The woolly mammoths went extinct around 10,000 years ago due to a combination of climate change and human hunting, with both factors contributing to the decline of the species.

Climate change played a significant role in the extinction of woolly mammoths, as it reduced the availability of food resources for the mammoths, making them more vulnerable to human hunting.

Human hunting is believed to have put additional pressure on the already vulnerable mammoth populations, with hunters targeting the animals at predictable locations.

The high mobility of the woolly mammoths may have actually hastened their extinction, as they were forced to travel longer distances in search of food and shelter, making them more vulnerable to human hunting.

The closest relative of the woolly mammoth, the African elephant, is still found in Africa today, but the woolly mammoth itself has been extinct for around 10,000 years.

The loss of woolly mammoths had significant effects on ecosystem processes and biodiversity, including a decrease in seed distribution and nutrient cycling, leading to a decrease in ecosystem productivity.

The extinction of woolly mammoths decreased phosphorus redistribution by 90%, highlighting the significant impact of their loss on ecosystem processes.

The disappearance of megafauna, including woolly mammoths, led to a decrease in nutrient distribution, which had cascading effects on ecosystem biodiversity.

Climate change played a crucial role in the extinction of woolly mammoths, with rapid climate change leading to scarcity of food and failure to adapt to changing landscape and flora.

The study of the woolly mammoths' extinction highlights the need to consider wildlife and livestock in mitigating wildfires and maintaining ecosystem biodiversity.

The loss of woolly mammoths had significant effects on the population dynamics and extinction risk of other species within their ecosystems, including the collapse of predators and the loss of fruit trees.

Overall, the extinction of woolly mammoths was a complex event that was driven by a combination of factors, including climate change and human hunting, and had significant and far-reaching consequences for ecosystem processes and biodiversity.

The woolly mammoths went extinct around 10,000 years ago due to a combination of climate change and human hunting, with both factors contributing to the decline of the species.

Title:

Content: What we know as the Ice Age, the last long period during which global temperatures dropped dramatically and the polar ice expanded to cover much of the earth, is more properly called the Last Glacial Period (as there have been multiple ice ages).

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It started around 115,000 years ago and lasted for over 100,000 years. In that time many animal lineages rose and fell. In particular, it is known that many large mammal species went extinct during the transition from the Ice Age to the present interglacial period (from around 50,000 to 5,000 years ago).

These extinctions are thought to have occurred due to a combination of a quickly changing climate, changing vegetation and increases in human hunting. These megafauna included some truly huge and charismatic animals, from the iconic woolly mammoth to huge cave bears, to giant sloths standing nearly 12 feet tall! In this list you will find out about some extraordinary (now extinct) animals that lived during the age of ice and snow.

10 now-extinct animals from the Ice Age

1. Neanderthals

Our own species, Homo sapiens, emerged about 300,000 years ago, so persisted through the last ice age. We were not the only ancient humans around, however. Surviving the frigid temperatures along with us were our evolutionary cousins, the Neanderthals. This species of hominid emerged at a similar time to us but went extinct around 40,000 years ago – during the Ice Age.

Theories as to why they went extinct vary, from outcompetion from or diseases introduced by Homo sapiens to assimilation into the human gene pool. However, recent theories suggest that the primary driver might have been climate change. It is thought that despite behavioural and biological adaptations to the cold they simply struggled to survive the frigid conditions and lack of available food. How we survived and they didn’t is an interesting question.

2. Woolly mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius)

Probably the most well-known of all Ice Age animals is the woolly mammoth (in part thanks to the film character Manny!). Woolly mammoths lived from about 300,000 years ago up until about 10,000 years ago. The appearance of these elephant-sized animals is perhaps the best known of any prehistoric creature, due to the many frozen specimens that have been found, with soft tissue preserved.

With their thick coat of hair, large fat reserves, and specially adapted 'antifreeze' blood they were very well adapted to the cold. They were also very important to the survival of ancient humans throughout the Ice Age; their coats, meat and bones provided valuable sources of warmth, food and building materials for homo sapiens and Neanderthals alike.

3. Giant ground sloth (Megatherium americanum)

These beasts were very different to the sloths we know and love today! Standing at a whopping 3.7m when up on hind legs and weighing up to four tonnes (as opposed to the 5kg of a modern sloth), they were truly colossal.

With its ability to walk on its hind legs, it was in fact the largest bipedal mammal of all time. They lived in the woodlands and grasslands of South America, and fossils have been found dating back from around 400,000 years ago to 10,000 years ago. Despite its huge fearsome claws, it was actually a vegetarian, feeding on leaves and grasses.

4. Cave bears (Ursus spelaeus)

Slightly more modest in size, though still pretty massive, was the cave bear. Weighing in at between 400 and 1,000kg, the largest cave bears were comparable in size to modern-day polar bears. They could be found across Europe and Asia, including in the UK.

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We have a very good idea of what they looked like, as in 2020 a perfectly preserved specimen was found in the Russian Arctic, its remains revealed by melting permafrost. Even its teeth and nose were intact.

The specimen was dated to between 22,000 and 39,500 years old, living towards the end of the time of the cave bears, who are thought to have gone extinct 24,000 years ago. It is thought that hunting by humans, as well as competition with them over caves, may have contributed to their disappearance.

5. Dire wolf (Canis dirus)

That’s right, dire wolves are not just fictional pets from Game of Thrones, they were real animals. However, despite the name, and a lot of physical similarities, recent genetic analysis has revealed that they were not actually very closely related to grey wolves at all and were relatively closer to African jackals.

These canids were seemingly a common feature of the American Late Pleistocene landscape (approx. 250,000 to 13,000 years ago), roaming the grasslands, plains, and woods and preying on megafauna including giant ground sloths. There is almost an overabundance of fossil data on this species, with over 4,000 individuals excavated from California’s La Brea tar pits alone.

6. Sabre Tooth Cat (Smilodon genus)

The La Brea tar pits have also been responsible for giving us insights about another iconic Ice Age predator – the sabre tooth cat. More than 3,000 fossilised individuals have been pulled from the ooze, and their teeth in particular have been a valuable source of information about their diets and lifestyle.

Scientists have been able to examine the wear patterns on their iconic gnashers to determine that rather than bringing down very large prey like bison on the open plains, as was previously thought, they most likely fed primarily on smaller forest-dwelling animals like tapirs and deer. They were ambush predators similar to many modern-day big cats.

7. Irish elk (Megaloceros giganteus)

As you can probably guess from the scientific name, this species of deer was BIG. They stood at over 1.8m tall at shoulder height and had the largest antlers of any known deer, extinct or living. These colossal antlers must have been something to behold, spanning up to a whopping 3.5 metres.

Despite the name, this elk was not restricted to Ireland, but some of the most well-preserved fossil specimens have been found there. The most recent remains come from western Russia and have been dated to approximately 7,700 years ago – seemingly another victim of the megafaunal extinction event that occurred around the end of the Ice Age.

8. Giant Beaver (Castoroides genus)

Continuing the theme of larger versions of modern-day animals is the giant beaver, with an average length of about 1.8m. Its teeth were large to match, with some reaching up to 15cm, about the size of a hot dog.

There is no definitive evidence that they built dams as modern beavers do, but it is plausible that these immense incisors could have been used for woodcutting. What we do know is that they had smaller, smoother brains than modern-day beavers, which could indicate that they had less behavioural and social complexity.

9. Megalania (Varanus priscus)

So far this list has focused on mega-mammals, but what about other Ice Age species? Understandably it was hard for cold-blooded species like reptiles to survive frozen ice age temperatures across much of the globe, but in fact, not all of the world was icy, and some places remained habitable.

One of these places was Australia, where giant reptiles ruled. These included huge land-living crocodiles, massive snakes and Megalania – a truly monstrous relative of the Komodo dragon. This monitor lizard reached an estimated length of 7 metres and was a key land predator, at the very top of the food chain.

It has been suggested that the loss of its mega-reptile predators has left the Australian ecosystem out of kilter, allowing introduced mammals to reign unchecked.

10. Diprotodon (Diprotodon genus)

Another feature of the Australian Ice Age landscape was not a reptile, but a huge marsupial mammal – in fact, the largest marsupial to have ever lived. Diprotodon measured an estimated 4m head to tail tip and weighed as much as 3,500 kg, dwarfing the current largest marsupial, the red kangaroo, which checks in at a mere 2.7m and 90kg.

Their closest modern relatives are actually much smaller: wombats and koalas. It also has the distinction of being the only known seasonally migrating marsupial, trekking very far in search of food and watering holes.

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Main image: Artist's impression of a sabre tooth cat. © Daniel Eskridge/Getty

Authors

Leoma WilliamsAnimal behavior researcher and science writer

Leoma Williams is currently studying for a PhD at the University of Manchester, and writes periodically for both the website and print magazine

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How did humans contribute to the wooly mammoth extinction?

What aspects of climate change contributed to the wooly mammoth extinction?

What environmental factors contributed to the wooly mammoth extinction?

from 300,000 years ago up until 10,000 years ago

When did the wooly mammoth mostly become extinct?

Climate change played a significant role in the extinction of woolly mammoths, as it reduced the availability of food resources for the mammoths, making them more vulnerable to human hunting.

Title:

Content: In one of the most common versions of the extinction of giant mamutes, it is claimed that this was caused by the hunting of ancient people.
Our ancestors literally ate most of the animals.
But recent studies say that this is not the case and people have become far from the main reason for the disappearance of mammoths.
Hunger caused by climate change is the real killer.
Searching for gold, but found mammoths: an incredible story with the Yukon
Drawing of a mammoth on the wall of the cave of Arcy-sur-Cure, France / Photo Wikipedia
The Hungry Death of Great Animals
It would seem that mammoths existed for millions of years and survived several ice ages.
That is, climate change did not affect them critically.
But as soon as they encountered humans, they began to die out.
Finally, we were able to prove that the problem was not only climate change, but also the speed of these changes.
This was the last nail in the coffin – the mammoths could not adapt quickly enough when the landscape changed dramatically and food became scarce.
- says the author of the study Eske Willerslev, a professor at the University of Cambridge and director of the Center for Geogenetics of the Lundbeck Foundation at the University of Copenhagen.
The team, led by Prof. Willerslev, sequenced the DNA of plant, animal, and their fossilized excrement, coprolites.
The selection of these samples lasted about 20 years and allowed us to fully understand why the majestic animals died out.
After the end of the last cooling, the glaciers began to melt.
The environment quickly became quite humid, leading to a chain change in flora.
Typical mamut habitats and pastures became increasingly swampy and vegetation changed accordingly.
As a result, there is simply no food left typical for animals.
From birth to death: scientists have fully investigated the life path of the mammoth
Giants did not have time to adapt to rapid changes, so the total number of mammoths was constantly declining.
Because of this, isolated and partially isolated animal populations arose, which already caused little genetic diversity.
It is clear that all this did not positively affect the chances of survival.
Scientists say climate change is critical.
When such changes destroyed mammoths and probably another megafauna.
Today, we live in a time when the average temperature on the planet is rising again, so we need to take this “harsh lesson ” seriously.

According to most recent research, what is the primary cause of wooly mammoth extinction?

How did climate change affect mammoth' habitat?

shrank grassland
restricted habitat
food sources disappearing

How did humans contribute to the wooly mammoth extinction?

What are the causes of the wooly mammoth extinction?

What aspects of climate change contributed to the wooly mammoth extinction?

What environmental factors contributed to the wooly mammoth extinction?

Human hunting is believed to have put additional pressure on the already vulnerable mammoth populations, with hunters targeting the animals at predictable locations.

Title:

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During the last ice age, woolly mammoths were among the largest creatures to walk the North American landscape. Now, a team of American and Canadian researchers has discovered that the elephantine beasts took the “walking” part of their job description quite seriously.

Based on an analysis of a single tusk from an adult male woolly mammoth found in Alaska, the scientists determined that the animal journeyed about 70,000 kilometres over the course of its life – a trip equivalent to nearly twice around the world.

“The range is staggering. ... He definitely moved across a huge, huge area,” said Clement Bataille, an assistant professor of earth and environmental science at the University of Ottawa and a co-author on the study.

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Dr. Bataille said the high degree of mobility may have been part of the mammoth’s mating strategy. In comparison, African elephants can travel a lot, too, he added, and males typically depart from the groups they are born into once they reach sexual maturity.

However, Dr. Bataille and his colleagues note that the requirement for such a large range to roam in may have ultimately hastened the extinction of the species once the climate warmed and the shaggy grazers were hemmed in by shifting vegetation patterns. That, in turn, would have left them more vulnerable to predators, including human hunters.

The study began in 2018 when Matthew Wooller, director of the Stable Isotope Facility at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, invited Dr. Bataille and other colleagues to join an effort to extract information from a mammoth fossil discovered in 2010 on the north side of the Brooks mountain range, a few hundred kilometres from the Arctic Ocean. The fossil dates back 17,000 years, to a time when much of Alaska was a glacier-free grass plain connected to Siberia by the Bering land bridge.

The researchers nicknamed their specimen “Kik,” after a river system near the place where it was found.

Using the mammoth’s sliced-open tusk, they obtained detailed measurements of oxygen and strontium isotopes that were locked in the ivory material. The mammoth acquired the isotopes, which vary according to local geology, through the vegetation and water it consumed over the course of its life. As the tusks grew at the rate of about five to six centimetres each year, they recorded changes in isotope levels, which reveal when and how often the animal moved between locations with different geology.

The team also tested isotope levels in rodents that were gathered in different parts of Alaska as part of museum collections. That allowed them to match their mammoth isotope measurements to geographic locations. Finally, they used artificial intelligence software to reconstruct possible paths the mammoth may have taken, working backward from the location where it died at the age of 28.

The results suggest that Kik began its life in the Yukon River basin of central Alaska. As a juvenile it moved regularly in a north-south pattern, during a time when it was likely part of a herd, the researchers said. At about age 16 its movements transitioned to longer distance travel, often centred on certain core areas where it stayed for periods of time before setting out for new pastures.

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“It just takes off and goes on these 500- to 600-kilometre trips all at one time, going from one core area to the next,” Dr. Bataille said. The study found that some of the places where the mammoth lingered are frequented today by migrating herds of caribou.

Jeffrey Rasic, a study co-author and archaeologist with the U.S. National Parks Service based in Fairbanks, said the data suggest that Kik followed a predictable sequence of movements. If that was typical for Alaskan mammoths, it would have provided a huge incentive for hunters moving into the area from Asia to situate themselves in places where they could reliably expect to meet their quarry at certain times of the year, rather than pursuing them over a vast landscape.

“That would be an ideal set-up for intercepting a really big ticket meal item like a mammoth,” he said.

Vincent Lynch, an evolutionary biologist at the University at Buffalo who was not involved in the study, said that while it’s not surprising to find animals moving over great distances, it’s quite a different matter to show that it happened in a species that no longer exists.

“That’s the trick that makes this study interesting,” he said. “It helps us better reconstruct the behaviour and ecology of mammoths in a way that’s really remarkable for an extinct species.”

Dr. Lynch, who has studied the genetics of the last known population of woolly mammoths, which died out about 4,000 years ago, said it’s an open question whether large-scale movement was a disadvantage.

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“We tend to think that widely distributed species which are mobile ... might be better able to find new habitats should the environment change. But could mammoths find refuge in a world that was warming?” he said.

One obvious limitation of the study is that its conclusions depend entirely on the movements of a single individual. Dr. Bataille said that he and his colleagues plan to perform a similar analysis on a female mammoth specimen for comparison.

The team’s study was published Thursday in the journal Science.

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How did humans contribute to the wooly mammoth extinction?

What are the causes of the wooly mammoth extinction?

The high mobility of the woolly mammoths may have actually hastened their extinction, as they were forced to travel longer distances in search of food and shelter, making them more vulnerable to human hunting.

How did humans contribute to the wooly mammoth extinction?

What are the causes of the wooly mammoth extinction?

The closest relative of the woolly mammoth, the African elephant, is still found in Africa today, but the woolly mammoth itself has been extinct for around 10,000 years.

Title:

Content: International
2023-03-28 22: 29: 55
Prehistoric meatballs made from woolly mammoth DNA, scientists fear death and dare not eat them.
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How dare you eat woolly mammoth meatballs? Scientists from a meat company in Australia have created “prehistoric meatballs ” from muscle proteins from extinct woolly mammoth remains about 10,000 years ago. Scientists are afraid to eat“ prehistoric meatballs ” because they don ’ t know how the human immune system will react to the proteins of the woolly mammoth. Life.
How to make prehistoric meatballs
After sequencing the mammoth muscle protein, scientists took DNA from the African elephant (the closest relative of the mammoth) to fill in the missing genetic code.
The genes were then sequenced into stem cells from the muscle mother cells of the sheep, from which 20 billion cells were replicated to grow the mammoth meat, which was eventually used to make meatballs.
However, mammoth meatballs are not even available to researchers. Ernst Wolvetang, a professor of bioengineering at the University of Queensland who participated in the study, said, “We haven ’ t seen mammoth muscle protein for thousands of years, and if we eat it, we don ’ t know how our immune system will react ”, or further research can meet regulatory requirements.
He added that the research process for prehistoric meatballs was surprisingly simple and quick, and was completed in a matter of weeks.
Mammoth _ Cultivated Meat Company: Want to show the potential of cell culture meat
Cultivation meat company Vow said the mammoth study was chosen because it symbolizes the loss of biodiversity and the effects of climate change.
The extinction of the woolly mammoth is believed to be due to human hunts and the increase in the temperature of the Earth after the Ice Age.
The company hopes the research will show that cell-grown meat can replace meat from slaughtered animals, and that carbon dioxide emissions from large-scale livestock farming are also linked to global warming.
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from 300,000 years ago up until 10,000 years ago

When did the wooly mammoth mostly become extinct?

The loss of woolly mammoths had significant effects on ecosystem processes and biodiversity, including a decrease in seed distribution and nutrient cycling, leading to a decrease in ecosystem productivity.

Title:

Content: Science 2021-11-11T12: 03: 35 + 02: 00
Ukrainian News
Giant armadillos and mammoths.
Scientists have told what the Earth would look like if there were no people on it.
Giant armadillos and mammoths.
Scientists have told what the Earth would look like if there were no people on it.
This is what a glyptodon might look like, an armadillo-like creature that went extinct during the Ice Age.
Photo by Stocktrek Images
Man has greatly changed the landscape of planet Earth since the time of the development of tools.
And the more active the progress, the faster a person changes the face of the world around.
But if there were no humans on the planet, then there would be giant animals that are now extinct.
This conclusion was made by scientists, writes the publication Live science.
The land would belong to giant plants and animals.
Along with megafauna, Neanderthals, the distant ancestors of man, would also live.
Animals would be bigger.
For example, moa birds, similar to ostriches, would still live in New Zealand.
After humans came to the islands, the birds became extinct in 200 years.
According to Seren Faurbi of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, for thousands of years, humans have played a crucial role in the extinction of many giant animals.
Without us, today ’ s Earth would in many ways resemble an African ecosystem teeming with life.
Thus, the animal world of Europe would resemble Africa with its elephants, lions and rhinos.
But instead of African lions, cave lions would live - they are larger.
And in Africa, there would be giant bears and animals similar to armadillos, but the size of a car.
Scientists are still arguing about what led to the extinction of mammoths.
This could be both climate change and human activity.
Christopher Doughty of the University of Northern Arizona studied how representatives of megafauna contributed to the distribution of seeds.
He believes that with the extinction of large animals, the redistribution of elements such as phosphorus, calcium and magnesium decreased by 90%.
Without humans, these elements would have been more evenly distributed, he said, leading to a more productive system.
Without humans, the climate would be different.
But what exactly – scientists can not say exactly.
As reported by Ukrainian News, in Tanzania found the bones of a previously unknown species of titanosaur with a unique coccyx in the shape of a heart.
The deposits in which the bones were found are dated to 100-110 million years old.
On the British Isle of Wight, archaeologists have found two new species of dinosaurs that were predators of large size.
In size, the fossil lizards were no less than a bus and hunted both on land and in water.
They had crocodile-like snouts, sharp teeth, and a whip-like tail.
In addition, scientists have discovered a small crab that was stuck in wood tar 100 million years ago, so perfectly preserved.
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The extinction of woolly mammoths decreased phosphorus redistribution by 90%, highlighting the significant impact of their loss on ecosystem processes.

The disappearance of megafauna, including woolly mammoths, led to a decrease in nutrient distribution, which had cascading effects on ecosystem biodiversity.

Title:

Content: Cave lions in Europe and mammoths in the United States.
Scientists have told what the Earth would be without Homo sapiens
The researchers say that in general, the planet could be an exciting place, which would be inhabited by representatives of megafauna.
Scientists believe that without humans, the Earth would be a more wild and fertile place, in which giants such as ostrich moa birds with a height of 3.6 meters still lived.
They lived in New Zealand for millions of years, but disappeared 750 years after their land was invaded by man, writes LiveScience.
The vanished giant moas and eagles of Haast, whose wingspan was 2.6 meters or more, are a small example of how human activity has changed the planet.
The survival of such large animals is crucial in thinking about what the Earth would be like without humans, as such giants have a crucial influence on landscapes.
Senior lecturer in zoology at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, Seren Forby, says humans have played a crucial role in the extinction of many large mammals.
Forby led the study, published in the journal Diversity and Distributions.
It said that without humans, the Earth would resemble an ecoregion in East Africa, the Serengeti, teeming with life.
In such a scenario, extinct animals, along with elephants, rhinos and lions, would live throughout Europe.
For example, the African lions (Panthera leo) would still be replaced by cave lions (Panthera spelaea), a larger species that lived in Europe about 12,000 years ago.
At the same time, America would be home to larger relatives of elephants and bears, as well as unique species such as the glyptodon – car-sized armadillos and giant sloths.
“In a world without humans, there would be a lot more different species of large mammals, as well as a much more open habitat, ” says Forby.
Elephants or other species of large animals do not tolerate obstacles in their search for food.
In such cases, the territory acquires a less wooded appearance.
The world would be brighter
During the last Pleistocene Ice Age (2.6 million to 11,700 years ago), the Earth was rich in megafauna.
Much of it went extinct after the end of this ice age or millennia later.
A 2021 study from the journal Nature found that climate change had wiped out woolly mammoths as well as other Arctic megafauna, but humans also put additional pressure on these species by hunting them.
Christopher Doughty, an ecologist at the University of Northern Arizona, modeled how large animals, among other things, affected ecosystems by moving seeds and nutrients during eating and defecating.
The expert found that the movement of elements such as phosphorus, calcium and magnesium, which play a crucial role in life, decreased by almost 90% along with the disappearance of megafauna.
The researcher emphasizes that without human intervention, all the necessary elements would be evenly distributed throughout the landscape.
Thus, the soil would be more fertile and productive.
Agriculture and zoning make land less fertile compared to systems in the wild.
Such increased fertility means that the Earth would be much richer in crops and colors, the planet would definitely be brighter without humans.
Without humans, the climate would be different.
Human induced global warming is known to have raised the average temperature by 1 degree Celsius since the early 20th century.
Consequently, the weather on the planet would be cooler without humanity.
A 2016 study in the journal Nature found that current warming delayed the onset of the ice age by at least 100,000 years.
But this should not have happened for another 50,000 years, so it is unlikely that without humans there would be another ice age on Earth right now.
People are inevitable
Modern humans (Homo sapiens) were not always the only hominins on the planet.
The disappearance of Homo sapiens could open up new perspectives for Neanderthals.
There is no single answer to the question of why the Neanderthals died out about 40 thousand years ago.
There were probably several reasons for their disappearance, and Homo sapiens are the main suspects.
Professor Chris Stringer from the Natural History Museum in London believes that the competition between Neanderthals and humans was one of the reasons for the disappearance of the former.
“If Homo sapiens hadn ’ t come to Europe about 45,000 or 50,000 years ago, I think Neanderthals and their descendants would still have lived on Earth, ” Stringer says.
The expert notes that Neanderthals led a complex life in Europe, they faced climate change, were a small group with low genetic diversity.
“Neanderthals probably were already in distress when modern humans came to their lands, and this factor could be the last, ” the expert notes.
But humans could have influenced the survival of more than just Neanderthals.
At least there is another relative of Homo sapiens who shared land with humans and Neanderthals: the Denisovans.
This line is closer to Neanderthals than to modern humans in terms of genes and appearance.
Judging by a number of studies, people interbred with Denisovans, because modern people continue to find the DNA of Denisovans.
It is assumed that Denisovans had a wider range of habitat than Neanderthals.
They may also have more genetic diversity than Neanderthals.
"Perhaps the Denisovans were even better species for survival than the Neanderthals," Stringer said.
In general, Denisovans and Neanderthals could pave the way similar to H. sapiens, moving from hunting and gathering to the development of agriculture.
"There is no obvious reason why Neanderthals or Denisovans would not have evolved if they had the time to do so," he said.

Climate change played a crucial role in the extinction of woolly mammoths, with rapid climate change leading to scarcity of food and failure to adapt to changing landscape and flora.

According to most recent research, what is the primary cause of wooly mammoth extinction?

How did climate change affect mammoth' habitat?

shrank grassland
restricted habitat
food sources disappearing

What are the causes of the wooly mammoth extinction?

What aspects of climate change contributed to the wooly mammoth extinction?

What environmental factors contributed to the wooly mammoth extinction?

The study of the woolly mammoths' extinction highlights the need to consider wildlife and livestock in mitigating wildfires and maintaining ecosystem biodiversity.

Title:

Content: Saturday 12 November 1443 AH - 11 June 2022 |
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Extinction of these animals has increased grassland fires
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A study has identified that the loss of megafauna in grazing land 50,000 years ago has led to a dramatic increase in grassland fires worldwide.
These large herbivores, which included the iconic woolly mammoth, giant bison and ancient horses, are believed to have become extinct as the climate warms.
However, the experts who led the study from Yale University showed that their loss had conclusive effects, with herbs they no longer ingested to provide fuel for wildfires.
The team added that their findings highlight the need to consider the role of herbivores when predicting current and future global fire activity.
The research was conducted by ancient ecologist Alison Karp of Yale University, Connecticut, and her colleagues.
“These extinctions led to a series of consequences, ” Dr. Karp said, among them, she explained, the collapse of predators and the loss of fruit trees that relied on large herbivores to disperse their seeds.
“Studying these effects helps us understand how herbivores shape the global environment today. ”
The researchers wondered whether the loss of giant herbivores would likely lead to the accumulation of dry grass, leaves and wood, which would lead to an increase in fire activity.
In their study, experts compiled a large list of now lost mammals and approximate dates on which they became extinct across four continents.
Their analysis indicated that South America lost the largest grazing species (83 per cent of all species), followed by North America (68 per cent), Australia (44 per cent) and Africa (22 per cent).
The team then compared this data to records of past wildfire activity as recorded by the presence of coal in lake sediments from 410 locations around the world.
Not only did this reveal wildfire activity increase following the extinction of megafauna, but the Americas, which lost more grazing, saw greater increases in fire levels than in Australia and Africa, where changes were less.
According to Dr. Karp and her colleagues, pastures have changed around the world due to the loss of herbivores, the resulting fires and the loss of grasses eaten by grazing.
It took some time for new livestock breeders, including cattle, to adapt to new ecosystems.
However, the loss of large animal species, such as mastodons, giant sloths and Diprotodons in Australia, which all feed on shrubs and trees, has not been found to be associated with a similar increase in wildfires.
The team said the findings show how we should think about the role of wildlife and livestock herders in mitigating wildfires, especially given climate change.
Study author and ecologist Carla Staffer, also from Yale University, said: “This work really highlights how important grazing is in shaping fire activity. ”
"We need to pay close attention to these interactions if we are to accurately predict the future of fires."

The loss of woolly mammoths had significant effects on the population dynamics and extinction risk of other species within their ecosystems, including the collapse of predators and the loss of fruit trees.

Overall, the extinction of woolly mammoths was a complex event that was driven by a combination of factors, including climate change and human hunting, and had significant and far-reaching consequences for ecosystem processes and biodiversity.

How did humans contribute to the wooly mammoth extinction?

What aspects of climate change contributed to the wooly mammoth extinction?

What environmental factors contributed to the wooly mammoth extinction?


Greenland holds around 10% of the world's rare earth mineral reserves.

The Guanast deposit in southern Greenland has the world's second-largest rare earth reserves.

The Tanbreez mine in Greenland contains an estimated 19 million tons of rare earth oxides, including heavy rare earth elements used in electric vehicles and wind turbines.

Greenland's possible deposits are found in the Kuannersuit region and the Surftog Carbonatite complex, which contain rare earth minerals including neodymium and praseodymium.

Extracting these minerals can be difficult and often harmful, posing environmental concerns and health risks.

China and companies like AEX Gold, NEO, and KoBold Metals are developing means to extract and exploit these minerals.

Greenland's rare earth reserves are estimated to be worth billions of dollars.

Extraction in Greenland is challenging due to the harsh Arctic climate, which requires special equipment.

The Greenlandic government has prioritized environmental concerns, banning uranium mining and revoking inactive or unpaid licenses.

Investing in Greenland's rare earth minerals requires careful consideration and a commitment to responsible practices.

The country's rare earth minerals could play a key role in the global industry as the EU seeks to reduce its reliance on China.

The development of Arctic rare earth projects, including in Greenland, is hindered by environmental concerns, but rapid ice melt due to the climate crisis is increasing access to potential mineral deposits.

The investment in KoBold Metals is backed by billionaires Gates, Bezos, and Bloomberg, due to growing interest in Greenland's mineral resources.

Mining in Greenland could diversify the economy and create jobs, but requires sustainable methods to mitigate environmental concerns.

Greenland holds around 10% of the world's rare earth mineral reserves.

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Content: Greenland ban on uranium mining prevents Chinese companies from expanding rare earths
November 13, 2021 17: 33
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As part of its Arctic strategy, China has supported the mining of rare earths in Greenland by Australia ’ s Greenland Minerals, a Chinese-owned subsidiary of Shenghe Resources, through the Belt and Road Initiative.
However, Greenland ’ s parliament passed a new law banning uranium mining and halting the development of rare earth deposits at Kuannersuit, the southern tip of Greenland.
China's rare earth mining accounts for more than 70% of the global mining volume, and China's rare earth magnetic processing volume accounts for 90% of the global processing volume.
Sungho Resources, one of the world ’ s largest producers of rare earth materials, acquired a 12.5% stake in Greenland Minerals in 2016, making it the largest shareholder in the latter.
Guanast in southern Greenland is home to the world ’ s second-largest reserves of rare earths and uranium after China, accounting for 10% of the world ’ s rare earth production.
Since former US President Donald Trump proposed the idea of buying Greenland in 2019, the rich rare earth resources of Guanaster in southern Greenland have attracted attention.
Greenland ’ s local parliament was elected early on April 6. In the end, the pro-environmental left-wing Inuit Ataqatigiit party won the election, and its leader, Mute Egede, became the new prime minister.
He declared that he would do everything in his power to stop the Guanast Rare Earth Mine project.
In response, Greenland ’ s parliament has passed a new bill aimed at banning exploration of uranium deposits, as well as other radioactive deposits such as thorium, and halting the development of rare earth deposits at the southern tip of Greenland.

The Guanast deposit in southern Greenland has the world's second-largest rare earth reserves.

The Tanbreez mine in Greenland contains an estimated 19 million tons of rare earth oxides, including heavy rare earth elements used in electric vehicles and wind turbines.

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Content: Greenland to mine rare earths in 2024 | Economic Horizontal | DW | 30.07.2023
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Greenland to mine rare earths in 2024
According to the German "Economic Weekly" reported that a mining company has obtained permission from the Greenland government to mine rare earths on the island.
The company said production could begin next year.
Tanbreez Mining, a mining company, plans to mine rare earths in Greenland next year, according to the Economic Weekly.
“We can start production next year, ” said Greg Barnes, a geologist and owner of the company. Greenland ’ s deputy minister for minerals confirmed to the journal that a mining licence had been issued.
Barnes said the Tanbreez mine "contains more than half of the world's rare earth resources" and has 19 million tons of rare earth oxides.
Of these, 30% are highly favored heavy rare earth elements.
Rare earth contains a total of 17 kinds of metal elements, the properties of each metal are different.
Each metal has a unique industrial value.
Some of them are irreplaceable.
They are used, for example, in the manufacture of electric vehicles or wind turbines.
Last year, about two-thirds of Germany ’ s rare earths came from China. Mining such as rare earths is difficult and often harmful to the environment, as rare earths are often associated with iron ore, and the chemical process of refining often requires the use of acidic substances.
What is Rare Earth?
Barnes, owner of Tanbreez Mining, told Economic Weekly that to start mining for rare earths in Greenland, a factory would be needed to separate rare earths from heterosexual rocks.
Currently there are only such factories in Russia and China.
But one such plant will be built in the United States in the coming months.
There are also plans to build a factory in Europe.
Thanks to technological advances, the equipment that separates rare earths currently costs only $40 million.
According to Barnes, China paid 1.7 billion U.S. dollars for the equipment 13 years ago.
In January, Swedish state-owned mining company LKAB announced the discovery of Europe ’ s largest rare earth deposit to date.
But the company said it would take 10-15 years for the rare earth mine, located in Kiruna in northern Sweden, to be available to the market.
EU Plans to Diversify Rare Earth Supply Chain
(Agence France-Presse, Economic Weekly)
© 2023 Deutsche Welle Copyright Notice: All content in this article is protected by copyright law and may not be used without special permission from Deutsche Welle.
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What does Greenland's Tanbreez mine contain?

Greenland's possible deposits are found in the Kuannersuit region and the Surftog Carbonatite complex, which contain rare earth minerals including neodymium and praseodymium.

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Content: A Canadian company has been granted a license to mine rare metals in Greenland.
© AP Photo / David Goldman Greenland ice melt August 3, 2017
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Toronto ’ s New Performance Materials, one of the few rare earth metal processors outside China, has obtained an exploration license in Greenland from Hudson Resources in Vancouver (Canada).
Washington - Sputnik.
“Through a special-purpose entity, NEO plans to explore and develop the Surfertog project to further diversify its global sources of rare earth ore and expand the supply chains that feed the company ’ s rare earth ore separation facility in Estonia, ” it said in a statement.
NEO CEO Constantine Karianopoulos told the New York Times that his goal was to reduce the company ’ s exposure to volatile global crude prices.
NEO buys semi-processed raw materials from Russia, the United States and Australia.
"Collects Rare Minerals"...
China enters the world of "space mining" with the launch of the first robot...
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The Surftog Carbonatite complex contains mineral deposits rich in neodymium and praseodymium, which are essential components of the rare earth permanent magnet used in electric vehicles, wind turbines, high-efficiency electric motors and pumps that help reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
NEO also plans to build a new permanent magnet manufacturing plant in Estonia to supply European manufacturers of electric and hybrid vehicles, wind turbines, and energy-efficient electric motors and pumps, the statement said.
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Content: The government of Greenland, which is located in the Arctic, said on Monday it had revoked the license of a Chinese mining company to mine an iron ore deposit near the capital, Nuuk.
The move has dealt a blow to efforts by Chinese companies to gain a foothold in the resource-rich Arctic region.
China ’ s General Nice took control of the Isua mine in 2015, replacing bankrupt London Mining.
Junan became the first Chinese company to acquire mining rights in Greenland.
Greenland is an autonomous region of Denmark and is rich in minerals.
As a result of the warming climate, waterways have been opened, allowing the resources of the Arctic Island to be developed and utilized.
The Greenland government pointed out that the mine was idle and Junan did not pay the agreed guarantee and therefore withdrew its license.
Once Junan returns the license, Greenland will re-offer it to interested companies.
At present, the government of Greenland has asked Junan to return all the geological data, pay the remaining 1.5 million Danish kroner (about $226,000) of the deposit, and clean up the mine.
The London mine, which was granted mining rights in 2013, initially planned to employ 2,000 Chinese workers to mine, with a goal of supplying about 15 million tonnes of iron ore to China each year.
Greenland banned uranium mining this year, blocking mining in the Kuannersuit region, one of the world ’ s largest rare earth mines and partly owned by a Chinese company.
Junan tried to buy an abandoned naval base in Greenland from Denmark in 2016, but sources told Reuters at the time that the Danish authorities had rejected the proposal for security reasons.
# Greenland # Junan # Mining # China # Mining

Extracting these minerals can be difficult and often harmful, posing environmental concerns and health risks.

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Content: Sweden's new rare-earth metal find likely big deal for Western consumers

Sweden has discovered what is billed as Europe's biggest deposit of rare earth minerals - a crucial component of electronics and clean energy technology - giving a significant boost to the continent's hunt for trade security.

LKAB, the Swedish state-owned mining company, announced Thursday that it found deposits of more than 1 million tonnes of rare earth metals in the country's far northern Lapland province.

Products ranging from smartphones to electric vehicles and even military jets require these rare earth elements, which are not currently mined in Europe, the company said. Much of the world's supply comes from China, which has used them as a geopolitical tool.

LKAB president Jan Mostrom said in a statement that the find could be a "significant building block" for Europe, which faces a "supply problem." But the company also said that it would take at least a decade before the rare earth minerals discovered hit the market.

READ MORE:
* GM reaches supply deals for electric vehicle motor magnets
* Why rare earths are a Five Eyes hot topic
* The race against China's 'rare earths weapon'
* Rare earth could be common in NZ

Here's what to know about this major discovery and what it means for Western consumers.

What are rare earth minerals and where are they found?

Rare earths are not actually that rare. They are a group of 17 chemical elements, composed of scandium, yttrium and lanthanides, according to the US Geological Survey.

But mining rare earth minerals is complex, as supply is not concentrated in one location. Mining them also affects the environment, since their ores can be laced with radioactive materials such as thorium and uranium. Refining the minerals can generate toxic and radioactive waste, which poses environmental and health risks if not properly disposed of.

China hosts the majority of the world's reserve of rare earth minerals and is the world's leading supplier. (The United States was the largest producer several decades ago.) While Brazil and Vietnam have significant reserves, they lag far behind in mining them.

Access to the minerals became an issue in the trade war with China during the administration of US President Donald Trump. Beijing threatened to cut off exports to the United States in 2019 to retaliate against Trump's measures, pushing prices up and prompting Trump to sign an executive order increasing domestic production. The Biden administration has also pushed for investments in that supply chain.

Other countries have also moved to reduce their reliance on China. Australia is spending millions to develop a rare earths mine and processing plant in its Northern Territory.

What are rare earth minerals used for?

Multiple household goods, including televisions, computers, smartphones and lighting use rare earth minerals. Yttrium and europium, for instance, light up iPhone displays and allow them to vibrate.

They are also key elements of US-made defence systems, including night-vision technology, jets and armoured-vehicle alloys.

Rare earth minerals are critical for the global clean energy transition, as they are components of the magnets used in electric vehicles and wind turbines - although recently some companies have developed motors for electric vehicles that do not require rare earths.

What does Sweden's discovery mean for the climate?

LKAB's find was welcomed in Europe, which has faced energy challenges amid the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The European Union also has a goal of becoming climate neutral by 2050.

In September, a senior EU official said Europe's climate ambitions were at risk without reliable supply chains. "Take China, with its quasi-monopoly on rare earths and permanent magnets and prices rising by 50-90% in the past year alone," wrote Thierry Breton, an EU commissioner. "Supply of raw materials has become a real geopolitical tool."

The European Raw Materials Alliance notes that while the European Union has a massive electric-motor manufacturing sector, "it is almost fully import dependent" when it comes to rare earth permanent magnets.

Swedish Deputy Prime Minister Ebba Busch said Thursday that Europe's independence from Russia and China would begin with this mine.

Political leadership in the continent, she said, "must give the industry the conditions to switch to green and fossil-free production."

The Washington Post

China and companies like AEX Gold, NEO, and KoBold Metals are developing means to extract and exploit these minerals.

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Warming Frontline / Rescue Greenland Ice Melting for Hydroelectric Power
In 1962, an American oil company ran a magazine ad with the headline: “We provide enough energy to melt 7 million metric tons of glaciers every day. ”
In response to climate shocks, Greenland categorically rejects oil and gas development.
In response to global warming, China and Russia jointly announced at the beginning of the year that they would develop Arctic routes as "polar silk roads"; in order to counter China and Russia, the United States announced the establishment of an "Arctic ambassador" for the first time in August this year.
Greenland ’ s rare minerals and metals also attract the world ’ s richest people.
Bill Gates and Bezos also invested in the development of Greenland ’ s nickel and cobalt – key elements for making electric car batteries – in order to create a “greener world, ” ignoring the permanent damage that mining has done to Greenland ’ s ecology.
The world is preoccupied with Greenland, but few people have asked their opinion.
Karina Serrano, a teacher at Nasak ’ s food school, said that even former US President Donald Trump has said that he wants to buy Greenland, but that Greenland belongs to the people and “will not be sold. ”
After 50 years of drilling by various countries, Greenland issued a blockbuster statement last July: “Stop issuing new oil and gas exploration licenses ” and“ Future belongs to renewable energy ”.
Kalista, Greenland's environment minister.
Lund said that it will use the melting of ice caused by warming to strengthen hydroelectric power, replacing fossil fuels, and the proportion of renewable energy power generation in the future can reach 90%.
Renewable energy accounts for 72% of Greenland ’ s electricity generation, and more than half relies on hydropower.
This achievement took 30 years; in addition to the fact that the climate and terrain are so traumatic, Pierre Vassard, director of Greenland Energy, revealed that “the permafrost layer defrosts with heating, and it is more difficult to locate power towers and power plants ”. Greenland is expected to achieve 100% renewable energy by 2030.
Sebastian Simonsen, a senior researcher at the Danish University of Science and Technology, said that Arctic melting could bring benefits, “not sure it ’ s a good change, but it ’ s always a decision to make. ”
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Gates and Bezos pay $15 million to search for metals for electric cars
Thanks for reading the news about technology: Gates and Bezos pay $15 million to search for metals for electric cars and now with the details of the news
KoBold Metals, a mineral exploration company backed by Bill Gates, Jeff Bezos, former New York mayor Michael Bloomberg and founder of Bridgewater Associates, Ray Dalio, has entered into a joint venture with London-based Bluejay Mining to search for nickel, copper, cobalt and platinum used in electric vehicles in Greenland.
KoBold will spend about $15 million through 2024 to help Bluejay locate natural resources as part of the Disko-Nuussuaq project in mid-western Greenland.
Kurt House, CEO of Coppold, said: “The Disco area has seen a rare convergence of events in Earth ’ s history that could have led to the formation of world-class battery mineral deposits.
“We are excited to invest in Greenland ’ s emerging mineral sector and partner with Bluejay in light of its strong track record in Greenland and the outstanding potential of the Disko project. ”
Copper, nickel, cobalt and lithium are essential metals needed to produce electric vehicle batteries, and as a result, nickel demand growth from electric vehicles is expected to increase 14 times between 2030.
About 50% of the world ’ s cobalt, another major material for the manufacture of electric vehicles, is found in the Democratic Republic of Congo, and KoBold uses artificial intelligence, machinery and computing to search for raw materials for electric vehicles (EVs).
Bo Stensgaard, CEO of Bluejay, said: “We are delighted to have a partner at the Tech Innovation Summit for New Exploration Methods, backed by some of the world ’ s most successful investors.
In addition, Bluejay retains the ability to self-finance to maintain 49% ownership through production, giving external public investors the opportunity to invest alongside a private investment entity of this size.
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What countries are invested in Greenland Minerals corp?

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What countries are invested in Greenland Minerals corp?

Greenland's rare earth reserves are estimated to be worth billions of dollars.

What does Greenland's Tanbreez mine contain?

Extraction in Greenland is challenging due to the harsh Arctic climate, which requires special equipment.

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Content: The delayed Arctic.
Why does the development of natural resources of the Arctic zone of Russia stall - 07.08.2023 Ukraina.ru
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Why does the development of natural resources of the Arctic zone of Russia stall?
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Journalists and some experts like to talk about the innumerable riches of the Russian Arctic, and officials like to talk about its investment potential.
But the reality is much more complicated.
Mineral resources
The resource potential of the Arctic shakes the imagination, provoking fantasies about billions of states.
In the Arctic zone, most of the Russian reserves of gold (40%), chromium and manganese (90%), platinum metals (47%), indigenous diamonds (100%), vermiculite (100%), coal, nickel, antimony, cobalt, tin, tungsten, mercury, apatite (50%), phlogopite (60 – 90%) are concentrated.
The total estimated estimated resources of coal lying here are estimated at at least 780 billion tons, of which 599 billion tons are energy and more than 81 billion tons are coking.
It also produces 100% of diamonds, antimony, apatite, phlogopite, vermiculite, rare and rare earth metals, 98% of platinoids, 95% of gas, 90% of nickel and cobalt, 60% of copper and oil.
The total value of mineral resources in the depths of the Arctic regions of Russia is estimated to exceed $30 trillion.
Two thirds of that amount comes from energy.
And the total value of the explored reserves is 1.5 – 2 trillion dollars.
However, all this wealth is extremely difficult to get to, but it is even more difficult to start mining.
The problems are mass, they do not have an easy solution.
First, the Arctic zone has an extremely harsh climate, which imposes restrictions on the work of people, requires the use of special equipment (for example, shift buses), as well as special approaches in construction (pile foundations instead of tape).
Secondly, the Arctic territories, with the rare exception of the Murmansk and Arkhangelsk regions, are located at a considerable distance from transport communications, among which the railway plays a crucial role in the context of mining.
As a result, the farther away from the coastline, the higher the transport costs and the greater the dependence on the northern delivery, limited by a short navigation period and the presence of a specialized fleet, in particular icebreakers.
Simply put, there is no railway and a river / sea nearby – there is no chance of development: neither the equipment to start, nor the raw materials to take out.
Thirdly, the Arctic zone is not spoiled by the electric power infrastructure: power plants, power lines and power substations.
For any serious industrial equipment, tens (or even hundreds) of megawatts of power are needed.
The power plant itself is not taken from nowhere: it is not just necessary to build it, which rests on logistics, but also to provide fuel, as a rule, with fossil fuels, that is, to stretch a gas pipeline or lay a railway to deliver coal.
And if you look at the map of the energy system of Russia (not even the newest one is suitable), then its focal character in the Far East and the Arctic will immediately become noticeable.
As a result, any Arctic project, with the exception of providing settlements where both diesel and renewable energy are used, as well as military facilities, does not have a chance to implement due to the lack of electricity generation.
However, even in the Murmansk region or Siberia, the distance to the nearest power line can be tens of kilometers, which inevitably affects the cost of any mining project.
Thus, the extraction of anything in the Arctic inevitably rests on infrastructure issues (transport, electricity) and stumbles over harsh climatic conditions, including permafrost.
As a result, the huge resource potential of the Arctic beyond its hydrocarbon part, extracted on the shelf, should be treated very calmly, understanding the difficulties with the extraction of these minerals.
It is doubly safe to treat the assessment of the Arctic wealth, measured in trillions of dollars.
Now these riches are not worth anything since it is almost impossible to get them, and in 5-10 years their value in monetary terms will only increase due to inflation.
Thus, the farther away from the coastline, the more difficult it is to supply a large industrial enterprise and the higher the cost of an investment project for mining.
What will happen after Ukraine?
In 2007, a Russian polar expedition led by Arthur Chilingarov on a deep-sea vehicle reached the bottom of the Arctic Ocean under the North Pole and installed a Russian flag there.
How much does it cost to master the Artic
To understand the scale of the Arctic challenge, it is enough to give a few examples.
The first example.
Development of the Udokan copper deposit in the Trans-Baikal Territory, which is located at a respectable distance from the southern border of the Arctic zone of Russia.
Udokan is the largest in Russia and one of the largest undeveloped copper deposits in the world.
Work on “Udokan copper ” began in 2008, but commissioning work“ under load ” on the coarse crushing plant was carried out only in June 2023, that is, 15 years after the registration of a legal entity for the development of the deposit.
The launch of the first stage of the project for the development of a field with reserves of over 26.7 million tons of copper cost $2.9 billion, the launch of the second stage of the plant will cost $4 billion.
To develop the deposit, Udokan built 17 km of roads with a carriageway width of 6 meters, modernized railway infrastructure, and reconstructed the airport in the village of Chara.
Plus, from the nearest Chara substation, the company extended the transmission line to its substations with a capacity of 50 and 146 MW.
And this is not the Arctic, but the Trans-Baikal Territory, where there is something to pull power lines and lay railway branches.
Second example.
Baimsky GOK at the Chukotka gold-copper deposit Peschanka.
It is another of the largest undeveloped copper deposits in the world with reserves of 9.9 million tons of copper and 16.6 million ounces of gold.
The projected cost of capital construction of the entire infrastructure, which will allow processing 70 million tons of ore annually, will exceed $8.5 billion.
The GOK will be launched no earlier than 2028.
The power system of Chukotka is cut off from the Unified Power System of Russia, so for the Baimsky GOK, Rosatom Corporation is building four nuclear floating power units (PEB) on RITM-200 reactors with a capacity of 106 MW each, the construction cost of which in 2021 was estimated at 190.2 billion rubles.
Products from the GOK will be exported along the Northern Sea Route.
It is metals and raw materials that will be the main cargo transported on the NSR - container transportation on the NSR will always lose due to the need for ice wiring, as well as the smaller size of ice class container ships (the more containers the ship carries, the cheaper the cargo delivery).
The development of the NSR, unlike raw materials projects, is financed by the state: the plan for the development of the NSR until 2035 involves the allocation of 1.79 trillion rubles and an increase in cargo traffic along the NSR to 80 million tons by 2024 (34 million tons of cargo were transported in 2022, 2 million tons more than the plan) and 150 million tons by 2030.
It is assumed that the implementation of the plan will bring the Russian economy more than 13.2 trillion rubles of tax revenues and 31.5 trillion rubles of added value until 2035.
As you can see, the development of the NSR does not make sense without the extraction of minerals, and their extraction is impossible without the NSR.
What will happen after Ukraine?
Today, almost all the leading countries of the world show interest in the Arctic.
This also applies to those countries whose territory is located very far from the North Pole – including China, which is investing huge sums in its Arctic projects and is already preparing to build its own icebreaker fleet.
There's money.
So far.
As expected, the main problems in the development of the Arctic are technology and money.
Last year was extremely stressful for Russian business: ferrous metallurgy was under sanctions, oil companies lost access to the markets of unfriendly countries, and many investment projects stalled.
The already mentioned Baimsky GOK was built with the participation of KAZ Minerals, but the company stopped operating in Russia due to sanctions and transferred shares to Trianon Limited, owned by KAZ Minerals shareholders.
And such examples, if you delve into the topic, will be enough.
The situation is not so rosy with the financial issue: for the implementation of Arctic projects, money is needed from both corporations and the state.
However, the state is now actively financing hostilities, the integration and restoration of new territories into Russia, as well as national projects.
Accordingly, its ability to accelerate the development of the Arctic is limited, as well as the capabilities of corporations that had to restructure their investment plans on the go and not all raw materials projects are built into them.
The company "Elgaugol", controlled by "A-Property" Albert Avdolyan, is building a private railway line for the export of coal from the Elinsky deposit in Yakutia.
The fact is that the state Russian Railways is already implementing the project of expanding the Eastern Polygon (BAM and Transsib), so it cannot pull the construction of the railway branch.
And the Northern Latitudinal Passage, an important transport component of the development of the Arctic, was put on pause in November 2022 for the sake of the speedy expansion of the Eastern Polygon.
Therefore, the speed of implementation of Arctic projects depends on the general state of the Russian economy and finances, as well as the ability of the federal authorities to find a reasonable balance between the desire to replenish the federal budget and the needs of large businesses.
Alexei Podberezkin: If NATO sends its ships to the Arctic, nature itself will act on the side of RussiaSweden and Finland are relatively small states with tiny armed forces, so they add little to the strengthening of NATO ’ s combat capability, says Alexei Podberezkin, Director of the Center for Military-Political Studies at MGIMO
Of course, the basic level of funding for Arctic programs will remain, but additional money could seriously accelerate the project, which will be implemented not only by our children, but also by our grandchildren.
Otherwise, the postponed Arctic awaits us, but it will not cease to be ours - no one else has the spirit to live in the latitudes of Norilsk.
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The Greenlandic government has prioritized environmental concerns, banning uranium mining and revoking inactive or unpaid licenses.

What has Greenland done to undermine Chinese efforts to establish a foothold in the Arctic region?

What has Greenland done to undermine Chinese efforts to establish a foothold in the Arctic region?

Investing in Greenland's rare earth minerals requires careful consideration and a commitment to responsible practices.

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A race between financiers around the world to search for this substance in Greenland.
Interesting details!
10-08-2022 | 00: 49
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CNN reports that some of the world ’ s wealthiest people are funding large treasure hunts using helicopters and signal transmitters on Greenland ’ s west coast.
The climate crisis is causing Greenland ’ s ice to melt at unprecedented rates, ironically creating an opportunity for investors and mining companies looking for a treasure trove of important minerals capable of powering clean energy transitions.
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Search for minerals in Greenland
Many billionaires, including Jeff Bezos, Michael Bloomberg and Bill Gates, are betting that what lies beneath the surface of the hills and valleys of Disco Island and Greenland ’ s Noswak Peninsula are important enough minerals to power millions of electric vehicles.
Speaking to CNN, Kobold Metals CEO Kurt House said: “We are looking for a deposition that will be the largest or second largest nickel and cobalt deposition in the world. ”
The disappearance of Arctic ice – both on land and in the ocean – highlights a unique dichotomy: Greenland is the zero point for the effects of climate change, but it could also be the zero point for the search for the minerals needed to provide solutions to this crisis.
For their part, representatives of Kobold Metals, a California-based mineral exploration company, said the billionaires ’ club is supporting the company financially.
Bezos, Gates and Bloomberg did not respond to requests from CNN for comment on the news, and Kobold Metals is partnering with Bluejay Mining to find precious and rare metals in Greenland, which are essential for building the electric vehicles and huge batteries needed to store renewable energy.
The Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland said Greenland could be a hot spot for coal, copper, gold, rare earth elements and zinc.
The Greenland government has conducted several assessments on ice-free land and is aware of the country ’ s “ability to diversify the national economy through mineral extraction, ” the agency said.
(Arabic Post)
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The country's rare earth minerals could play a key role in the global industry as the EU seeks to reduce its reliance on China.

Title:

Content: People 's Network > > International
Large-scale rare earth mine found in Sweden threatens to ease EU ’ s rare earth shortage
January 19, 2023, 16: 34 | Source: Xinhua Network
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Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, January 19, (International observation) Sweden found large rare earth mines may be difficult to alleviate the "rare earth shortage" in the European Union.
Xinhua News Agency reporter Xie Binbin
Sweden's state-owned mining company Luosa-Kiruna Mountain has announced that it has discovered a rare earth deposit in the Kiruna region of northern Sweden, containing more than 1 million tons of rare earth oxides.
It is the largest known rare earth deposit in Europe.
Analysts believe that although this discovery will help the EU to ease the situation of highly dependent on imports of rare earths, the EU's "rare earth shortage" is unlikely to have significant changes in the short term.
“A long way from discovery to development. ”
Jan Mostrom, chief executive of Luosa-Kiruna Mountain, said recently that the scale of rare earths in Kiruna has yet to be determined.
The company plans to submit a mining concession application this year, and it is expected to take several years to explore the deposits and the conditions for sustainable mining.
Rare earth is known as "industrial vitamins" and is widely used in metallurgy, military, petrochemical, glass ceramics, agriculture and new materials.
But the EU relies almost entirely on imports for rare earths.
"There is a long way to go from discovery to real mining," Mostrom said.
"It will take at least 10 to 15 years to start mining the deposit and supply it to the market," he said.
Several rare earth deposits have previously been found in Europe, such as in Kwane Bay in Greenland and Norrachel in Sweden.
However, because these sites are located near the Arctic, the need for local environmental protection has led to the development of the project is not smooth.
Ross Embleton, a researcher at Wood Mackenzie Consulting in the United Kingdom, believes that unless the approval process is shortened, the newly discovered deposit will not have an impact on the global supply of rare earths in the short term.
New opportunities for the Swedish industry
European Commission President von der Leyen said that the EU ’ s demand for rare earths is expected to increase fivefold by 2030, and that rare earths and lithium will “soon be more important than oil and gas. ”
For Sweden, the discovery of rare earth minerals will help reshape its image as an EU mining powerhouse, giving it a bigger role in the EU ’ s green transition.
The website of the French newspaper Le Monde pointed out that in the past decade, metal prices have been depressed, and mining exploration activities in Sweden have decreased sharply, but there are signs of recovery in the recent past.
It is also reported that this spring, the European Commission will introduce measures to strengthen its own supply of key raw materials, which means that Sweden's rare earth project may receive EU support.
Short-term changes to the pattern.
The European Union has been trying to diversify the rare earth supply chain for several years.
After the escalation of the crisis in Ukraine, the EU is more eager to push forward the process, especially to seek to strengthen its own supply within the EU.
However, the rare earth industry chain involves a series of procedures such as mining and separation, and the rare earth mineral reserves alone are not enough, which is also an important reason for the EU to get rid of its import dependence.
Geologists from the Swedish Geological Survey pointed out that Europe currently lacks the comprehensive capacity to process rare earth metals and manufacture intermediate products. “We also need to focus on the entire industry chain of rare earth metals, such as rare earth permanent magnets for wind turbines or electric vehicle engines. ”
Analysts stressed that the European rare earth industry chain is incomplete, the lack of advanced technology, talent and other supporting resources required, which will lead to the production of rare earth products cost too high, lack of competitiveness, and thus lead to the lack of incentives for enterprises to invest in this industry.
Experts pointed out that because China has the advantages of technology patents and industrial scale in processing links such as refining, many European companies choose to cooperate with China to process and extract raw materials, which is more economical.
Argus Media, an international independent pricing agency involved in energy and commodity markets, believes that some companies are pushing for a supply chain for rare earth products in Europe, "but the road to production of rare earth products is very difficult and requires huge investment and political will."
(Edited by: Cui Dege, Xu Xiangli)
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The development of Arctic rare earth projects, including in Greenland, is hindered by environmental concerns, but rapid ice melt due to the climate crisis is increasing access to potential mineral deposits.

The investment in KoBold Metals is backed by billionaires Gates, Bezos, and Bloomberg, due to growing interest in Greenland's mineral resources.

Mining in Greenland could diversify the economy and create jobs, but requires sustainable methods to mitigate environmental concerns.

Title:

Content: AEX Gold aims to invest in Greenland through its new gold mining project

Traditionally known for its fishing and hunting industries, Greenland is fast becoming the next significant area of exploration for mining businesses. The largest island in the world, Greenland remains one of the least populated areas worldwide with 56,000 citizens, and it has sought to attract local and foreign investment across a number of new projects.

The island’s current position remains complex. A sovereign government, it is positioned under the Danish kingdom who provide grants to support its local economy. To further its independence and bolster its economy to create increased tax revenue, Greenland has embraced the exploration of new mining projects as well as utilising all the renewable and local resources it has to offer.

Rich in rare-earth minerals, gold, iron-ore, uranium, in addition to hydro and wind power, Greenland’s favourable legal framework and robust infrastructure, particularly in South Greenland, have factored into AEX Gold’s vision to explore through its Greenlandic subsidiary, Nalunaq Gold Mine, situated in the Nanortalik Gold belt, Southern Greenland.

Acquiring an existing Exploitation Licence in 2015, the company is at the advanced exploration stage of its Nalunaq property, including the previously operating Nalunaq Gold Mine.   It also holds Exploration Licences at the early exploration stage Vagar and Tartoq properties.

Hosting a high-grade NI 43-101 compliant gold resource estimate of 263k oz (inferred) at 18.7 g/t and a number of regional exploration targets, AEX Gold has undertaken three years of exploration at Nalunaq, developing an updated geological model and an extension of the main vein strike length up to 1km.

“The government is very supportive, so it's about having a sound exploration strategy. We are very much focused on that, as we have an asset package that we think we can grow and create a lot of value,” explains Chief Executive Officer, Eldur Olafsson.

Originating from Iceland, Olafsson has gained extensive experience of the local geography. Focusing on mining projects in Greenland since 2012, he has analysed the country’s potential against the backdrop of environmental responsibilities and associated legalities with partner SRK Exploration Services. Through this process, the business has turned its attentions solely towards gold exploration.

“The known gold deposits in Greenland are in an area where the climate is mild and, given our experience, logistics are relatively easy. Gold opportunities are easier to finance than larger base metals projects and our perception was that we could fully fund projects like these through our support here in Iceland and in the UK market,” he explains.

“We started looking for opportunities in the South Greenland Gold Province and became aware of this historically producing mine. We were attracted by the extremely high-grade potential of the resource and the fact that the project had significant infrastructure in place.  We believed there were significant opportunities to materially improve the mining operation that had been run by previous operators.”

Extensive exploration

Throughout the exploration of high-grade resources, Olafsson is proud to remain hands on and is regularly seen on site. By undertaking various technical studies, AEX has gained the ability to comprehensively analyse similar types of assets with potential.  After acquiring the Nalunaq project in 2015 the company has continued to expand its portfolio. Whilst Nalunaq encompasses the required licence to explore and recommence production at the old gold mine, they own the larger Vagar exploration licence, situated a few kilometres to the west of the mine, where AEX believes the ground is prospective for the discovery of further Nalunaq-type deposits.  In addition, they also own the early stage Tartoq Project to the North West of Nalunaq. Each licence area is at a different stage of exploration which supports AEX’s aim of having a continuous pipeline of projects being brought into production.

“We have a total of 690sqkm of licences in south Greenland and we're the only active listed gold company in Greenland. Previous operators undertook very little forward-looking exploration once the mine was in production.  It's a very under-explored region so we intend to recommence production within the next two years at Nalunaq in order to support our exploration in the larger licences in the next 5-10 years,” he says.

“Iceland is a short distance from Greenland, so logistically it’s good for us. Additionally, in Iceland you need to be really self-sufficient, and the same can be said for those in Greenland. We don't have as many people or the multitude of services that you would have in other countries which encourages you to think creatively,” he adds.

Consequently, the company has sought to maximise efficiency whilst keeping costs down, yet all the time adding increased value across its operations.

By acquiring a high-grade deposit, less material is needed to be broken down, lowering AEX Gold’s carbon footprint. Everything taken out of the mine from underground will be processed and shipped out to a different processing facility, or processed on site adhering to the current environmental guidelines. Historically, electricity has been generated through the use of traditional fossil fuels, something which is steadily changing throughout Greenland.

“We're using oil to put in generators or to power mobile mining equipment which is high cost both in monetary and environmental terms.   Greenland currently has five hydroelectric power plants and they are looking at building more in south Greenland,” says Olafsson.

Seeing huge opportunities, he explains that the use of hydropower and wind power would complement AEX Gold’s operations, not only in its existing exploration activities, but with the implementation of an electric mining fleet with electricity being obtained from local renewable resources.

Providing local opportunities

In the future, it will be essential for Greenland to gain further revenue to unlock opportunities and services for its citizens. This is something Olafsson believes that AEX Gold can help with due to its knowledge of Iceland as it has many similarities to Greenland and has been through a period of comparable change.

“Greenland is in a similar position to Iceland not so long ago. Iceland didn't have a high education rate and wasn’t wealthy compared to other European countries, with economic and cultural activities that were very insular. We are now at the highest level of all parameters in terms of education, wealth per family, etc. and this has stemmed from improving the breadth of schooling and creating opportunities for people to grow and develop outside of the traditional areas of agriculture and fisheries.

“Our aim is that the majority of employees will be Greenlandic, but it will take time. Greenland has a large number of people competing for jobs in the fisheries and tourist centres. It is important that Greenlanders are able to access programmes that will allow them to consider other career options. In Iceland we are importing a lot of people to work in different industries in our country because we don't have enough people. This might be the case for Greenlanders as well if the anticipated growth of the Mining Sector materialises but we want to ensure that, where possible, we use local people first before looking elsewhere.

“The Greenlandic Government provides good support for those who seek education.  There are an increasing number of Greenlandic students attending Danish Universities so that now, for example, we are seeing well qualified Greenlandic geologists available for employment.  There has been a Mining School at Sisimiut for the last 10 years which provides local qualified labour who can take advantage of opportunities in the Mining sector.  You need skilled labour and as we own a mine that was in production for 10 years previously, there is a fair bit of local knowledge that we have been able to use during our exploration work and which we are keen to utilise going forward,” he says.

“We are creating revenue for local communities, creating highly skilled jobs, and are providing benefits where local communities can live better lives and grow as individuals. We need to create opportunities for young people.”

Additionally, by working with local businesses as well as those who have been operating in Greenland for some time, AEX has made a conscious effort to hire companies which can support its growth. AEX have therefore acquired a longstanding relationship with Cartwright Drilling, due to the company’s extensive experience in Greenland and subsequent knowledge of the island’s government systems, processes and practices.

Planning to mine high-grade resources using significant infrastructure already in place, AEX Gold holds extensive licences managed by an experienced team. Previous operations produced between 50,000 to 100,000 ounces a year at 15.4 grams/ton produced and this has provided a benchmark for the company, who will utilise this cash flow to explore the wider region in the long-term.

“We have a five-year plan where we want to get into production at Nalunaq and use the cash generated to fund exploration in the wider district.   We envisage investing a significant amount in exploration assets to provide a portfolio of different deposits that we can bring into production. We are creating a company that has a long-term mission in Greenland to build up local know how to support our aim of ramping up to very profitable production across a number of projects,” notes Olafsson.

“It will create a dramatic effect on the local community and hopefully be a springboard for unlocking much larger potential in Greenland. There are plenty of deposits that have been found, but you have to be able to develop them. You can only do that that with support and cooperation from the local people who believe in your vision.”

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Eldur Olafsson