-NAME focused ion beam laboratory. Credit: University of Melbourne/University of Manchester

Silicon’s Role in Quantum Technology

Lead author Ravi Acharya, a joint University of Manchester/University of Melbourne Cookson Scholar, said the great advantage of silicon chip quantum computing was it used the same essential techniques that make the chips used in today’s computers.

“Electronic chips currently within an everyday computer consist of billions of transistors these can also be used to create qubits for silicon-based quantum devices. The ability to create high quality silicon qubits has in part been limited to date by the purity of the silicon starting material used. The breakthrough purity we show here solves this problem.”

Professor Jamieson said the new highly purified silicon computer chips house and protect the qubits so they can sustain quantum coherence much longer, enabling complex calculations with greatly reduced need for error correction.

“Our technique opens the path to reliable quantum computers that promise step changes across society, including in artificial intelligence, secure data and communications, vaccine and drug design, and energy use, logistics, and manufacturing,” he said.

Silicon – made from beach sand – is the key material for today’s information technology industry because it is an abundant and versatile semiconductor: it can act as a conductor or an insulator of electrical current, depending on which other chemical elements are added to it.

“Others are experimenting with alternatives, but we believe silicon is the leading candidate for quantum computer chips that will enable the enduring coherence required for reliable quantum calculations,” Professor Jamieson said.

Co-authors (left) Prof David Jamieson (University of Melbourne) and (right) Dr Maddison Coke (University of Manchester) inspect the P-NAME focused ion beam system at the University of Manchester used for the silicon enrichment project. Credit: University of Melbourne / University of Manchester

Purifying Silicon for Quantum Computing

“The problem is that while naturally occurring silicon is mostly the desirable isotope silicon-28, there’s also about 4.5 percent silicon-29. Silicon-29 has an extra neutron in each atom’s nucleus that acts like a tiny rogue magnet, destroying quantum coherence and creating computing errors,” he said.

The researchers directed a focused, high-speed beam of pure silicon-28 at a silicon chip so the silicon-28 gradually replaced the silicon-29 atoms in the chip, reducing silicon-29 from 4.5 percent to two parts per million (0.0002 percent).

“The great news is to purify silicon to this level, we can now use a standard machine – an ion implanter – that you would find in any semiconductor fabrication lab, tuned to a specific configuration that we designed,” Professor Jamieson said.

Future Prospects and Impact

In previously published research with the ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, the University of Melbourne set – and still holds – the world record for single-qubit coherence of 30 seconds using silicon that was less purified. 30 seconds is plenty of time to complete error-free, complex quantum calculations.

Professor Jamieson said the largest existing quantum computers had more than 1000 qubits, but errors occurred within milliseconds due to lost coherence.

“Now that we can produce extremely pure silicon-28, our next step will be to demonstrate that we can sustain quantum coherence for many qubits simultaneously. A reliable quantum computer with just 30 qubits would exceed the power of today’s supercomputers for some applications,” he said.

This latest work was supported by research grants from the Australian and UK governments. Professor Jamieson’s collaboration with the University of Manchester is supported by a Royal Society Wolfson Visiting Fellowship.

A 2020 report from Australia’s CSIRO estimated that quantum computing in Australia has potential to create 10,000 jobs and $2.5 billion in annual revenue by 2040.

“Our research takes us significantly closer to realizing this potential,” Professor Jamieson said.

Reference: “Highly 28Si enriched silicon by localised focused ion beam implantation” 7 May 2024, Communications Materials.
DOI: 10.1038/s43246-024-00498-0

Title:

Content: HomeTech NewsQuantum computing algorithm to capture carbon and save the planet

Quantum computing algorithm to capture carbon and save the planet

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The fight against climate change is at a critical stage, but many studies are being carried out to turn the tables.

One of the most promising solutions is atmospheric carbon capture. In fact, a team of scientists recently developed a quantum computing algorithm that could revolutionize this process. In this article, we will explore how this algorithm could change the way we approach the problem of climate change.

Carbon sequestration and its importance

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Atmospheric carbon capture is a promising tool to combat climate change. The technology is in an early stage of development, and much work is still needed to make it capable of capturing the large amounts of CO2 required. One of the most promising versions uses compounds called amines that chemically bond with carbon dioxide.

It is necessary to identify the best amines for carbon sequestration, since the efficiency of the technology depends on small variations in the structure of the amines.

Quantum computing and innovative algorithm

A team of scientists has developed an algorithm that uses quantum computing to analyze amine reactions and find the most promising compounds for carbon sequestration.

Quantum computing makes it possible to simulate interactions between atoms, and this algorithm can quickly identify the most efficient amines for carbon capture.

Impact on the fight against climate change

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The quantum computing algorithm could have a significant impact in the fight against climate change. By quickly identifying the most efficient amines for carbon sequestration, billions of additional tons of CO2 could be captured. This would help reduce the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, reducing global warming.

Challenges and future of technology

Despite their potential, both quantum computing and carbon capture face challenges. Quantum computing is still in an early stage of development, and researchers must work within the limitations of current systems.

However, scientists are optimistic about the future of quantum computing and its application in carbon capture. As technology advances, it is expected that the algorithm will become more accurate and efficient, which will allow more and more effective compounds to be identified for carbon sequestration.

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Now work is being done on three fronts:

  • Advances in quantum computing technology
  • Increased accuracy and efficiency in compound identification
  • Development of more effective solutions for carbon capture

Undoubtedly, the algorithm has great potential in the fight against climate change. While it faces challenges, such as the current limitations of quantum computing, its impact could be significant in identifying the most efficient compounds for carbon capture. In the future, this technology could contribute to reducing the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and combat global warming, and that is worth all the effort that can be put in around the world.

More information at www.eurekalert.org.

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Content: Finland has big plans for quantum computing applications

The QuTI project will develop new components, manufacturing and testing solutions, and algorithms for the needs of quantum computing applications.
25 January 2022

Quantum computing applications are expected to be adopted by more industries this year as organizations around the world begin testing the use cases for the technology. While organizations are the ones most looking forward to making the most of the technology, a few governments are also hoping quantum computing applications can improve their services.

In Finland, their first-ever quantum computer was commissioned at a research center near the capital. Scientists are expected to use it to study next-generation computing power. The 5 quantum-bit computers were developed to learn how to build a quantum computer, how to program one, and how to operate one in the future.

The state-owned VTT Technical Research Center (VTT) plays a crucial role in ensuring researchers learn in a range of scientific domains and making quantum computing applications ready for the industry. According to a report by Computer Weekly, the Finnish government believes that the best way to be ready for the quantum computing industry is to build a working quantum computer.

Computer Weekly also highlights five areas for quantum computing applications. They are in drug and materials discovery, supply chain and logistics, financial services, artificial intelligence, and cloud security.

For drug and materials discovery, Computer Weekly reports that a separate team in VTT which is the quantum algorithm team is developing algorithms to be used on the quantum computer. They are looking at two broad types of quantum computing applications. The first is to solve complex optimization problems that exist in many industries. This includes energy distribution, process control, and fleet management. The second is to predict the structures and properties of molecular formations more accurately and effectively. This will help accelerate drug discovery and the development of new materials.

While other countries are also developing quantum computer ecosystems, with the majority focusing on topics and platforms. Tech vendors like IBM and Google, who are also developing quantum use cases are not government-linked or owned and are mostly testing industry use cases.

Compared to the rest of the world, Finnish researchers focus almost exclusively on the superconducting qubit approach, which they have been using for years and know very well. In fact, a new research project has just been launched to accelerate the progress of Finnish quantum technology.

The QuTI project, coordinated by VTT, will develop new components, manufacturing and testing solutions, and algorithms for the needs of quantum technology. The QuTI consortium, partly financed by Business Finland, consists of 12 partners and has a total budget of around EUR 10 million.

For Professor Mika Prunnila, QuTI project’s coordinator, from VT, “Quantum technology is a multidisciplinary and rapidly advancing field. The QuTI consortium provides an ideal starting point for strengthening the international competitiveness of Finnish technology and industry in this fast-growing field.”

The quantum computing, communication and sensing devices to be developed in the QuTI project are largely based on expertise in microsystems, photonics, electronics, and cryogenics. The project develops customized software and algorithms hand in hand with the hardware, strengthening the Finnish quantum computing infrastructure. In addition, new tools will be created for quantum technology product development that will serve the needs of the QuTI project as well as the entire field of quantum technology.

As China and the US continue to battle each other for quantum computing supremacy, Finland is definitely building their presence in the industry as well. With the government supporting quantum computing initiatives, Finland might just have a quantum computing ecosystem on the horizon.

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Content: LINE

Text:AAAPrint
Sci-tech

China secures world-leading computational power with freshly unveiled quantum computer prototype

2023-10-12 08:59:07Global Times Editor : Li Yan ECNS App Download

Introductory illustration to the Jiuzhang 3.0 quantum computer prototype. (Photo/Courtesy of University of Science and Technology of China)

With the successful development of the Jiuzhang 3.0 quantum computer prototype, which makes use of 255 detected photons, China continues to hold a world-leading position in the field of quantum computer research and development, lead scientists for the program told the Global Times on Wednesday.

The research team, composed of renowned quantum physicists Pan Jianwei and Lu Chaoyang from the University of Science and Technology of China in collaboration with the Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology under the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Parallel Computer Engineering Technology Research Center, announced the successful construction of a 255-photon-based prototype quantum computer named Jiuzhang 3.0 early Wednesday morning.

The quantum computing feat accomplished by the team of talents achieves a speed that is 10 quadrillion times faster in solving Gaussian boson sampling (GBS) problems compared with the world's fastest supercomputers.

According to a press release Pan's team provided to the Global Times on Wednesday, this achievement has once again "renewed the world record in the field of optical quantum information technology, solving the mathematical problem of Gaussian boson sampling 10 quadrillion times faster than the current fastest supercomputer in the world, taking an important step toward the development of quantum computers."

The study was published online in the journal Physical Review Letters early Wednesday morning.

Meanwhile, according to the publicly disclosed optimal algorithm, the speed of Jiuzhang 3.0 in processing Gaussian boson sampling is one million times faster than its predecessor, the 133-photon-based Jiuzhang 2.0. Jiuzhang 2.0 could calculate the most complex sample in 1 microsecond, while the current fastest supercomputer Frontier would take more than 20 billion years to do the same calculation, according to the press release.

Lu Chaoyang, a key member of the research team, explained that quantum computing is specially designed for solving highly complicated calculations while the simpler calculations are the job of regular computers. This is why the comparison was made between the Jiuzhang 3.0 and supercomputers.

Currently, the prototype is used for calculation of graph theory related problems and in the future it will also be used in the field of material design, Lu told the Global Times on Wednesday.

According to the scientist, developing quantum computers is one of the biggest challenges at the forefront of current world technology. During Jiuzhang's research and development, scalable quantum control technology has been developed, providing a technical foundation for the development of fault-tolerant universal quantum computers.

"This paves the way for universal quantum computers, which is estimated by the academic community to be achieved in 10-15 years, said Lu.

In 2021, the team led by Pan developed the 133-photon-based Jiuzhang 2.0 and a 66-qubit programmable superconducting quantum computing system named Zuchongzhi 2.1, making China the only country to achieve a quantum computational advantage in two mainstream technical routes - one via photonics quantum computing technology and the other via superconducting quantum computing technology.

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Content: People 's Daily Online > > Economy and Technology
New Algorithm Transforms Physical Problems into Quantum Language
December 28, 2023 09: 07 | Source: Science and Technology Daily
Small number
New Algorithm Transforms Physical Problems into Quantum Language
Scientists at Google have devised an algorithm that can translate complex physical problems into the language of quantum physics, which could make quantum computers more useful.
The paper was published recently in the journal Physical Review X.
Once quantum computers become powerful enough, they may be useful for specific tasks such as encryption and drug discovery, but whether they can solve many scientific problems that traditional computers cannot handle is still unknown.
Lead researcher Ryan Barbush and colleagues have developed an algorithm that can translate a large number of traditional physics problems to run on a quantum computer.
Moreover, when simulating an important traditional system on a quantum computer, the operation speed will be exponentially increased.
The team explained that any stabilization system that is disturbed by an external force, such as a Kevlar vest suddenly hit by a bullet, can be described in the mathematical language of systems such as balls and springs.
Objects in these systems obey Hooke ’ s law and bounce back and forth.
The study found that, no matter how complex, the mathematical description of these traditional spring systems can be represented as a version of the Schrödinger equation, which describes how any quantum system changes over time.
By observing the similarity between the two equations and using symmetry, the researchers wrote an algorithm that translates the distance and speed of the spring ’ s movement into the language of the Schrödinger equation as well as the qubits used by the quantum computer.
This ball and spring system can describe many physical problems, including most wave-like systems, such as neuronal activity maps or light reflected from the surface.
Babush ’ s team has yet to figure out how many qubits it would take to run an algorithm, possibly beyond the number of qubits available in today ’ s quantum computers, to solve these physical problems or one of the first applications for error-correcting quantum computers.
(Editor: Yang Xi, Chen Jian)
Public Number ： People 's Network Finance
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Researchers develop compiler acceleration technology for quantum computers

Researchers have succeeded in developing a technique to quickly search for the optimal quantum gate sequence for a quantum computer using a probabilistic method.

To make a quantum computer perform a task, it must use a compiler to convert instructions written in a into a sequence of gate operations on , or qubits for short. They previously applied optimal control theory (GRAPE algorithm) to an exhaustive search to develop a method to identify the theoretically optimal gate sequence, but as the number of qubits increases, the number of possible combinations increases.

As the number increases explosively, an exhaustive search becomes impossible. For example, if we were to perform an exhaustive search to find the optimal gate sequence for the task of generating an arbitrary quantum state of 6 qubits, it would take longer than the age of the universe using the fastest classical computer currently available.

Therefore, the researchers attempted to develop a method to search for the optimal quantum gate sequence using a probabilistic approach and succeeded. Using the supercomputer Fugaku, it was confirmed and demonstrated that using a new probabilistic random search method, it is possible to search for the optimal quantum gate sequence for the above problem in a few hours.

This new method is expected to speed up quantum computer compilers, become a useful tool for practical quantum computers, and lead to improved performance of quantum computer devices. It can also be applied to optimize processing at quantum relay nodes, so it is expected to contribute to the realization of the quantum Internet and the reduction of environmental impact.

This result was published in the journal Physical Review A on May 6, 2024.

Quantum computers, which are currently under development, are expected to have a major impact on society. Their benefits include reducing the environmental burden by reducing , finding new chemical substances for , accelerating the search for materials for a cleaner environment, etc. One of the big problems for quantum computers is that the quantum state is very sensitive to noise, so it is difficult to maintain it stably for a long time (maintaining a coherent quantum state).

For best performance, operations must proceed within a time that allows the quantum state to remain coherent. However, apart from the special case where the number of qubits is very small, no good method has been known to find the optimal quantum gate sequence.

A solution that avoids the difficulty of the explosive increase in the number of possible gate sequences even in large-scale quantum computations and allows efficient searches within the time and computational resources that can be performed on classical computers has been awaited.

The research team introduced a probabilistic method to develop a systematic method that can efficiently search for the optimal quantum gate sequence within the execution time and computational resources.

When a computer stores and processes information, all information is converted to a string of bits with values of 0 or 1. A quantum gate sequence is a computer program written in a human-readable language after it has been converted so that it can be processed by a quantum computer. The quantum gate sequence consists of 1-qubit gates and 2-qubit gates. The best sequence is the one with the fewest gates and shows the best performance.

Their study shows the estimated calculation time when a search is performed to optimize the fidelity F on the fastest classical computer for every gate arrangement using the optimal control theory algorithm GRAPE for preparing n qubit states. The solid blue line is the so-called age of the universe (13.7 billion years). As the number of qubits increases, the number of possible combinations increases explosively, so at n=6, the total calculation time exceeds the age of the universe.

Analysis of all possible sequences for small qubit numbers reveals that there are many optimal quantum gate sequences. This suggests the possibility of expanding to large quantum tasks and finding the optimal quantum gate sequence using a probabilistic search method rather than an exhaustive search.

They also show the appearance rate (p) of sequences with fidelity F=1 for the preparation of a state consisting of n=8 qubits, which was investigated using the supercomputer Fugaku. The rate p is expressed as a function of the number of 2-qubit CNOT gates (N) in the sequence. It is clear that the probabilistic method is very efficient because the F=1 occurrence rate increases rapidly when the lower limit of N (N=124) is exceeded.

For example, the appearance rate of F=1 at N=129, which is a little over N=124, is over 50%, so if you search for a gate arrangement twice, you will find a quantum sequence that has F=1 at least once on average. In this way, it has been found that by using a probabilistic method, it is possible to search for optimal quantum gate sequences several orders of magnitude faster than when searching using an exhaustive search method.

The developed systematic and probabilistic method to provide optimal quantum gate sequences for quantum computers is expected to become a useful tool for practical quantum computers and speed up quantum computer compilers. It is expected to improve the performance of quantum computing devices and contribute to the development of quantum nodes in the quantum internet and the reduction of environmental burden.

In the future, the research team will integrate the results obtained in this study with machine learning approaches and apply them to optimize the performance of quantum computers, aiming to further speed up quantum compilers and create a database of optimal quantum gate sequences.

The research team includes The National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, RIKEN, Tokyo University of Science, and the University of Tokyo.

More information: Sahel Ashhab et al, Quantum circuit synthesis via a random combinatorial search, Physical Review A (2024). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.109.052605

Journal information: Physical Review A

Provided by National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)

Citation: Researchers develop compiler acceleration technology for quantum computers (2024, May 9) retrieved 9 May 2024 from https://phys.org/news/2024-05-technology-quantum.html
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Content: Unleashing the Power of Quantum Computing: A Qualitative Shift in Technology
Introduction:
Quantum computing, a revolutionary field of study, has caused a stir in the scientific community and beyond.
Thanks to its ability to solve complex problems with unprecedented speed, quantum computing holds the key to opening new frontiers in different fields.
In this article, we will delve into the importance of quantum computing, explore its potential applications, and address some of the common questions surrounding this cutting-edge technology.
Understanding Quantum Computing:
Quantum computing harnesses the principles of quantum mechanics to process and process information.
Unlike classical bit-based computers (0 and 1), quantum computers use quantum bits or qubits, which can exist in multiple states at once.
This unique property, known as superposition, enables quantum computers to perform complex calculations significantly faster than classical computers.
Importance of quantum computing:
1.
Solving complex problems: Quantum computing has the potential to revolutionize industries such as drug discovery, performance improvement, cryptography, and materials science.
Its enormous computational power allows for the effective simulation of molecular interactions, the optimization of complex systems, and the development of secure cryptographic algorithms.
2.
The development of artificial intelligence: Quantum computing can significantly enhance machine learning algorithms by accelerating data processing and pattern recognition.
This can lead to breakthroughs in areas such as natural language processing, image recognition, and predictive analytics.
3.
Improving supply chains: Quantum computing can revolutionize supply chain management by improving logistics, reducing costs, and improving efficiency.
Its ability to handle vast amounts of data and solve complex optimization problems can streamline processes, reduce waste, and boost overall productivity.
4.
Climate modeling and simulation: Quantum computing can help model and simulate climate, enabling scientists to better understand and predict climate patterns.
This can contribute to the development of effective mitigation strategies.
5.
Secure communication: Quantum computing offers the possibility of creating unbreakable encryption algorithms, ensuring secure communication channels in an increasingly interconnected world.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols leverage the principles of quantum mechanics to provide secure communication channels that are resistant to hacking attempts.
Frequently Asked Questions:
S1.
How is quantum computing different from classical computing?
A1.
Classical computing is based on bits, which can represent either 0 or 1.
On the other hand, quantum computing uses qubits, which can exist in multiple states at once, thanks to the principle of superposition.
S2.
Are quantum computers commercially available?
A2.
While quantum computers are still in their early stages of development, many companies and research institutions are actively working to build practical quantum computers.
However, widespread commercial availability has not yet been achieved.
Q3.
Will quantum computing replace classical computing?
A3.
Quantum computing is not expected to completely replace classical computing.
Instead, classical computing is expected to be complemented by solving specific problems that are currently intractable on classical computers.
Q4.
What are the challenges in quantum computing?
A4.
Quantum computing faces challenges such as maintaining the stability of qubits, reducing errors caused by decoding, and increasing the number of qubits.
Overcoming these challenges is critical to realizing the full potential of quantum computing.
Conclusion:
Quantum computing holds enormous promise for transforming different industries and tackling complex problems that are beyond the reach of classical computers.
As researchers continue to make progress in this area, we can expect quantum computing to reshape the technological landscape, open up new possibilities and revolutionize the way we approach computation and problem solving.
The adoption of quantum computing today is essential to prepare for the challenges and opportunities of tomorrow.
By

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Content: People 's Daily Online > > Economy and Technology
Communication Network Optimization Algorithm Based on General Quantum Computer Validated Successfully
Wu Changfeng
July 11, 2023 09: 12 | Source: Science and Technology Daily
Small number
Original Title: Communication Network Optimization Algorithm Based on General Quantum Computer Validated Successfully
On the 10th, the reporter learned from Anhui Quantum Computing Engineering Research Center that China Mobile Communication Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as China Mobile Research Institute) and Benyuan Quantum Computing Technology (Hefei) Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as Benyuan Quantum) successfully achieved the first algorithm verification based on a universal quantum computer real machine, and the preliminary results met the expected requirements.
According to Cui Chunfeng, president of the Future Research Institute of China Mobile Research Institute, China Mobile is currently in the 5G operation and 6G research and development stage. The core capabilities of 5G are to enhance mobile broadband, large-scale access and ultra-low latency high-reliability communication. The bridge of the world.
Therefore, compared with 5G, 6G will face computing problems such as larger-scale business optimization, larger-scale network optimization, larger-scale signal processing and machine learning large model training, and classical computing and algorithms are under great pressure.
The power of computing is the biggest feature of quantum computers.
At present, the global quantum computing is steadily developing and has been piloted in some high-computing demand industries. "We want to try to evaluate and verify the feasibility of quantum computing in communication networks, especially 6G, from the small-scale problems in some typical scenarios."
In order to solve the problem of optimizing the parameters of the large-scale antenna of the base station in the 5G network, the source quantum has proved the feasibility of the quantum algorithm in the specific problem through effective modeling, algorithm design and real machine verification.
"This gives us the confidence to introduce quantum computing," Cui Chunfeng said. In the next step, China Mobile will further expand the scale and type of the problem, design better quantum algorithms, and promote the phased integration of quantum computing into the communication network.
Through the integration and innovation of quantum computing and communication, it drives the integration and development of quantum computing and communication industry, and explores a leapfrog path for the development of mobile information networks.
(Editor: Shen Jiaping, Chen Jian)
Public Number ： People 's Network Finance
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Content: PsiQuantum to build world ’ s first utility-grade fault-tolerant quantum computer in Australia
Australian and Queensland governments to invest A $940 million (US $620 million) in PsiQuantum
BRISBON, Australia -- (BUSINESS WIRE) -- PsiQuantum today announced that it will build the world's first utility-grade quantum computer at a strategically located location near the airport in Brisbane, Australia.
The Australian Federal and Queensland governments will invest A $940 million (US $620 million) in PsiQuantum through a financial package that includes equity, grants and loans. PsiQuantum is implementing an aggressive plan to make the site operational by the end of 2027.
Fault-tolerant quantum computers will be able to solve problems of commercial value across industries based on chemistry, mathematics, and physics, transforming key industries including renewable energy, minerals and metals, healthcare, and transportation that will drive the global economy for decades to come.
The quantum computing industry has long faced the complex scaling challenge of building a quantum computer with enough physical qubits to enable error correction capabilities to deliver on the promise of quantum computing. PsiQuantum expands its fusion based architecture, employs photonics methods to encode qubits into light particles, and utilizes advanced infrastructure in semiconductor manufacturing to manufacture and Test millions of photonic devices. PsiQuantum ’ s first utility class system will reach the scale of 1 million physical qubits, with an ultra-large footprint and modular architecture that leverages existing cryogenic cooling technologies.
Professor Jeremy O ’ Brien, CEO of PsiQuantum, said: “Utility-scale quantum computers represent an opportunity to build a new and useful computing infrastructure that will set off the next industrial revolution.
This platform will help solve today ’ s seemingly impossible problems and will be a tool to design the solutions we desperately need to protect our future. As the PsiQuantum team takes another big step forward in their mission to deliver on the promise of quantum computing, we are excited to work with the governments of Australia and Queensland. ”
PsiQuantum works with industry leaders from around the world.
The products and technologies of these companies are rooted in basic chemistry and science, such as new drug development, more efficient renewable energy technologies including batteries and solar cells, and major improvements in the process of producing renewable energy such as green ammonia and green hydrogen.
“PsiQuantum is committed to delivering the world ’ s first practical quantum computer, and today ’ s recognition by the Australian government is another important milestone in this mission. With the advent of utility-grade quantum computers on the horizon, our application teams have been working with leading companies in pharmaceuticals, semiconductor manufacturing, aerospace, chemical and financial services to ensure fault-tolerant quantum applications, ” said Stratton Sclavos, PsiQuantum. Deploy once the system is up and running."
About PsiQuantum:
PsiQuantum was founded in 2015 and is headquartered in Palo Alto, California.
The company ’ s mission is to build and deploy the world ’ s first practical fault-tolerant quantum computing system.
PsiQuantum ’ s photonic approach enables it to rapidly scale its system with high-volume semiconductor manufacturing technology and existing low-temperature infrastructure.
For more information, please visit www.psiquantum.com
Disclaimer: The original version of this announcement is the official authorized version. The translation is for convenience only. Please refer to the original version. The original version is the only version with legal effect.
Contacts
Alex Mack | Director of Marketing and Communications
amack @ psiquantum.com, media @ psiquantum.com
Contacts
Alex Mack | Director of Marketing and Communications
amack @ psiquantum.com, media @ psiquantum.com

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Scientists integrate solid-state spin qubits with nanomechanical resonators

In a new Physical Review Letters study, scientists propose a new method for combining solid-state spin qubits with nanomechanical resonators for scalable and programmable quantum systems.

Quantum information processing requires qubits to have long coherence times, stability, and be scalable. Solid-state spin qubits are the candidates being pursued for these applications as they possess long-coherence times. However, they are not scalable.

The PRL study, led by Frankie Fung, a graduate student in Professor Mikhail Lukin's group at Harvard University, addressed this challenge while speaking to Phys.org.

He said, "While small quantum registers using solid-state spin qubits have been demonstrated, they rely on magnetic dipolar interactions, which limit the interaction range to tens of nanometers. The short interaction distance and difficulty fabricating spin qubits consistently at such close spacings make it challenging to control systems containing large arrays of qubits."

In the PRL study, the researchers proposed an architecture that mediates the interaction between spin qubits using a nanomechanical , a mechanical oscillator.

Diamonds as qubits

The team's approach relied on nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamonds acting as qubits.

Typically, diamond structures consist of in a tetrahedral structure, meaning they are bonded to four other carbon atoms.

However, using methods like , one of the carbon atoms can be substituted with a nitrogen atom. This results in a missing carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen, creating a vacancy.

The nitrogen atom adjacent to a vacancy forms the NV center, which has an unpaired electron with spin states used as qubits.

The NV centers offer many advantages due to their unique optical properties. They have long coherence times, meaning their interaction with the environment is low, making them very stable.

Additionally, they are optically compatible, which means that it is easy to input and output information using light. Since they have unpaired electrons, they are also highly sensitive to magnetic fields.

These properties make them ideal to be used as qubits, especially when integrating them with solid-state devices.

The problem arises due to the short-range interaction between the qubits themselves. This is because solid-state spin qubits interact with each other via magnetic dipole interactions, which are short-ranged.

Interaction between qubits is necessary to create entangled states, which are a foundation for .

Mechanical resonators as mediators

To address the long-range interaction of qubits, the researchers propose coupling the NV centers in diamonds with mechanical resonators.

"Our research aims to use nanomechanical resonators to mediate interactions between these spin qubits. More specifically, we propose a new architecture, where spin qubits inside individual scanning probe tips can be moved over a nanomechanical resonator that mediates spin-spin interactions," explained Fung.

Nanomechanical resonators are tiny structures that can oscillate at high frequencies (typically nanoscales). They are sensitive to external fields and forces.

By coupling the qubits with a nanomechanical resonator, the researchers are creating a way for non-local interactions. This potentially enables the creation of large-scale quantum processors, addressing the drawback of scalability with solid-state quantum systems.

Refining the architecture

The research team's architecture, therefore, consists of a spin qubit inside individual scanning probe tips, which are precise scanning devices that can gather information.

"The scanning probe tips can be moved over a mechanical resonator that mediates spin-spin interactions. Since we can choose which qubits to move over this mechanical resonator, we can create programmable connectivity between spin qubits," explained Fung.

The individual qubits are NV centers inside a diamond nanopillar. This structure allows the NV center to be close to a micromagnet, which creates the magnetic field used to manipulate the electron spin state.

"It also helps that the nanopillar acts as a waveguide that reduces the laser power needed to excite the NV center," added Fang. This happens because the nanopillar guides the laser to the exact location it needs to go, the NV center.

The micromagnet is located on a silicon nitride nanobeam, completing the nanomechanical resonator.

In theory, the setup works as follows. The micromagnet creates a magnetic field around the qubit and the resonator. This magnetic field changes the electron spin state of the qubit.

The change in the spin state causes the qubit to interact with the nanomechanical resonator differently than it was before, making it oscillate with a different frequency. This oscillation affects other qubits, affecting their spin state.

The architecture allows for non-local qubit interactions.

Architecture feasibility and hybrid quantum systems

To show that their architecture is achievable, the researchers demonstrated the qubit's coherence over the mechanical transport of the micromagnet.

Fung said, "As a proof-of-principle measurement, we stored some coherent information in the NV center, moved it around in a large field gradient, and showed that the information was preserved afterward."

The coherence was also demonstrated via the quality factor, indicating the efficiency of a resonant system.

For the architecture, the quality factor was around a million at low temperatures, suggesting that the nanobeam resonator can maintain highly coherent mechanical motion despite being functionalized with a micromagnet. However, the highest recorded quality factor for mechanical resonators is 10 billion.

"While this coupling is not strong enough to make this architecture a reality yet, we believe that there are several realistic improvements that could get us there," said Fung.

The researchers are working on introducing an optical cavity with a nanomechanical resonator.

Fung explained, "The cavity would allow us to not only measure the mechanical motion more precisely, but also potentially prepare the mechanical resonator in its ground state. This greatly expands the experiments we can do, such as transferring a single quanta of information from the spin to the mechanics and vice versa."

The researchers also believe nanomechanical resonators are ideal intermediaries between different qubits because they can interact with various forces, such as Coulomb repulsion and radiation pressure.

"A hybrid quantum system can leverage the advantages of different kinds of qubits while mitigating their disadvantages. Because they can be fabricated on-chip, nanomechanical resonators can be integrated with other components, such as an electrical circuit or an optical cavity, which opens up possibilities for long-range connectivity," concluded Fung.

More information: F. Fung et al, Toward Programmable Quantum Processors Based on Spin Qubits with Mechanically Mediated Interactions and Transport, Physical Review Letters (2024). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.263602. On arXiv: DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2307.12193

Journal information: Physical Review Letters , arXiv

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Content: Who invented the first quantum computer?

Who invented the first quantum computer?

**The first quantum computer was invented by a group of researchers led by physicist Isaac Chuang and computer scientist Neil Gershenfeld in 1998.**

Quantum computing has undoubtedly revolutionized the world of technology and opened up new possibilities for solving complex problems. As this fascinating field continues to grow, many people wonder who can be credited with the invention of the very first quantum computer. Well, the answer lies with a group of brilliant scientists who pushed the boundaries of computation to a whole new level.

What were the key contributions of Isaac Chuang and Neil Gershenfeld?

Isaac Chuang, a physicist, and Neil Gershenfeld, a computer scientist, collaborated in the 1990s to create the first practical quantum computer using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques.

How did their quantum computer work?

Chuang and Gershenfeld’s quantum computer utilized the principles of quantum mechanics, including quantum superposition and entanglement, to perform computations.

What breakthroughs did their quantum computer achieve?

Their quantum computer successfully executed Shor’s algorithm, which is capable of factoring large numbers exponentially faster than classical computers.

How did their invention impact the field of quantum computing?

Chuang and Gershenfeld’s invention marked a significant milestone in the development of quantum computers, inspiring subsequent researchers to explore new approaches and technologies for building more scalable and efficient quantum systems.

What limitations did the first quantum computer face?

The first quantum computer faced several limitations, including a high error rate due to the susceptibility of the NMR-based technology to decoherence.

Did Chuang and Gershenfeld receive recognition for their achievement?

Yes, their groundbreaking work gained recognition, and they were awarded the prestigious Richard P. Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology in 2001.

Has quantum computing technology improved since then?

Absolutely! Since Chuang and Gershenfeld’s invention, quantum computing has made tremendous strides with advancements in hardware design, quantum algorithms, error correction techniques, and the emergence of various quantum computing platforms.

Are there other researchers who significantly contributed to quantum computing?

Certainly! A multitude of researchers and scientists around the world has made notable contributions to the development of quantum computing, further expanding our understanding and capabilities in this field.

What are the potential applications of quantum computing?

Quantum computing has the potential to revolutionize various industries, including cryptography, drug discovery, optimization problems, material science, and artificial intelligence.

Are quantum computers currently commercially available?

Although quantum computers are still in the early stages of development, there are some commercially available quantum computers offered by companies like IBM, Google, and Honeywell.

How far are we from achieving quantum supremacy?

Quantum supremacy refers to a point where a quantum computer can perform a calculation that is infeasible for any classical computer. While there have been promising demonstrations, achieving true quantum supremacy at scale is still a significant endeavor.

What are the biggest challenges in quantum computing today?

Some of the significant challenges in quantum computing include quantum decoherence, error correction, scaling up the number of qubits, and improving hardware reliability.

In conclusion, Isaac Chuang and Neil Gershenfeld can be credited for inventing the first quantum computer in 1998, marking a pivotal moment in the history of computing. Their pioneering work has inspired countless researchers, leading to remarkable advancements in quantum computing technology. As we continue to unravel the potential of this exciting field, it is crucial to acknowledge the many researchers who have contributed to shaping the future of quantum computing.

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Russian scientists have figured out how to dramatically increase the performance of a quantum computer
Scientists from Russia have found a way to increase the performance of a quantum computer.
To do this, they used qudits, which allow you to significantly reduce not only the number, but also the time of calculations.
And this, in turn, will allow you to run more complex and complex quantum algorithms.
A new approach
Russian scientists have figured out how to increase the performance of a quantum processor.
This CNews told representatives of the National Research Technological University MISIS.
Scientists from MISIS and the Russian Quantum Center (RCC) have proposed a new approach for launching quantum algorithms using additional levels of the quantum system.
The method improved the final quality of quantum algorithms.
This article was published in the scientific journal Entropy.
Qubits and Qudits
Now most of the research on quantum operations is focused on qubits - all operations that apply to a quantum system are represented in the form of one- and two-qubit quantum gates that convert the input states of qubits at the weekend according to a certain law, the representatives of MISIS note.
Photo: MISIS
Head of the Laboratory of Quantum Information Technologies MISIS Alexey Fedorov
The main way to improve the performance of quantum processors is to increase the number of their qubits (the smallest unit of information in a quantum computer).
At the same time, ions or atoms, which often act as qubits, have more than two levels and can work not only as qubits, but also as qubits (an expanded version of a qubit).
There are three (three), four (four), five (five), and four (four).
These states allow for denser encoding of data in physical media.
And allow you to run more complex and complex quantum algorithms.
Thus, the power of the quantum processor increases and operations can be performed much faster.
What is the novelty
Scientists of MISIS and RCC considered one of the ways of using kukvintov (five-level kudites) and presented an effective model of decomposition of the generalized Toffoli valve.
As an example, Grover's quantum algorithm for searching through a disordered database is considered.
Using only this valve, you can build any reversible classical logic scheme, for example, an arithmetic device or a classical processor.
The advantage of qubits is that their space can be considered as the space of two qubits with a common additional level, explained the head of the laboratory of quantum information technologies MISIS Alexei Fedorov.
This helps to simultaneously reduce the number of physical media, and use the additional layer as an auxiliary state to simplify the decomposition of multi-qubit valves (complex logical operations with qubits) or reduce their number.
This improves the quality of the algorithms.
The results obtained by the scientists apply to quantum processors based on various physical platforms, such as ions, neutral atoms, superconducting circuits and others.
Quantum computers in Russia
In December 2021, Russia created a prototype of a quantum ion computer of four qubits.
The prototype was created within the framework of the “road map ” on quantum computing, carried out by Rosatom.
On its basis, by the end of 2024, they are going to build a universal quantum computer with cloud access.
In 2021, the state corporation allocated more than 6 billion rubles for the development of quantum technologies and the creation of the necessary research infrastructure.
By 2024, more than 23 billion rubles will be allocated for the creation of a quantum computer.
In 2022, physicists increased the power of a quantum computer to five qubits.
On April 5, 2023, remote access to an ion computer was opened in Russia for the first time.
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Boston-based quantum computer QuEra joins Amazon's cloud for public access

While there are various technologies for creating so-called quantum bits or qubits where the computations happen, QuEra's qubits use neutral atoms in a vacuum chamber and use lasers to cool and control them. It is the first neutral atom quantum computer to join Braket, which offers five other quantum computers on the cloud - Rigetti Computing, IonQ, D-Wave, Xanadu Quantum Technologies and Oxford Quantum Circuits.

Quantum computer startup QuEra, born from researchers at Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, said on Tuesday its computer is now accessible to the public through Amazon.com cloud's quantum computer service Braket.

While there are various technologies for creating so-called quantum bits or qubits where the computations happen, QuEra's qubits use neutral atoms in a vacuum chamber and use lasers to cool and control them. It is the first neutral atom quantum computer to join Braket, which offers five other quantum computers on the cloud - Rigetti Computing, IonQ, D-Wave, Xanadu Quantum Technologies and Oxford Quantum Circuits.

The 256-qubit computer is called Aquila and is physically based in Boston, said Alexander Keesling, CEO of QuEra. "One of the great things about this machine is that you can program the qubit layout so you don't have to use all of them...You can build different mini clusters of different atoms to parallelize the computation even further," said Keesling about Aquila.

Richard Moulds, Braket's general manager, said the service makes it easy and cost effective for researchers to test out different types of quantum computers. "You might run an algorithm that could run for a couple of hours and it costs you a couple of hundred dollars. Or you might run an algorithm that would run for half a second and cost you 30 cents," he said.

Moulds said there are at least 25 companies that have a quantum computer, and Braket is looking for interesting technologies and companies that are operationally ready, including from a security point of view, to invite them to the service.

Braket, which has been up and running for over two years, has a software layer that allows researchers to use their algorithms for any of the quantum computers on the cloud.

Amazon is also developing its own quantum computer, said Moulds.

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Content: People 's Daily Online > > Economy and Technology
The world 's third! China has the complete delivery capacity of quantum computer
January 30, 2023 08: 48 | Source: Science and Technology Daily
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Science and Technology Daily News (Reporter Wu Changfeng) In the recently released sci-fi movie "Wandering Earth 2", there is a MOSS, the highest computing power intelligent quantum computer known as "the most valuable prop in the field", which can meet tens of thousands of engines working together, and support the computing power required for the "digital life" program.
In fact, quantum computers are not science fiction. On January 28, the reporter learned from the Anhui Province Quantum Computing Engineering Research Center that Hefei Origin Quantum has developed a number of Chinese quantum computers and successfully delivered a quantum computer to users.
The successful delivery of the quantum computer makes China the third country in the world with the ability to deliver the complete quantum computer.
This is China's "quantum superiority" after the realization of the "quantum superiority", once again established the leading position in the international quantum computing research field.
"More than 100 quantum computing companies in the world have invested huge human and material resources in the development of quantum computing, Canada 's quantum computing company sold its first quantum computer in 2011, IBM in the United States in 2019 to deliver its commercial quantum computer, Chinese company origin quantum computer in 2021 has been delivered to users." The addition will accelerate the development of a practical universal quantum computer.
It is understood that Benyuan Quantum is the first quantum computing company in China, which has launched the first domestic superconducting quantum computer Benyuan in 2020, and provides quantum computing services to global users through the cloud platform; in 2022, it released the first domestic quantum computer and supercomputer collaborative computing system solution, which can play the advantages of quantum computers and supercomputers in both directions.
(Editor: Wang Zhen, Chen Jian)
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Content: IQM Quantum Computers to supply quantum processing units for Spain ’ s first quantum computer
• IQM is a member of the consortium led by Qilimanjaro Quantum Tech and GMV
IQM to deliver first quantum processing unit in Q2 2023
Quantum computer to be installed at Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC) and integrated into MareNostrum 5 supercomputer
IQM Quantum Computer opened (Photo: Business Wire)
BARCELONA, Spain -- (BUSINESS WIRE) -- IQM Quantum Computers (IQM), a leader in quantum computers in Europe, announced today that it has been selected to supply quantum processing units for the first Spanish quantum computer.
The computer will be installed at the Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC) and integrated into Spain ’ s extremely powerful MareNostrum 5 supercomputer.
IQM is a member of a consortium led by Spanish companies Qilimanjaro Quantum Tech and GMV, selected by Quantum Spain. Quantum Spain is an initiative promoted by the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Digital Transformation through the Secretary of State for Digitalization and Artificial Intelligence (SEDIA) in December 2022 to build the first quantum computer for public use in Southern Europe.
Dr. Jan Goetz, co-founder and CEO of IQM Quantum Computers, said: “This is a major announcement from IQM.
We have the right background and experience in developing quantum processors, computers, and national quantum ecosystems.
We look forward to working with Qilimanjaro Quantum Tech and are excited to be part of such a strong consortium and play an important role by providing quantum processing units for this prestigious project. ”
The integration of quantum computers into MareNostrum 5 enables solutions that complement the capabilities of existing supercomputers for use by research institutions, companies and public organizations, as well as the development of technology and industry in Spain and the creation of high-quality jobs, thereby significantly increasing the impact of research and innovation.
Victor Canivell, co-founder and CEO of Qilimanjaro, said: “We are delighted to be able to leverage the expertise of an excellent company like IQM to support the development of this innovative system, which will be based entirely on Spanish and European technologies.
We believe this will be a productive collaboration and we look forward to working with IQM to roll out the system. ”
Jani Heikkinen, Head of Business Development and Regional Manager, Spain, said: “This is yet another example of our European leadership and it demonstrates our commitment to working with public and private institutions to advance the Spanish quantum ecosystem.
We can also provide the necessary support for the project through our office in Madrid, "he said.
About IQM Quantum Computers
IQM is a pan-European leader in building quantum computers.
IQM provides internal quantum computers for supercomputing centers and research labs and provides full access to their hardware.
For industrial customers, IQM leverages its quantum advantage through a unique, application-specific joint design approach.
IQM is currently working with VTT to build Finland ’ s first commercial 54-qubit quantum computer.
In addition, a consortium led by IQM (Q-Exa) is building quantum computers in Germany that will be integrated into HPC supercomputers to create quantum accelerators for future scientific research.
IQM has offices in Singapore, Paris, Madrid, Munich and Espoo and employs more than 240 people.
For industrial IQMs, quantum advantages are provided through a unique, application-specific, co-design approach.
About Qilimanjaro
Qilimanjaro Quantum Tech is a high-tech startup that uses analog models, a different but complementary model of quantum computing, to bring practical applications of quantum computing to market in less time than digital quantum computers.
Qilimanjaro has created a coherent quantum retreater that runs real-world applications through our cloud, such as optimization tasks in areas such as logistics, finance and energy sectors, as well as quantum simulations of chemical and physical processes that are prevalent in the materials and pharmaceutical research industries.
Qilimanjaro aims to provide customers with faster, more accurate and sustainable solutions to computing problems.
Since its first year of operation, the company has signed a number of customer contracts and is a major contributor to the European Commission ’ s AVaQus H2020 coherent quantum annealing project.
Qilimanjaro is a spin-off of the Barcelona Supercomputer Centre (BSC), the University of Barcelona (UB) and the Spanish Institute of High Energy Physics (IFAE).
About GMV
GMV is a privately held technology conglomerate founded in 1984 that trades globally in the following industries: aerospace, aviation, defense and security, cybersecurity, intelligent transportation systems, automotive, healthcare, telecommunications and IT, serving government agencies and large corporations.
With more than 3,000 employees, the company currently has subsidiaries in Spain, the United States, Germany, France, Poland, Portugal, Romania, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium, Malaysia and Colombia, with 2021 revenue approaching 260 million euros.
75% of its turnover comes from international projects on five continents.
The company adopts a growth strategy based on continuous innovation and invests 5% of its turnover in internal research and development. GMV has been certified by CMMI Level 5, the world ’ s most authoritative model for organizational process capability enhancement, and holds several international patents.
Disclaimer: The original version of this announcement is the official authorized version. The translation is for convenience only. Please refer to the original version, the original version is the only version with legal effect.
Contacts
IQM Media Contacts
Raghunath Koduvayur, Head of Marketing and Communications
Email: Raghunath @ meetiqm.com
Mobile: + 65 9353 0048
www.metiqm.com
Media Contacts
Alícia Labián Pagès, Corporate Operations Manager
Email: alicia.labian @ qilimanjaro.tech
Mobile: + 34 676 683 876
www.qilimanjaro.tech
For more information please contact:
marketing @ gmv.com
www.gmv.com
Contacts
IQM Media Contacts
Raghunath Koduvayur, Head of Marketing and Communications
Email: Raghunath @ meetiqm.com
Mobile: + 65 9353 0048
www.metiqm.com
Media Contacts
Alícia Labián Pagès, Corporate Operations Manager
Email: alicia.labian @ qilimanjaro.tech
Mobile: + 34 676 683 876
www.qilimanjaro.tech
For more information please contact:
marketing @ gmv.com
www.gmv.com

Title:

Content: Google confirms quantum computing breakthrough – more computing power with fewer errors
On the pages of our site you can find a lot of information about quantum computers, so regular readers know that quantum bits, qubits, are very sensitive to external interference.
Light, heat and electromagnetic waves cause errors during calculations, which makes the results of these calculations less reliable.
And, the more qubits are included in the quantum computing system, the higher, naturally, the error rate becomes.
However, representatives of the group of developers of quantum systems Google announced that they managed to “see the light at the end of the tunnel ”.
In their latest work, they used new algorithms for quantum error correction, which allowed them to increase the dimension of the qubit array, while even lowering the error rate.
Previously, Google specialists combined qubits into logical groups of 17 qubits, but the new design of a logical qubit with 49 qubits allowed to implement a more effective mechanism for correcting errors.
According to the available data, this case is the first in the history of quantum informatics, when the size of an array of qubits was increased while reducing the error rate.
And this is a very big and important step towards the creation of a real universal quantum computer.
However, the creation of a large logical qubit with a small error rate in itself entails the need to modify the hardware and software of a quantum computing system.
At present, Google specialists are already working towards the creation of a new system of cryogenics and electronic control.
When all this is ready, it will be embodied in the form of a new processor for the next generation quantum computer Sycamore 2, which will replace the previous computer and will be used as a cloud service for the development of new drugs, battery technologies, new materials, etc.
Key words:
Google, Quantum, Computer, Processor, Cubit, Error, Odds, Sycamore
Primary source
Other news on the topic:
Google begins to introduce the first technologies of error correction in the field of quantum computing
Google predicts the emergence of full-fledged quantum computers capable of self-learning within the next ten years
Intel begins development of silicon qubits, which will become the basis of scalable quantum computers with millions of qubits
A new type of quantum logic element will allow you to create quantum computers that do not allow errors
Matrix of five superconducting qubits - a prototype of the future quantum processor
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Colorado leads the world in quantum tech. Now its potential is growing.

"If we want to live in the Jetsons Age, we've got to get this right," says regional innovation officer with Elevate Quantum
Posted at 10:08 AM, Jul 09, 2024

BROOMFIELD, Colo. — In an unassuming brick building in northern Colorado’s City of Broomfield, a new technology is harnessing the power of the very smallest particles and waves to solve our biggest problems.

On small golden chips, tiny particles known as “quantum bits” or “qubits” are trapped above the surface. Lasers and voltages move those qubits around, powering the computer of the future.

What will it mean?

“Faster discovery,” said Dr. Jenni Strabley who works with Quantinuum, the world’s biggest integrated quantum computing company.

Colorado already leads the world when it comes to quantum technology. Now, new investments in the Mountain West’s quantum tech hub are expanding its potential to transform everything from our health to our national security.

"If we want to live in the Jetsons Age, we’ve got to get this right,” said Zachary Yerushalmi, chief executive and regional innovation officer for Elevate Quantum.

"The quantum community in Colorado has a gravity around it really unlike anywhere else on the planet," Yerushalmi said. "We have more organizations, more jobs, more Nobel Prizes than any other."

But to take these innovations to the next level, Yerushalmi said collaboration is key.

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Quantum computer technology growing in Colorado

Amy Wadas
5:26 AM, Oct 12, 2022

Elevate Quantum is the largest regional consortium of researchers and companies working together on quantum technology in the United States. And it’s set to keep growing. The Biden Administration recognized Elevate Quantum as a designated Tech Hub late last year, and the federal government will soon invest $40.5 million in funding through the Economic Development Administration.

On top of that, Colorado is investing $74 million in state support, including $44 million in refundable tax credits to help pay for a shared quantum research facility and $30 million to help smaller Colorado quantum companies access capital through a loan loss reserve.

Colorado Gov. Jared Polis expects these investments in quantum technology to create more than 10,000 jobs and $1 billion in economic impact statewide.

But what does quantum tech mean for the average person?

“Quantum has been shaping our lives for a while, on an everyday basis,” Yerushalmi said.

The atomic clock makes our internet connection and GPS systems possible.

With emerging quantum tech, “literally any scientific promise that people think of” is within reach, he said.

Quantum has the potential to help us cure diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s, to create batteries that last an incredibly long time without needing to charge, to take artificial intelligence to the next level and even to upend our cybersecurity abilities.

"Us having these capabilities first is fundamental to national security,” Yerushalmi said.

“The job is to stay on top,” he said, by staying together.

“Looking at history, that's how it's been done. Whether it be the Manhattan Project, whether it be the Apollo Project. It was seen as, ‘Look, guys, we just got to make it happen.’ So that's what we're doing,” Yerushalmi said.

Quantinuum is one of the companies joining this collaboration.

“This is a difficult technology to develop,” said Quantinuum’s Dr. Strabley.

Quantum computers are expensive to fabricate and take skilled workers to operate, which is why the new investments will focus on making tech many researchers can share and training Coloradans who can fill these jobs.

Dr. Strabley said Quantinuum already shares its quantum computers’ capabilities by solving complex problems for clients.

You can think of scientific questions as a maze. A classic computer operates a lot like us — it will look at the maze and take one path, then another, trying out every possible path until it solves the problem. But a quantum computer is so powerful, it can basically solve the whole maze all at once.

As the technology advances, Dr. Strabley said it will become faster and less energy-intensive to solve problems, including ones a classic computer can’t handle at all.

She said almost all discoveries start with simulations or models. Since quantum computing will eventually be able to model things very quickly, new discoveries will come faster and faster.

“Maybe it's chemistry, maybe it's machine learning, maybe it's AI,” she said.

Dr. Brian Neyenhuis, another scientist at Quantinuum leading the team that operates their commercial quantum computers, said “day to day, there's a lot of things going on here in Colorado.”

In the control room, an array of screens help Dr. Neyenhuis and his team constantly monitor how their quantum computers are doing, so they can regulate everything from the temperature in the room to the lasers shining on the chips to manipulate the “qubits.”

For now, the computers fill a large room next door. The quantum chips are placed at the center of tables, surrounded by wires and hidden behind thick black curtains meant to protect scientists’ eyes from blinding laser beams. Someday, the technology might shrink down in size and grow in capability — a lot like the computers we now hold in the palm of our hands.

"I've been dreaming about this stuff since I took my first physics classes in college, to be able to just take an individual atom and manipulate it. It's such a clean system,” Dr. Neyenhuis said. “That's quite beautiful.”

Colorado leads the world in quantum tech. Now its potential is growing.

Reflecting On 30 Years Of Service

Bob Chastain has spent the last 3 decades of his career at the Cheyenne Mountain Zoo in Colorado Springs. He's quick to tell you a story about each animal, most of them orphans, and how they got here.

Bob Chastain: 30 years of change at the Cheyenne Mountain Zoo

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Content: New Technology ｜ Major Breakthroughs in Quantum Computing, Performance Improves, Cost Reduces, and Approaches to Practical Application
Author: Zhongguancun Online
Published: Updated:
Of all the common rebuttals in the computer (computer) world, the phrase “if only software could catch up with the hardware ” might rank high.
However, software does catch up with hardware sometimes.
In fact, this time, the software seems to be able to achieve the point of unlocking quantum computing for classical computers.
This is what researchers at the Center for Quantum Computing at the Institute of Physics and Chemistry in Japan say, and they have published an algorithm that greatly accelerates a specific quantum computing workload.
What ’ s more, the workload itself — called the time evolution operator — has applications in condensed matter physics and quantum chemistry, two fields that can unlock new worlds in our own.
Typically, an improved algorithm won ’ t completely break away from the norm; after all, updates are everywhere.
Every application update, software update, or firmware upgrade basically brings revised code that either solves the problem or improves performance (hopefully).
The improved algorithm is good, and anyone with an AMD or NVIDIA graphics card can attest to that.
But let ’ s face it: we ’ re used to being disappointed with performance upgrades.
+ 12
However, in this case, the performance improvement is extraordinary.
Really, the results could hardly have been more impressive.
With improved algorithms (which are themselves a hybrid of quantum and classical methods), future quantum computers can be simpler than we thought: they will be able to handle bigger problems faster than we expected, and at a lower cost.
However, the increase in performance is not limited to this.
They can make it possible for conventional machines to deal with problems of a level of complexity that only quantum computers are said to be able to solve.
Kaoru Mizuta of the Center for Quantum Computing at the Institute of Physics and Chemistry explains: “The time-evolution operator is a huge mesh that describes the complex behavior of quantum materials.
They are very important because they give quantum computers a very practical application -- a better understanding of quantum chemistry and solid physics. "
Extended reading: Science and technology, scientists achieve a breakthrough, robots can change the shape of liquefaction and then restore the original shape.
+ 38
【 This article is reproduced with permission from Zhongguancun Online. 】

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Content: October 6, 2023
HomeTechnologiesHardwareFujitsu and RIKEN announced the development of a new quantum computer on 64 qubits
Fujitsu and RIKEN announced the development of a new quantum computer for 64 qubits
Fujitsu and Japanese research institute RIKEN have announced the successful development of a new superconducting quantum computer with 64 qubits.
The authors of the project have also prepared a hybrid quantum computing platform, access to which they will provide their partners.
The platform combines the computing power of a system with 64 superconducting qubits and one of the world ’ s largest 40-qubit quantum computer simulators.
For the operation of the new complex, a hybrid quantum algorithm is being developed that links quantum computing with traditional high-performance computing (HPC).
It will be able to be used to work in various fields, including the development of medicines and financial algorithms.
The new hybrid platform makes it easy to compare the results of calculations of noisy intermediate scale quantum computers (NISQ) with the unmistakable results of quantum simulators, contributing to the acceleration of research in areas such as evaluating the performance of error reduction algorithms in quantum applications.
To test the system, the developers used it to calculate the ground state energy of the H12 molecule and combined the algorithm with artificial intelligence-based quantum computing correction technology designed to mitigate noise effects in quantum computers.
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Content: The world is on the verge of revolution: the first “multi-level ” quantum computer was created
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According to scientists, the capabilities of the “super-computer ” will allow you to make new discoveries in various spheres of life.
Scientists in Austria managed to improve the quantum computer and create the world's first universal quantum computer, which is built on the basis of kudites - the so-called multi-level quantum bits.
This message was distributed by the press service of the University of Innsbruck, writes the journal Nature Physics.
The essence of the discovery is that most existing quantum computers are computers built on the basis of the so-called qubits - quantum analogues of logical bits (artificial analogues of a hydrogen atom with two energy levels).
Along with qubits, there are qubits — more complex quantum memory cells — qutrits and quads — structures with three or four levels.
In theory, kutrites and kuquadras allow more data to be processed with fewer particles, but they are much more difficult to manipulate and associate with each other.
Therefore, the researchers decided for the first time to use kudites based on calcium ions - such a move made it possible to create a universal quantum computer that will significantly increase the speed of calculations.
In such a machine, each of the Kudits has eight distinct energy levels, seven of which physicists have learned to use for calculations.
And if you put the calcium ion in a magnetic-electric trap, illuminating it with a laser, you can manipulate the properties of energy levels.
It was this idea that helped to create two prototypes of a universal quantum computer, built on the basis of three and ten qudits.
Such a computer is able to perform all the logical operations available for qubit computers, changing the number of energy levels used in individual qubits.
According to Austrian physicists, while the created computers make many random errors at work, but in the near future scientists plan to significantly reduce their number.
This, in particular, can be achieved by using more powerful magnets and high-frequency traps to hold calcium ions.
Earlier, scientists made an equally important discovery, telling about what form of life can survive on the red planet.

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Quantum programming
Quantum programming is an emerging field in the field of computer programming that focuses on the development of algorithms and software for quantum computers.
To harness the unparalleled computational power of quantum computing systems, quantum programming combines the principles of quantum mechanics, linear algebra, and computer science to solve complex problems that are beyond the reach of classical computing architectures.
Quantum programming languages and frameworks are designed to handle qubits and facilitate the processing of quantum information, enabling revolutionary advances in areas such as cryptography, optimization, and simulation.
Unlike classical bits, which can be either 0 or 1, quantum bits can exist in multiple states simultaneously due to a phenomenon known as superposition.
This property, along with entanglement, which allows correlation between qubits in discrete quantum states, enables quantum computers to simultaneously process vast amounts of data and perform a large number of calculations in parallel.
As a result, quantum programming has the potential to radically transform many industries, from pharmaceuticals and finance to artificial intelligence and cybersecurity.
In the context of programming models, quantum programming represents a distinct shift from classical deterministic and probability methods.
While traditional programming languages are designed for classical computers with binary logic gates, quantum programming languages use quantum logic gates and quantum circuits to manipulate qubit states and perform quantum operations.
These specialized languages are designed to exploit the unique characteristics of quantum computing, thus enabling developers to encrypt quantum algorithms more naturally and effectively.
Some notable examples of quantum programming languages and frameworks include Q # (a specific domain language from Microsoft), Qiskit (IBM ’ s Open Source Quantum Software Development Group), and Cirq (Google ’ s Open Source Python Framework).
These tools have been developed to facilitate the creation of quantum software that can run on both simulators and actual quantum devices, allowing programmers and researchers to explore and refine quantum algorithms without needing a deep understanding of fundamental physics.
The advent of quantum programming has also led to the emergence of classical quantum hybrid approaches, where classical and quantum computing resources are combined to solve specific problems.
A notable example is the Quantitative Approximate Optimization (QAOA) algorithm, which involves running iterative optimizations on a quantum processor followed by evaluation and modification on a classical processor.
This technology can efficiently address harmonic optimization issues, which are commonly encountered in real-world applications such as scheduling and resource allocation.
At AppMaster ’ s no-code platform, we recognize the growing importance of quantum programming in shaping the future of software development, and strive to keep ourselves abreast of relevant developments and innovations.
Although the platform currently focuses on creating traditional classic software applications, our expertise in various programming models enables us to be at the forefront of cutting-edge technologies, ensuring that our customers always have access to industry-leading solutions and services.
To help users better understand the complex field of quantum programming, extensive resources, manuals and documentation are available from academic and industry sources.
Research organizations, such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), regularly publish research papers and host conferences related to quantum programming.
Moreover, many online courses and tutorials cater to beginners and experienced developers alike, equipping them with the knowledge and skills to harness the power of quantum computing.
In short, quantum programming is a rapidly evolving field that seeks to unlock the extraordinary potential of quantum computing through the development of algorithms, languages, and software designed for quantum computers.
As a relatively nascent field, quantum programming still faces technical challenges and even ethical concerns.
However, its promise to revolutionize industries and deliver unprecedented computational capabilities ensures that it will remain an increasingly integral part of the programming landscape.
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Content: People 's Daily Online > > Economy and Technology
First quantum computer and supercomputer collaborative computing solution released
December 18, 2022 06: 35 | Source: Guangming Daily
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The paper Hefei December 17 (Reporter Changhe, Ding Yiming) China's first quantum computer and supercomputer collaborative computing system solution (referred to as "volume super collaborative" system solution) has been released recently.
According to the research center of quantum computing engineering in Anhui Province, the program can decompose, schedule and distribute computing tasks between quantum computers and supercomputers, and realize efficient coordination between quantum computing and supercomputers, thus giving full play to the advantages of quantum computers and supercomputers in both directions.
"Quantum computers and supercomputers are like aircraft carriers and cruisers in an aircraft carrier task force, and the two together will produce more combat power, but require a scientific and coordinated approach."
The first quantum computing system solution in China was recently released, which is the command system for joint computing operations with aircraft carriers (quantum computers) and cruisers (supercomputers). The supercomputer can assist quantum computers to complete the quantum computing process and handle the work that quantum computers are not good at. Director Dou yanghan said.
He Ruijun, executive member of the quantum computing professional group of the Chinese Computer Society, said that many international scientific research teams are working on the integration of quantum computing and supercomputers.
Several supercomputing centers in Europe have developed quantum-classical computing systems.
HELMI, Finland ’ s first quantum computer, has been connected to LUMI, Europe ’ s fastest supercomputer.
The French government launched the National Quantum Computing Platform, which will use the Very Large Computing Center (TGCC) as a carrier to interact with traditional computer systems and quantum computers.
The “quantum hyper-synergistic ” Chinese solution can leverage the advantages of quantum computers and supercomputers in both directions.
If you use a supercomputer, the power is at the megawatt level, and the quantum processor power is only 25 kilowatts, and the energy consumption of quantum computing will be greatly reduced. The resource scheduling of the quantum computer operating system allows quantum computing and classical computing to cooperate to complete the computing task, which can give full play to the advantages of quantum computing and supercomputing.
(Edited by: Yuan Bo, Yue Hongbin)
Public Number ： People 's Network Finance
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Content: Go to page content

Quantum in N.L.

Memorial University, Xanadu partner to strengthen quantum education in N.L. and Canada

Research

By Jeff Green

Memorial University and Xanadu are partnering to train and educate Canada’s future quantum workforce.

Xanadu is a world leader in photonic quantum computing.

The partnership aims to establish a quantum-ready workforce in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador and grow Canada’s vibrant quantum ecosystem.

This will be achieved by developing practical quantum education and training resources and introducing them to Memorial University courses. In addition, Memorial University researchers will leverage Xanadu’s various quantum software tools and receive support for their ongoing research initiatives.

Xanadu is on a mission to build quantum computers that are useful and available to people everywhere.

PennyLane, Xanadu’s open-source software framework for quantum machine learning, quantum chemistry and quantum computing, will be foundational to this partnership and used to build the quantum education and training materials.

Memorial University has a dedicated focus on research, entrepreneurship and innovation.

The university’s entrepreneurial culture aims to inspire students, faculty and staff to embrace innovation and challenge conventional thinking.

Throughout this partnership, Memorial will bring quantum computing education to Newfoundland and Labrador and continue to push the boundaries of quantum computing research.

“I am really excited about the opportunities that this partnership with Xanadu is creating for our students,” said Dr. James LeBlanc, associate professor and deputy head, Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography, Faculty of Science, Memorial. “By partnering with a leading quantum computing company like Xanadu, we are setting the groundwork for the province to be “quantum-ready” as this technology emerges.”

Professor LeBlanc also says that the partnership will develop graduates who are highly employable in the quantum technology sector.

“The access to Xanadu machines, provided by this partnership, will bolster existing research initiatives at Memorial University with the hope of giving our research faculty and graduate students a true quantum advantage.”

Recognized as one of Canada’s top research universities, Memorial has demonstrated research strengths in a range of areas including climate change and cold ocean innovation.

Several research projects prioritize understanding the ocean’s evolving role in mitigating climate change.

“Quantum computing applied to oceanic evolution might drastically improve our ability to tackle these difficult problems. Given this synergy, it is essential for our researchers to have access to and an understanding of this technology,” said Prof. LeBlanc.

“We are looking forward to working with the team at Memorial University to train Canada’s quantum workforce,” said Jen Dodd, quantum community lead at Xanadu. “To date, there are 20 university partners from coast to coast, and we are dedicated to continuing to build and strengthen the quantum ecosystem in Canada.”

About Xanadu

Xanadu is a Canadian quantum computing company with the mission to build quantum computers that are useful and available to people everywhere. Founded in 2016, Xanadu has become one of the world’s leading quantum hardware and software companies. The company also leads the development of PennyLane, an open-source software library for quantum computing and application development. Visit the website or follow them on X @XanaduAI.

About PennyLane

PennyLane is an open-source software framework for quantum machine learning, quantum chemistry, and quantum computing with the ability to run on all hardware. To find out more, check out the PennyLane demonstrations, a gallery of hands-on quantum computing content.

To receive news from Memorial in your inbox, subscribe to Gazette Now.

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Content: Satyam Priyadarshy

Rajesh Mehta

Governments, venture capitalists, and private companies have invested billions of dollars in quantum computing in the last 10 years. Recently, at the Puzzle X conference held in Barcelona, it was evident that Europe is preparing to take on the leadership role to push the boundaries of quantum computing ecosystem. So, what is quantum computing?

Bits to Qubits

In simple words, quantum computing combines the fields of quantum mechanics and computer science. It moves us beyond Bits to Qubits. In traditional computer science, the information is stored and manipulated using bits that have two discrete states, 0 and 1, while in the quantum computing world, Qubits can represent both states at the same time, thus allowing for a high degree of parallelism, enabling by phenomena of “interference, superposition, and entanglement.”

Such parallelism allows quantum computers to tackle computational challenges that become a limiting factor for traditional computers.

Wide applications

Many companies in the quantum computing field are engaged in solving complex problems that could significantly impact the fields of drug development, material design, energy transition, finance, security, and defense.

All nations must address various aspects of the quantum computing ecosystem sooner than later due to China’s quantum computing activities.

The National Quantum Mission (NQM) was approved by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, on April 19, 2023.

With a budget of ₹6,003 crore over eight years, it aims to create, develop, and nurture the quantum technology ecosystem in the country.

The goal of the mission is to develop intermediate-scale quantum computers with 50-1,000 physical qubits in various platforms like superconducting and photonic technology. Satellite-based secure quantum communications between ground stations over a range of 2,000 km within India, long-distance secure quantum communications with other countries, inter-city quantum key distribution over 2,000 km, as well as multi-node quantum networks with quantum memories, are among the other deliverables. The technology is expected to break ground in communications, cryptography, intelligence, fossil fuel exploration, space research, and drug design.

As we step into 2024, an increased set of activities to solve complex challenges will be addressed by combining the tools of Artificial Intelligence and Quantum computing.

Priyadarshy is a pioneer in the fields of Quantum Mechanics, Data Science, Big Data and Emerging Technologies; Mehta is an International Consultant in the field of Market Entry, Innovation and Public Policy

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