The US and China lead in quantum computing development, investing $1.8 billion and an estimated $15.3 billion, respectively, in 2022.

China has made significant advancements in quantum computing, developing a 504-qubit chip and a computer with 80% localization.

The US has made notable progress in quantum computing, led by companies like IBM and Google.

IBM will deliver software in 2023 to integrate classical systems with quantum computing.

Google's Sycamore processor demonstrated quantum supremacy, completing a calculation in 200 seconds that would take a supercomputer 10,000 years.

Australia has invested nearly a billion dollars in quantum computing research.

China's quantum computer is 100 billion billion billion times faster than traditional computers.

The University of Science and Technology of China has beaten Google and IBM in quantum computing by solving the Gaussian Bose sampling problem.

IBM has created a 1,000-qubit quantum chip to develop more powerful quantum computers.

Intel has developed a 12-qubit silicon chip with a 95% yield rate using silicon spin qubits for quantum computing.

The global quantum computing market is expected to reach $8.6 billion by 2027, led by companies like Baidu, Fujitsu, and IBM.

Quantum computing can revolutionize industries like finance, pharmaceuticals, and logistics by solving complex problems that classical computers cannot.

Quantum computing poses significant challenges, including the need for robust error correction and potential threats to current encryption methods.

The integration of classical and quantum computing is expected to solve previously unsolvable complex problems.

Quantum computing may revolutionize logistics and supply chain management by solving optimization problems.

Quantum computing aids drug discovery and material science by simulating complex molecular structures.

Quantum computing is an exciting and rapidly advancing field, with significant global investments.

The US and China lead in quantum computing development, investing $1.8 billion and an estimated $15.3 billion, respectively, in 2022.

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  1. Hardware
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April 25, 2023

Investment in quantum technology hit a record $2.35bn last year

Billions of dollars have been invested in quantum technology since 2001 with the majority of that investment happening since 2020.

By Ryan Morrison

Quantum technology companies attracted more than $2.35bn in private investment last year, slightly breaking the record set in 2021. A new report by McKinsey suggests this investment could be well placed, as companies deploying quantum stand to gain $1.3trn in value by 2035. To unlock this potential companies have to focus on attracting top talent and scaling up the speed and accuracy of qubits. One expert says public and private sector organisations have a role to play in solving the talent problem.

The McKinsey report suggests four industries are likely to see the earliest impact – automotive, chemicals, financial services and life sciences. This is because these areas have high compute needs and complex problems where quantum advantage is likely to come earlier.

A significant amount of investment in quantum technology is going to start-ups that came into the industry in the past two years. According to McKinsey, 68% of the money put into quantum since 2001 has been invested in the last two years

As of last year, that investment is being spread over fewer new companies. In 2021, 41 quantum technology start-ups were founded, dropping to 19 in 2022 which, according to McKinsey suggests money is going to established start-ups rather than new companies, which could be tied to difficulties in attracting new talent.

The report suggests investors are looking for companies “ready to scale”, with four of the ten largest investment deals since 2001 closed in 2022. Some of these have been worth up to $500m and seven of the ten largest deals in 2022 were worth more than $100m.

Public sector investment is also growing rapidly with the US committing $1.8bn in 2022, the UK will spend £2.5bn over a decade and the EU has $1.2bn for quantum on the table. These are all dwarfed by the estimated $15.2bn public investment in quantum announced by the Chinese government.

Another reason for the redirection of investment towards more established companies could be tied to the slowdown in major scientific breakthroughs, the report authors speculated.

Many of the early-stage quantum technology companies are formed out of university projects and in 2022 the number of published papers on quantum technology declined by 61% between 2020 and 2021. There was another decline, of about 5% between 2022 and 2021. This, they wrote, could be due to challenges becoming harder to solve.

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Need for ‘fault -olerant’ quantum machines

The next stage in quantum computing requires both a ramp-up in qubit numbers and quality to create “fault-tolerant” processors capable of solving real-world problems more accurately and faster than classical computers. The problem is that while qubit numbers have been growing steadily, the quality hasn’t kept pace.

IBM has gone from a 20-qubit processor in 2019 to announcing a 1,000+ qubit machine due for release next year, but it also has a second track of processors with better quality qubits but far fewer actual qubits on each chip.

“In each of the five main approaches to quantum computers, difficult challenges remain,” the authors wrote. This is across all the main types of qubit being developed. For example, in photonics these devices still “leak” photons which results in computation failures and high error rates. In superconducting systems like those used by IBM and Google there are issues scaling up the control and cooling systems to handle potentially thousands of qubits.

These problems have to be solved to unlock the economic value the technology holds, the report authors declared. As economic value depends on speedup, which depends on algorithm complexity, execution time and problem size.

Achieving this scale-up will require top talent and while the talent gap is “significant”, McKinsey suggests it is narrowing in quantum technologies. “Our analysis shows that nearly two-thirds of open jobs in the industry could be filled with new masters’-level graduates in 2022.”

There are still shortages though, with OECD figures showing 717 active job postings last year and 450 master's-level graduates with degrees applicable to those vacancies. This was better than in 2021 when there were 851 job vacancies and just 290 graduates.

Talent isn't evenly spread. Based on density per million inhabitants the EU and UK are top destinations for graduates in quantum technology-relevant fields with 303 per million graduating in the EU in 2020 and 217 per million in the UK.

Ekaterina Almasque, general partner at VC fund OpenOcean, told Tech Monitor the quantum industry was “in its growth phase”, making it extremely challenging to find talent with the necessary skills across a range of technologies and services. “Most individuals working in the industry today were introduced to the concept of quantum computing at a relatively late stage," Almasque says. "While this will change naturally as the industry becomes more established, the private and public sector stakeholders of quantum computing must work together to improve this.”

She adds: “From a European perspective, many pioneering quantum computing businesses are pushing to become world leaders. For Europe to properly establish and maintain a lead in quantum computing, there must be a broad, strategic initiative for early education in quantum computing.”

  • Ryan Morrison writes a new weekly newsletter, Quantum Untangled, looking at the practical applications of quantum computing and interviewing leading figures from the industry. Sign up here.

Read more: How will the UK develop quantum computer regulation?

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Content: Quantum technology, known as the powerful engine of next-generation technology, has become increasingly competitive in recent years. According to an article published by Korean media on quantum information technology, quantum technology is not only fiercely competitive, but the scale of investment is also rapidly increasing.
However, according to statistics, in addition to sweeping half of the world's quantum technology patents, China ranks first in the world in the scale of investment in quantum information technology.
According to a South Korean media report, China's basic science and system research and development force of quantum information technology is rapidly growing and has become a competitor on par with the United States and Europe.
And to achieve this kind of technological leap, can not be separated from huge investment.
The data shows that China ranks first in the world in terms of investment in quantum information technology and has built the world ’ s largest quantum laboratory.
As of 2022, China ’ s investment in quantum information technology has reached $15.3 billion, far exceeding Europe ’ s $8.4 billion and the United States ’ $3.7 billion.
South Korean media cited China's often used "curve overtaking" strategy, and pointed out that the rapid development of electric vehicles in recent years as an example, in the 1980s, mainland enterprises officially entered the commercial vehicle industry, and imitated Germany, the United States and other developed countries.
However, with the fastest perception of automotive electrification trends and bold push, China has successfully entered the leading group of global electric vehicles.
The article pointed out that if it is said that in the field of electric vehicles, China and the United States and Europe have launched a parallel competition, in the field of quantum information technology as a future technology, China is also playing a competitive role with the United States and Europe.
Judging from the global patent application volume on quantum information technology, China is leading the world with its huge investment.
At present, China's patent applications account for 52.3%, which has an absolute advantage.
After China, it is followed by Japan (13.8%), the European Union (13.8%), the United States (10%), and South Korea (3.6%).
Looking at the breakdown, China has an absolute advantage in quantum computer patents (52.8% of the world's total), quantum communication (43.2% of the world's total), and quantum sensing (56.6% of the world's total), especially in quantum cryptographic communication.
Source: China has swept half of the world ’ s quantum technology patent investment scale is the world ’ s first
# Quantum # Technology # China # Patent # Quantity

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Quantum Tech Needed To Secure Critical Data From Quantum Decryption

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In 2021, Booz Allen Hamilton analysts surmised that China will surpass Europe and the US in quantum-related research and development and that Chinese hackers could soon target heavily encrypted datasets such as weapon designs or details of undercover intelligence officers with a view to unlocking them at a later date when quantum computing makes decryption possible.

In the report titled “Chinese threats in the quantum era”, BAH said “encrypted data with intelligence longevity, like biometric markers, covert intelligence officer and source identities, social security numbers, and weapons’ designs, may be increasingly stolen under the expectation that they can eventually be decrypted,” the report says. It says “state-aligned cyber threat actors” will start to steal or intercept previously unusable encrypted data. Chinese could hack data for future quantum decryption, report warns | Hacking | The Guardian

In fact, as reported earlier this month by the Financial Times, Chinese researchers are claiming that they have used a quantum computer to break RSA encryption, which if true, would be years ahead of expectations. Though the Chinese claims have yet to be proven (if ever), it underscores that there is a significant amount of work going on quantum research to achieve that goal and that current estimates of when anyone may break RSA encryption may be more hopeful than reality based. *Financial Times January 4, 2023

Recently, Tim Callan, a chief experience officer at cybersecurity company Sectigo, told DailyMail.com that quantum computers — which already exist could one day 'make the encryption we use today no longer fit for purpose'. He noted that “The evolution of quantum computers creates a significant threat to data security, and their immense processing power is capable of breaking encryption at great speed, leaving important data vulnerable, everything from bank account details to medical records to state secrets.” He said that 'this scenario is so alarming that specialists refer to it as the "Quantum Apocalypse.” The Quantum Apocalypse is 'just YEARS away', experts say | Daily Mail Online

The event has also been referred to as Q-Day by quantum researchers where large-scale quantum computers will be able to use Shor's algorithm to break all public key systems that employ integer factorization-based (and other) cryptography.

The urgency of a Q-Day or Quantum Apocalypse was a subject of a lecture of mine for The Economist conference, “A look into Commercialising Quantum 2022 in London”. There is little doubt that quantum computers will be able to perform faster and more precise computations than classical computers and could pose geo-military threats if in the wrong hands. And that the same computing power that allows complex problems to be solved can, in turn, be applied to undermine cybersecurity. This is because current cybersecurity protocols typically use pseudo-random numbers to encrypt sensitive information such as passwords, personal data, and quantum computers can crack the methods traditional computers use to generate random numbers, posing a significant threat to any organization using standard encryption tools.

FtChinese researchers claim to find way to break encryption using quantum computers

This month, the IBM Institute for Business Value issued report titled Security in the Quantum Era” The report examines the reality of quantum risk and the need for “enterprise adoption of quantum-safe capabilities to safeguard the integrity of critical applications and infrastructure as the risk of decryption increases.”

The IBM report states that quantum computing poses an “existential risk” to classical computer encryption protocols, and notes that cybercriminals are potentially already exfiltrating encrypted data with the intention of decrypting it once quantum computers advance as part of “harvest now, decrypt layer attacks.” IBM: Quantum computing poses an ‘existential threat’ to data encryption | VentureBeat

My personal advice, in view of the recognition of the decryption threat, is to get ready now because quantum computing will be here soon enough, and it is time for businesses, organizations and governments to protect their data for that inevitability. The good news is that we do not have to wait for technological solutions to be developed as quantum tech can battle quantum threats and there are already capabilities on the market for defense. Also, for more on quantum technologies, please see my article in FORBES: “The Quantum Era Is Arriving, And It Will Be Transformational! The Quantum Era Is Arriving, And It Will Be Transformational ! (forbes.com)

One company called Quantum Computing Inc. (QCI) (NASDAQ:QUBT), is ahead of the game and operates a full-stack quantum solutions company that is on a mission to accelerate the delivery quantum information processing hardware systems with both performance and cybersecurity benefits. With their existing quantum photonics technology offerings, it is already feasible for the company to replace classical type computing with entropy quantum computing to strengthen key sources for any cryptographic task. About Us | Quantum Computing Inc.

Quantum Computing Inc uses a Quantum Photonic System (QPS) to leverage pure, non-linear, optical properties to create a core quantum photonics technology that can be deployed at room temperature, in ordinary server room type environments. Their QPS methods and systems already have demonstrated the ability to deliver high precision computations in solving complex business optimization problems, powerful single-photon measurements in remote sensing applications such as Lidar and they have demonstrated 3-D quantum imaging capabilities using visible and near infrared, eye-safe radiation.

QCI’s Entropy Quantum Computer (EQC) system is specifically focused in addressing real-world optimization problems at a scale (11,000 Qubits) with full connectivity between variables (high density). Today, this sits in comparison with the more typical small-scale problems using limited connectivity among qubits that alternative quantum systems use to showcase their technologies. Bottom line is that today, the EQC provides results that will allow industries to scale faster as this new quantum photonic technology continues to advance.

Moreover, their entropy quantum computer operates at low power levels (< 80 Watts) and is a small compact design to fit in rack mounted or table-top configurations – offering very low SWAPc specifications (Size, Weight, Power and Cost). no quantum experts to calibrate and keep it running.

The CEO of Quantum Computing Inc , Robert Liscouski says that this same Quantum Photonic technology “can also be leveraged to provide Quantum Encryption + Quantum Authentication on the same platform and is a full solution to replace public-private key cryptography that is vulnerable to evolving quantum threats.” QCI’s patent on Quantum Private Communication methodology addresses the concerns of key distribution approaches with trusted third-party authentication / validation and provides a pure hardware alternative approach involving no mathematics or algorithms or pseudo random numbers. Patented approaches using entangled photons and correlated true quantum random numbers generated from the quantum entropy source are combined in a methodology that ensures ONLY intended recipients of information are properly authenticated in a trustless system approach.

Mr. Liscouski notes that the threat to public key cryptography, if it is broken by Shor’s algorithm, could leave critical infrastructure, financial & banking systems, healthcare, and transportation all vulnerable to attack. With QPS, that threat is mitigated both on current classical or from near-term quantum systems with the company’s existing technologies such as its quantum random number generator, and a new photonic physically unclonable function chip that provides a unique authentication “quantum fingerprint” for the user.

This quantum photonic platform is welcomed as the West is amid a “Quantum Computing Supremacy Race” especially with China that can exponentially change the geo-political balance of the world.

China has recently announced some eye-opening milestones on their quantum communications capabilities and Chinese researchers announced last year that they set a new quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) world record of 102.2 km (64 miles), smashing the previous mark of 18 km (11 miles). Researchers break world record for quantum-encrypted communications (engadget.com) The Chinese are heavily investing (estimated to be the many $billions) in all areas of quantum research and are demonstrating results.

Investment is also growing in quantum in the US and in Europe and with Asian allies. The Japanese government recently announced that intends to enter the global quantum computing race by putting its first domestically produced quantum computer into service within the current fiscal year ending March 2023. “The government strategy aims to reach 10 million quantum technology users in Japan by 2030 and to create an environment where it can be used in such varied fields as medicine, banking and new materials development.” Tokyo proposes first domestic quantum computer use by March 2023 | The Japan Times

The U.S. Government, including NSA, DOD, DHS, NIST have been preparing for a potential Q-Day by requiring new quantum proof standards for algorithms. “NSA views quantum-resistant (or post-quantum) cryptography as a more cost effective and easily maintained solution than quantum key distribution. For all these reasons, NSA does not support the usage of QKD or QC to protect communications in National Security Systems and does not anticipate certifying or approving any QKD or QC security products for usage by NSS customers. This is a perfect time and opportunity for QCI’s Quantum Private Communication Network and other post quantum technology applications to be to tested and deployed in the Zero-trust environment. National Security Agency/Central Security Service > Cybersecurity > Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and Quantum Cryptography QC (nsa.gov)

Stopping the threat of adversaries decrypting valuable data extracted from networks, agencies, data centers, and companies, by adversaries has also become a legislative priority. In December of 2022 Congress, passed the Quantum Computing Cybersecurity Preparedness Act into law. The legislation, directs the Office of Management and Budget “to prioritize the migration of federal information technology systems to post-quantum cryptography and come up with guidance for the federal assessment of critical systems based on the standards that the National Institute of Standards and Technology will issue for post-quantum cryptography.” This is a great step as it mandates forward thinking about our quantum era and the security implications of not being prepared.

Governments are not the only players. Industry, including Intel, Google, IBM, D-Wave, and others are very active in investments in quantum capabilities and approaches. Academia is also getting more involved in quantum. In an important development, scientists with the Chicago Quantum Exchange (CQE) at the University of Chicago’s Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering announced that they’ve connected the city of Chicago and suburban labs with a quantum network. The Chicago network will be opened to academia and industry as one of the nation’s first publicly-available testbeds for quantum security technology. Chicago expands and activates quantum network, taking steps toward a secure quantum internet | Chicago Quantum Exchange

The University of Chicago and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology are two leading universities to follow for more on quantum developments. Also, for researchers, The Quantum Security Alliance and IEEE Quantum are two good resources that bring academia, industry, and US government entities together to identify, define, collaborate on quantum computing technology innovations. Welcome to Quantum Security Alliance About - IEEE Quantum

Certainly, quantum technology, especially quantum computing, has amazing potential that could revolutionize everything from communications, real-time data analytics, bio tech, genomic sequencing, and materials sciences. Quantum computing will also accelerate us into the future by impacting the landscape of artificial intelligence and the Metaverse. But with the good, we have to plan and prevent the bad, most critically data which is the lifeblood of economies and commerce. Starting now, a quantum proof cybersecurity path is an important one to follow.

Chuck Brooks is President of Brooks Consulting International, is a globally recognized thought leader and subject matter expert Cybersecurity and Emerging Technologies. Chuck is also an Adjunct Faculty at Georgetown University’s Graduate Applied Intelligence Program and the Graduate Cybersecurity Risk Management Programs. Cyber Express named Chuck “Cybersecurity Person of the Year” for 2022. LinkedIn named Chuck as one of “The Top 5 Tech People to Follow on LinkedIn.” He was named as one of the world’s “10 Best Cyber Security and Technology Experts” by Best Rated. He is also a Cybersecurity Expert for “The Network” at the Washington Post, Visiting Editor at Homeland Security Today, Expert for Executive Mosaic/GovCon, and a Contributor to FORBES.  Chuck has an MA from the University of Chicago, and a BA from DePauw University.

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How much have countries and blocs invested in quantum computing?

How much have countries and blocs invested in quantum computing?

How much have countries and blocs invested in quantum computing?

China has made significant advancements in quantum computing, developing a 504-qubit chip and a computer with 80% localization.

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Content: Chandeliers, ‘qubits’ and Schrödinger’s cat: Inside the bizarre world of quantum computing

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Chandeliers, ‘qubits’ and Schrödinger’s cat: Inside the bizarre world of quantum computing

In the quantum realm, the laws of physics are different. Now its mind-bending tech could soon transform our lives. How does it work?

It was 2009, and a group of scientists had crowded around a tiny monitor in a Sydney physics laboratory. The team, led by electrical engineer Andrea Morello, held their collective breath and peered at a single flat line on the screen. Then, in the blink of an eye, the line changed: it was a series of blips, like a heartbeat. They’d hit paydirt. “When you see that symbol, you’re in the game,” recalls physicist Charles Tahan.

Welcome to the quantum world, a subatomic realm – yes, smaller than an atom – where the laws of physics are, well, different. The experiment made Morello and his team the first in the world to show that a quantum computer could be made using not diamonds, not the superconductor niobium, but everyday silicon. “To show you could do that, 100 different things had to go right,” says Tahan.

Quantum computing is one of the key technologies defining this century. Its proponents say it will do for computers what the car did to the horse and buggy. It will upend encryption and molecular biology. In theory, it could even possibly find cures for cancer. Australia is among the world leaders in a quantum computing gold rush, with Prime Minister Anthony Albanese saying his government is “serious about building a strong quantum ecosystem” and investing nearly a billion dollars.

Yet despite eye-watering outlays worldwide, quantum computing is still in its infancy, part of a mind-bending world that physicists are only beginning to fully grasp. What is it? And how will it make a difference to our lives?

How does a quantum computer work (and why did Alice in Wonderland have the jump on it?)

It’s often remarked that it looks like a beautiful chandelier, or a wedding cake. And IBM’s quantum computer, one of the world’s largest, is certainly an intriguing object, an intricate dome of golden wires and graceful tubes suspended from a ceiling.

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The part we can see, though, is really just the control and support system for a microchip (currently a version called Condor) buried deep inside. The glittering exoskeleton is there to keep its tiny heart as cold as possible – a hundred times colder than the coldest depths of space – and to feed information in and out, the process that makes it a “computer” and not just a science experiment.

The chip itself is smaller than a postage stamp, with several layers of circuitry and metal sandwiched in a tiny square, cooled to improve conductivity and to eliminate “noise”, the bugbear of many such devices. But even what we see here is not where the action happens. For that, we have to go deeper still, down into the chip and well beyond what’s visible through even the most powerful microscope, beyond the layers of individual atoms, into the atoms themselves.

‘The truth is the universe doesn’t run by the rules that we see every day – gravity, you bounce a ball and it falls. It runs on these other rules: quantum mechanics.’

In the subatomic realm of electrons, protons and photons, things happen very differently. Indeed, these tiny particles have no use for Newton’s laws of physics, nor even many of Einstein’s. “The truth,” says Tahan, “is the universe doesn’t run by the rules that we see every day – gravity, you bounce a ball and it falls. It runs on these other rules: quantum mechanics.”

Why these particles behave as they do in the quantum realm is a difficult concept to get your head around. Even Einstein resisted aspects of it, famously arguing that “God does not play dice with the Universe”. It was a misstep. “Because he didn’t believe in the completeness of quantum mechanics,” says Morello, “he lost a lot of productive years because he didn’t understand how it is possible that this thing is true.”

Many leading physicists investigated the concept from the early 1900s, including some familiar from popular culture today, notably Einstein and Neils Bohr (portrayed in Oppenheimer), Werner Heisenberg (whose name Walter White stole for his drug-chemist alter ego in Breaking Bad) and Viennese physicist Erwin Schrödinger, of the famous cat experiment (explained below).

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Lewis Carroll, meanwhile, may have had the jump on quantum physics with his ideas in the Alice books, as James Renner observed in The Wall Street Journal in 2015. “We speak of going down the wormhole into a mysterious world that defies Newtonian physics, where once Alice went down the rabbit hole into a mysterious world that had much the same effect. Now we speak of quantum particles being in two places at once or even Schrödinger’s cat being alive and dead at the same time, long after the Cheshire Cat’s grin was magically displaced from its body.”

The quantum realm has only truly begun to reveal itself to us relatively recently. In 1964, the Irish-born physicist John Bell published one of the most important theorems, which, according to Professor Andrew Whitaker in Physics World, “opened up the possibility of experimental philosophy, the study of what are normally thought of as philosophical issues in experiments. Not only do these experiments probe the deepest and most profound aspects of quantum theory, they also provide information on the fundamental nature of the universe.”

At the time, Bell’s theorem could not be tested in a lab. That would come in the late 1960s and early 1970s when experimentalists such as John Clauser began to show that the weirdness Bell had described on paper actually occurred in the real world. Which, at the time, was considered quite rude. One eminent physicist “was highly offended by my impertinent effort and told me that it was tantamount to professing a disbelief in quantum physics,” Clauser later recalled.

He and other apostates continued their work because he found some of the predictions “sufficiently bizarre that I could not accept them without seeing experimental proof”. Working with leftover lab equipment – “physics department scrap” – he went on to provide experimental evidence that refuted even Einstein’s theories. “I was very sad to see that my own experiment had proven Einstein wrong,” he said. Clauser would go on to win the 2022 Nobel Prize for Physics alongside Alain Aspect and Anton Zeilinger for their groundbreaking experiments with so-called “entangled” particles.

Quantum physicists still despair at the difficulties of explaining their weird world to outsiders. “Many writers fall back on boilerplate that makes physicists howl in agony,” wrote computer scientist Scott Aaronson in The New York Times in 2019. Unfortunately, says Gerard Milburn, a quantum physicist from the University of Queensland, “The quantum world lies beyond the reach of natural language.”

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But we’ll give it a go. Chiefly, particles in the quantum realm aren’t tied down to being in one place or state in the way bigger things are in the outside world, such as cats, which tend to be in one place at once. They obey different rules entirely. The first way to understand this oddness harks back to high-school science and how light can behave as both a particle and a wave. Photons – bursts of light – can act like ball bearings, with position and momentum. Yet light also behaves like a wave washing over a beach in a way that a ball bearing can’t. That’s a quantum physics party trick.

What is Schrödinger’s cat?

The most famous primer for quantum mechanics is the paradox of Schrödinger’s cat, a mind experiment devised by Schrödinger in 1935. A hypothetical cat goes into a box with a vial of poison gas, which has a 50-50 chance of killing it. You close the box and can’t see inside. So, without opening the box, you can’t know whether the poison has killed the cat or not. Therefore, posited Schrödinger, puss is neither dead nor alive but both – until you open the box.

In quantum mechanics, this state is called “superposition”. It’s impossible to describe properly without a background in higher-level mathematics, which we lack, but it generally means not knowing whether, say, an electron is over here, or over there, or – cat-like – in both places at the same time. Another way of looking at it is to visualise a coin spinning on its side. Until it stops and lands on one side or another, it’s not heads or tails but both.

At least, kind of.

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“Every explanation we give in lay terms is in some way wrong,” says Stephen Bartlett, a theoretical quantum physicist and director of the University of Sydney Nano Institute. “People often say a quantum superposition is in the value zero and the value one at the same time. That’s sort of right, and sort of not right.” Says Morello: “This is where language is failing us, right? If you’re trying to say that in plain English, it sounds really weird. But if you actually think about, you know, the mathematics of it, and the actual physical embodiment of that, it actually makes perfect sense.” Suffice to say, a real cat cannot find itself in “superposition”: this is a state that can exist only in the subatomic world.

How is this useful (and what’s a qubit)?

In a conventional computer, information is encoded as voltages that pass around the system thanks to millions of tiny transistors – essentially, gates or switches that turn on and off. A quantum computer is similar except that instead of using transistors as switches it uses subatomic particles, such as electrons or photons, that can have many more states than simply on or off, according to their position, momentum, spin direction and polarisation. Once harnessed – and there are many ways of doing that – these particles-as-switches are called “qubits”, a play on the word “bit”, the smallest unit of data that a computer can process and store.

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Information can be encoded on qubits in various ways: for his computers, Morello uses silicon and strong magnetic fields like those found in MRI machines. “The stuff that I build in my lab is actually a small silicon chip the size of a fingernail,” he says, “but the whole infrastructure around it is quite fancy. It’s a very powerful refrigerator that cools down the chip to [just] above absolute zero.

Critically, qubits can relate to other qubits in a state called “entanglement”. This enables quantum computers to perform multiple calculations simultaneously – which is their superpower. Schrödinger described entanglement as “the characteristic trait of quantum mechanics, the one that enforces its entire departure from classical lines of thought”. Sceptical Einstein called entanglement “spooky action at a distance”. Gerard Milburn says entanglement is great for building a computer “because if you want to have all these switches, having them strongly correlated is exactly what you want. And if you can control those correlations, you can do computation.”

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It’s these characteristics that have scientists and engineers excited. Not because quantum computers will necessarily take over from the conventional miracles we so rely on today but because they can do some particular things that transistor-based machines either struggle with or fail at completely. Today’s supercomputer might try to simulate molecular behaviour with “brute force”, says IBM’s quantum department. “But as it moves past the simplest, most straightforward molecules available, the supercomputer stalls. Quantum algorithms take a new approach to these sorts of complex problems, creating multidimensional computational spaces.”

‘Calculations that are completely impossible … would rapidly become possible on a quantum computer.’

This might include modelling how a drug might affect a virus, how new materials in aeroplanes might react to stress, or the exact process necessary to create a perfect chemical reaction.

“Calculations that are completely impossible – not just on present-day conventional computers but any conceivable future conventional computer – would rapidly become possible on a quantum computer,” says Andrew Doherty, professor of physics at Sydney University. “These are things where the application of that computer would be transformative to people’s lives without every home, you know, having a laptop quantum computer.”

Whether quantum computing will also revolutionise artificial intelligence is less certain. AI works by drawing from a huge amount of data, which is not something that naturally fits on a quantum computer, says Morello. “The problem with quantum computers in general and, in particular, with applications to AI is that loading data into them and reading data out of them is slow and cumbersome and prone to errors. It’s a bottleneck.”

Why is it so hard to build quantum machines?

Creating the qubits is hard, whatever material you start with. Interfacing with them via tiny wires like the golden lattice in IBM’s machines is hard. Getting accurate information from them is hard: “noise”, in the form of vibration or spurious electromagnetic signals, makes them behave badly and give poor results – “decoherence”, in physics speak.

Much of Andrew Doherty’s team’s work these days is in figuring out how to reduce this noise to acceptable levels and compensating for the errors that noise produces. “Compared to our conventional computers, quantum technology [computers] are very noisy devices,” he says. “They go wrong one time in 1000 as opposed to one time in an astronomically huge number of uses of [normal computers].”

Teams around the world are working on multiple approaches both to building the machines and compensating for their eccentricities, from labs in Australia to the tech giants Google, Microsoft and IBM – its Quantum Lab relies on superconducting qubits made from aluminium and niobiumand the Chinese government.

Some versions, such as IBM’s and Morello’s, chill the atoms to keep them as stable as possible. In contrast, the Australian company Quantum Brilliance is working with synthetic diamonds because they work at room temperature. “Unlike other materials,” says co-founder Marcus Doherty (no relation to Andrew), “diamond’s incredible hardness means that even at room temperature, there isn’t enough thermal energy in the environment to create vibrations that destroy the quantum properties of qubits.”

‘People are working really hard to try to find different mathematical problems that they think maybe quantum computers can’t crack.’

Another key moment in the quantum timeline came in 1994 when US mathematician Peter Shor showed that a quantum computer could crack encryption standards safeguarding everything from national intelligence systems to bank accounts. “He devised an algorithm, in theory, that he would need to run on a quantum computer,” says Bartlett. “And if you could build a quantum computer of sufficient size, then yeah, all information security falls apart.” Cybersecurity experts call that scenario Q-Day. “At the moment, people are working really hard to try to find different mathematical problems that they think maybe quantum computers can’t crack,” says Bartlett.

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In 2001, IBM made a seven-qubit device controlled through radio frequency pulses to demonstrate Shor’s Theorem. IBM’s prototype wasn’t given a huge task, managing to calculate that three times five was … wait for it ... 15. Yet this was considered a great success, even if it had shades of the famous supercomputer Deep Thought from Douglas Adams’ Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, which ponders the question of “life, the universe and everything” for thousands of years before giving the answer: 42.(Adams also dreamed up the Infinite Improbability Drive for a spaceship called the Heart of Gold, which used quantum theory to allow it to cross through every point in the universe simultaneously, allowing interstellar travel without all that “tedious mucking about in hyperspace”.)

Then, in 2019, Google claimed its 54-qubit Sycamore processor had performed a calculation in 200 seconds that would have taken the world’s most powerful supercomputer 10,000 years – a breakthrough some breathlessly likened to the Wright brothers’ first flight in 1903. Others were more sceptical, saying it would be many more years before quantum computers would have enough qubits – and be stable enough – to do anything actually useful. IBM said it could simulate Google’s experiment in two-and-a-half days on a “normal” computer, albeit if it had access to the Oak Ridge Summit supercomputer, a beast occupying an area the size of two basketball courts. IBM’s shimmering Eagle, meanwhile, had just 127 qubits; its successors, Osprey and now Condor, have pushed the bar to over 1000 and it plans for 1386 qubits in its Kookaburra in 2025.

Yet most of these devices are still basically proofs of concept, says Morello, the first step to manufacturing and miniaturising, as we saw with today’s transistor-based computers, which started out as rooms full of valves and cables. In the post-World War II era, says Andrew Doherty, “computers took up office floors of buildings in Manhattan and people put paper cards into them to program them. Out came numbers that even my childhood pocket calculator could have calculated right.” Many hundreds of billions of dollars have gone into developing computer technology, in packaging it for convenience and getting the components to work reliably, he says. “That whole engineering thing has got to grow up around these quantum technologies.”

Already, Marcus Doherty’s Quantum Brilliance has installed a quantum computer at the Pawsey Supercomputing Centre in Perth and is about to export computers, at this stage for customers to experiment with quantum computing and work out how to make it useful. In the future, finding commercial applications for a quantum computer will require tailoring it, at least initially, says UNSW’s Maja Cassidy, a former quantum researcher for Microsoft. “People have to go in and understand a company’s problem, how they’re using classical computing and … work out what section might be enhanced by the quantum computer.”

Who is leading the quantum race?

China is the only other nation giving the United States a run for its money. Its leader, Xi Jinping, put accelerating quantum technology in his 2021 five-year plan. McKinsey & Company estimates China has spent at least $15.3 billion in public funds on quantum research. That partly came to fruition in April with the Chinese Academy of Science’s unveiling of a 504-qubit chip, still half the size of IBM’s biggest.

For its part, Australia got a head start with quantum research in the 1990s. Today, two major spinoffs from UNSW research are pursuing silicon-based quantum computing: Silicon Quantum Computing (SQC), led by Professor Michelle Simmons, and Diraq, led by Professor Andrew Dzurak. SQC’s approach involves embedding phosphorus atoms within a wafer of silicon. Dzurak’s approach involves trapping electrons on silicon transistors. Both have the advantage of silicon chips already being ubiquitous. “Today, in our phones and our laptops, the silicon chips that are in those have upwards of a billion transistors on them,” says Dzurak. “The benefit of the technology that we’ve developed is that we are also able to get millions, and ultimately billions, of quantum bits onto a single silicon chip.”

‘Computers as we know them today are an absolutely mind-blowing achievement. So any technology that has the ambition of being an alternative or being better than that has a phenomenally high bar to clear.’

Other leading players in Australia include Q-CTRL, which is working on controlling and enhancing quantum hardware; quantum security company QuintessenceLabs; and Doherty’s Quantum Brilliance, which used its synthetic diamonds in the world-first integration of a two-qubit quantum device into a supercomputer at room temperature in 2022.

Meanwhile, out of the University of Queensland came early gains in “photonic” quantum computing, which harnesses particles of light – photons – as qubits. In April, the federal and Queensland governments jointly set aside $940 million in share purchases, grants and loans for PsiQuantum, a Silicon Valley company whose founders include Australian professors Jeremy O’Brien and Terry Rudolph. Unlike ions or electrons, photons are not charged, Bartlett says, so are not sent haywire by electromagnetic forces – but they are hard to manipulate and measure.

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Another approach involves “trapped ion” quantum computing, pursued by US company IonQ: physicists take an atom, flick off an electron so it is positively charged, then suspend the resulting ion within an electromagnetic field and manipulate the ion with lasers. But Bartlett says this approach will be hard to scale, given the technology to suspend millions of ion qubits doesn’t yet exist.

In April, the federal government also announced $18 million for the University of Sydney to establish Quantum Australia, a research consortium between several universities headed by Bartlett. “It used to be a small research community,” he says. “You absolutely needed to speak the common language of everyone else, which were the rules of physics. Now we are really seeing quite a bit of specialisation.”

Even if quantum computers develop practical uses, they will likely live in vast, super-cooled server farms where land and power are cheap. We’ll communicate with them through our everyday devices, much as we download and upload data from cloud servers, Netflix, TikTok, DropBox, whatever, today. The real challenge for quantum computing, says Morello, is that the alternative is “really, really good”. “Computers as we know them today are an absolutely mind-blowing achievement. So any technology that has the ambition of being an alternative or being better than that has a phenomenally high bar to clear.”

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What is the stable operation of "Origin Goku"?
Related LINKS http: / / www.CRNT.com 2024-05-12 13: 00: 13
Beijing, May 12 / According to the Economic Daily, as of May 7, China's third-generation autonomous superconducting quantum computer "Origin Wukong" has attracted more than 8 million visits worldwide.
Previously, it also successfully connected to the Yangtze River Delta hub Wuhu cluster computing power public service platform and other 3 supercomputing centers, marking the formal completion of China's general computing, intelligent computing, supercomputing, and measurement of the "four calculations in one" system.
What does the stable operation of "Origin Goku" show?
Demonstrated the stability and practicality of China's autonomous quantum computing power. "Origin Wukong" is China's third-generation autonomous superconducting quantum computer, equipped with 72 autonomous superconducting quantum chips.
This computer is named "Wukong", which means that the Chinese traditional mythological figure Sun Wukong is as vast as the divine powers, will change seventy-two. "Source Wukong" was independently developed by the Source Quantum team and launched on January 6 this year, and has been online for four months, with an average of about 66,700 daily global visits, and an average of nearly 1,500 computing tasks completed daily.
Quantum computing is a cutting-edge emerging technology, promising in areas such as artificial intelligence, biomedicine, and financial analysis.
If you compare a universal traditional computer to a bicycle, a quantum computer is like an airplane.
Decompose 300 large numbers, using a trillion-time traditional computer takes 150,000 years, using a trillion-time quantum computer only takes 1 second.
The biggest advantage of a quantum computer is its powerful computing power, but compared with traditional computers, the technology is immature, the manufacturing cost is high, and the reliability is not strong.
China's quantum computing technology is in the transition stage from laboratory research and development to industrial applications.
Demonstrates the great potential of China's independent quantum computing power out of the laboratory and towards industrialization, as well as the international recognition and competitiveness of China's quantum computers. "Origin Wukong" with hardware, chips, operating systems and application software are realized independently and controllable, and the localization rate is more than 80%, which marks the basic formation of China's superconducting quantum computer industry chain.
In the past four months of operation, "Benyuan Wukong" has successfully completed more than 178,000 computing tasks for users in 120 countries. The United States, Japan, Canada and other countries with quantum computers have shown great concern for "Benyuan Wukong", of which the United States users visit far more frequently than other countries.
In the field of quantum computing, developed countries led by the United States have started early, developed rapidly and have a high degree of industrial maturity, and have gradually established a "quantum computing ecological chain".
For example, IBM USA led the creation of the Quantum Computing Industry Network (IBM Quantum Network) in 2017, which has more than 250 members from the United States, Japan, Korea, Germany, Australia and other countries, involving Fortune 500 companies, start-ups and academic institutions.
However, although China started late in the quantum field, it has made rapid progress.
A recent paper on global quantum information technology patents shows that from 2003 to 2022, China's quantum information technology patent applications accounted for 37% of the world's total, surpassing the proportion of the United States slightly higher than 28%.
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IBM's world's first integrated quantum computing system, IBM Quantum System One

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What seminal quantum computers/ processors have been developed?

IBM's 1,121 Quantum Condor
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What seminal quantum computers/ processors have been developed?

IBM's 1,121 Quantum Condor
IBM's 65-qubit Hummingbird
20-qubit "IBM Q System One"

IBM will deliver software in 2023 to integrate classical systems with quantum computing.

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Content: We are excited to bring Transform 2022 back in-person July 19 and virtually July 20 - 28. Join AI and data leaders for insightful talks and exciting networking opportunities. Register today!

IBM today updated its existing quantum computing roadmap, foreseeing a 4,000-plus qubit machine by 2025. Included in its plan is orchestration for more potent combinations of classical and quantum resources.

Such combinations, which comprise what may be called “quantum-centric supercomputing,” will place the new quantum crew more firmly in the world of high-performance computing, where technologists tackle some of humankind’s most pressing challenges.

IBM said it expects to deliver in 2023 software tooling that allows developers to run jobs that help them tap into both quantum and classical computing resources. IBM said it sees no letup in the steady advance of quantum scaling.

The company uses the term “Serverless Quantum” to describe an architecture that deploys infrastructure that assigns work to processors of either the classical or quantum variety.

“Serverless Quantum is part of getting the world ready for quantum-centric supercomputing,” according to Jerry Chow, IBM fellow and director of quantum infrastructure. He likened the effect to today’s elastic computing methods, “in the sense that you have computing resources on demand.”

Speaking with VentureBeat, Chow said the idea is that parts of problems can be handled by either classical CPUs, GPUs or non-classical QPUs, or quantum processing units. This is enabled by a common service layer that efficiently orchestrates, or arranges, workload assignments.

Better hardware and software methods for interchip communications is also important in this quantum quest, Chow indicated as he discussed future plans for quantum “circuit knitting.”

“That’s where you can take larger problems,” he said, “and find ways to break them down into small-order quantum circuits, and knit or take all the results and put them back together.”

The problems imagined are manifold, and some appear especially pressing.

Simulating nature with quantum systems, for example, is seen as a path to efficiencies that could drive substantial environmental, social and governance improvements.

Also, world governments are now seen in a race to succeed in quantum computing, as quantum systems could crack long standing cryptographic coding practices. Viewers suggest adversary governments are gathering encrypted data now, to process when quantum breakthroughs occur.

Sticking to their circuit knitting

IBM has indicated Serverless Quantum capabilities in its Qiskit Runtime software, including circuit knitting, will support distribution of parallelizable work in 2023. As well, improvements in error mitigation and suppression are expected to improve quality of quantum results, the company said. These are due for Qisket as part of the roadmap in 2024 and 2025.

The bird is the word when it comes to code names for IBM quantum processors. Last year, IBM released a 127-qubit Eagle processor to be followed this year by Osprey, a 433-qubit unit. An increasingly powerful flock of IBM qubit processors will follow. IBM’s roadmap anticipates: a 133-qubit Heron processor to appear in 2023; a 462-qubit Flamingo processor in 2024; and the 4,158-qubit Kookaburra device in 2025.

While Heron’s qubit count may look like a step back, it’s important to IBM’s overall plans to knit clusters of qubit processors together. That is vital to IBM’s assertions of continued scalability.

“What’s exciting about Heron is that it is defined in such a way that they’re going to be classically controllable [via] the same control hardware infrastructure. So what that means is effectively, we’re going to have quantum computing with classical communication and classical parallelization,” said Chow, who is expected to further detail IBM’s  quantum roadmap this week at the Inside Quantum Technology Conference 2022 in San Diego, Calif.

Quantum timelines

Timelines for quantum computing have been closely watched since qubits first emerged from the lab as part of physics experiments. A common joke holds that today, just as at the turn of the century, “quantum computing is five to ten years away.”

But IBM’s timelines for quantum computing have usually been realistic, according to Brian Hopkins, analyst, Forrester Research.

“IBM has the most detailed roadmap of any of the full stack quantum computing vendors I cover,” he told VentureBeat via email. “Furthermore, they are establishing credibility with the market by completing roadmap milestones per their plan.”

That gives Forrester’s Hopkins confidence in IBM’s 4,000-plus qubit projections, although he emphasizes that IBM is still refraining from any meaningful prediction on when its computers and software will be able to demonstrate advantage – in the form of a positive ROI — for any problem domain.

Hopkins goes on to say this is valuable, in that the company will have greater credibility when it does prove such an advantage.

“Even when we hit advantage for one problem area, it will still be many years before quantum computers are scalable and powerful enough to be applicable to the many areas where we see potential,” he said.

We love qubits – but….

Skepticism of quantum computing timelines is not likely to abate, but elements of IBM’s new timeline suggest the technology may be moving forward faster than some skeptics thought.

While “qubit counts” will get the headlines here and elsewhere, the technology advances that surround qubit research bear closer watching, as do hybrids that match classical and quantum computing to different parts of problems.

“We love qubits – but the exact number is not as important as [the fact] that we have defined the path for the technology to keep scaling,” said Chow.

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What are important areas in quantum research?

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extremely fast calculations
extremely complex calculations

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Google's Sycamore quantum supremacy experiment

Australia has invested nearly a billion dollars in quantum computing research.

China's quantum computer is 100 billion billion billion times faster than traditional computers.

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Content: China's quantum computing superiority experiment selected as one of the top ten advances in international physics
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On December 21, the American Physical Society announced ten major advances in the field of physics in 2021. Pan Jianwei, Zhu Xiaobo, Lu Chaoyang, and others completed the "Zuchongzhi II" and "Jiuchang II" quantum computing superiority experiments and "Jiuchang II" And...
According to the China Science Daily, on October 25, the famous physics journal Physical Review Express published two major achievements of the academician Pan Jianwei team of China University of Science and Technology on quantum computing.
Among them, they successfully built the 66-bit programmable superconducting quantum computing prototype "Zuchongzhi II" to achieve the rapid solution of the "random line sampling" problem, tens of thousands of times faster than the current fastest supercomputer, making China reach the "quantum computing superiority" milestone for the first time in the superconducting quantum system.
In the photonic system, on the basis of the world's first "nine chapters" optical quantum computing prototype to achieve "quantum computing superiority", they developed the "nine chapters two" of 113 photons 144 mode, realizing the phase programmable function, the "Gaussian Bose sampling" problem solving speed is 100 billion billion billion times faster than the current fastest supercomputer, once again refreshing the world record.
This series of achievements makes China the only country in the world to achieve the milestone of "quantum computing superiority" in both physical systems at the same time.
According to the American Physical Society, the research team of the University of Science and Technology of China stood out from the competition with Google and IBM, providing convincing experimental arguments and demonstrating superior quantum computing superiority in their superconducting and optical quantum computers.
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Content: 3 Quantum Computing Stocks That Could Grow Your Wealth

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  • Quantum computing stocks offer growth potential in emerging technology.
  • IBM (IBM): Leader in quantum systems development, focusing on miniaturization and accuracy.
  • Intel (INTC): Applying transistor-based design to quantum computing with silicon spin qubits.
  • IonQ (IONQ): Developing trapped ion quantum systems with strong technological advantages.

Quantum computing stocks are working toward creating and selling quantum computers and other quantum products. These technologies are based on principles of quantum mechanics. This includes superposition and entanglement to perform operations that a classical processor cannot. These stocks provide a way to enter a field expected to transform many industries.

Thus, investing in quantum computing stocks is quite promising, considering the development of the industry. Some of the breakthroughs in quantum computing hardware include the creation of superconducting qubits and error correction software for larger quantum computers. There has been progress in increasing the qubit coherence times and combining classical and quantum computing to solve real-life problems.

Many of these quantum computing stocks trade at reasonable valuations. Now is a great time for investors to consider these options to grow their wealth. So here are three quantum computing stocks to consider.

IBM (IBM)

Source: shutterstock.com/LCV

IBM (NYSE:IBM) is one of the leading companies in the race toward quantum computing. It’s constantly pushing forward to create efficient quantum systems. The company’s delivery of the first 1,000-qubit quantum chip in 2023 proved incredible advancements are being made in this field.

What’s more, IBM’s approach has changed significantly since the company decided to focus on the miniaturization of quantum chips and their increased accuracy rather than increasing the number of qubits. While quantum computing still has a long way to go before it is practically usable, it has the potential to be used in fields such as cryptography, optimization, and simulation. This is where computing accuracy is paramount.

Thanks to its technical competence, cooperation with other industries, and conceptual approach to the development of quantum computing, IBM has the potential to lead the way forward.

Financially and technically, IBM pays a solid and growing dividend and has a low beta, making it a defensive pick in one’s portfolio.

Intel (INTC)

Intel (NASDAQ:INTC) has become one of the frontrunners in the race to build quantum computers through the application of transistor-based design and semiconductor manufacturing. Thus, by transferring the methods for creating and verifying conventional chips to silicon-based quantum computers, Intel has made a significant leap forward in its creation.

This is because the company is using silicon spin qubits, which are somewhat similar to the familiar semiconductor transistors. This allows the company to use its advanced CMOS fabrication facilities to place millions or even billions of these qubits on a single chip.

Intel’s progress in developing a 12-qubit silicon chip on a 300mm wafer with an impressive 95% yield rate proves its capacity to meet the stability standards of quantum computers. Also, Intel has perfected the cryogenic wafer probing technique. This allows it to test its quantum devices and make necessary adjustments faster.

INTC could be one of the top quantum computing stocks to consider to include an award-winning brand your portfolio.

IonQ (IONQ)

IonQ (NYSE:IONQ) is a leading developer of quantum computing systems using trapped ions. This approach could potentially enhance the reliability of its quantum computations.

IonQ has a strong technological advantage and owns 74 US-issued patents and 163 pending applications covering its quantum computing solutions. It is also engaged in the process of developing its quantum hardware for the commercial market, through which is available on the major cloud platforms and has signed several strategic partnerships,

One of the best things about IONQ is its financials are in good shape. This is more than what can be said for other companies that are exploring more experimental strategies.

As per its Q1 results, IonQ has high gross margins and increasing orders for quantum systems. The company expects to achieve net income before seeking more capital and thus prepare for long-term development. These factors make IONQ one of those quantum computing stocks to buy.

On the date of publication, Matthew Farley did not have (either directly or indirectly) any positions in the securities mentioned in this article. The opinions expressed are those of the writer, subject to the InvestorPlace.com Publishing Guidelines.

Matthew started writing coverage of the financial markets during the crypto boom of 2017 and was also a team member of several fintech startups. He then started writing about Australian and U.S. equities for various publications. His work has appeared in MarketBeat, FXStreet, Cryptoslate, Seeking Alpha, and the New Scientist magazine, among others.

Article printed from InvestorPlace Media, https://investorplace.com/2024/07/3-quantum-computing-stocks-that-could-grow-your-wealth/.

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What are important areas in quantum research?

implementations of quantum processors
new types of qubits

What companies are leading in developing quantum computing?

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

Intel has developed a 12-qubit silicon chip with a 95% yield rate using silicon spin qubits for quantum computing.

What are important areas in quantum research?

implementations of quantum processors
new types of qubits

What companies are leading in developing quantum computing?

The global quantum computing market is expected to reach $8.6 billion by 2027, led by companies like Baidu, Fujitsu, and IBM.

Title:

Content: After Japan's Fujitsu announced the commercialization of quantum computers in the next year, the mainland network giant Baidu also announced that it will promote industrial superconducting quantum computers.
Baidu Chief Technology Officer Wang Haifeng released his industrial-grade quantum computer “Qianshi ” at the 2022 Quantum Developers Conference, promoting the world ’ s first full-platform quantum computing software and hardware integration program,“ Volume Xi ”, so that quantum technology from the laboratory to industrialization.
According to the "Sina network" reported, Baidu said, "Qianshi" is a set of quantum hardware, software platform, quantum applications of industrial superconducting quantum computer, "volume xi" is the platform quantum software and hardware integrated solution.
This series of achievements and integrated innovation marks Baidu to open the entire chain from hardware, platform to application, to achieve the transformation of quantum chips to quantum applications, so that quantum from the laboratory to industrialization.
Baidu said that "Qianshi" can be used on a variety of platforms to reduce the threshold of application in the quantum industry.
The computer can use quantum computing to solve the problems that typical computers cannot handle, improve the digital economic productivity, and obtain a large amount of sub-computing power through cloud services on the software platform, providing industrial-grade quantum computing real-time services that everyone can quantum; and in artificial intelligence, quantum classification algorithms can be used to accelerate the classification of classic data and improve the accuracy of classification.
The report pointed out that since its establishment in March 2018, Baidu Quantum has released the Cloud-Based Quantum Pulse System, the Cloud-Based Quantum Machine Learning Platform, the Cloud-Based Quantum Computing Platform, and the Quantum Learning Knowledge Base, which integrates teaching materials, videos, courses and programming.
Japan ’ s Fujitsu Corporation has announced that it will work with the Institute of Physical and Chemical Sciences to promote the practical use of quantum computers, which is expected to be available to enterprises in 2023 (April 2023-March 2024).
This ground-breaking product is expected to be used for financial market forecasting, new materials and drug development.
This achievement will strengthen Japan ’ s position as the world ’ s No. 3 in quantum computing and lead to new technologies in Japan ’ s economic industry and defense and security.
According to the survey report released by IDC, the industrialization of quantum computing is entering an explosive growth stage, and the global quantum computing market will grow from $412 million in 2020 to $8.6 billion in 2027, with a six-year compound annual growth rate of more than 50%.
Article source: Baidu released the self-developed superconducting quantum computer "Qianshi"
Article source: Baidu rose more than 8% in a month to promote the industrial superconducting quantum computer "dry start" and promote quantum technology to industrialization
# Quantum # Computers # Baidu # Quantum Computing

What companies are leading in developing quantum computing?

Quantum computing can revolutionize industries like finance, pharmaceuticals, and logistics by solving complex problems that classical computers cannot.

Title:

Content: The present and future of quantum computing
New Research 2022 / 12 / 13 19: 16: 07 Edited by: Yuansheng
The limitations of contemporary supercomputers, as well as their implications for academia and institutions around the world, are drawing the attention of the scientific community.
For example, researchers can use current techniques to perform more complex simulations, such as those that focus on chemistry and the reactive properties of each element.
However, as the complexity of these interactions increases, they become more challenging for current supercomputers.
Due to the limited processing power of these devices, it is nearly impossible to complete these types of calculations, forcing scientists to choose between speed and precision when conducting these studies.
To provide some context for the breadth of these experiments, let ’ s start with the example of hydrogen atom modeling.
With only one proton and one electron in hydrogen, researchers can easily perform chemical reactions manually or rely on computers to complete calculations.
However, depending on the number of atoms and whether the electrons are entangled, the process becomes more difficult.
To write out every conceivable result of an element like thulium, which contains a staggering 69 electrons, all twisted together, would take more than 20 trillion years.
Obviously, this time is too long for us, and we need a new way out.
Quantum computers open the door to a whole new world of possibilities.
The equations needed to simulate chemistry have been known to the scientific community since the 1930s, but it has only recently begun to build computers with the ability and reliability to perform these calculations.
Today ’ s quantum computers provide the speed researchers need to mimic all aspects of chemistry, making them significantly predictive and reducing the need for laboratory testing.
Colleges and universities may be able to use quantum computers to augment existing knowledge of chemistry.
Consider the potential time and cost savings that could be achieved if quantum computers were able to eliminate the need for laboratory testing during research.
Moreover, since the computational power to master chemical properties did not exist previously, this step could lead to a major step forward in chemistry previously unknown to the world
01. Quantum computing in practice
Many companies are already using quantum computing.
For example, IBM is working with Mercedes-Benz, ExxonMobil, CERN, and Mitsubishi Chemical to implement quantum computing into their products and services:
Mercedes-Benz
Mercedes-Benz is exploring quantum computing to create better batteries for its electric vehicles.
The company hopes to shape the future of modern electric vehicles by implementing quantum computing in its products and making an impact on the environment by implementing quantum computing in its products in an effort to be carbon neutral by 2039.
Simulating what ’ s going on inside a battery is incredibly difficult, even with today ’ s most advanced computers.
However, using quantum computing technology, Mercedes-Benz can more accurately simulate chemical reactions in car batteries.
Exxon Mobil
ExxonMobil is using quantum algorithms to more easily discover the most efficient routes for transporting clean combustion fuels around the world.
Without quantum computing, it would be almost impossible to compute all routing combinations and find the most efficient routing combinations.
European Centre for Nuclear Research
The European Centre for Nuclear Research (CERN) is trying to discover the secrets of the universe.
Using quantum computing, CERN can find algorithms to pinpoint complex events in the universe in a more efficient way.
For example, quantum computing could help CERN figure out patterns in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) data.
Mitsubishi Chemical
A team from Mitsubishi Chemical and Keio University is working on a key chemical step for lithium-oxygen batteries: lithium superoxide rearrangement.
They are using quantum computers to "perform accurate simulations of what happens inside a chemical reaction at the molecular level".
Advantages and disadvantages of quantum computing
Quantum computing has the potential to revolutionize industries such as finance, pharmaceuticals, artificial intelligence, and automotive in the coming years, fundamentally changing the world around us.
The value of quantum computers comes from the probabilistic way in which they operate.
By using the probabilistic computing style directly instead of simulating it, computer scientists have shown potential applications for fast search engines, more accurate weather forecasts, and precise medical applications.
In addition, quantum computers represent the original motivation for the development of quantum computing and are very useful in directly simulating quantum mechanics.
Perhaps the main appeal of quantum computing is that it can solve problems faster, making it ideal for applications that need to handle large amounts of data (for example, aerospace logistics, drug manufacturing, molecular research, or other fields that use canonical processes at the atomic level).
However, creating a powerful quantum computer is not an easy task and involves many drawbacks.
The sensitivity of quantum computing systems to extreme temperatures is one of the main drawbacks.
In order for the system to function properly, it must be near absolute zero temperature, which poses a major engineering challenge.
Moreover, quantum bit quality is not where it needs to be.
After a given number of instructions, qubits can produce inaccurate results, and quantum computers lack error correction to solve this problem.
Because of the number of wires or lasers required to make each qubit, keeping control is difficult, especially if the goal is to create a chip with a million qubits.
And quantum computing is very expensive: the cost of a single qubit can be as high as $10,000 or so.
Finally, if standard information systems and encryption methods are used for malicious purposes, they will be overwhelmed by the processing power of quantum computers.
These computers ’ reliance on the principles of quantum physics allows them to decrypt the most secure data (e.g., bank records, government secrets, and internet / email passwords).
Cryptography experts around the world will need to develop encryption techniques that can withstand possible attacks from quantum computers.
Impact of Quantum Computing on Higher Education
The education community is always looking for new opportunities for growth and prosperity.
Many higher education institutions have begun extensive research into quantum computing, using the unique properties of quantum physics to usher in a new era of technology, including computers capable of performing currently impossible computations, ultra-secure quantum networks, and exotic new quantum materials.
Oxford University
Researchers at the University of Oxford are interested in quantum research because of its huge potential in areas such as healthcare, finance and security.
The university is recognized worldwide as a pioneer in the field of quantum science.
Oxford and York universities demonstrate first working pure state NMR quantum computer
Harvard University
Researchers at Harvard University have established a community group, the Harvard Quantum Initiative for Science and Engineering, with the goal of making significant progress in science and engineering related to quantum computers and their applications.
According to research conducted by the group, the “second quantum revolution ” will build on the first quantum revolution, which is responsible for the development of global communications, technologies such as GPS flight, and medical breakthroughs such as magnetic resonance imaging.
University of Maryland
Researchers from the University of Maryland's Department of Physics, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and the Physical Sciences Laboratory are part of the Joint Quantum Institute "dedicated to the goal of controlling and utilizing quantum systems."
Institute of Technology
MIT researchers have built a quantum computer and are working on areas such as quantum algorithms and complexity, quantum information theory, measurement and control, and applications and connectivity.
University of California, Berkeley
Researchers at the Center for Quantum Computing and Information at the University of California, Berkeley are working on basic quantum algorithms, cryptography, information theory, quantum control, and experiments with quantum computers and quantum devices.
University of Chicago Quantum Exchange
Researchers at the University of Chicago Quantum Exchange are focusing on developing new ways to understand and utilize the laws of quantum mechanics. CQE encourages collaboration, joint projects and information exchange between research groups and collaborating institutions.
China University of Science and Technology
Researchers at the University of Science and Technology of China are exploring quantum optics and quantum information.
Areas of major interest include quantum foundations, free space and fiber-based quantum communication, superconducting quantum computing, supercooled atomic quantum simulations, and quantum metrology theory and theory-related concepts.
One broad impact on higher education is that quantum computing will open up new careers for tomorrow ’ s students.
In addition, this technology will allow for accurate forecasting of the overall growth of the job market and the demand for skilled and knowledgeable workers in all fields.
In the near future, the power of quantum computing will be unleashed on machine learning.
In the field of education, quantum-driven algorithms will make informed decisions about student learning and deficiencies, just as quantum computing promises to revolutionize medical classification and diagnosis.
In addition, quantum computing will power a new era of individual learning, knowledge and achievement.
This will be achieved by processing large amounts of student data in a timely manner, and quantum computers may eventually have the ability to control programs designed to accommodate students ’ unique achievements and abilities, as well as backfilling specific areas where students may need help.
These aspects of quantum computing are critical to achieving the goal of truly personalized learning.
Through the cloud, you can access any of the relatively small number of physical quantum subcomputers in the world.
These computers include the 20 + IBM Quantum System One, which is currently installed more in the United States, Germany and Japan, and more are planned in the United States, South Korea and Canada.
Anyone with an internet connection can log on to a quantum computer and be educated on the basics of quantum programming.
For example, IBM offers a variety of quantum-centric education programs, including access to quantum computers, teaching support, summer schools, and hackathons.
The IBM Quantum Educator and Investigator Program and Qubit ’ s “Introduction to Quantum Computing ” are just two examples of quantum computing resources that are accessible to educators and students alike.
Such initiatives are absolutely necessary.
Colleges and universities around the world need to collaborate to bridge the current knowledge gap in quantum education and prepare the next generation of scientists and engineers.
04 、 Conclusion
The quantum computing revolution is happening.
We have just entered a new era of computing.
Next generation computing is not the next generation of hardware, but the next generation of algorithms and computing
Quantum computers use quantum mechanics principles to solve problems.
Compared to classical computers, the state of a quantum system is inherently probabilistic.
This means that quantum computers can handle many times more computations than conventional computers.
05, extended reading
The main players in quantum computing can be divided into four categories: the first category is international technology giants, such as IBM, Google, Honeywell, etc.; the second category is quantum computing startups, such as Rigetti, IonQ, etc.; the third category is national scientific research institutes, such as Fermilab, Argonne National Laboratory, and the Institute of Quantum Information and Quantum Technology Innovation. University of Cambridge, University of Science and Technology of China, Harvard University, etc.
Today's quantum computers can only deal with one or a few aspects of the problem, and they have not yet reached the level of generality.
Quantum technology companies not only need to invest heavily in developing quantum computers, but also need to have many researchers designing and manufacturing quantum hardware and software to support these machines.
In the future, general quantum computers need to work on the underlying quantum physics equipment, quantum computer architecture, quantum resource scheduling, upper quantum programming language, quantum algorithms and quantum application software.
The following are typical representatives of the quantum computing industry regarding the latest technological and commercial advances in quantum computing.
The information provided herein is for general guidance and informational purposes only, and the contents of this article should not be considered investment, business, legal or tax advice under any circumstances.
This article is from the WeChat public account: new research (ID: chuxinyanjiu), author: Yousef Fazea, compiled by: Tang Shi
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Key word: quantum computing
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Title:

Content: How big does your quantum computer need to be?

Quantum computers are expected to be disruptive and potentially impact many industry sectors. So researchers in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands decided to explore two very different quantum problems: breaking the encryption of Bitcoin (a digital currency) and simulating the molecule responsible for biological nitrogen fixation.

In AVS Quantum Science, from AIP Publishing, the researchers describe a tool they created to determine how big a quantum computer needs to be to solve problems like these and how long it will take.

“The majority of existing work within this realm focuses on a particular hardware platform, superconducting devices, like those IBM and Google are working toward,” said Mark Webber, of the University of Sussex. “Different hardware platforms will vary greatly on key hardware specifications, such as the rate of operations and the quality of control on the qubits (quantum bits).”

Many of the most promising quantum advantage use cases will require an error-corrected quantum computer. Error correction enables running longer algorithms by compensating for inherent errors inside the quantum computer, but it comes at the cost of more physical qubits.

Pulling nitrogen out of the air to make ammonia for fertilizers is extremely energy-intensive, and improvements to the process could impact both world food scarcity and the climate crisis. Simulation of relevant molecules is currently beyond the abilities of even the world’s fastest supercomputers but should be within the reach of next-gen quantum computers.

“Our tool automates the calculation of the error-correction overhead as a function of key hardware specifications,” Webber said. “To make the quantum algorithm run faster, we can perform more operations in parallel by adding more physical qubits. We introduce extra qubits as needed to reach the desired runtime, which is critically dependent on the rate of operations at the physical hardware level.”

Most quantum computing hardware platforms are limited, because only qubits right next to each other can interact directly. In other platforms, such as some trapped ion designs, the qubits are not in fixed positions and can instead be physically moved around — meaning each qubit can interact directly with a wide set of other qubits.

“We explored how to best take advantage of this ability to connect distant qubits, with the aim of solving problems in less time with fewer qubits,” said Webber. “We must continue to tailor the error-correction strategies to exploit the strengths of the underlying hardware, which may allow us to solve highly impactful problems with a smaller-size quantum computer than had previously been assumed.”

Quantum computers are exponentially more powerful at breaking many encryption techniques than classical computers. The world uses RSA encryption for most of its secure communication. RSA encryption and the one Bitcoin uses (elliptic curve digital signature algorithm) will one day be vulnerable to a quantum computing attack, but today, even the largest supercomputer could never pose a serious threat.

The researchers estimated the size a quantum computer needs to be to break the encryption of the Bitcoin network within the small window of time it would actually pose a threat to do so — in between its announcement and integration into the blockchain. The greater the fee paid on the transaction, the shorter this window will be, but it likely ranges from minutes to hours.

“State-of-the-art quantum computers today only have 50-100 qubits,” said Webber. “Our estimated requirement of 30 [million] to 300 million physical qubits suggests Bitcoin should be considered safe from a quantum attack for now, but devices of this size are generally considered achievable, and future advancements may bring the requirements down further.

“The Bitcoin network could perform a ‘hard-fork’ onto a quantum-secure encryption technique, but this may result in network scaling issues due to an increased memory requirement.”

The researchers emphasize the rate of improvement of both quantum algorithms and error- correction protocols.

“Four years ago, we estimated a trapped ion device would need a billion physical qubits to break RSA encryption, requiring a device with an area of 100-by-100 square meters,” said Webber. “Now, with improvements across the board, this could see a dramatic reduction to an area of just 2.5-by-2.5 square meters.”

A large-scale error-corrected quantum computer should be able to solve important problems classical computers cannot.

“Simulating molecules has applications for energy efficiency, batteries, improved catalysts, new materials, and the development of new medicines,” said Webber. “Further applications exist across the board — including for finance, big data analysis, fluid flow for airplane designs, and logistical optimizations.” The article “The impact of hardware specifications on reaching quantum advantage in the fault tolerant regime” is authored by Mark Webber, Vincent Elfving, Sebastian Weidt, and Winifried K. Hensinger. It will appear in AVS Quantum Science on Jan. 25, 2022 (DOI: 10.1116/5.0073075). After that date, it can be accessed at https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1116/5.0073075.

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Title:

Content: The quantum leap: Quantum computing breakthroughs to watch

The classical computer has been the bedrock of computing for over 50 years. That’s going to change soon. quantum computing, which was once a concept limited to fringe scientific papers, is now becoming a mainstream topic.

We’re seeing significant breakthroughs in the headlines which are stoking the flames of conjecture. The truth is, that this technology will bring with it much more than hype and opportunities to breathe life into sci-fi creations. In this article, we’re going to dive into some of the milestones of quantum computing, future goals and, of course, the challenges that we still have to overcome.

The Quantum Paradigm

Classical computers began as room-sized machines. Computer scientists from the 1950s would be completely flummoxed to see the powerful gaming or AI training rigs of today. That said, computers process information using bits -- either a 0 or a 1. quantum computers break the mold by using quantum bits, or qubits. They’re built upon the principles of quantum mechanics, which allow us to conceptualize that a qubit can exist in a state of 0, 1, or both at the same time (this is known as superposition in quantum theory).

As a result of this state, quantum computers are able to measure vast quantities of possibilities at the same time and exponentially increase their computing power compared to classical machines.

Significant Milestones in Quantum Computing

As with everything groundbreaking, quantum computing has been the subject of much fanfare, which has caused tangible advancements to slip through the cracks. This includes:

The Rise of Quantum Supremacy

The idea of "quantum supremacy" once seemed rather farfetched. That was until Google demonstrated with its Sycamore processor exactly what quantum machines could do. Sycamore was given a calculation that would have taken a classical computer 10,000 years to complete. It completed it in 200 seconds. quantum supremacy is now a modern reality and not just a hypothesis.

Innovations in Quantum Error-Correction

The inherently fragile nature of qubits means they're prone to errors from even the smallest environmental interference. Over the years, researchers have been laser-focused on tackling this problem, giving rise to various quantum error-correction protocols. Among the most prominent are the "surface code" and "cat code" methods, which deploy specialized qubit arrangements and extra layers of computational checks to detect and correct errors in real time.

Development of Quantum Algorithms

Unsurprisingly, with the growth of quantum processors has come an increase in quantum algorithms being developed. Algorithms like Shor's (for integer factorization) and Grover's (for database searching) have proven quantum computing's superiority over classical methods.

quantum algorithms have more granular applications as well, especially for devs and larger organizations. They could drastically reduce the time it takes to render documents in a React PDF viewer, particularly those that are large or contain complex elements like high-resolution images or intricate designs. Imagine one day sending petabytes of multimedia files without delay.

In a fraction of a second, teams could edit, compare, and merge files, all on their native platform, without having to wait until all the documentation is ready for analysis or sending.

This is just a microcosm of how massive quality-of-life (QoL) improvements from quantum computing will actually be. Aside from document readers, artists will also be able to render entire films in a matter of seconds, as there will be no resolution too high to be processed instantly. The same goes for 4K video calls without lags, VR gaming, and so much more.

Quantum Potential

What makes quantum computers so powerful is their ability to solve the problems that have simply been out of reach for classical machines, This includes:

  • Cryptography: Certain mathematical problems (like factorizing large prime numbers) are difficult for modern classical computers. quantum computers, however, are able to solve these problems much faster due to their parallel processing capabilities. Modern digital security rests on the assumption that these problems prevent computers from solving them quickly, and so quantum computing will be incredibly disruptive to modern cryptography. "Revolutionary" won’t even begin to define it.
  • Drug Discovery and Material Science: Another difficult task for classical computers is simulating and understanding complex molecular structures. With quantum computing, molecular simulations will be turbo-charged and lead to important breakthroughs in medicine and material science at a blistering pace.
  • Optimization Challenges: Be it traffic management, financial modeling, or supply chain optimization, problems involving multiple variables and constraints could benefit immensely from quantum computing's prowess, resulting in more efficient and optimal solutions.
  • Machine Learning and Big Data: Data is the new oil. And companies everywhere are drilling. quantum computers can process and analyze vast datasets swiftly and can send machine learning models to the stratosphere. This will lead to more accurate predictions and insights.

Navigating Quantum Challenges

The dream of a large-scale, fault-tolerant quantum computer is still just a dream for now, due to certain technical hurdles.

The first is maintaining the quantum state of qubits over extended durations. The term for this is ‘quantum coherence’, and it is not an easy task. External disturbances such as cosmic rays or nearby electronic devices can disrupt its state and prevent long computations.

Of course, one must also ponder about scalability. Scaling from a few qubits to thousands or even millions which are needed for more complex tasks will need further innovations in quantum error correction (and system architecture for that matter).

For now, computer scientists have gotten around this by using extremely low temperatures to maintain qubit stability, but this is not something companies or organizations without vast resources can accomplish.

Another aspect to consider is the software ecosystem. quantum computers will need their own kind of software, along with unique programming languages and tools. This will take years and possibly decades of collaboration between physicists, computer scientists, and industry stakeholders before a barebones system is achieved. QApplications in Diverse Domains

quantum computing is going to massively change many sectors. That said, some stand to benefit sooner than the rest:

  • Financial Modeling: The financial sector is an obvious winner when it comes to having more computing power -- the sector is already using AI to its advantage. quantum algorithms will allow traders and analysts to evaluate vast numbers of scenarios extremely quickly, giving those companies with quantum machines an extraordinary advantage.
  • Climate Modeling: Predicting the Earth’s climate involves accounting for a ton of variables and how they interact with each other. quantum computers will allow more accurate climate models and better insights into climate change which will hopefully help us develop better strategies for mitigating it.
  • Logistics and Supply Chain: Efficient solutions to the traveling salesman problem -- a challenge that involves finding the shortest possible route through multiple cities -- could revolutionize logistics, saving time and reducing costs for businesses worldwide.

The Interplay Between Quantum and Classical Systems

While you may think that quantum computers will eventually replace classical computers, the truth is the future more likely has them together in a symbiotic relationship. This is because quantum machines will be used for tasks they’re better at, namely more advanced computational needs, while classical computers will be kept for more routine tasks and for user interfaces. An example of this already exists in cloud-based quantum computing platforms -- where users can send a certain task to a quantum machine and receive the result through their own classical machine.

Looking Towards the Quantum Future

The next decade promises a slew of breakthroughs. Today’s quantum computers are being compared to the classical computers of the 1950s, which is probably accurate considering they’re still in their nascent stage of development and haven’t even begun realizing their full potential.

quantum computing promises an increase in computation power for sure, but it offers much more than that. It promises a massive shift across many industries -- from healthcare to finance, energy and transportation. We live in exciting times as we stand on the precipice of a new era in technology, one that previously only belonged to the pages of science fiction.

Image credit: plotplot/Shutterstock

Lee Li is a project manager and B2B copywriter with a decade of experience in the Chinese fintech startup space as a PM for TaoBao, MeitTuan, and DouYin (now TikTok).

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What advantages do quantum computers have over conventional computers?

extremely fast calculations
extremely complex calculations

What fields can quantum computers advance?

What advantages do quantum computers have over conventional computers?

extremely fast calculations
extremely complex calculations

What fields can quantum computers advance?

What advantages do quantum computers have over conventional computers?

extremely fast calculations
extremely complex calculations

What fields can quantum computers advance?

Quantum computing poses significant challenges, including the need for robust error correction and potential threats to current encryption methods.

Title:

Content: Who invented the first quantum computer?

Who invented the first quantum computer?

**The first quantum computer was invented by a group of researchers led by physicist Isaac Chuang and computer scientist Neil Gershenfeld in 1998.**

Quantum computing has undoubtedly revolutionized the world of technology and opened up new possibilities for solving complex problems. As this fascinating field continues to grow, many people wonder who can be credited with the invention of the very first quantum computer. Well, the answer lies with a group of brilliant scientists who pushed the boundaries of computation to a whole new level.

What were the key contributions of Isaac Chuang and Neil Gershenfeld?

Isaac Chuang, a physicist, and Neil Gershenfeld, a computer scientist, collaborated in the 1990s to create the first practical quantum computer using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques.

How did their quantum computer work?

Chuang and Gershenfeld’s quantum computer utilized the principles of quantum mechanics, including quantum superposition and entanglement, to perform computations.

What breakthroughs did their quantum computer achieve?

Their quantum computer successfully executed Shor’s algorithm, which is capable of factoring large numbers exponentially faster than classical computers.

How did their invention impact the field of quantum computing?

Chuang and Gershenfeld’s invention marked a significant milestone in the development of quantum computers, inspiring subsequent researchers to explore new approaches and technologies for building more scalable and efficient quantum systems.

What limitations did the first quantum computer face?

The first quantum computer faced several limitations, including a high error rate due to the susceptibility of the NMR-based technology to decoherence.

Did Chuang and Gershenfeld receive recognition for their achievement?

Yes, their groundbreaking work gained recognition, and they were awarded the prestigious Richard P. Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology in 2001.

Has quantum computing technology improved since then?

Absolutely! Since Chuang and Gershenfeld’s invention, quantum computing has made tremendous strides with advancements in hardware design, quantum algorithms, error correction techniques, and the emergence of various quantum computing platforms.

Are there other researchers who significantly contributed to quantum computing?

Certainly! A multitude of researchers and scientists around the world has made notable contributions to the development of quantum computing, further expanding our understanding and capabilities in this field.

What are the potential applications of quantum computing?

Quantum computing has the potential to revolutionize various industries, including cryptography, drug discovery, optimization problems, material science, and artificial intelligence.

Are quantum computers currently commercially available?

Although quantum computers are still in the early stages of development, there are some commercially available quantum computers offered by companies like IBM, Google, and Honeywell.

How far are we from achieving quantum supremacy?

Quantum supremacy refers to a point where a quantum computer can perform a calculation that is infeasible for any classical computer. While there have been promising demonstrations, achieving true quantum supremacy at scale is still a significant endeavor.

What are the biggest challenges in quantum computing today?

Some of the significant challenges in quantum computing include quantum decoherence, error correction, scaling up the number of qubits, and improving hardware reliability.

In conclusion, Isaac Chuang and Neil Gershenfeld can be credited for inventing the first quantum computer in 1998, marking a pivotal moment in the history of computing. Their pioneering work has inspired countless researchers, leading to remarkable advancements in quantum computing technology. As we continue to unravel the potential of this exciting field, it is crucial to acknowledge the many researchers who have contributed to shaping the future of quantum computing.

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What are the challenges in quantum computing research?

What are the potential threats of quantum computers?

threatening national security through breaking encryption

What are the challenges in quantum computing research?

What are the potential threats of quantum computers?

threatening national security through breaking encryption

The integration of classical and quantum computing is expected to solve previously unsolvable complex problems.

What advantages do quantum computers have over conventional computers?

Quantum computing may revolutionize logistics and supply chain management by solving optimization problems.

Title:

Content: Quantum computing expert Ilana Wisby explains how next-generation processing power can help operators revolutionize network management by significantly reducing the time required for complex computing.
The CEO and founder of Oxford Quantum Circuits (pictured) said in a keynote speech that the core rules of quantum entanglement can be used to form the basics of algorithms covering optimization, machine learning and simulation, helping to shorten the time needed to solve various problems.
Algorithms can provide solutions that are “impossible in today ’ s concept ”“ in an instant ” rather than thousands of years.
Using the puzzle of calculating how many cities a traveling salesperson can go to in the shortest amount of time, Wisby explains that while this is “somewhat solvable, ” at some point it will take“ longer than the total time known to the universe. ”
In the quantum state, the algorithm can "effectively encode this to an optimized problem", is a solvable problem, and can "significantly shorten the computation time".
Of course, Wisby believes that quantum computing can bring a wide range of benefits to society, but he also stresses that the challenges surrounding security and ethics remain prominent.

What advantages do quantum computers have over conventional computers?

extremely fast calculations
extremely complex calculations

What fields can quantum computers advance?

What advantages do quantum computers have over conventional computers?

extremely fast calculations
extremely complex calculations

What fields can quantum computers advance?

Quantum computing aids drug discovery and material science by simulating complex molecular structures.

What advantages do quantum computers have over conventional computers?

What advantages do quantum computers have over conventional computers?

Quantum computing is an exciting and rapidly advancing field, with significant global investments.

Title:

Content: Quantum Computing Market was valued at nearly USD 234.06 billion by 2032

Prudour Private Limited

Updated · Mar 06, 2023

Quantum Computing Market Overview

Published Via 11Press: Quantum computing is a rapidly developing market that is revolutionizing how we approach computing and data processing. By employing principles of quantum mechanics to perform computations, quantum computers are capable of solving problems that classical computers may find impossible or impracticable to resolve.

The global quantum computing market size is forecast to reach USD 234.06 billion by 2032 from USD 10.13 billion in 2022, rising at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 36.89% during the forecast period.

At present, the quantum computing market is dominated by a few major players such as IBM, Google, Microsoft, and Honeywell. These firms are investing heavily in quantum computing research and development as well as creating quantum computing hardware and software systems.

The quantum computing market is expected to have a profound effect on industries such as healthcare, finance, logistics, and energy. Some key applications of quantum computing include drug discovery, supply chain optimization, financial modeling, and climate modeling.

Though the quantum computing market is promising, it still faces several obstacles such as high costs of hardware, a shortage of skilled experts in this area, and technical difficulties when building large-scale quantum computers. With ongoing research and development efforts, however, these problems should be overcome within the coming years, leading to even greater growth and innovation in this space.

Key Takeaways

  • The global quantum computing market size was valued at USD 234.06 billion in 2022 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of around 36.89% from 2022 to 2032.
  • Quantum computing is capable of solving problems that would be intractable or impossible for classical computers to solve.
  • The quantum computing market is dominated by a few major players, including IBM, Google, Microsoft and Honeywell.
  • The quantum computing market is expected to have a profound effect on numerous industries, such as healthcare, finance, logistics and energy.
  • Quantum computing has many important applications such as drug discovery, supply chain optimization, financial modeling and climate modeling.
  • The quantum computing market remains plagued by several obstacles, such as the high cost of quantum computing hardware, lack of qualified quantum computing experts and technical difficulties in building and running large-scale quantum computing systems.
  • Research and development are expected to overcome these obstacles within the next couple of years, propelling even greater growth and innovation in the quantum computing market.

Request For Sample Report: https://market.us/report/quantum-computing-market/request-sample/

Regional Snapshot

  • North America: North America is currently the leading market for quantum computing, with the United States playing a major role. Major companies such as IBM, Google, and Microsoft are driving this growth through their presence and investment in research and development activities related to quantum computing. This region boasts numerous key players such as IBM, Google, and Microsoft which are driving demand within this region.
  • Europe: Europe is an increasingly important market for quantum computing, with countries such as the UK, Germany, and France investing heavily in research and development. Through partnerships between quantum computing companies and other technology firms as well as the growing adoption of quantum computing across various industries, this region’s market is experiencing rapid expansion.
  • Asia Pacific: The quantum computing market in Asia Pacific is expected to experience significant growth over the coming years due to increased investments in research and development by countries like China, Japan, and South Korea. Furthermore, there have been an increasing number of collaborations between companies using quantum computing with academic institutions as well as its increasing adoption across industries like healthcare and finance – all contributing factors for market expansion within this region.
  • The Rest of the World: Countries such as Brazil, South Africa, and the UAE are expected to experience significant growth in the quantum computing market over the coming years due to increased investments in research and development efforts as well as the growing adoption of quantum computing across various industries. These factors are fueling this region’s meteoric rise in this region.

Drivers

  • Quantum Computing Gaining Adoption in Various Industries: Quantum computing is seeing an uptick in popularity across a range of industries, such as healthcare, finance, logistics, and energy – as companies seek to use their power to solve complex problems and gain an edge in competition.
  • Investments in Quantum Computing Research and Development: Governments, academic institutions, and private companies have made substantial investments in quantum computing research and development, spurring innovation and progress within the field.
  • Growing Number of Partnerships and Collaborations: There has been an uptick in partnerships and collaborations between quantum computing companies and other technology firms, as well as academic institutions and research organizations. This trend is propelling the development of new quantum computing hardware and software systems, as well as its adoption across various industries.
  • Increasing Access to Cloud-Based Quantum Computing Services: The growing availability of cloud-based quantum computing services is making it simpler for companies and researchers to utilize this cutting-edge technology, spurring adoption and innovation within the field.

Restraints

  • Limited Access to Qualified Quantum Computing Experts: Unfortunately, there is currently a shortage of highly experienced quantum computing specialists, making it challenging for companies to construct and sustain quantum computing systems.
  • Technical Challenges in Building and Maintaining Large-Scale Quantum Computing Systems: The development of large-scale quantum computing systems is still in its early stages, so there are numerous technical obstacles that must be overcome, such as noise reduction, error correction, and scalability.
  • Limited Quantum Computing Applications: Although the list of potential applications for quantum computing is growing, the number of practical ones that have been developed and implemented remains limited. This can make it challenging for companies to justify investing in quantum computing technology.
  • Regulatory Challenges: Quantum computing technology may face regulatory restrictions, particularly around data privacy and security. This could create additional obstacles to the adoption and investment in the technology.

Opportunities

  • Growing Number of Partnerships and Collaborations: The growing number of partnerships and collaborations among quantum computing companies, other technology firms, academic institutions, and research organizations is creating opportunities for the development of new quantum computing hardware and software systems as well as its adoption across various industries.
  • Advancements in Quantum Computing Hardware and Software: With the rapid progress being made in the development of quantum computing hardware and software, new opportunities will present themselves for applying this technology across various industries and fields.
  • The growing availability of cloud-based quantum computing services: Cloud-based quantum computing services are making it simpler for companies and researchers to access and utilize quantum computing technology, spurring adoption and innovation within the field.
  • Growth of Quantum Computing as a Service: As more companies and researchers embrace the potential of quantum computing, cloud-based quantum computing services are creating exciting new business opportunities for those offering these solutions.
  • Potential for Breakthroughs in Areas such as Drug Discovery, Finance, and Energy: Quantum computing holds the potential to unravel complex issues in fields like drug discovery, finance, and energy – leading to major breakthroughs and advances. This presents companies with unique opportunities for those who can develop and implement quantum computing solutions in these sectors.

Challenges

  • Technical Challenges in Constructing and Running Large Quantum Computing Systems: As quantum computing systems continue to emerge, numerous technical obstacles must be overcome such as noise reduction, error correction, and scalability. These issues make it challenging for companies to construct and run these massive quantum computers efficiently.
  • Limited Access to Qualified Quantum Computing Experts: There is currently a shortage of highly experienced quantum computing professionals, making it difficult for companies to construct and maintain quantum computing systems. This shortage could potentially restrict the growth of this industry in the coming years.
  • Quantum computing Applications: While quantum computing has many potential uses, the number of practical applications that have been created and implemented remains limited. This could make investing in quantum computing technology and research on practical applications an attractive prospect.

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Recent Developments

  • Google Claims Quantum Supremacy: In 2019, Google claimed to have achieved quantum supremacy by performing a calculation on its quantum computer that even the most powerful supercomputers would take thousands of years to complete. This was seen as an important milestone in the advancement of quantum computing technology.
  • IBM Launches Quantum Computing Program for Students: In 2020, IBM unveiled a quantum computing program specifically tailored towards students that provides them with access to IBM’s resources and tools, as well as a platform for learning and collaboration.
  • Honeywell Achieves Quantum Computer Record Performance: On March 20, 2021, Honeywell revealed its creation of a quantum computer with an astonishing quantum volume of 512. This feat marked an amazing advancement in quantum computing technology and demonstrated how rapidly progress has been made since then.
  • Amazon Web Services Announces Quantum Computing Service: On June 2021, Amazon Web Services (AWS) announced the launch of its own quantum computing service called Amazon Bracket. This offering gives customers access to various vendors’ hardware as well as tools and resources for developing and testing quantum algorithms.

Key Market Segments

Type

  • Hardware
  • Software
  • Services

Application

  • Defense
  • Healthcare & pharmaceuticals
  • Chemicals
  • Banking & Finance
  • Energy & power

Key Market Players

  • D-Wave Systems
  • Google
  • IBM
  • Intel
  • Microsoft
  • 1QB Information Technologies
  • Anyon Systems
  • Cambridge Quantum Computing
  • ID Quantique
  • IonQ
  • QbitLogic
  • QC Ware
  • Quantum Circuits
  • Qubitekk
  • QxBranch
  • Rigetti Computing

Nature Insights

  • Progress is being made in the development of quantum computing hardware: Despite the challenges facing large-scale quantum computing systems, progress is being made on quantum computing hardware. This includes creating quantum processors with increasingly more qubits and creating new materials suitable for use in quantum computers.
  • Quantum computing software is still in its early stages: While progress is being made with quantum computing hardware, software development for quantum computation remains at a standstill. This presents an immense challenge to the industry as developing efficient quantum algorithms is essential to realizing its full potential.
  • Collaboration is essential to the advancement of quantum computing: Collaboration between companies, academic institutions, and research organizations is essential for progress in this industry. This includes joint efforts to develop new hardware and software systems as well as collaborations that promote quantum computing across various industries.

Report Scope

Report Attribute Details
The market size value in 2022 USD 10.13 Bn
Revenue forecast by 2032 USD 234.6 Bn
Growth Rate CAGR Of 36.89%
Regions Covered North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa, and the Rest of the World
Historical Years 2017-2022
Base Year 2022
Estimated Year 2023
Short-Term Projection Year 2028
Long-Term Projected Year 2032

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FAQ.

What is quantum computing?

Quantum computing is a type of processing data using quantum mechanics. It relies on principles such as superposition, entanglement, and interference which enable quantum computers to perform calculations that would be impossible with classical computers.

What are some potential applications of quantum computing?

Quantum computing holds great promise for revolutionizing industries such as drug discovery, finance, energy, and logistics. Potential uses include creating new drugs and materials, optimizing supply chains and logistics networks, and even improving weather forecasting models with greater precision.

What are some of the challenges facing the quantum computing market?

The quantum computing market faces numerous obstacles, such as technical difficulties in building and running large-scale quantum computers, high costs associated with quantum computing hardware, a scarcity of highly qualified quantum experts, and an absence of practical applications developed and deployed.

Who are some of the major players in the quantum computing market?

Major companies operating within this space include IBM, Google, Microsoft, Honeywell, Intel, and Rigetti Computing. These firms are actively developing and commercializing quantum computing hardware and software systems.

What is the outlook for the quantum computing market?

Overall, analysts anticipate a bright future for quantum computing, with continued investment and innovation anticipated in the coming years. Though still in its early stages of development, its potential advantages are immense - leading to rapid industry growth over the coming years.

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Content: Artificial intelligence - a global race on quantum computing | Science and technology | Latest discoveries and studies from DW Arabia | DW | 04.09.2021
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Science and Technology
Artificial Intelligence: A Global Race for Quantum Computing
Germany is in the midst of a frantic global race for artificial intelligence technologies through quantum computers.
The Quantum Valley Lower Saxony project will make this state a leading center for the development of quantum computing in Germany, attracting 400 researchers.
The possession of quantum computer technology has become one of the most important bets of the future for which the world powers are engaged in a feverish race to harness all the scientific and financial possibilities.
The technology is far more powerful than today ’ s best computers, employing the incredible physical properties of tiny particles.
Instead of the data storage unit (BIT) on which traditional computing operates with values of 0 and 1, the quantum scientist uses a unit (Qbits) that allows multiple values at the same time, theoretically enabling parallel calculations beyond anything known to man to date.
However, this technology is still at an experimental stage and in the future it is expected to solve complex computational problems that current computers cannot do, applying to multiple fields, including computation of tracks and more complex decoding, as well as countless application areas, such as drug development, to name a few.
In May 2021, German Chancellor Angela Merkel, who has completed a PhD in quantum chemistry, launched the first quantum computer built in Germany by the American company IBM, at a time when the world is in a race against time to take the lead in this promising technology.
The Q System One, built near Stuttgart in cooperation with the German research institute Fraunhofer, has been in service since the beginning of April, and is the first device of its kind for the American company outside the United States.
Lower Saxony is also seeking to be a leading platform for the development of this technology in Germany as part of the Quantum Valley Lower Saxony project, which attracts at least 400 researchers.
Watch the video 26: 00
Made in Germany - Innovation is the engine of success
Germany - Artificial Intelligence for Quantum Computing
The major world powers have entered a frantic race over the technologies of the future that will change the way of life of humanity in the world of tomorrow.
The German government has earmarked at least €2 billion this year for the development of quantum computers, which experts say are the main entry point for artificial intelligence technologies.
Germany aims to keep pace with global competition by developing a quantum computer over the next five years.
German Minister of Scientific Research Anja Karlyschek (May 2021) said: “Quantum technologies are one of the key technologies that will be crucial in the future.
"It will allow us to make our communications completely secure, make leaps in medical technology via highly sensitive sensors, or address previously unsolvable problems in logistics or materials research via quantum computing."
Lower Saxony aims to build Germany ’ s first quantum computer and put it into operation by the end of 2025.
Using a technique called the "ion trap", ions are charged atoms, as the basic unit of computation of a computer - the ion is a qubit.
With the help of electric fields, these ions are captured and controlled by radio waves and laser beams.
Lower Saxony - Leadership in Quantum Technology
The state of Lower Saxony (eastern Germany) is seeking to take the lead in the development of quantum computer technology in Germany, in cooperation with a number of universities and research institutions, attracting the expertise of at least 400 researchers under the project "Quantum Valley Lower Saxony".
The project is expected to receive funding of 1.5 billion euros over 10 years.
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Rare bipartisan deal in U.S. Congress on tech support
Between science fiction and hard science facts, quantum technology is one of the most important breakthroughs in modern technology.
The industry is increasingly relying on highly complex computing processes in the shortest possible time frame.
However, all current quantum computers are basically just experimental or prototype devices.
The number of qubits does not have to be the only measure, but the quality of the calculations is more important.
In the future, a complete system with special algorithms and software will have to be developed so that researchers can develop technology with enormous potential.
Computers are all at the same time.
The first (mechanical) computer appeared in 1941 before a number of inventions were developed that changed the face of computing and made computers the devices we know today in terms of efficiency, smallness and lightness compared to the first models.
Despite the tremendous development of computing technologies, they still face numerous dilemmas, including, but not limited to, the constant fear of hacking and intrusion of data confidentiality.
Quantum computers go beyond the binary logic of qubits being in the states of 0 and 1 at the same time, but also in the states in between.
This means that far fewer kibbutz are needed to perform calculations, which traditional computing devices cannot.
Another advantage of quantum technology is that these processes take place at close to the speed of light.
However, the generation of quantum "bits" still poses a number of dilemmas, using superconducting elements, such as ions, "trapped" atoms, photons and other similar processes.
The ions are stimulated by microwave radiation, which can be placed in multiple states, which can then be loaded with different information.
The particles are moving.
To be able to function, it must be "frozen", with extreme cooling close to absolute zero (-273.15 ° C) using complex techniques such as magnetic fields.
In addition, qubits are unstable and react to the slightest external stimulation, such as vibrations, magnetic and electrical fields, and other factors.
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From a quantum computer to a neural computer.
Traditional computer chips are almost beginning to exhaust their maximum capabilities because semiconductor performance is starting to reach its physical limits.
Because chips cannot be downsized indefinitely in order to increase their performance in as little space as possible, quantum computers and neural computers are being developed as technological alternatives in the future.
As explained above, a classical computer operates with 0 and 1 binary mode geometry (i.e., current flow or no current flow).
This is specified in the bit unit.
The physical structure in a computer consists of electronic components, such as capacitors or transistors in microchips.
The primary and fundamental property of a "bit" unit is that its value is precisely defined and does not change when measured, on the other hand, the value of a "bit" does not change immediately once the value of another "bit" changes, and in a classical computer only after a certain period of time in the range of milliseconds per second.
Coinciding with the interest in quantum computers, a new technological approach has emerged and concerns computers that do not rely on artificial intelligence but mimic the human brain and are called neural computing.
It has the privilege of extremely low energy consumption, computing speed and high capacity to store information in an analogy to the functioning of the human brain.
Artificial Intelligence: The Tool of Domination in Tomorrow ’ s World
An ambitious US project has invested $170 billion for scientific research and development in the field of precision technology, such as artificial intelligence and semiconductors.
China is engaged in an economic and technological war with Western powers and the United States in particular that exploded in the form of trade battles under former President Donald Trump, and is one of the rare issues adopted by Democratic President Joe Biden after his Republican predecessor.
It enjoys broad consensus in Congress for its strategic dimension.
It has become clear that whoever wins the race for future technologies such as artificial intelligence will be the world ’ s first economy.
The U.S. project provides for $52 billion over five years to encourage companies to manufacture chips and semiconductors in the United States.
Washington believes the Chinese rival is investing at least $150 billion to develop the technologies of the future.
Hassan Zinind

How large are global investments in quantum computing?

How much have countries and blocs invested in quantum computing?

China invested $15.3B
Europe invested $8.4 B
U.S. invested $3.7 B

How large are global investments in quantum computing?

How much have countries and blocs invested in quantum computing?

China invested $15.3B
Europe invested $8.4 B
U.S. invested $3.7 B

How large are global investments in quantum computing?

How much have countries and blocs invested in quantum computing?

China invested $15.3B
Europe invested $8.4 B
U.S. invested $3.7 B