Additives are commonly used in salmon feed to promote growth, prevent disease, and enhance nutritional value.

Salmon feed often includes additives like wheat, soy, and insect-based ingredients, such as mealworms, for their high protein content.

Innovafeed produces 15,000 tons of insect protein per year for use in salmon feed.

Insect-based feed reduces salmon mortality and environmental impact while increasing growth rate.

The use of additives in salmon feed can raise health concerns, including the risk of transferring diseases like Salmonella and Escherichia coli.

Farmed salmon has 8 times more PCBs than wild salmon, increasing cancer risk.

Eating farmed salmon more than once a month may increase cancer risk.

Standards for additives in salmon feed vary by country and farming practice.

The EU has implemented rules to reduce salmon farming's environmental impact, including a 5% insect-based protein allowance by 2030.

The use of additives in salmon feed is regulated by laws, including the Animal Medicines Management Law, which prohibits certain additives like Peacock Green.

The FDA and US EPA recommend that pregnant women avoid fish with high levels of PCBs and mercury.

The WHO recommends limiting consumption of farmed salmon due to potential additives and contaminants.

The use of additives in salmon feed has significant human health and environmental impacts, and more research is needed to understand its long-term effects.

Promoting sustainable farming practices can reduce the risks of farmed salmon and create a healthier food system.

More information is needed on the amounts and effects of additives in salmon feed on human health.

Stricter regulations on salmon feed additives can reduce risks and promote sustainability.

Additives are commonly used in salmon feed to promote growth, prevent disease, and enhance nutritional value.

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Anticipating obsolescence: The next step to enhancing the sustainability of aquaculture

With growing concerns about the environmental toll of single species fish farms, a research project has been looking at the feasibility of introducing a more sustainable and potentially more profitable method of fish farming, using three complementary species.

Much as native American people planted squash, maize and climbing beans together to benefit each other, (often called the "three sisters"), farming finned-fish, shellfish and seaweeds together could benefit each other and reduce any environmental effects of fish farming. Small scale integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA), as the system is called, has traditionally been used at a small domestic scale in Asia, providing the farmer with more than one product to sell or use.

The feasibility study conducted by Bangor University and published in Ecological Modelling has identified the locations around the Atlantic coast which would be most suitable for IMTA, based on farming salmon, and Oarweed, a type of kelp seaweed commonly found in temperate Atlantic coasts. The research considered the natural distribution of the three species, whether suitable locations clashed with busy shipping lanes or marine protected areas and whether there was close access to sizeable ports in order to reach markets.

The western coast of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland; Lough Swilly in County Donegal, Ireland, and the western coast of Brittany, northwest France were found to be the best locations to further develop IMTA based aquaculture.

As Conchúr Hughes of Bangor University's School of Ocean Sciences explained, "One of the problems with the type of single species aquaculture practiced in Europe is that excess food and feces can lead to deterioration of local ecology, while density can mean that aquaculture companies need to use antibiotics and other additives to maintain a healthy fish-stock.

"Mussels are filter feeders, they can be responsible for removing up to 54% of salmon waste materials from the , using it as energy to grow, while the oarweed removes soluble nutrients from the water column. Oarweed can then be farmed to use in a variety of products, from food supplements for human consumption or for fish farms, as a fertilizer or as an ingredient in pharmaceuticals.

"Each of these species complements the other and mitigates against problems."

IMTA-based aquaculture

Both salmon and mussels are important food sources in Europe, and while oarweed is not as yet, this is a sector that is expected to experience a rapid increase in demand in the coming years- and can provide an alternative sustainable source of fertilizer and other products.

Seaweed cultivation can also provide environmental benefits. The seaweed in the water acts as a buffer against as it approaches the shore, reducing the energy as it passes through the seaweed, much as trees act as a buffer against strong winds, which can help reduce erosion. It also elevates the pH and oxygenates the water.

More information: Conchúr Hughes et al, Habitat suitability modelling for an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) system along Europe's Atlantic coast, Ecological Modelling (2023). DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2023.110459

Provided by Bangor University

Citation: Anticipating obsolescence: The next step to enhancing the sustainability of aquaculture (2023, September 27) retrieved 27 September 2023 from https://phys.org/news/2023-09-obsolescence-sustainability-aquaculture.html
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Why is omega-6 (vegetable) fat added to salmon fees in salmon farms?

Salmon feed often includes additives like wheat, soy, and insect-based ingredients, such as mealworms, for their high protein content.

Title:

Content: World’s Largest Insect Farm to Open in France

Once fully operational, the massive vertical farm will produce 200,000 tonnes of insect-based ingredients a year.

Ÿnsect, one of the world’s largest insect rangers, is betting big on bugs to help push the world in a more sustainable direction.

Founded in 2011, the company is fast approaching its goal of opening the world’s largest insect farm and dramatically scaling up its operations. Located about an hour north of Paris, the state-of-the-art facility will leverage automated systems and vertical farming techniques to raise mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) and enable the production of over 200,000 tonnes of insect-based ingredients per year. The site, estimated to be completed by the end of 2022, will join two other Ÿnsect facilities already operational in France and the Netherlands.

"It’s an automated warehouse, very similar to an Amazon warehouse, where instead of storing stuff, we are storing live insects," Ÿnsect CEO and co-founder Antoine Hubert told Time last year. "There is a climate-control system which is highly complex to maintain temperature and moisture from zero to 30 meters high. All operations are automated. Anything that you do on [an insect] farm is done with robots."

Feed for Fish, Fertilizer for Plants, Burgers for Humans

For the past decade, mealworms cultivated at Ÿnsect’s farms have been turned into powders and oils that have become nutritional additives to pet and farm feeds. Thanks to a ruling last year by the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) that deemed mealworms safe for human consumption, the company has also begun selling its powders for shakes, cereal bars, pasta, and even alt-meat burgers. In addition, the shed shells of the rapidly growing mealworms are collected and sold as beneficial organic fertilizers to farmers.

According to MealFlour, a project that promotes mealworm farming as a way to battle malnutrition in Guatemala, a serving of mealworm powder is 55% protein, contains all essential amino and fatty acids, and has more iron than sirloin beef. Compared to the production of milk, pork, chicken, and beef, mealworms are also more sustainable and require fewer resources and energy.

While its recent forays into human foodstuffs have garnered attention, Ÿnsect's focus presently remains on helping to feed sustainably the animals that feed the world. For instance, aquaculture, like salmon farming, is a resource-intensive operation that uses both land-based crops (soy) and massive amounts of wild-caught fish to create what's known as fishmeal. With food production projected to have to grow by more than 70% by 2050 to meet demand, the overfishing of oceans to feed aquaculture operations is not a feasible option. Studies, such as a recent trial by NOAA, have shown that supplementing or even replacing fishmeal with insect- and plant-based foods holds promise for eliminating the need for wild-caught sources. According to Hubert, there are other positives as well.

"They [salmon] were reaching the maturity stage faster and eating less so they were avoiding a large quantity of feed," he told Fast Company in 2020. "There was less mortality so the farmers get more fish eventually than before... This also explains why we have a carbon-negative balance, because we are avoiding so many quantities of inputs to feed fish to have the same quantities of fish."

Hubert added to Fast Company that Ÿnsect has contracts worth more than $100 million with fish feed producers. This past year, with the acquisition of U.S.-based mealworm producer Jord, it also began entering new markets, such as the rapidly growing U.S. backyard chicken feed market.

A Record-Breaking Vertical Farm

One look at the animated video of Ÿnsect’s new facility up above and you can see why it’s been touted as an automated marvel. Mealworms will be reared by robots in stacked tubs stretching several stories tall. Unlike other insect food alternatives such as flies or crickets, mealworms do not hop or fly, allowing the company to maximize the space available.

In an effort to make sure the creatures are ethically farmed, Hubert reached out to philosophers from the Sorbonne University to judge their welfare. As he told The Guardian, the students determined that the mealworms had "more in common with mushroom-growing and hothousing vegetables" than with livestock.

"They have no brain in the strict sense of the word," he said. "We know they have a reflex reaction and they communicate and build intelligent structures, but nobody has shown they feel anything. However, what is important is to respect them as living organisms, which we do."

In addition to the new farm in France, Ÿnsect plans to continue to scale its operations with additional facilities, including a major site in the U.S. The biggest hurdle ahead, however, says Hubert, is making insects a normal part of everyday diets.

"I believe that the big challenge is accepting insects as part of the human diet," he told Authority Magazine. "A large part of the world's population eats insects, but we must be able to prove its properties and its benefits for the environment in order to reach more and have more impact!"

View Article Sources
  1. "Ÿnsect Welcomes European Interministerial Delegation to Amiens." Ynsect.

  2. "Why Eat Mealworms?" MealFlour.

  3. "Edible Insects." Food and Agriculture Organization.

  4. van Dijk, Michiel, et al. "A Meta-Analysis of Projected Global Food Demand and Population At Risk of Hunger for the Period 2010–2050." Nature Food, vol. 2, no. 7, 2021, pp. 494-501., doi:10.1038/s43016-021-00322-9

  5. "The Future of Fish Feed May Lie in Insects, Mold, and Algae." National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Innovafeed produces 15,000 tons of insect protein per year for use in salmon feed.

Title:

Content: (Bloomberg) -- In a warehouse not far from Paris, 60 million black soldier flies give birth to larvae that are scalded, ground up and used to feed salmon and shrimp. The place doesn’t smell great. Innovafeed SAS is hoping to make this the future of fish food.

The French firm recently completed an expansion of its facilities in Nesle, France, where Innovafeed has three joint buildings dedicated to egg production, rearing larvae and making bug-based fishmeal and pet food — including five floors of insect incubators. With 35,000 square meters (37,700 square feet) of floor space, Innovafeed says its plant is now the largest insect farm in the world in terms of production capacity, and has the ability to generate 15,000 tons of insect protein per year. An additional expansion, already underway, is slated for completion in 2024 and will bring the facility to 55,000 square meters of floor space.

Launched in 2016 by three engineers, two of whom were previously project leaders at McKinsey & Co., Innovafeed has raised about $450 million in funding to date, including a $250 million round last year led by the Qatar Investment Authority and joined by agriculture giants Cargill Inc. and Archer-Daniels-Midland Co. Innovafeed is using the funds to expand in France and in the US, where it’s building a plant in the farming stronghold of Decatur, Illinois.

“The sovereign funds were ready to bet on us for the long term, as well as our industry partners,” said Innovafeed co-founder and Chief Executive Officer Clement Ray. “Not so much VCs, who expect a quicker return.” Ray said the company has already secured €1 billion ($1.1 billion) in contracts for its products over the next 10 years.

Interest in insect protein is rising alongside growing scrutiny of meat’s environmental impact. Insect-based fishmeal is more nutritious and has a lower carbon footprint than traditional fishmeal, which is itself a fish derivative that often come from Peru and Chile. About 30% of all fish catch is being transformed into fishmeal, said Innovafeed co-founder Aude Guo.

To further curtail its emissions, Innovafeed’s Nesle facility uses wheat byproducts from a neighboring starch factory to feed the flies, and waste heat from a biomass plant nearby to grant its insects a 30C room temperature. The larvae manure is also dried and transformed into fertilizer, and an insect-oil byproduct of Innovafeed’s process is used in poultry and swine feed.

While significant relative to the size of the insect-protein industry, the Innovafeed plant’s 15,000-ton annual output is still dwarfed by the production of traditional fishmeal, which averages around 5 million tons a year globally, according to the European Commission. “This business requires [mastering] fields such as genetics, biology, automation and data analysis,” Guo said, noting that the company had to spend more than $100 million to enter the business.

Innovafeed is focused on fishmeal and pet food, but other companies are also betting on bugs to feed people. Ynsect SAS, another French farming startup, has raised $625 million to develop insect protein to be used in fertilizer, animal feed and food for humans. French President Emmanuel Macron’s government has also pushed green technology as a way to create jobs.

“France had a long industrial tradition, and abandoned it these past four decades, losing 2 million jobs,” Finance Minister Bruno Le Maire said at the inauguration of the Innovafeed plant on April 21. The Nesle facility has 110 employees.

©2023 Bloomberg L.P.

Insect-based feed reduces salmon mortality and environmental impact while increasing growth rate.

The use of additives in salmon feed can raise health concerns, including the risk of transferring diseases like Salmonella and Escherichia coli.

Title:

Content: Detecting 6 fish pores in Hama that feed its fish with waste that leads to carcinogenic diseases
13-04-2023
Detecting 6 fish pores in Hama that feed its fish with waste that leads to carcinogenic diseases
The Director of Internal Trade and Consumer Protection in Hama Riad Zeyoud revealed the seizure of 6 fish feeds farmed fish harmful to humans when eating them.
Zeyoud explained that three fish were seized in the Kazuo Valley, providing the fish of breeding with non-heat-treated residues, which may transfer the spores of Salmonella and Escherichia coli, which cause various diseases and health problems to humans when eaten by the consumer who buys and feeds those fish.
In the same context, the head of the Consumer Protection Department in Hama, Dr. Jaafar Al-Safaf, pointed out that a fourth fish was seized in the same area in violation of feeding the fish, the waste of chicken slaughterhouses that are not heat-treated, pointing out that these fish were not confiscated because they could not be transported and are in the process of growth.
Al-Safaf also pointed out in the same context that the seizure of the Shorouk fish in the Kazuo Valley was also in violation of feeding the waste of the chicken slaughterhouses without heat treatment, with the amount of one and a half tons of catfish, and the owner was fined a total value of 12 million Syrian pounds, in addition to organizing the seizure of Aboud fish in the same area and the type of the violation. Syrian pound.
After communicating with the veterinarian Bilal Ismail, he pointed out that the food mentioned (the waste of broiler slaughterhouses) provided to fish is for obtaining animal protein, which works to increase the food conversion within a short period, but when resorting to this method must be subjected to microbial and viral surveillance, without which may lead to common diseases between fish and consumers (chronic or carcinogenic diseases).
He added that these residues, if their bacterial virulence is large, may lead to the occurrence of the breeder in large economic losses on the one hand, and on the other hand will be a health disaster transmitted to human consumers even if the disease is controlled through the use of antibiotics after trespassing with waste, and known fish that are given these residues by their meat and feeling unpalatable to human consumption.
Trace.

Farmed salmon has 8 times more PCBs than wild salmon, increasing cancer risk.

Title:

Content: Miscellaneous
Publish Date: December 13, 2021 8: 47 GMT
Updated on: December 13, 2021 9: 40 GMT
Study: Eating Too Much ‘ Farm Salmon ’ May Cause Cancer
A medical study published on Monday warned that overeating salmon raised in farm ponds could lead to cancer.
The Daily Newspaper noted.
+ A -A
Source: Erm News
A medical study published on Monday warned that overeating salmon raised in farm ponds could lead to cancer.
The Daily Express newspaper pointed out that "some previous studies found that salmon, jam in ponds, which is widely consumed around the world, doubles the risk of prostate cancer," pointing out that "salmon is a useful food source for health because it contains omega-3 fatty acids."
"While one salmon is caught in open water, like the seas, the other is bred in tight spaces (farms and ponds), which could have implications for human health," the paper said.
Studies have found that PCBs in farm-raised salmon were about 8 times higher than concentrations in wild salmon, adding that PCBs have been banned for commercial use for decades, but their effects can still be found in the environment, which may adversely affect human diet and therefore health.
According to a study by the Environmental Defense Fund, eating salmon raised in farm ponds on a regular basis may increase the risk of cancer after multiple cases of contamination have been detected in the United States and other countries.
"Medical scientific findings, published in the Journal of Medical Sciences, suggest that cheap farmed salmon sold in stores may do more harm than good."
“Risk analysis suggests that consumption of farmed Atlantic salmon may pose health risks that detract from the beneficial effects of fish consumption, ” the study said.
Eating farmed salmon more than once a month may be enough to increase the risk of cancer.
"In multivariate analyses, men with the highest concentrations of PCBs were twice as likely to develop prostate cancer than men with the lowest concentrations."
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What health concerns are there specifically related to additives in farmed salmon feed?

Eating farmed salmon more than once a month may increase cancer risk.

What health concerns are there specifically related to additives in farmed salmon feed?

Standards for additives in salmon feed vary by country and farming practice.

Title:

Content: World News
EU threatens food supply to developing countries
Thank you for reading the news about the « European » puts the food supply of developing countries at risk and now we start with the details
DAMMAM (Reuters) - The European Union is threatening food supplies in developing countries.
According to Karen Holliback, who chaired the Codex Alimentarius Commission from 2008 to 2011, the EU is currently engaged in a vague but hugely important bureaucratic battle at the United Nations, and if it does not back down, it could jeopardize the economies, and even food supplies, of dozens of developing countries.
She pointed out that the dispute revolves around the Codex Alimentarius Commission, which is sometimes described as “the most important organization you ’ ve ever heard of. ”
Under the law of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO), both UN agencies, the Codex Alimentarius Commission sets global safety standards for all foods traded internationally in a market of nearly $1.5 trillion.
Currently, FAO considers the EU and 188 other countries, rich and poor alike, members, and although safety standards set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission are voluntary, many developing countries eagerly embrace them because they lack the resources and technical expertise to set their own strict rules for food imports and exports.
Codex standards touch on almost every aspect of the food supply chain, from permitted additives to the level of residues that can remain in products and any supplements that can be given to livestock.
Creating an internationally applicable food code is an enormous and ongoing task as it adapts to ongoing agricultural and technological developments, and also requires extensive data collection, analysis, and scientific and technical assessment that can withstand rigorous scrutiny.
He added that the Codex works very well, and this is due to a mechanism called “statements of principles ”, which allows countries to individually object to the standard and record their disagreement, but in a way that does not prevent the adoption of the standard.
That dispute settlement mechanism had worked well so far.
But for now, the EU, along with Russia and China, is objecting to the adoption of a standard related to a generic veterinary drug called zilpaterol, which helps livestock convert feed into muscle more efficiently.
She noted that the union does not dispute the safety of the drug or health concerns, but opposes the standard for reasons related to consumer preferences.
You may also read.

The EU has implemented rules to reduce salmon farming's environmental impact, including a 5% insect-based protein allowance by 2030.

Title:

Content: Insects food farmed fish in France
Insects food farmed fish in France
RITEL, France – A plant in the French region of Ardennes is breeding a black soldier fly, which converts agricultural waste into proteins used to feed pets, especially farmed fish, in a market that is booming worldwide due to rapidly increasing demand.
Rafael Semia, director of the Agronotris plant in Ritel, which will release its first batch of insect flour this summer and aims to produce 5,000 tonnes of it in 2024, explains that “the growth of aquaculture is phenomenal, which means we need raw materials to feed these breeding farms. ”
Last week, the company announced the construction of a second plant at Ritel, which will begin next year, to convert “more than 280,000 tonnes ” of organic waste into“ 30,000 tonnes of flour, ” without specifying at what date or amount of investment.
There is no interest in feeding fish with fish that can be eaten directly by humans or with soybeans that are widely imported.
Under recent changes to European rules, more than 5 percent of fish consumed in the EU could come from farms using insect-based proteins by 2030, according to estimates by the pro-insect flour lobby group in Brussels.
Existing farmed fish diets are made partly from wild fish.
International NGOs have for years denounced this contradiction, which they blame for overfishing, with dire consequences for ecosystems, the marine food chain and the livelihoods of local populations.
Therefore, the insect meal represents an alternative being developed in France from three players that are now in the manufacturing stage: Insect, Innovavid and Agronotrice, which raised 100 million euros in 2021 and finally signed a contract worth “tens of millions of euros ” with Biomar.
This Danish company, a world leader in the manufacture of farmed fish feed and salmon in particular, has decided to invest in this project.
“There is no interest in feeding fish with fish that can be eaten directly by humans ” or with soybeans, which are widely imported and whose intensive farming contributes to the expansion of deforestation, says Biumar ’ s marketing director Catherine Briar.
In Ritel, inside a transparent container, there are like thousands of semolina seeds.
Cedric Oriol, co-founder of Agronotris, says, “These larvae have just hatched.
Today, it weighs 15 micrograms, and this weight will double ten thousand times in just two weeks.
So 100 grams of larvae will become a ton of larvae in two weeks. ”
The rapid growth of black soldier fly larvae is one of the reasons the company chose this non-invasive species known as the composting queen.
French factories raise black soldier flies that convert agricultural waste into proteins used to feed animals and fish
This choice, along with the dough recipe or optimal conditions for the marketing of the production, has been the subject of 12 years of research at a laboratory in Toulouse, according to the company.
After two weeks of growth, 98 percent of the larvae are crushed to make proteins, while 2 percent are kept for use in reproduction.
Inside one of the cages, where adult flies move, Antoine Riebois, wearing a hat covered with insects, explains that “the main activity here is to lay eggs, and the goal is to recover as many eggs as possible. ”
The black soldier fly can lay between 600 and 1,000 eggs in its short two-week life.
Another use associated with fly breeding is a mixture of insect droppings known as feras, which is an excellent fertilizer for agriculture.
The company aims to produce about 16,000 tons quickly.
The use of this waste to manufacture human food is not expected any time soon.
Rafael Semia, director of the plant, said: “It will take time, but tomorrow the actors in the insect branch will be at the forefront of human food processing. ”
arabic

What countries or jurisdictions have regulations concerning additives in salmon feed?

The use of additives in salmon feed is regulated by laws, including the Animal Medicines Management Law, which prohibits certain additives like Peacock Green.

Title:

Content: Peacock Green, a carcinogen found in Pingtung ’ s noonfish! Professor: “3 reasons ” fishermen should be prescribed drugs for violating regulations
Journalist Yip Shing-yiu / General Report
The Food and Drug Administration of the Ministry of Health and Welfare (8) announced on the previous day that 0.0024 ppm of cancer-causing substance "Peacock Green" was detected in domestic fish farmed with seafood, which cannot be detected in accordance with the provisions of the Animal Medicines Management Law, and the company "Jiechun Aquatic Products Co., Ltd." is the first violation, so Pingtung County has fined 60,000 yuan.
Professor Yang Zhaojing, a former dean of the College of Culinary Arts at Kaohsiung Hospitality University, said that the fish has always been loved by Taiwanese and has a higher economic value than other fish, but it is not easy to take care of it, so it has been heard of this illegal incident for many years.
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Lin Jinfu, deputy director of the Food and Drug Administration, said that the Food and Drug Administration conducted a sample of seafood products from January to February, and found that a domestic fish product raised in Taiwan detected peacock green 0.0024 ppm. The drug is mainly used to treat external skin infections caused by collisions or bites in water. Used to watch fish.
The FDA added that Peacock Green is the main metabolite of Peacock Green, a synthetic dye with antibacterial effects, and animal experiments have shown that the substance can cause weight loss and anemia in experimental animals, and also cause gene mutations in mice.
The economic value of this fish is higher than that of other fish species.
Professor Yang Chao-ching, a former dean of the College of Culinary Arts at Kaohsiung Hospitality University who now runs his own restaurant, "The Idea of Culture Kitchen," says that the illegal use of peacock green by lunchfish has been heard of for many years. This has also made more fishermen willing to join the ranks of fish farmers.
Lunchfish are highly regarded by Taiwanese people.
The larvae usually come ashore to lay their eggs before and after the Dragon Boat Festival, and are easy to catch at this time, hence the name.
In Taiwan, there are also legends such as "one afternoon, two red shirts, three mii, four chia", "one afternoon, three mii, three mii, four magga", etc., which can explain that many devotees believe that their status is higher than that of other species such as pennados and red shirts. Its delicious, in the Japanese Izakaya can eat lunch fish overnight dry, wine and rice are very suitable, so lunch fish is very popular with Taiwanese.
Lunchfish are fragile and not easy to care for
Because of their sensitive nature and difficulty in taking care of them, early fishermen were accustomed to high-density farming, and because of their fragile nature, they were vulnerable to collision and injury.
However, after all, Peacock Green is a carcinogenic substance, which should not be used according to the Animal Drug Administration Law, and in recent years, the government has also tried to strengthen the promotion of drug education and strengthen the sampling test, but unfortunately, there are occasional reports of children being tested for improper drugs.
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The FDA and US EPA recommend that pregnant women avoid fish with high levels of PCBs and mercury.

Title:

Content: 25 / 04 / 2023 - 19: 30
Is it as healthy as it used to be?
Fish absorb methylmercury from their diet, and it builds up in their muscle tissue over time.
This means that larger and older fish, such as tuna, swordfish and shark, contain higher levels of mercury than smaller fish.
(Getty)
Researchers discuss the seriousness of eating seafood in recent years, especially after the massive pollution in the seas and oceans caused by human activity, where a study conducted by the German Federal Environment Agency investigated the levels of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls in different fish species sold in Germany, and found that the levels of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls vary significantly between species and individual fish within species. They also found that some fish species, such as wild eel, European herring caught in the wild, and Atlantic farmed salmon, contain high levels of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls.
The study concluded that eating these fish regularly can lead to severe exposure to these toxic chemicals and increase the risk of adverse health effects.
Mercury is a toxic heavy metal that is released into the environment through industrial activities, such as coal-fired power plants and mining.
It then enters the water bodies, where it is converted to methylmercury by bacteria.
Fish absorb methylmercury from their diet, and it builds up in their muscle tissue over time.
This means that larger and older fish, such as tuna, swordfish, and shark, contain higher levels of mercury than small fish, and mercury can cause neurological and developmental problems, especially in fetuses and young children, as the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommends pregnant women, women who may become pregnant, nursing mothers, and young children to avoid eating high-mercury fish.
A study by the Harvard Chan School of Public Health looked at the relationship between mercury exposure from fish consumption and the risk of developing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a fatal neurodegenerative disease, tracking 518,000 men and women in the United States for up to 16 years. Mori.
Specifically, those who ate fish with mercury levels in the top 25% had a 60% higher risk of developing ALS compared to those who ate fish with low mercury levels.
The study concluded that increased mercury exposure from fish consumption is associated with an increased risk of ALS.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are synthetic chemicals that were used in electrical equipment, such as transformers and capacitors, until they were banned in the 1970s, however, they still exist in the environment, accumulate in fish, and PCBs are classified as persistent organic pollutants and are known to cause cancer and reproductive problems. and developmental disorders.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recommended that pregnant women, nursing mothers and young children avoid eating fish that contain high levels of polychlorinated biphenyls.

The WHO recommends limiting consumption of farmed salmon due to potential additives and contaminants.

The use of additives in salmon feed has significant human health and environmental impacts, and more research is needed to understand its long-term effects.

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Content: Loading
The hidden ocean pollution killing marine mammals
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Noise and chemical pollution in our oceans are affecting marine mammals' ability to navigate, communicate and detect danger.
I

I've worn glasses since the age of five, my hearing isn't brilliant in busy environments and, like many others, I lost my sense of taste during Covid-19, which was incredibly disorientating. Perhaps once our senses are pushed to their limits, we begin appreciating them all the more. But we're certainly not the only ones relying on multiple senses: marine mammals depend on them to communicate, navigate, feed, hear and detect danger.

It's hard for us to imagine how marine creatures sense within their world. What's clear is that the picture is complex, and that human-induced impacts make that even more challenging.

Pollution is ubiquitous but not homogenous. There is oil and gas exploration on the seabed, military exercises, increasing shipping traffic and the relatively new threat of deep sea mining. Add to that sewage outflows, industrial discharge and agricultural run-off, the marine environment is getting busier, noisier and more polluted. So what are the hidden dangers to marine life?

As a marine strandings volunteer for the Devon Wildlife Trust in south-west England, I'm regularly asked to take photos and measurements of marine mammals stranded along my local coastline. Sometimes, there'll be noticeable injuries, rake marks from the teeth of bottlenose dolphin attacks perhaps, long straight cuts in the skin from a fishing line or occasionally a tail clean cut off as a result of bycatch. Usually though, the actual cause of death isn't simple to identify. A crack team of scientists are on a mission to discover more about how human-induced impacts affect UK populations of whales, dolphins and porpoises.

To find out more about their research, I visited Rob Deaville, a strandings scientist at the UK Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme, this summer. Every year, he dissects about 150 stranded porpoises, dolphins and whales to find out what might have killed them. "In some cases, it can be very evident, for example bycatch, ship strike, grey seal predation, bottlenose dolphin attack, those causes of death are really obvious. But even a high level of pollution is not necessarily causal in an animal's death, it's more associated," says Deaville. "You're looking through a keyhole at one aspect, at what I call the terminal end, and then trying to look backwards at what that animal has experienced throughout their lifetime.

"High noise pollution or limited prey availability, climate change, chemical pollution all those things have an impact – it's hard to tease that apart for any single individual pressure," he says.

Marine mammals depend on their senses to communicate, navigate, feed, hear and detect danger

Watching Deaville deconstruct this porpoise was a fascinating biology lesson in itself. But more than that it highlighted just how much these creatures can reflect their marine environment and how they live within it. From the parasitic worms living in their lungs, guts and liver to the delicate fish bones found within one of porpoise's three stomachs, every insight is valuable.

But the most crucial of all, Deaville tells me, is the sample of blubber, that fatty layer just beneath the skin, that he cuts from just by the base of the dorsal fin. It's about an inch thick and acts as a ledger – Deaville will send it off for pollutant analysis by expert toxicologists. This helps build a picture of some of the less visible impacts that may be affecting marine life and potentially contribute to their death.

I set out to investigate how the less visible forms of human-induced pollution – both chemical and acoustic – could affect the senses and survival of porpoises, dolphins and whales, and discovered that there's a lot going on beneath the waves.

Super senses

"For whales and dolphins, 'listening' is as important as 'seeing' is for humans, as they live in a world of water and sound," says Danny Groves, communications manager at the non-profit Whale and Dolphin Conservation. He adds that the impacts of human-induced disturbance on cetaceans are "huge".

"Noise pollution threatens whale and dolphin populations, interrupting their normal behaviour, driving them away from areas important to their survival [for breeding, socialising and feeding] and at worst injuring them or sometimes even causing death," he says. Natural impacts such as earthquakes and lightning strikes also make big, sudden noises but tend to be more intermittent.

Toothed whales, a group that includes narwhals, dolphins and porpoises, hunt using echolocation or biosonar. They hear at high frequency ranges. Baleen whales hear at lower frequencies, and may be more affected by shipping noises as a result.

A porpoise autopsy revealed just how much these creatures can reflect their marine environment (Credit: Alamy)

There's more to sound than just noise though. Joy Reidenberg, a professor who studies whale anatomy at Mount Sinai in New York, explains that sound acts as a pressure wave. "Wherever in the body there are air-containing spaces, those can compress, then overexpand as a whale dives and ascends but if tissues can't deform accordingly, they'll rupture," she says. Seismic surveys – used to pinpoint deposits of oil and gas in the seabed – are incredibly intrusive, loud booms of sound. "I'm pretty sure the whale would feel that as a pressure wave moving through their body and also as a sound that they can hear. So there is a tactile aspect to hearing that we often overlook." How much of that pressure is felt by the skin is unknown.

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Chemoreception, that includes both smell and taste, could play a significant role too. Reidenberg explains that baleen whales can possibly smell, while some whales have taste receptors on their tongues but that it's not yet clear what exactly they are detecting. "They tend to swallow prey whole so maybe they are tasting the water to detect when they get close to prey or sensing salinity which may help them navigate," says Reidenberg. "It's even possible that narwhals could sense salinity through the sensitive pores in their tusk – that could be a really important sense."

DO WHALES HAVE WHISKERS?

Baby whales rely on whisker sensation "to help them figure out where the nipple is so they can nurse," says Reidenberg. Whiskers are usually lost by the time these animals become sexually mature, but in some toothed whales, 'pits' remain where the whiskers were.
In some species of dolphins, it has been shown that these pits have the anatomy of electrical sensors.

"So some dolphins plunge their faces into the sand of the seabed and do this spiral manoeuvre with their bodies, possibly detecting the electromagnetic field of a fish buried in the sand," says Reidenberg. Besides detecting prey, she says that hairs could be used to sense water currents flowing past, to indicate when an animal has reached the surface to breathe, or to detect friendly or aggressive encounters from other animals.

Whale vision is "much better than we'd expect it to be," says Reidenberg, though some species rely on it more than others. Indus and Ganges river dolphins are functionally blind because their murky habitat precludes them needing to see. Orcas, on the other hand,spy-hop out of the water when hunting seals and have relatively good eyesight.

An industrialised ocean

Research suggests that all these ways of sensing are being impaired by human activity.

For whales, dolphins and porpoises, both chemical and acoustic pollution affect the way their bodies can function in many ways. Some effects are immediate and acute while others are more long-term and chronic. Besides impacting their senses and ability to communicate, marine pollution can impair their fertility and immune systems.

Thomas Goetz, an expert in bioacoustics at the University of St Andrews in Scotland, studies how marine mammals are affected by human-generated noise and how sound can be used to keep animals away from harm. He explains why context is key: "To really understand the effects of a pollutant, you really need to understand the physiology of this animal, of the sensory systems for each species." Each pollutant in a cetacean's habitat can have different effects. "There's unfortunately no way around looking in real detail and accepting the complexity of it…because they have all evolved very different sensory organs and their perceptual worlds differ," says Goetz.

Acoustic pollution can hinder communication and echolocation sounds, change an animal's behaviour and elevate stress levels. For North Atlantic right whales, low-frequency noise from big ships can result in an increase in stress-related chemicals linked to growth suppression, reduced fertility and poor immune system function. That chronic stress is having a physiological impact.

Sudden and acute impulsive noise in the marine environment might lead to ear trauma haemorrhage, while more chronic exposure from the constant low-level whirr of a shipping lane nearby could perhaps shift its behaviour patterns and make communication or feeding more difficult. Deep-diving whales and dolphins can also suffer from decompression sickness or 'the bends' when they surface too quickly. Over time legions or tears in the internal tissue form due to nitrogen bubble formation, but it's hard to conclude whether that happened due to natural causes or human-induced noise.

"Different species are more sensitive to sound than others," says Deaville, who motions towards the Cuvier's beaked whale tooth on the desk in front of him. "That's the deepest diving cetacean species, it holds its breath for nearly three hours, dives down to 3000m (9843ft) in some instances and is really operating at the edge of what is physiologically possible," he says. "That's perhaps why they are more sensitive to noise disturbance - most of these mid-frequency sonar navy-related mass strandings involved beaked whales, particularly Cuvier's. So I suspect if they dive down as deep as they possibly can they're more at risk of coming to the surface too quickly and getting into conditions that might be problematic."

Scientist Maria Morrel at the University of Veterinary Medicine in Hanover, Germany, is studying the ears and ear bones from stranded toothed whales such as pilot whales and developing a protocol to assess loss of hearing in whales. Once stabilised in formalin to preserve the sample, she analyses the ear using a scanning electron microscope and has noticed that the loss of the tiny hair cells and membrane scarring within the inner ear may indicate loss of auditory function. But when that hearing loss happened exactly and what caused it remains unknown.

SENSORY OVERLOAD

From the microplastics sprayed on farmland to the noxious odours released by sewage plants and the noise harming marine life, pollutants are seeping into every aspect of our existence. Sensory Overload explores the impact of pollution on all our senses and the long-term harm it is inflicting on humans and the natural world.

According to Reidenberg, military sonar pulses act like a sound bomb and certain frequencies could result in decompression sickness. The US Navy, she adds, does its best to protect marine wildlife: "Sonar is well-regulated but in wartime those regulations are lifted – the navy is making extraordinary efforts to tag, track and monitor whales to protect them from sonar exercises."

That said, military operations in Europe have been implicated in mass cetacean deaths. When 85 harbour porpoises stranded along 100km (62 miles) of Danish coastline within one week of each other during April 2005, bycatch was initially established as the cause of death for most, due to net markings on their skin and the loss of tail flukes. Local fishermen confirmed that porpoise bycatch was much higher than usual in nets that had been set to catch lumpfish. Further investigation revealed military ships in the area that week, en route to a huge naval exercise.

In a study, Andrew Wright, a marine mammal researcher from Aarhus University in Denmark, concluded that while the use of sonar cannot be confirmed, it certainly cannot be ruled out as a contributing factor to increased bycatch rates. Perhaps sonar resulted in more porpoises being driven away from the noise towards nets, or perhaps disturbance masked their ability to detect the static fishing gear, he said. As Deaville states, "these things stack up in combination".

That highlights the problem – it's impossible to disentangle every effect.

Besides impacting their senses, marine pollution can impair mammals' fertility and immune systems

Deep-sea mining could also cause severe disturbance, according to new research. Marine researchers estimated that noise from just one mine on the seabed could travel approximately 500km (311 miles) through the water column in gentle weather conditions. In places where multiple mines might operate, the cumulative effect of acoustic pollution could be far greater. Because seabed mining companies have not yet shared their data on noise pollution, this study used noise levels from well-studied industries such as oil and gas industry ships and coastal dredges to model 'conservative' estimates.

The actual seabed mining equipment is far larger and more powerful than the proxies, the experts say. One of the study co-authors, Christine Erbe, a professor in underwater acoustics at Australia's Curtin University, says: "Estimating the noise of future equipment and installations is a challenge, but we don't have to wait until the first mines are operational to discover the noise they make. By identifying the level of noise in the engineering design phase, we can better prepare for how this might impact marine life."

In the Arctic, narwhals – deep-diving whales with the long, protruding unicorn-like tooth – live relatively far from human activity. But as the ice melts, more shipping routes are opening up through this region and oil and gas exploration is increasing. Scientists from the University of California have recently found that when narwhals in Greenland were exposed to seismic air guns (oil and gas survey instruments which produce high-intensity sound bursts), they immediately began diving quickly down from the surface. Normally, they'd glide down to conserve energy, but this speedy escape tactic is affecting how much blood and oxygen circulates in their body. It also distracts from other behaviours such as feeding, according to data collected using monitoring tags.

Rather than having to cope with one threat a time, marine mammals experience the combined pressures of multiple forms of pollution (Credit: Francois Gohier / Getty Images)

All of these invisible pollutants need to be taken into account. Hanna Nuutila, a marine ecology researcher at Swansea University, Wales, says it's vital to appreciate the cumulative effect of different stressors and pathways to disturbance. "Disturbance is both physical such as in-water structures (that includes every single coastal and offshore construction from oil and gas platforms to windfarm piles, harbours and marinas, and renewable energy structures) but also mobile in terms of ships, ferries, tankers and luxury cruisers," she says. She adds that all marine renewables are having to undergo much more detailed scrutiny in terms of impacts on wildlife than oil, gas and nuclear ever did.

"Obviously fishing too causes not just entanglement but also decreasing prey availability. All these tend to have a noise effect as well while most also leak oil, organic waste or chemicals into the sea." Nuutila emphasises the need to create designated safe zones free from human disturbance and the Marine Mammal Protected Areas Task Force runs a global initiative to create just that, in the form of Important to Marine Mammal Areas.

Swimming in a toxic soup

Toxic, synthetic chemicals are perhaps one of the most insidious forms of pollution entering the ocean. The worst culprits are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that don't break down easily and are lipophilic or fat-loving; they end up in the blubber of porpoises, dolphins and whales. One particularly toxic legacy contaminant – so-called because it's still causing problems decades after being banned – is a class of 209 industrial chemicals known as polychlorinated biphenyls or PCBs. Invented in the 1920s, they  were used in machinery coolant, electrical goods, flame retardants, paints and building sealants. Although banned globally more than 40 years ago, they linger in landfills and escape into the marine environment.

Deaville explains why PCBs are so concerning: "They work in two ways, they affect the immune system, so [animals] might have lots of secondary diseases because [their] immune system is basically knackered and more insidiously they also affect reproduction so in highly PCB-exposed populations there'll be a drop-off in young animals being born.

"A population of whales might not have a calf for a long time even though they should be reproductively active – that to us would be a red flag and indicate potential PCB exposure."

In 2016, an orca known as Lulu was found dead on the coast of the Isle of Tiree, the most westerly island of the Inner Hebrides in Scotland, after becoming entangled in fishing gear. A post-mortem of her body found that her body contained extremely high levels of PCBs (100 times the toxicity threshold for PCBs in marine mammal blubber) and scientists concluded that she was one of the most contaminated animals on the planet in terms of PCB burden. On examination of her ovaries, the scientists at the Scottish marine animal stranding scheme found no evidence of her ever having been reproductively active.

Industrial chemicals known as PCBs linger in landfills and escape into the marine environment, damaging mammals' reproductive systems (Credit: Robertus Pudyanto / Getty Images)

Throughout any animal's lifetime, exposure to pollutants changes from place to place and from time to time. Exposure impacts different species to varying degrees too. Orcas tend to live for longer than porpoises, for example, so they have more time to accumulate chemical pollutants in their bodies. They also feed at a higher level within the food chain, so they are eating bigger fish and other marine mammals which themselves contain contaminants. Deaville explains that POPs are stored within the blubber. When an animal's nutritional state deteriorates, either seasonally or as a result of illness perhaps, those toxic contaminants are released into the blood as the fat layer thins. Toxic chemicals are also passed on to calves via breast milk and so a mother can unwittingly offload toxic pollution onto a firstborn calf, sometimes resulting in death.

Rosie Williams, a toxicologist who works alongside Deaville, found in a 2021 study that high levels of PCBs in blubber samples from 267 stranded harbour porpoises are associated with reduced testicle size in male harbour porpoises. These pollutants are having a direct impact on fertility and potentially affecting the future breeding success of the species. PCBs are also known to suppress the immune system so porpoises with higher contaminant levels are more likely to die from infectious disease

Of course, marine mammals are not experiencing just one chemical at a time. Since it began in 1990, the UK Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme has carried out more than 4000 necropsies on porpoises, dolphins and whales and tested for a wide range of pollutants, from the widely known banned pesticide DDT to anti-foul paint residues and flame retardants added to textiles. "An animal may be living in a heavily fished area, with lots of bycatch, less prey, heavily contaminated, lots of noise, all those things are happening in tandem all at once – that's how the animal lives its life," Deaville says. "There's a cumulative impact. It's a complex thing to get a handle on."

In the case of the stranded porpoise being dissected in the lab, chemical pollution may well have played a part. In a few months' time, toxicology reports will show more about its specific chemical burden. Ultimately, for Deaville and Williams, it's about noticing changing trends, which could then inform policy and change how pollutants are managed. Plastics are high up on the agenda too – a 2019 study by the University of Exeter found microplastics within all 50 marine mammals sampled that had stranded on UK shores. As yet, the actual impacts of those plastic particles on cetacean survival remains inconclusive.

Experts say that rather than having to cope with threats one at a time, animals experience the combined pressures of multiple forms of pollution within the marine environment. Marine mammals are living in a "soup" of pollution issues, says Deaville. The effects change depending on location or depth, and the animals' season or stage of life, he adds.

So much of the damage and disturbance human activity causes is accidental and preventable, says Tom Mustill, filmmaker and author of a new book called How to Speak Whale. By designing things differently and considering how something might affect other animals, especially whales and dolphins that use such sophisticated communication, we can drastically reduce those negative consequences, he says. Enforcing speed limits on shipping vessels could drastically reduce collisions, for example – on the east coast of the US, proposals to introduce 'dynamic speed zones' could help protect endangered North Atlantic right whales in areas where these marine mammals are detected.

Slower ship speeds give the animals more time to adapt their navigation accordingly and reduce the risk of ship strikes. "This science of discovering what the sensory lives of these animals are like, how they perceive the world and how they communicate within it, allows us to understand how we might impact that and modify our impacts to that. That could be transformative," says Mustill.

As stomach-wrenching as this porpoise post mortem was to witness, it's clear that each stranding provides scientists with invaluable insight into how these cetaceans live and die, and how our actions are impacting them. The next step is to adapt strategies and policies accordingly so that by reducing pollution, marine wildlife and ocean health are better protected.

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24 / 02 / 2022
Heart Health Month │ The American Heart Association ’ s New Dietary Guidelines: These 5 Foods to Eat Every Day! Which Dark Green Leafy Vegetables Are Best?
• Collection of articles
February was originally Heart Health Month, but because of the epidemic, there has been no opportunity to discuss this topic in the past few weeks, so let me share the latest dietary guidelines released by the American Heart Association in the last week of February.
(Photo provided by the author)
The new guidelines were published in November last year and were last published five years ago.
I read the full report and found that this guideline does not propose a single nutrient or a single food as before, but recommends focusing on overall eating habits.
Today I ’ m pulling out five of these foods, and the American Heart Association recommends eating them every day.
1.
Herba alba
Everyone should not feel fresh about this advice.
Over the years, studies have shown that eating vegetables every day significantly reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease and death.
Dark green leafy vegetables, in addition to the dietary fiber we all know, also contain a large amount of antioxidants; in addition, a group of cruciferous vegetables in dark green leafy vegetables, especially strong antioxidant glucoside, in addition to protecting heart health, cancer prevention and brain health have great benefits.
Dark Green Leaf Menu:
‧ Kale Orchid
‧ Vegetarian
‧ Spinach
‧ Kale
‧ Broccoli
‧ Rocket Dish
‧ Chinese cabbage
‧ Chinese cabbage
2. Whole grains
It ’ s also unexpected to see whole grains. In 2015, a study confirmed that changing the daily habit of eating refined starch to whole grains can successfully reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Studies have shown that eating whole grains daily reduces the risk of stroke, metabolic syndrome and coronary heart disease in addition to reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Whole grain means that the grain contains all three parts of the germ, gluten and endosperm. Whole grains are commonly found in our diet and include:
‧ Brown Rice
‧ Black Rice
‧ Red Rice
‧ Oats
‧ Whole-wheat products such as whole-wheat bread, whole-wheat pasta, etc.
3.
Peach, or other bright fruit
When reading the report, I saw that the guide specifically proposed peaches, which was really a bit surprising.
But to think deeper is actually a good thing; since we usually mention fresh fruits, most people think of strawberries, blueberries and other berries, so red and blue fruits are usually everyone's favorite; but orange yellow, it seems that there are not many fans.
The guidelines specifically mention peaches, which can make people pay special attention to the orange and yellow fruits and vegetables in the rainbow diet.
If you already eat green leafy vegetables every day, add more orange-yellow, red, violet and other fruits to supplement the antioxidants. A 2019 study specifically analyzed fruits of various colors in the rainbow diet, and found that those with darker and brighter colors were more nutritious than those with lighter or white colors.
In addition, the same study also analyzed the benefits of fruit and squeezed fruit juice, so the guidelines also specifically mentioned that eating fruit is better than drinking fruit juice.
4.
Vegetable protein (except plant meat)
The benefits of a plant-based diet are well known to everyone. A major study in 2019 showed that when a diet includes all types of beans (such as black beans, red beans, chickpeas, lentils, sprouts, etc.), especially in lieu of animal meat, the risk of cardiovascular disease can be reduced.
In addition, other large studies have confirmed that eating nuts daily also reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, stroke and death.
This dietary guideline is the first time that plant-based meat (also known as vegetarian meat) currently available on the market is usually a highly processed food and contains additives such as added sugar, oil, stabilizers, preservatives and so on.
The guidelines remind that there are currently insufficient data to determine the health effects of long-term consumption of plant meat.
5.
Fish & Seafood
Prospective studies have shown that people who eat at least two to three servings of fish per week are associated with a lower risk of mortality, coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure.
These results are all related to omega-triglycerides found in fish and seafood. The heart care benefits are particularly significant when seafood is used as a substitute for meat or processed meat, or in foods with high saturated fat.
However, pay attention to cooking methods, and the guidelines specifically mention that a 2021 study found that when fish is fried, the benefits are completely eliminated.
One serving of fish is cooked 3 ounces, or about 3 / 4 cup.
The content of the signed and / or unsigned articles published by Economic Times is the author's personal opinion and does not represent the position of Economic Times, and the role of Economic Times is to provide a free speech platform.
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