The India-Russia relationship has evolved under Modi and Putin, focusing on defense cooperation.

India and Russia have a Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership, with Russia as India's largest military equipment supplier.

Russia's growing alignment with China raises concerns for India as it balances relations with both nations.

India is balancing its Western ties and strategic partnership with Russia to counter a rising China.

The US has threatened India with sanctions over Russian arms purchases.

India continues to buy military equipment from Russia, including the S-400 missile system.

India signed a $5.43 billion contract for S-400 systems with Russia on October 5, 2018.

The contract includes five S-400 regimental sets for India, significantly enhancing its air defense.

India and Russia have agreed to jointly produce Russian weapons in India, worth $14 billion.

India and Russia have signed a contract to produce 600,000 Kalashnikov AK-203 rifles in India.

The AK-203 rifle production will replace the Indian Army's outdated INSAS and AK-47 rifles.

India's rivalry with China has impacted its relationship with Russia, as both seek to counterbalance China's influence.

The SCO provides a platform for India and Russia to discuss regional security and counter-terrorism.

Russia's technology transfer has enabled India to locally produce armor-piercing Mango tank ammunition.

Brahmos Aerospace, a Russia-India joint venture, produces hypersonic cruise missiles like the BrahMos, with a 400-kilometer range.

A $30 billion bilateral trade goal by 2025 has been set, with a focus on technology transfer and local military equipment production.

The US may impose CAATSA sanctions on India for buying Russian military equipment, despite their strategic partnership.

US senators have urged President Biden to drop sanctions on India's S-400 purchase due to the partnership's strategic importance.

India has not joined Western sanctions against Russia and has abstained from key UN votes on Ukraine.

The India-Russia relationship has evolved under Modi and Putin, focusing on defense cooperation.

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Old friends

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On Monday, PM Modi spoke over the phone with Russian President Vladimir Putin. The phone call reportedly was a follow-up on many of the issues raised during Putin's recent India visit on December 6. According to a statement by the PMO, the two leaders have agreed to remain in regular touch with each other on a range of issues covered under the India-Russia Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership. Insofar as visits from foreign dignitaries and leaders go, Putin's visit to India earlier this month was arguably the most consequential development for India in the field of foreign affairs for quite some time. India, as may be known, has a long and storied relationship with Russia and its precursor, the Soviet Union. From the earliest days, the friendship between the two nations had a strong strategic undertone with both sides supporting each other on the world stage whenever necessary. Indeed, the Soviet Union was undeniably India's greatest ally in the 20th century against the machinations of the western powers like the US that did not take kindly to India announcing itself to be a 'socialist' nation. From Kashmir to the Bangladesh Liberation War, Russia has stood by India in defence of its strategic interests. As a proof of the relationship, a majority of military equipment India currently possesses was either directly supplied by Moscow or is otherwise of Russian origin. In recent years, with the fall of the Soviet Union and India's move towards liberalising its economy, India has ventured out into the world to make a new set of friends. This time around, it is India and the US that are getting along like a house on fire. India has deliberately sought to widen its field diplomatically and militarily in order to not be tied down to a single nation with the rather pragmatic understanding that there are no permanent relationships in international politics. In more recent times, Russia and India have somewhat drifted further apart as Russia bands together with India's rival China to take on the hegemony of the western world that is held up by the US. While India has no interest in joining the US in its power games against Russia, it is very much interested in leveraging its relationship with the west in its struggle to contain a belligerent China. It is here that India has had to perform a tremendous tight-rope walk, particularly following the 2014 annexation of Crimea by Russia. On the one hand, you have America that wishes to limit or even extinguish India's strategic relationship with Russia. On the other, you have Russia that is increasingly concerned and agitated by India drawing ever closer to the US's sphere of influence as it joins America in endeavours like the Quad grouping. Of particular concern to both sides is India's continuing dependence on Russia for military equipment. The US, already having sanctioned Turkey for the same, looks on menacingly as it threatens India with sanctions for buying the S-400 missile system. Russia, of course, is not only interested in keeping its old defence ties but even expanding them, as it has been recently teasing India with the possibility of being the first nation in the world to buy the improved S-500 missile system. In this regard, Putin's visit to India could be termed as symbolic. Since the beginning of the pandemic, Putin has only ventured out twice from his country, with the second trip being the one to India. His tone and body language during the meeting with PM Modi spoke volumes of the importance he attaches to maintaining the ties with India. Aside from underscoring the good working relationship he has with India's PM, the visit also highlighted that despite the recent turns of history, the two nations still have much to share and collectively work towards. Common concern in regards to the Taliban and Afghanistan is one such area that the two sides are looking to cooperate on in the near future. Another is strengthening existing defence ties between the two nations. Underscoring its strategic independence, India has decided to continue with its defence dealings with Russia, discussing the purchase of the S-400 missile system while also finalising a long-pending Rs 5,000 crore deal for the production of over five lakh AK-203 rifles in a joint Indo-Russian deal. But all said and done, the future of India's relationship with Russia still has some shades of uncertainty. Primary amongst them is the ongoing escalation between Moscow and NATO in regards to Ukraine and eastern Europe. If Russia should choose to brave threats of western sanctions to take action in Ukraine, where does this leave India? Can India still continue its balancing game between east and west at a time when geopolitics are heating up to a boiling point? That remains to be seen.

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In what fields are India and Russia cooperating?

security & military
weapons supply
weapons joint production

What formal frameworks do India and Russia cooperate within?

India and Russia have a Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership, with Russia as India's largest military equipment supplier.

In what fields are India and Russia cooperating?

What do Putin and Modi officially characterize Russia/ India relationship as?

Russia's growing alignment with China raises concerns for India as it balances relations with both nations.

What has negatively affected India/ Russia current relationship?

Why is maintaining a relationship with Russia important for India?

India is balancing its Western ties and strategic partnership with Russia to counter a rising China.

What do Putin and Modi officially characterize Russia/ India relationship as?

What has negatively affected India/ Russia current relationship?

Why is maintaining a relationship with India important for Russia?

Why is maintaining a relationship with Russia important for India?

The US has threatened India with sanctions over Russian arms purchases.

In what fields are India and Russia cooperating?

India continues to buy military equipment from Russia, including the S-400 missile system.

How did India react to the war between Russia and Ukraine?

India did not join the Western sanctions against Russia

India did not directly oppose Russia's actions

How has trade level between India and Russia changed under Modi and Putin?

In what fields are India and Russia cooperating?

India signed a $5.43 billion contract for S-400 systems with Russia on October 5, 2018.

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First S-500 itself, then India - Borisov
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The latest anti-aircraft missile system S-500 at the Kapustin Yar range.
Image source: © RIA Novosti / Press service of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
India may become the first foreign buyer of the new S-500 air defense system, but deliveries will begin only after meeting the needs of the Russian army, Deputy Prime Minister Yuri Borisov said.
“After we supply these weapons to our native army in the right amount, India will probably be the first on the list if it expresses a desire to buy these modern means, ” Borisov said on the air of the RBK-TV channel.
India is one of the main buyers of Russian weapons.
The volume of the portfolio of arms orders of India from Russia is about $15 billion, and in total since 1991, India has ordered weapons worth about $70 billion, reported the Federal Service for Military-Technical Cooperation (FSMTC) of the Russian Federation.
It was officially reported that in early October 2018, a contract was signed on the sidelines of Russian-Indian negotiations at the highest level for the supply of S-400 Triumph air defense systems to India (Almaz-Antey Concern).
Under the contract with a total value of $5.43 billion, India will receive five regimental sets of S-400.
In November, the head of the FSMTC Dmitry Shugaev told Interfax that Russia began supplying India with the first batch of S-400 systems.
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In what fields are India and Russia cooperating?

security & military
commerce
weapons supply

The contract includes five S-400 regimental sets for India, significantly enhancing its air defense.

In what fields are India and Russia cooperating?

India and Russia have agreed to jointly produce Russian weapons in India, worth $14 billion.

Title:

Content: Moscow and New Delhi agree on joint production of Russian weapons in India - Libyan newspaper Al-Marsad
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Russia and India have strategic relations in various fields, including in the military-technical sphere, with New Delhi being one of the leading buyers of Russian arms and military equipment.
Dmitry Shogayev, Chairman of the Russian Federal Service for Military-Technical Cooperation, revealed in an interview the details of the agreements and understandings reached today with the Indian side during the meeting of the Inter-State Commission on Military-Technical Cooperation, which was chaired by the Ministers of Defence of the two countries.
The Russian official described today ’ s meeting as important and prominent because it was held personally in the shadow of the Corona pandemic, where he said: “Today ’ s meeting is an important event because the committee ’ s meeting was held in presence after the meeting was canceled last year because of the Corona pandemic. ”
On the issues discussed, Shogayev pointed out that the issues of cooperation in the military-technical field and the results of the work of 2020 and 2021 were discussed.
Prospects for cooperation for the future were also discussed, where important directions were identified, and a landmark document was signed, namely, the “Program for Military and Technical Cooperation until 2031 ′ ′, i.e., plans for cooperation for the next ten years, which includes the supply of weapons and military equipment and the joint production of some types in India. ”
He added that an agreement was signed today for the manufacture of the modern Russian AK-203 rifle in India, talking about the manufacture of 600 thousand rifles of this type in a joint factory in order to meet the Indian demand for this type of weapon.
He pointed out that India is one of Russia ’ s important strategic partners, as the volume of military orders with this country exceeds the level of $14 billion, and important agreements are being implemented, including the supply of the air defense system “S-400 ”, where the first batch of this system is planned to be delivered by the end of the year.
On the impact of US sanctions imposed on Moscow on military cooperation between Russia and India, the official stressed that the dollar currency is abandoned in contracts and the use of national currencies, pointing to the existence of understandings between Moscow and New Delhi in this regard.
Moscow and New Delhi have strategic ties, with Russia providing India with more than $65 billion worth of military equipment and weapons over the course of military-technical cooperation.
At present, the Indian Navy is 80% equipped with Russian equipment, while the Air Force is 70%, according to expert estimates.
In October 2018, Moscow and New Delhi signed a contract for the supply of five sets of S-400 anti-aircraft missile systems worth more than $5 billion.
Notable agreements signed between the two countries include an agreement to supply four Russian 11356 frigates and a large range of Igla portable anti-aircraft missile systems.
Source: RT

How has trade level between India and Russia changed under Modi and Putin?

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India and Russia have signed a contract to produce 600,000 Kalashnikov AK-203 rifles in India.

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Rosoboronexport plans to cooperate with India in the field of air defense
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Flags of Russia and India.
Image source: Vitaly Ankov / RIA Novosti
Rosoboronexport CEO Alexander Mikheev noted the long-term cooperation with the Indian state aerospace and defense company Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
Moscow, May 22.
/ TASS /.
Rosoboronexport plans to develop cooperation with India in the field of air defense (air defense).
This was announced on Monday by Director General of Rosoboronexport (ROE) Alexander Mikheev.
"There are joint projects in the interests of the Indian Navy, we expect cooperation in air defense. <... > Our work in India is a vivid example of a comprehensive industrial partnership, in which joint projects for all types of armed forces with a degree of cooperation between enterprises of the two countries unique for the world market have been mastered," Mikheev said, according to the press service of the company, in honor of the 70th anniversary of the foundation of the military-technical cooperation system of Russia.
Mikheev also noted the long-term cooperation with the Indian state aerospace and defense company Hindustan Aeronautics Limited.
"With HAL Corporation we have a long-term project for the licensed production of the most massive aircraft of the Indian Air Force - Su-30MKI, we expect a decision on the production of Ka-226T helicopters on the basis of a joint venture.
India produces tanks T-90 and T-72, BMP-2, shells "Mango" and "Invar".
The production of Kalashnikov AK-203 assault rifles has been launched at the plant in the city of Corva, which will eventually reach a 100 percent level of localization, "he said.
The Director General of the ROE said that thanks to the great attention from the leadership of the state, Russian weapons have reached a new stage of development.
"High-tech complexes and weapons systems have been created that set the bar for gunsmiths all over the world.
Financial, material and human resources invested in R & D at the enterprises of the military-industrial complex allowed to develop the most advanced production technologies, "Mikheev said.
According to him, the experience of the combat use of Russian weapons in military conflicts and major anti-terrorist operations by various countries of the world has shown their effectiveness and compliance with the declared characteristics.
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The AK-203 rifle production will replace the Indian Army's outdated INSAS and AK-47 rifles.

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The Indian army received the first Kalashnikov assault rifles produced by the Russian-Indian enterprise IRRPL
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Image source: topwar.ru
In 2019, a joint Russian-Indian enterprise IRRPL was established in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh for the production of AK-203 Kalashnikov assault rifles.
Production of the AK-203 began in January 2023.
One, because of some problems, the supply of these weapons products has been delayed.
But now, according to the Indian edition of The Hindu, the Indian army received the first batch of AK-203 in the amount of 27 thousand units.
In addition, another 8 thousand machines of this series will enter the armed forces of the country in the coming weeks.
The plant in Uttar Pradesh is licensed to produce 600,000 AK-203 assault rifles, which are scheduled to be delivered to the army.
AK-203 is a modernized version of the AK-103 200 series and one of the modern modifications of the Russian series of AK assault rifles.
Produced IRRPL version is designed for 7.62 × 39 mm cartridge.
During Defense Expo 2020 in Lucknow, the capital of the same state of Uttar Pradesh, Maj. Gen. Sengar, the head of the joint venture, announced that the IRRPL plant will produce 75,000 AK-203 annually for 10 years.
The Ministry of Defense of India is working to replace the outdated Indian INSAS rifles and various AK-47 series in service in the army.
In addition to the new AK-203, there are purchases of American SIG Sauer rifles for this purpose.
At the end of 2019, 10,000 such rifles arrived in India.
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In what fields are India and Russia cooperating?

security & military
weapons supply
weapons joint production

India's rivalry with China has impacted its relationship with Russia, as both seek to counterbalance China's influence.

What has negatively affected India/ Russia current relationship?

Why is maintaining a relationship with India important for Russia?

Why is maintaining a relationship with Russia important for India?

The SCO provides a platform for India and Russia to discuss regional security and counter-terrorism.

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Content: Chairman of the Board of Directors and Editors
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Mohamad Elbaz
Chairman of the Board of Directors and Editors
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Mohamad Elbaz
Iran is an official member.
Indian report reveals results of Shanghai Cooperation Summit
India hosted the recent summit of the leaders of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), which is composed of India itself, Russia, China, Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Iran.
Founded in 2001, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, which includes more than half the world's population, focuses on regional security, combating regional terrorism, ethnic separatism and religious extremism, and these issues were discussed at the leaders' meeting in New Delhi.
The Republic of Iran became a full member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, according to the final declaration of the summit of heads of state, and the document stated that "the member states stressed the historical importance of Iran's admission to the Shanghai Cooperation Organization as a full member state."
Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi said: “I am delighted that Iran today joins the SCO family as a new member, so I convey my best wishes to Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi and the Iranian people. ”
He added that Iran ’ s accession to the Shanghai Cooperation Organization serves the mullahs ’ regime to overcome its international isolation.
In fact, Iran has made some political moves recently to overcome this political isolation, such as exerting some influence on more radical Palestinian groups in order to get them to soften their hostility towards Israel, the eternal political enemy of Palestine and the Iranian state, which would benefit its image in the eyes of other countries such as the United States and the international community.
A political rapprochement with one of its regional rivals, Saudi Arabia, the largest bearer of the Islamic branch, led to Saudi Arabia and the Persian state announcing the reopening of their embassies.
Summit Outcome
Leaders of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) sought to strengthen ties and promote cooperation between the growing Eurasian Alliance during a summit hosted by India, however, they stressed that SCO was not intended to be hostile towards any other country.
The leaders collectively expressed their opposition to adopting bloc, ideological and confrontational strategies in addressing security issues and challenges, with the joint statement issued at the conclusion of the e-Summit conveying these key messages.
We must take into account the overall and long-term interests of our region, make our foreign policies independent, as well as be vigilant against external attempts to provoke a new "cold war" or a camp-based confrontation in our region.

In what fields are India and Russia cooperating?

What formal frameworks do India and Russia cooperate within?

Russia's technology transfer has enabled India to locally produce armor-piercing Mango tank ammunition.

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The 3VBM17 shot with the 3BM42 Mango armor-piercing subcaliber projectile effectively strikes modern tanks equipped with composite armor.
Moscow and New Delhi have a long friendship and fruitful joint work in the defense sector, as well as licensed production of weapons and ammunition in India.
Indian Army T-90 tanks move during the Sudarshan Shakti exercise in Bugundi in the Barmer Desert of Rajasthan near India's border with Pakistan, India, Monday, December 5, 2011.
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Rosoboronexport, part of the Russian defense corporation Rostec, has begun production of armor-piercing Mango tank ammunition in India, the corporation said in a statement released on Thursday.
This cooperation is carried out in accordance with the Indian initiatives Make in India and Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan.
Rosoboronexport, together with the Indian defense conglomerate, prepared key production lines for launch.
"Another important stage of Russian-Indian cooperation has been completed, which meets the requirements of the" Make in India "and" Self-sufficient India "initiatives.
Based on the Indian defense infrastructure, Rosoboronexport created the necessary production facilities for the production of Mango tank ammunition.
This allows India to start mastering the transferred technology and organize production, "Rosoboronexport CEO Alexander Mikheev said.
“The work of Rosoboronexport in India is a vivid example of a comprehensive industrial partnership, within the framework of which joint projects have been developed for all branches of the armed forces with a degree of cooperation between the enterprises of the two states that is unique for the world market, ” Mikheev said.
In turn, the head of Rostec Sergey Chemezov noted that the degree of localization of Russian production of ammunition in India in the future will grow.
Rostec has considerable experience in industrial partnership with friendly states.
Many projects include technology transfer and exchange of experience.
This partnership allows the importing country to develop its own production, which is a competitive advantage for Rostec as a leading supplier of defense solutions.
We intend to implement several such projects with India, "Chemezov said.
Among them is the licensed production of T-90 tanks, subcaliber armor-piercing shells "Mango" and other modern weapons systems.
The 3VBM17 shot with the 3BM42 Mango armor-piercing subcaliber projectile effectively strikes modern tanks equipped with composite armor.
The head of Rostec added that in the future, in order to ensure the highest degree of localization of the production of Mango shells, the company plans to launch the production of gunpowder in India.
In addition, the Russian company intends to increase the potential of the Indian armed forces on the basis of the defense holding of India.
Shooting from the Igla man-portable air defense missile system / Photo courtesy of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
This is not the first time that Russia and India have worked together on the production of military equipment in the largest democratic country in the world.
Last year, Moscow and Delhi signed an agreement on the production of Igla-S man-portable air defense systems in India, according to Indian journalist Pavan Atri.
The Igla-S systems are intended to be used in the newly created air defense units of the Indian Armed Forces for use in mountainous areas at high altitudes.
According to Indian media, one regiment is already equipped with these Russian systems.
It is expected that as the supply continues, they will receive other compounds of Indian air defense.
This batch is part of a larger contract under which the rest of the systems will be manufactured in India.
The purchase of these systems is aimed at strengthening the short-range air defense capabilities of the Indian army, primarily in high-altitude areas along the northern borders.
Man-portable air defense systems (MANPADS), which include the "Igla-S", are used by the air defense units of the Indian Armed Forces to defeat low-altitude air threats, including aircraft, drones and missiles.
They are especially effective in difficult terrain.
Currently, the Indian army is armed with systems "Igla-1M", which urgently need to be replaced due to obsolescence.
The contract for the production of the Igla-S MANPADS for India was concluded in November last year.
In total, New Delhi has ordered 120 launchers and 400 missiles.
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In what fields are India and Russia cooperating?

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Brahmos Aerospace, a Russia-India joint venture, produces hypersonic cruise missiles like the BrahMos, with a 400-kilometer range.

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Content: India successfully tests BrahMos air-to-air missile
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Igor RussakProducts of the Russian-Indian Joint Venture "Brahmos" at the International Maritime Military Exhibition in St. Petersburg
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India ’ s Ministry of Defense announced that the Air Force has successfully tested a BrahMos long-range missile, noting that it was launched from a Su-30 MKE fighter jet.
New Delhi - Sputnik.
The Indian Air Force has successfully launched an airborne BrahMos long-range missile after carrying out a high-precision strike on a naval target from a Su-30MCA E fighter in the Bay of Bengal region, the ministry said in a statement on Thursday.
India deploys new ballistic missiles at border
The Brahmos missile, which has an increased range, can hit targets at a distance of about 400 kilometers.
The successful test was carried out through the joint efforts of the Indian Air Force, Navy, Defence Research and Development Organisation, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and Brahmos Aerospace.
Brahmos Aerospace was established under an agreement signed by the Russian and Indian governments in February 1998.
Russian-Indian joint venture Brahmos Aerospace produces hypersonic cruise missiles that can be launched from submarines, ships, aircraft or ground platforms.
Following the news of the deployment of missiles on the border with China and Pakistan...
What are India's missile capabilities?
This company specializes in the development of the idea of each type of missile "Brahmos" and the design, development, production and sale of these missiles in cooperation with the consortium or the temporary association of companies of the Russian and Indian industrial complexes.
The Russian side of the project is represented by a group of companies of scientific production machinery machinery machinery industry.
Russia and India are the two largest partners in military-technical cooperation, with more than 70 percent of the Indian Air Force and Navy ’ s weapons and military equipment.
Russian exports to India of arms and military equipment are worth billions of dollars a year.
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In what fields are India and Russia cooperating?

security & military
weapons supply
weapons joint production

A $30 billion bilateral trade goal by 2025 has been set, with a focus on technology transfer and local military equipment production.

Title:

Content: Russia / India / Political / Military
Modi Meets Putin, Putin Praises India as ‘ Strong and Reliable Ally ’
Russian President Vladimir Putin, who is visiting India, praised India as Moscow's "strong and reliable ally", Putin's visit focused on "energy" and "national defense", and the foreign ministers and defense ministers of the two sides held their first 2 + 2 meeting and signed a number of military cooperation agreements.
In a joint statement, the two sides reiterated their intention to strengthen defense cooperation and achieve the goal of 30 billion US dollars in bilateral trade by 2025.
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Indian diplomatic officials said on Monday that Russia had begun supplying India with S-400 long-range air defense systems.
During Putin's meeting with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, the two sides also signed a 10-year military cooperation agreement and an oil cooperation agreement.
In a joint statement issued after the meeting, the two sides reiterated their intention to strengthen defense cooperation, including joint research and development and production of military equipment.
The two sides also stressed the need to achieve the goal of 30 billion U.S. dollars in bilateral trade by 2025, and to strengthen cooperation in energy and satellite navigation.
The two sides pointed out that it is necessary for the Eurasian Economic Union and India to start negotiations on a free trade agreement on goods.
Speaking to the media before his meeting with Modi, Putin said: "We consider India to be a big country, a friendly country and a security ally."
Putin ’ s visit to India is aimed at strengthening ties with India ’ s traditional allies, which are being eroded by the United States.
To counter China ’ s rise, the Quadripartite Security Dialogue (Quad), established by the United States with India, Japan and Australia, has drawn the attention of Beijing and Moscow.
During the Cold War, India had close ties with the Soviet Union, a relationship that continues to this day, described by New Delhi as a “special and privileged strategic partnership. ”
Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi met with visiting Russian President Vladimir Putin on Monday to discuss defense and trade relations between the two countries in an effort to strike a balance with the United States.
"There have been many fundamental changes and geopolitical elements in the world over the past few decades, but India's friendship with Russia remains the same," Modi said before meeting Putin.
India ’ s foreign ministry said the annual bilateral summit covered political and defense issues.
The two leaders also discussed the humanitarian crisis in Afghanistan caused by the takeover of the Afghan government by the Taliban earlier this year.
India and Russia have long had close ties, and both sides have set a goal of reaching $30 billion in bilateral trade by 2025.
Recently, however, India has drawn closer to the United States, believing that the United States is a key force against China.
India is also trying to manage its defense relations with Russia while strengthening its military ties with the United States, the sources said.
India, a major arms importer, relied heavily on the former Soviet Union for armaments during the Cold War, but now it is diversifying its procurement of arms, as well as buying US-made weapons.
During the period of former US President Trump, India signed more than $3 billion of arms purchase contracts with the United States, and the arms trade between the two countries has increased from zero in 2008 to $15 billion in 2019.
On the other hand, India's purchase of the Russian-made S-400 missile system to counter China has become a major problem in relations with the United States.
This sophisticated anti-missile system, once available, is expected to enable India to gain strategic deterrence power against China and Pakistan.
However, the United States has asked its partners not to purchase Russian-made armaments, or it may impose sanctions.
In addition, India and Russia held their first 2 + 2 meeting in New Delhi on Monday, where the two sides signed a number of cooperation agreements on "military and small arms".
Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov and Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu arrived in New Delhi on Monday for a 2 + 2 meeting with Indian Foreign Minister Sujson and Defense Minister Manmohan Singh.
The 2 + 2 ministerial meeting was the first between India and Russia.
Singh tweeted after the meeting that discussions on defense cooperation between the two sides had been fruitful and that India cherished the "special strategic partnership" with Russia.
He added that the two sides have signed several agreements, contracts and protocols on small arms and military cooperation.
However, Singh and India ’ s Ministry of Defence have not issued a formal statement or press release disclosing details of the various agreements signed with Russia.
Indian media reported that one of the major agreements was the transfer of technology and local production of the Russian-made AK-203 assault rifle.
Under the agreement, India will produce more than 600,000 AK-203 assault rifles in India over the next 10 years through an Indian-Russian joint venture.
The report also said that another agreement is to extend the 10-year India-Russia military-technical cooperation agreement until 2031.
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In what fields are India and Russia cooperating?

security & military
commerce
weapons joint production

The US may impose CAATSA sanctions on India for buying Russian military equipment, despite their strategic partnership.

Title:

Content: The United States is considering sanctions against India.
Indian media: India 'bought missiles' from Russia
The Russian S-400 surface-to-air missile system.
(Photo / Dazhi Imaging / Associated Press)
ReportsReportsReportsReports.com
Russia invaded Ukraine on February 24. As the war intensified, Western countries led by the United States and the European Union joined the sanctions against Russia, and 35 countries, including India, abstained in a vote at the United Nations General Assembly on whether to condemn Russia ’ s invasion of Ukraine.
In response, the U.S. Biden administration is considering whether to impose sanctions on India, which buys missiles from Russia.
According to India's "Asia International News" (ANI), the US Biden administration is currently considering whether to impose sanctions on India under the "US Hostile States Sanctions Act" (CAATSA, the US federal law imposing sanctions on Iran, North Korea and Russia), because India has previously purchased S-400 missile air defense system from Russia. This is the subject of the hearing.
The meeting was repeatedly discussed on U.S.-India defense and security cooperation and whether to impose sanctions on India, and the Biden administration has struggled to decide whether to impose sanctions on India because it plans to make India a key counterweight to China after the United States strengthened relations with India earlier.
In fact, since 2016, India has been the largest importer of Russian military weapons.
However, Lu also revealed that India has recently cancelled orders for Russian MiG-29s, helicopters and anti-tank weapons, and he expects the new sanctions will encourage other countries to follow suit.
In addition, India's "Business Standard" (Business Standard) also pointed out that several people familiar with the situation revealed that due to the collapse of the Russian ruble and the economic and financial sanctions imposed by the West on Russia, the Indian government may soon adopt the Indian ruble "direct transaction" when conducting bilateral trade with Russia, skillfully bypassing the trade sanctions of the Western international community.
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How did India react to the war between Russia and Ukraine?

India did not join the Western sanctions against Russia

In what fields are India and Russia cooperating?

What do Putin and Modi officially characterize Russia/ India relationship as?

US senators have urged President Biden to drop sanctions on India's S-400 purchase due to the partnership's strategic importance.

Title:

Content: Russia begins delivery of S-400 anti-aircraft missile system, India may face sanctions from the United States
Photo Credit: Reuters
What we want you to know is
Russia began supplying India with S-400 anti-aircraft missile systems despite the threat of sanctions from the United States.
The first systems will be delivered to India by the end of this year.
Text: Voice of Germany Chinese Network
Reuters reported that because of the purchase of S-400 anti-aircraft missile system from Russia, India is likely to face sanctions from the United States.
The United States passed a law in 2017 under which any country that does business with Russia ’ s defense and intelligence services could face sanctions.
In October 2018, India and Russia signed a contract for five Russian-made S-400 systems worth $5.5 billion.
India, for its part, says it needs to buy Russian anti-aircraft missile systems to counter the threat from China.
Both countries are nuclear powers.
Since last year (2020), the confrontation between the two countries in the border area has heated up, and both sides have accused the other of provocation.
The New Delhi government says it maintains a strategic partnership with both the United States and Russia.
In October 2021, two U.S. senators sent a letter to President Joe Biden urging him to drop sanctions on India ’ s purchase of Russian S-400 air defense systems, saying such punitive measures would jeopardize growing cooperation.
In recent years, India has been reducing its purchases of military equipment from Russia, Al Jazeera reported. From 2016 to 2020, Russian arms exports to India fell by 53%.
On the other hand, India ’ s defence deals with the US have been on the increase, with purchases of US $3.4 billion in 2020.
Turkey was sanctioned by the United States in December for its purchase of the S-400.
U.S. measures include a ban on the issuance of export licenses and authorizations for U.S. products and technologies, including F-35 fighter jets, to the Turkish Defense Industry Agency.
Turkey signed a US $2.5 billion S-400 order with Russia in 2017, and Russian deliveries began in 2019.
Russia has repeatedly offered to help Turkey develop modern fighters, but so far the two sides have not agreed on the project.
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This article is reproduced with permission from the German Voice, and the original is published here.
Editor-in-Chief: Luo Yuanqi
Editor ： Weng Shihang
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In what fields are India and Russia cooperating?

India has not joined Western sanctions against Russia and has abstained from key UN votes on Ukraine.

Title:

Content: Under pressure, will India abandon Russia?
Author: External Submission
Published: Updated:
Recently, Sameer Lalwani, a senior expert at the Asia Center of the American Institute of Peace, and Happymon Jacob, an associate professor of diplomacy and disarmament at Nehru University, wrote that in the short and medium term, the foundation of Russian-Indian relations is still very solid, and in the long term, Indian-Russian relations are on a long-term downward trend, from partnership to trading. "Change".
Following the outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine conflict in February 2022, major democracies have come together to defend Ukraine by condemning Russia ’ s military actions.
But India did not join in, opting instead to abstain in a key UN vote and refusing to condemn its longtime partner, Russia.
Many countries expressed disappointment with India's stance on the Russian-Ukrainian conflict.
However, some observers believe that India has shown signs of considering a rupture with Russia, and India may change its previous neutral course. In September 2022, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi said in a conversation with Russian President Vladimir Putin that “today ’ s era is not an era of war ”, a phrase that seemed to warn Russia, as U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken called Modi ’ s stance“ significant. ”
American political scientist Happymon Jacob also wrote that the Indian government is weakening its “long-term partnership ” with Russia and is committed to closer cooperation with the United States.
Based on the interpretation of these events, India needs to strengthen its cooperation with the West and is alienating Russia.
However, the view that "India and Russia will part ways" is too "taken for granted" and does not reflect realistic possibilities.
It is true that in the context of Russia ’ s growing economic dependence on China and its provision of unreliable weapons to India, India should theoretically move away from Russia and promote diversification of partnerships, but this is not realistic or feasible.
The United States, the first Western country to win over India on a number of issues, turned a blind eye to the human rights dispute.
Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and US President Joe Biden at last year ’ s G20 summit. (Reuters)
In fact, India is not ready to give up the India-Russia partnership, and in November 2022, Indian Foreign Minister Sujishin visited Russia, stressing that the relationship between the two countries is “strong and stable. ”
For this reason, US policymakers still need to make policy plans around the reality of a lasting India-Russia relationship, but they should also make India realize that Russia is a burden; the United States cannot punish and sanction India because of the close India-Russia relationship.
Because for the United States, India can play a more prominent and more active role in the Indo-Pacific region.
The False Dawn
Analysts have concluded that India is trying to distance itself from Russia based on what Indian officials say, including Modi ’ s verbal confrontation with Putin in September 2022, a vote against Russia at the United Nations, and the cancellation of a multi-billion dollar Russian weapons procurement program (fighters and helicopters).
However, these developments do not mean that India has explicitly chosen to stay away from Russia.
The Washington Post called Modi ’ s September 2022 statement to Putin a “rebuke. ”
But in fact, Modi ’ s statement was not intended primarily to address the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, but to express concern about rising food and energy prices.
Several assessment reports issued in India have warned against over-reading Modi ’ s remarks, which are no different from the official position of India in the past that the war has inflicted great trauma on developing countries.
It is undeniable that India has indeed sided with the West in some of the UN ’ s procedural votes, such as allowing Ukrainian President Vladimir Zelensky to speak at the UN General Assembly in September 2022.
But in more substantive votes, such as the October 2022 vote on four regions of Russia ’ s military campaign in Ukraine, India abstained.
In addition, in early 2022, India cancelled several agreements to purchase Russian weapons (such as the MiG-29 fighter).
But the decision has little to do with the Russia-Ukraine conflict, and is more about promoting domestic arms production and supporting India ’ s “self-reliance ” program.
A few months before the Russian-Ukrainian conflict erupted, the Indian government had planned to cancel these deals, including the purchase of Boeing P-8I aircraft from the United States, in favor of domestically produced weapons.
But India will still buy major weapons such as S-400 air defense systems, stealth frigates and nuclear submarines from Russia, which means India will be tied to Russia for decades to come.
In fact, India cannot really break with Russia, because Russian-made weapons account for a large share of India ’ s arsenal, and Russia still plays a significant role in India ’ s geopolitical considerations, so most of India ’ s political elite still prefer friendly Indian-Russian relations.
India can ’ t really break with Russia because Russian-made weapons make up the bulk of India ’ s arsenal and most of India ’ s political elite still prefer friendly India-Russia relations.
Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Russian President Vladimir Putin.
(Reuters)
(2) Patience and persistence
India has long regarded Russia as a valued partner in its “multidirectional alliance ” strategy.
Within the framework of this strategy, India wants to maintain a constructive strategic partnership with several major powers at the same time, but refuses to form an exclusive alliance with any major powers.
India ’ s leaders believe that the “multidirectional alliance ” strategy is still valid today because Western analysts have misjudged Russia in several important ways.
The authors ’ study found that despite strong Western sanctions against Russia, Indian national security officials still believe in Russia ’ s endurance and durability.
They expect Europe to struggle under pressure from inflation and energy shortages, while Russia ’ s economy will be boosted by rising commodity prices.
After all, Indian companies are investing in Russian energy projects, such as oil and gas extraction projects in Sakhalin, Russia ’ s Far East.
In addition, India has doubled its investment in future India-Russia cooperation in defense technology research and development (including the development of the Brahmos cruise missile).
The leaders also believe that the Russian-Ukrainian conflict is likely to turn into a military stalemate that will culminate in a negotiated cease-fire and that Russia will eventually be allowed to reintegrate into the international community.
Indian policymakers also believe that Russia will remain an important geopolitical force that will help India.
India relies on Russia for missile technology, submarine nuclear reactors, and hypersonic weapons, and Russia can still provide diplomatic support to India in the United Nations Security Council, which can exert influence on India ’ s other continental neighbors.
In addition, with the Russian regime in turmoil, Indian officials want to be able to extract more benefits from their dealings with the Russian government, just as India did at the beginning of the collapse of the Soviet Union, when the two countries established the Brahmos Aerospace Joint Venture.
As India continues to maintain friendly relations with its old partner Russia, the West is hesitant to punish India.
Some observers believe that India will downplay the India-Russia relationship as Russia becomes closer to China and even more dependent on China.
But unlike Western officials, Indian officials do not believe that tough sanctions will force Russia into China ’ s arms, because there is no shortage of friction between China and Russia over Central Asia and the Arctic.
In the eyes of Indian policymakers, India can become a "wedge" between Russia and China, helping Russia retain some autonomy in Sino-Russian relations, and avoiding Russia becoming a "small follower" of China.
On September 15, 2022, Chinese President Xi Jinping held a bilateral meeting with Russian President Vladimir Putin at the Samarkand State Guesthouse to exchange views on China-Russia relations and international and regional issues of common concern. (Xinhua)
Third, get on with it.
Much of the Indian military ’ s combat and strike equipment is dependent on Russia.
The Russian-Ukrainian conflict has limited and delayed India ’ s process of acquiring spare parts and equipment upgrades, thus creating a “supply shock ” to India ’ s main Russian-made weapons arsenal.
While India remains concerned about the performance of Russian-made weapons and Russia ’ s ability to provide spare parts, it has not taken any hard measures to curtail the use of Russian materials or to purchase substitutes to accelerate the diversification of military equipment imports.
All in all, India has no plans to achieve a rapid and comprehensive transformation of its Russian-made weapons systems by bringing in other foreign suppliers. After the border crises of 2019 and 2020, there has been some peace and stability in the border area, and Indian strategists believe that India should maintain a low level of operational readiness for the next few years, even if that means increased vulnerability.
In the short to medium term, India plans to keep up with its existing inventory, while at the same time sourcing from the secondary market for Russian components and relying more on domestic military equipment.
India will continue to work with Russia to meet outstanding delivery commitments and selectively sign contracts with the West to support the development of India ’ s indigenous defence industry.
In the long run, India wants to be largely self-sufficient in terms of defense needs and no longer rely on external suppliers.
While India aims to diversify its arsenal and become self-sufficient within the next 20 years, it still needs some key technical support from Russia.
Su-30 fighters will remain the backbone of the IAF for decades, but they cannot be maintained or upgraded without Russian technical support.
India ’ s most important defense export, the BrahMos anti-ship cruise missile, currently sold mainly to Southeast Asian countries to deter China, uses Russian propulsion technology.
As long as Russia is in control of key elements of India ’ s advanced weapons systems, especially fighter jets, cruise missiles and submarines, Russia has considerable influence over India.
Much of the Indian military ’ s combat and strike equipment is dependent on Russia.
Su-30 fighters will remain the backbone of the IAF for decades. (Getty)
The First Friend of India
In addition to the above material considerations, the common ideological orientation has also driven India and Russia to maintain friendly relations.
Both Indian and Russian officials support the “polycentric ” vision of a global order in which there is no single dominant hegemony and each major power maintains its own sphere of influence.
Both India and Russia believe that a “multicentre ” is more stable than an international order governed by one or two superpowers.
India ’ s political elite also maintains a “sense of closeness ” to Russia, which stems from India ’ s decades-long tradition of cooperation with the former Soviet Union.
Two months after the conflict broke out, Yoga Jyotsna, an Indian scholar, said that “Russia is India ’ s number one friend in the eyes of the military and people of insight. ”
According to Rajeswari Rajagopalan, another Indian scholar,
Strategic sympathy for Soviet Russia was widespread not only among Indian politicians, but also among the general Indian population.
This is because Russia ’ s historical support and assistance to India has been “romanticized. ”
Although Indian diplomatic agencies have not helped Russia in its defense, national security officials believe that multiple actors, including NATO, should be held responsible for the outbreak of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, and not all blame should be placed on the Russian side.
A September 2022 survey of more than 1,000 Indian adults found that Indians believe the West and Russia are equally responsible for the Russia-Ukraine conflict. (Reuters)
The Indian public is also sympathetic to Russia. A July 2022 poll found that a majority of Indians refuse to describe Russia ’ s military actions in Ukraine as “wrong. ” A September 2022 survey of more than 1,000 Indian adults found that Indians believe that the West and Russia are equally responsible for the Russia-Ukraine conflict, and most Indians do not believe that a Russian victory will make the world more dangerous.
Public attitudes in India are not only very different from those in Europe, Australia and Japan, but also in emerging countries such as Brazil and South Africa.
Read the second half of the article.
This article was first published in the South Asia Research Newsletter. It only represents the author 's opinion and does not represent Hong Kong' s position.

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