Russia has implemented a law to protect its language from excessive foreign borrowing.

The law allows exceptions for foreign words without Russian analogues and requires government-approved dictionaries.

The Russian language is mandatory in official relations, addresses, and consumer information.

France, Italy, and Russia have implemented laws to regulate linguistic borrowing and protect their national languages.

Italy has drafted a bill to ban English in public communications, with fines of up to 100,000 euros for violations.

The United States has a relaxed approach to language borrowing, incorporating many foreign words into everyday language.

One in five Americans speaks a foreign language at home, reflecting the country's language diversity.

Some countries, like Saudi Arabia, regulate trademarks based on Shari'a law, prohibiting inconsistent ones.

The Arabic language is protected by laws requiring its use in university studies and state institutions.

Language academies preserve language and identity, and interact with government agencies to regulate language policies.

The Arabic Language Academy updates mechanisms to preserve language integrity.

Language purification is not relevant to all linguists, who see borrowing words as a natural process creating cultural history.

Experts warn that enforcing language laws excessively could have negative consequences and requires clear criteria.

Youth slang rarely adopts loanwords, and international terms should be exempt from language laws.

Language laws should promote the national language and cultural identity.

Language policies and laws affect language use and cultural identity.

Language policy effectiveness can be measured by indicators like proposals, grants, deadline completion, and research tasks.

In Russia, the law establishes Russian as the state language and restricts foreign words.

The law establishes Russian language norms and areas where they are strictly enforced.

The Arabic language is crucial for preserving identity, but its use is threatened by cultural globalization and a lack of awareness.

Linguistic appropriation can threaten national identity and culture.

Globalization can lead to linguistic dependence, making it essential for governments to preserve national languages.

Promoting English as an official language can destroy weaker coexisting languages, requiring careful planning.

Bolivia has 36 official languages, with Spanish being the most dominant.

Language attitude determines a language's vitality, as seen in Hebrew's revival.

Excessive regulation can distort the Russian language with foreign borrowings, highlighting the need for balance.

Effective law implementation mechanisms are needed to regulate linguistic borrowing and promote diversity.

Russia's proposed law aims to balance language protection and diversity while prioritizing national cultural values.

Education promotes love of national language, and balanced language planning is needed to prevent overuse of foreign words from simplifying Russian.

The government plans to fine advertisers using foreign words to promote language regulation.

Excessive or inadequate regulation can harm linguistic diversity, highlighting the need for a balanced approach.

Normative dictionaries will establish Russian literary language norms, restricting foreign words with Russian analogues.

Language use by officials and media will be regulated, and a clear language policy is necessary.

Artificial language regulation is considered harmful, emphasizing the importance of balanced language planning through natural processes like borrowing.

The UAE is preserving Arabic language and investing in its technology to reinforce its global status.

Arabic language development requires linguistic planning and policies, guided by a 10-principle declaration to enhance its global status.

Globalization promotes linguistic pluralism and diversity, but also risks cultural appropriation.

Globalization can lead powerful states to impose linguistic dependence, threatening national identity and creativity.

China has established a language research system and a language protection project.

The Chinese government aims to develop and standardize the language data industry, which is essential for emergency responses and social progress.

Taiwan's "bilingual national policy" has been criticized for neglecting its native language and colonial history.

English is the official language in 75 countries and a dominant language in media, business, and education globally.

Russia offers global leadership in language preservation, with UNESCO-recognized institutional infrastructure for language support.

The Arabic Language Academy has organized a seminar in Libya on linguistic planning, which includes language reform, vocabulary standardization, and grammar development.

King Salman Academy has a sector for Arabizing foreign words, aiming to involve global linguists and computationists in language development.

Globalization, which began around 1870 and expanded after World War II, has been driven by technological advances that have increased foreign competition and stimulated productivity.

Globalization has boosted growth in less integrated countries, but also led to job loss, wage falls, and increased income inequality.

Governments use metrics like proposals, research tasks, and academic evaluations to measure the effectiveness of language policies and laws.

Quebec's government invests $603 million to protect the French language, tracking metrics like student mastery and immigrant language use.

In Ukraine, the law limits Russian language use to 20% in high school, while EU languages are allowed up to 40%.

The Russian government bans foreign borrowings and mandates Russian language use in official documents, consumer information, and education.

Language is crucial for economic development and cultural preservation, prompting governments to protect and promote their national languages.

Mastering multiple languages is crucial for young people as it enhances information acquisition ability, and governments must balance language protection with linguistic diversity.

The Official Languages Act in Canada protects both language communities, including French-speaking minorities.

Quebec must balance language protection with social integration, promoting French, developing minorities, and serving the English-speaking community.

China has established a language industry, protecting and developing language resources to meet public needs.

Language protection is an economic imperative, as language creates around 10% of a nation's gross national product.

In Taiwan, language policy from 1956 to 1987 caused language inequality, resulting in at least 10 extinct indigenous languages and four endangered ones.

Promoting English as an official language can threaten other languages, making language attitude education and balanced policies crucial for a multilingual society.

Protecting the national language is a duty that helps preserve national identity, culture, and cohesion.

Globalization can lead to linguistic dependence and identity loss if native languages are not balanced with foreign language learning.

Mauritania lacks a common national language and has a Franco-Arabic education system.

The UK's immigration policy has enriched its cultural landscape, but integration remains challenging.

India is multilingual.

Russia has implemented a law to protect its language from excessive foreign borrowing.

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The State Duma adopted a law on the protection of the Russian language from the excessive use of foreign words
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The state Duma in the final reading adopted a bill that should protect the Russian language from excessive foreign borrowing.
The document was submitted at the end of October last year.
It is noted that the project “emphasizes the unifying role of the Russian language as the state language of the Russian Federation in a single multinational state, expands and specifies the areas in which the use of the state language of the Russian Federation is mandatory. ”
The law introduces such concepts as normative dictionaries, grammars and reference books that fix the norms of the modern Russian literary language when it is used as a state language.
Exceptions will be only those foreign words that do not have common analogues in the Russian language and the list of which is contained in the normative dictionaries.
Also, now there will be a mandatory linguistic examination of draft regulations for their compliance with the norms and rules of the Russian language.
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The law allows exceptions for foreign words without Russian analogues and requires government-approved dictionaries.

Title:

Content: 22 February 2023, 17: 37
The Federation Council approved the law on the prohibition of the use of foreign words at the state level
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The Federation Council approved a law implying the inadmissibility of the use of foreign words at the state level.
The exception will be those words that have no analogues in the Russian language and which at the same time are contained in normative dictionaries.
“When using the Russian language as the state language of the Russian Federation, the use of words and expressions that do not meet the standards of the modern Russian literary language (including obscene language) is not allowed, ” the law states.
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The norms are understood as language tools and rules for their use, reflected in normative dictionaries and reference books.
The government on the basis of proposals of the Commission will approve the list of regulatory dictionaries and requirements for them.
It is also understood that they will reflect a list of foreign words, which are acceptable due to the lack of analogues.
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The composition and procedure of the government commission will also be approved by the Cabinet.
According to the law, the state language of the Russian Federation must be used in official relations and official correspondence of all organizations, both with Russians and with foreign citizens.
In addition, the addresses of senders and recipients of telegrams, parcels, postal orders within Russia, information for consumers of goods and services, and so on should be drawn up in the state language.
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The Russian language is mandatory in official relations, addresses, and consumer information.

France, Italy, and Russia have implemented laws to regulate linguistic borrowing and protect their national languages.

Title:

Content: Italian govt drafts bill that seeks to ban English language

RomeEdited By: C KrishnasaiUpdated: Apr 01, 2023, 03:15 PM IST

Calling for the Italian language to be protected and nurtured, the draft bill claims that English “demeans and mortifies” Italians, and called on all public and private bodies to use the “language of Dante” to promote their goods and services, reports Reuters news agency. Photograph:(Reuters)

Story highlights

The bill, which has been drafted by lawmakers of the nationalist Brothers of Italy party, aims to promote Italian language and imposes a fine of up to 100,000 euros ($108,750) if found violating the rule

Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni’s party has proposed legislation that seeks to prohibit public and private bodies in the country from using foreign terms, especially English, in official communications.

The bill, which has been drafted by lawmakers of the nationalist Brothers of Italy party, aims to promote Italian language and imposes a fine of up to 100,000 euros ($108,750) if found violating the rule.

In order to become a law, the bill has to be approved by both houses of parliament. But there was no indication of when this might happen.

“It is not just a matter of fashion, as fashions pass, but Anglomania (has) repercussions for society as a whole,” said the text of the draft bill.

Calling for the Italian language to be protected and nurtured, the draft bill claims that English “demeans and mortifies” Italians, and called on all public and private bodies to use the “language of Dante” to promote their goods and services, reports Reuters news agency.

The draft also specifies that all job related applications, including names and acronyms, should be spelt out in Italian, with foreign words allowed only if they are impossible to translate.

The bill said the widespread use of English in Europe was “even more negative and paradoxical” given that Britain had quit the European Union.

The draft bill comes at a time when the incumbent far-right government takes measures to what it calls preserving the local culture.

Recently, it banned the use of laboratory-produced food to safeguard the country’s agri-food heritage.

When the Brothers of Italy party took office last October, it added the English term “Made in Italy” to the name of the industry minister, while Meloni occasionally drops foreign words into her speeches.

(With inputs from agencies)

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Content: Matvienko read a poem about anglicisms in the Federation Council - RIA Novosti, 22.06.2022
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Matvienko read a poem about Anglicisms in the Federation Council
Matvienko read a poem about Anglicisms at a meeting of the Federation Council
© Press Service of the Federation Council of the Russian Federation / Go to photobanPresident of the Federation Council of the Russian Federation Valentina Matvienko
Chairman of the Federation Council of the Russian Federation Valentina Matvienko.
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MOSCOW, June 22 - RIA Novosti.
Speaker of the Federation Council Valentina Matvienko, during the discussion on Anglicisms and foreign borrowings in Russian, read poems on this topic and did it so artistically that she earned friendly applause from senators.
On Wednesday, all senators received a dictionary compiled by Crimean officials that transmits Russian-language substitutes for foreign borrowing.
Matvienko praised its authors and read out the poems included in the handbook.
Konstantinov told how in the Crimea are struggling with the dominance of foreign words
"And we have a workshop here, and you?
And we got a babysitter hypanula the wrong word.
A year of PR parent together with the child on a talk show.
And we have a famous guru in the field of architecture made a selfie for PR, the bow he chose extreme.
Realizing all our trables, in nostalgic sadness we remember how boyfriends were called grooms, instead of casting, our mothers held and not men, and men gave flowers to girls.
The party was a party, the upgrade was an improvement.
Maybe after all we have enough Russians to offend people? "- read Matvienko.
The senators greeted her reading with loud applause.
The speaker also suggested discussing the possibility of fixing at the legislative level a ban on clogging the Russian language with spilled borrowings.
“Cashback ” as it was, and it is, and all this is pronounced at the government level.
Well, there are analogues in the Russian language, why do we clog our beautiful wonderful unique language with such different words?
We need to look at it at the legislative level.
Our responsibility is to preserve the language of Pushkin, the language of which we are proud and to stop these new trends that are absolutely inappropriate, ” Matvienko said.
According to her, both France and other countries do not allow to clog their languages, and in Russia should avoid the use of foreign words that have analogues in Russian.
The task to study the issue was given to the profile committee on science, education and culture.
From Proto-Slavic to Modern: Evolution and Features of the Russian Language
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Italy has drafted a bill to ban English in public communications, with fines of up to 100,000 euros for violations.

The United States has a relaxed approach to language borrowing, incorporating many foreign words into everyday language.

Title:

Content: A leap for non-English speakers.
Here is a list of the most widely used foreign languages in America.
One in five Americans speak a foreign language.
Borrowing words creates a cultural history.
Official figures in the United States show that the number of non-English speakers at home has tripled over three decades.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the number of people using a foreign language other than English in the country has risen to about 67 million, equivalent to the population of a country like Britain.
In other words, one in five Americans speaks a foreign language; 78% of Americans speak only English at home, meaning that a growing 21.6% do not speak English at home.
Many may not know that there are between 350 and 430 languages spoken in the United States, making it one of the most linguistically diverse countries in the world, according to the NGO Translators Without Borders, while official figures say there are 350 languages in the country.
English is the most commonly used language in the United States, yet it is not the official language of the country; there is no provision in the US Constitution explicitly stating that English is the official language, as other countries' constitutions do, and the Founding Fathers of the United States did not find the need to grant English such status.
Since the American community is a gathering of immigrants, they speak the language of their origins and speak it with those coming from those origins, according to the US State Department ’ s website America Share.
The list of the most widely used foreign languages in the United States includes Spanish, Chinese, Tagalog (spoken by some Filipinos), Vietnamese, and Arabic, which have been ranked as the most widely used languages in America, being used by more than 3.49 million people, according to Sky News Arabia.
It's not negative.
The increasing use of spoken languages in the United States is enriching the English language, which is constantly evolving by borrowing words from those languages, according to Susan Kemer, professor of linguistics at Rice University.
Kemer says part of the cultural history of English speakers is to borrow words from other languages they came into contact with.
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One in five Americans speaks a foreign language at home, reflecting the country's language diversity.

Some countries, like Saudi Arabia, regulate trademarks based on Shari'a law, prohibiting inconsistent ones.

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Content: Middle Eastern countries generally do not permit the registration of trademarks of brands that deal in those goods and services which go against Islamic law. Brands marketing pork and alcohol are unable to register their Intellectual Property. Similarly, foreign companies dealing in the business of gambling, nightclubs, pornography, etc. are also barred from getting their copyright and trademarks registered due to strict laws prohibiting them in most Middle Eastern countries. In this blog, we shall be looking into such forbidden trademarks in Saudi Arabia. The laws of Saudi Arabia are based on Shari'a law hence certain trademarks and patents that are inconsistent with the Shari'a law are forbidden in the kingdom. For the purpose of this blog the words ‘Islamic law' and ‘Shari'a law' are going to be used interchangeably.

The legal system of Saudi Arabia is based on Shari'a law. Therefore, the Kingdom strives to ensure that there is a nonoccurrence of activities that deviate from the principles laid down under theShari'a law. A religious authority named ‘The Commission for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice' (CPVPV) was established in Saudi Arabia long ago to enforce compliance with Islamic law and monitor social conduct. In a nutshell, the mission of CPVPV is to help maintain gender segregation in the public and prevent illegal private contact between men and women, practicing or expressing non-Muslim faiths or denigrating Islam, and exhibiting or selling media running counter to Islam, including but not limited to pornography, production, distribution or consumption of alcohol and committing or facilitating lewdness, including adultery, homosexuality, and gambling.

This is the reason why Saudi Arabia's administration is very stringent about ensuring the consistency of Intellectual property laws with the Shari'a law.The influence of Islamic law in the local culture is the reason why strict censorship is imposed on various contents like in the field of trademark law there is a prohibition under the Trademarks Act against the registration of trademarks pertaining to alcoholic beverages and the services utilized in its sale.

Ergo, the Trademark Office and the Hon'ble courtsof the Kingdom interpret the GCC Trademark Law and the Saudi Trademarks Law in accordance with the principles of Islamic law (Shari'a). In order to comply with the Shari'a law, trademarks covering alcoholic goods and related retail or wholesale services are prohibited within the kingdom.

Article 2 of the Royal Decree No. M/21, 28 Jumada I 1423 [7 August 2002] prohibits the trademark registration of the following:

  1. Common names that are ordinarily given to products and services and which do not have any peculiar distinctions.
  2. Expressions/signs/drawings that either violate religion or are similar/identical to a symbol of religious nature.
  3. Expressions/signs/drawings that are at variance with public order or public morality.
  4. Any signs, symbols, public emblems, flags, names, or denominations and an imitation of such signs, symbols, public emblems, flags, names, or denominations relating to the Kingdom/ nations with which it has reciprocal treatment/ countries that are a part of the multilateral international treaties to which the Kingdom is also a party/international or governmental organizations. However, if permission is obtained by the owner, the trademark registration shall be considered valid.
  5. Except if the owner grants permission to use the official signs and imprints that correspond to the Kingdom's control over the products or services, or the guarantee thereof, as well as the countries and organisations that are international or governmental, with which the Kingdom has reciprocal treatment or is a party to the international treaty that they are also a party.
  6. Unless the trademark is intended to be used on the products or services themselves, or related products or services, the restriction does not apply.
  7. Geographical names those are likely to cause ambiguity concerning the source and origin of the products or services resulting in the naming of the source without rightful justification.
  8. Using other people's pictures or trade names without their permission or that of their heirs.
  9. Statements relating to honorary degrees.
  10. Statements that are likely to deceive the public or provide inaccurate information about the source of the products or services, as well as trademarks that include a fabricated, mimicked, or counterfeit trade name.
  11. Trademarks identical/similar to well-known trademarks even if theyare not registered in the Kingdom but the use of such trademark causes damage to the owner of the well-known trademark.
  12. Trademarks held by natural or legal persons with whom dealing is restricted pursuant to a judgment of the competent authorities.
  13. Signs and symbols identical or similar to trademarks already filed or registered by others aboutidentical or similar products or services and registration of those trademarks that would reduce the value of others.

In addition, Class 32 of Appendix No. 1 defines the categories of goods and services that utilise the term "non-alcoholic drinks" categorically.

Another, ROYAL DECREE No. M/38 dated 10/6/1409 which throws light on forbidden patents and trademarks in Saudi Arabia in Article 9 states that if the creation or usage is prohibited by Sharia law, a patent will not be granted. Any patent granted to the contrary shall be abrogated. The issuance of a patent to an interested party must not be withheld under this Law, exceptfor patents that are opposed to Islamic Sharia. Further, no patent already granted shall be revoked because the application of the invention is prohibited under the prescribed rules.

Conclusion

Several patents and trademarks cannot be granted and registered respectively in Saudi Arabia as per the laws of the Kingdom which are derived from the Islamic Shari'a. Royal Decrees mention various goods and services for which patents cannot be granted or trademarks not be registered and provides a justification for the same. The laws follow the principle of Islamic Shari'a and if any good/service goes against the Shari'a law, it is not allowed to be granted as a patent, or the registration of it as a trademark is refused. These include alcoholic beverages, products containing pork, pornographic material, etc.

The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought about your specific circumstances.

The Arabic language is protected by laws requiring its use in university studies and state institutions.

Title:

Content: How can we restore the Arab world to its leading position?
There is no doubt that the achievement of Arabic leadership among the languages of the world, as it was in the past, requires concerted efforts at all levels, politically, socially and economically.
These are four steps that can be adopted by any Arab country, and I believe that they will bring the Arab world a tremendous leadership, in the medium and long term.
Giving the Arab heritage and the sciences of the Arabic language, the highest priority in literary university studies.
There are university professors today who specialize in Arabic literature, yet they have never studied a house from Ibn Malik ’ s millennium, nor heard of Ibn Hisham ’ s testimonies.
Step one.
Fill the courses with the ancient Arab heritage of stories, proverbs, books, and poetry, especially poetry.
The frequent exposure of the student to poetry, grows his sobriety and strengthens his linguistic faculty..
Because the ancient Arabic poet is necessarily a linguist, his poetry is a precise linguistic selection.
This is why the Mahathir people in Mauritania are keen to memorize the old poetry of children, and the result is clear for the graduates of the old Mahathir.
The more the child memorizes old Arabic poetry, the easier it is for him to learn Arabic, and it is not important to understand what he memorized at the time of memorization, but it is important to drink his subconscious mind of tens of thousands of linguistic examples scattered in his archives, so he has a straight language quality, without realizing it.
Step two.
Giving the Arab heritage and the sciences of the Arabic language, the highest priority in literary university studies.
There are university professors today specialized in Arabic literature, yet they have never studied a house from the millennium of Ibn Malik, nor have they heard the testimonies of Ibn Hisham, and the reason is that the modernist trend prevailed in the university halls, and the predominance of interest in Western literary models such as Dadaism, Surrealism and others. The Arabic language and its sciences must be a priority in the university environment.
If the opposite happens as it is today, you will find many specialists in language and graduates of the Department of Arabic Language, have nothing to do with language or literature, just as we saw an Arab university professor, specializing in rhetoric, can not read a paper she wrote, this is because the faculties of Arabic literature - except God 's mercy - neglect the science of language, and interested in modern curricula intrusive, resulting in "language specialists" They don ’ t know the language!
We have also seen from the results of this, that many graduates of the literary departments, know the leaders of literature in the West and boast about it, and are ignorant of the leaders of Arabic literature and are not ashamed of it.
These professors, except from the mercy of God, were raised in their universities to marginalize the science of the Arabic language and its heritage, and to provide modern literature translated from English, French and others, they are not specialists in the Arabic language, but specialists in the Arabic version of English literature.
Step three.
Protect the Arabic language by laws, and protect it from the invasion of foreign languages.
It is not right to see a shop in an Arab country that places a sign in a foreign language, a restaurant in an Arab country, a menu in a foreign language, a school in an Arab country that makes sure that its students are proficient in a foreign language at the expense of Arabic, or goods entering an Arab market with posters and information in a foreign language, or a doctor in an Arab country who writes a prescription in a foreign language.
This leniency leads to distorted Arab societies, alien to this world, in which every country protects its language with iron and fire.
We have seen some Arabic language synagogues, which are supposed to be the protector of Arabic, tolerate the introduction of all incoming and outgoing into Arabic, and people have taken note of them and warned them of their error.
The Arab state must also use all its institutions to serve and protect Arabic, just as the proud nations do in their own language.
You have, for example, the French model, where the state uses all its organs to protect the French.
In translation alone, the whole state stands against every foreign word, where ministerial committees work to monitor the new words and propose translations for them, then those translations are presented to another party, the French Language Enrichment Committee, for approval, then they are presented to another party, the French Academy, for approval, and then they are submitted to another party, the Prime Minister for approval. Sovereign, in which all France cooperates, because the state sees the protection of French as an existential matter, and does not leave it to a linguistic college, university or institution, as we have the Arabs.
STEP FOUR
Linguistic censorship of art and media, especially art.
The Arabic series and films today are full of ridicule and neglect of Arabic, as well as many linguistic errors, and also full of many foreign words that these bullies have succumbed to: the writer, actor, director and producer, and they want to pass it to the poor Arab listener, to get used to listening to the intruder and his writing.
This is for works of art that are issued in Arabic dialects, and historical works that are issued in classical Arabic, you find a great chaos: you find an Abbasid or Umayyad series that speaks the language of the Mexican dubbed series: "I'm sorry, dear," "I'm a little upset," "Let me disagree with your point of view."
Although the proofreader of these works may be a university professor specialized in Arabic literature, but as I told you in a previous paragraph, these professors - except God 's mercy - were raised in their universities to marginalize the science of the Arabic language and its heritage, and provide modern literatures translated from English, French and others, they are not specialists in the Arabic language, but specialists in the Arabic version of English literature, it is not surprising that they write and authenticate Old historical baskets, you feel like you hear Google Translate!
These are the four steps: the first is related to elementary and intermediate education (filling courses with Arab heritage), the second is related to university education (giving the sciences of Arabic language and heritage, the highest priority, and not to modern translated literature), the third is at the legislative and executive level (protecting and fortifying the Arabic language by laws and the work of state agencies to implement those laws), and the art industry. from Arabic or ridicule them or work to spread foreign words at the expense of Arabic).
There may be other important steps, but these four steps, I believe, are one of the most important that can restore the Arabic language to its place in the world, as it was in previous centuries.

Language academies preserve language and identity, and interact with government agencies to regulate language policies.

Title:

Content: Linguists at the Doha Book Fair
Implementing laws to protect the Arabic language is an important step to preserve identity
Language is a fundamental value in the life of every society and nation, it is the vessel that carries ideas, conveys concepts and establishes communication links between different social groups, and the Arabic language today lives clear dangers and challenges that must be addressed and faced.
In this context, a seminar was held at the main stage of the Doha International Book Fair entitled "Arabic Language and Identity Challenges", and witnessed the participation of a number of intellectuals and specialists.
The participants stressed that the relationship of the Arabic language with identity is strong, as the language of the Holy Quran and its close connection with the civilization of the Arab nation, an existential issue for the future of culture and societies, and therefore this identity must have exceptional importance in dealing with it.
Dr. Ali Al-Kubaisi, former head of the Arabic language department at Qatar University and a member of the scientific board of the Doha Historical Dictionary of Arabic, said that lovers and zealots of the Arabic language are fully aware of the place of this language and its pivotal role in building the Arab identity.
Cultural globalization
He stressed that the challenges of the Arabic language are identity challenges in the first place, pointing out that the most prominent challenges facing the Arabic language is awareness, where he believes that awareness of the challenges of identity and the Arabic language was not born of the present era but old and renewed. In order to preserve the Holy Quran and preserve the Arabic language.
Al-Kubaisi points out that the Arabic language remained strong and firmly established, and when the Islamic Caliphate weakened, Arabic later faced and triumphed with slang calls and writing in foreign letters, and today it faces challenges of a new kind.
The head of the Arabic language department at Qatar University spoke about the indicators of identity challenges, saying that there are some indicators that warn of threats to identity and challenge it, the most important of which is the emergence of what opposes the values of identity and threatens cultural privacy in an attempt to replace alternative values and patterns of behavior contrary to the local culture (cultural globalization).
Al-Kubaisi also pointed out that the lack of awareness of the importance of language, heritage and culture in building the cultural specificity that distinguishes a nation from other nations, and the attempt to underestimate and compromise the elements of identity, and the lack of differentiation between the fixed and the transformed elements of identity, are clear indicators of the threat of identity.
Two sides of the same thing.
The member of the Scientific Council of the Doha Historical Dictionary confirms that our Arabic language is a major component of our Arab and Islamic identity with its individual and collective dimensions, and an important element in its formulation and construction, and every weakness or flaw in the language must affect the identity, and this confirms the inseparable relationship between language and identity.
Regarding the challenges of the Arabic language in our time, Al-Kubaisi pointed out that the most important of these challenges is everything that prevents the use of the Arabic language in its place, which must be used, or does not achieve growth and development in its acquisition, education, learning and dissemination as a global language.
He believes that one of the most serious dangers to the Arabic language is the existence of a phenomenon strange to our societies, which is the frequent use of a "hybrid" language away from the Arabic language, whether in addressing expatriate workers in the Gulf countries in particular or in communicating through social media.
He stressed that the exclusion of the Arabic language from its social environment is unacceptable and negatively affects our Arab identity, and has a direct impact on the younger generations, so it is necessary to activate the implementation of laws to protect the Arabic language in order to strengthen identity and consolidate belonging to it.
Two inseparable souls.
For his part, Professor of literature and criticism and the first linguistic expert in the Doha Historical Dictionary of the Arabic language, Dr. Ali Abu Zeid, says that it is wrong to think that language is a means of communication only, and if this is true, the solution would be to call for a universal language, and God made us peoples and tribes to know each other, adding that language and identity are inseparable.
He pointed out that the language is a criterion of identity, and the preservation of language to preserve identity, pointing out that no colonizer entered a country but tried to attack its language and by extension its identity, adding, "The nation comes only from its language and if the nation is given its language is injured and its identity is broken."
Abu Zeid believes that education and media are among the most important tools through which to preserve language and promote identity among the younger generations, while criticizing the pride of some parents in learning foreign languages without their mother tongue.
The linguistic expert regrets the inability of the language academies in the Arab countries to provide something tangible to preserve the language, considering that these academies have become only complementary institutions and do not have a mission and perform the role assigned to them.
"Are we able to motivate ourselves, then the family, the school, then the community and the state to return to our language, to own and preserve it, to belong to it and to boast in international forums that we speak it?"
If we reach this stage, we and our identity are at peace. ”
Source: The Island

The Arabic Language Academy updates mechanisms to preserve language integrity.

Title:

Content: Archive / World News
5 Recommendations from the "Education of the Sheikhs" for the Academy of Arabic Language to keep pace with the new republic
Thank you for reading the news about 5 recommendations of the "education of sheikhs" for the Academy of Arabic language to keep up with the new republic and now with the details of the news
The Senate Education Committee discussed the proposal submitted by Representative Eid Balbaa on updating the mechanisms of work in the Arabic Language Academy to keep pace with the developments of the new republic.
The committee recommended five important recommendations in order to keep pace with the new Republican Council, as it recommended updating the number of members of the Council to keep pace with the developments of knowledge and administrative developments in representing all spectrums of Egyptian society, women, public figures and Coptic brothers with knowledge and experience in the relevant fields.
It also recommended that the Council preserve the integrity of the Arabic language, and make it adequate to the demands of science and the arts in its progress, suitable - in general - to the needs of life in the present era, and also recommended that it organize a scientific study of modern Arabic dialects in Egypt and others.
The Senate Education Committee also recommended that an office be established in the Arabic Language Academy to receive and investigate complaints about violations of this obligation, and that the Academy announce an annual report on the state of the Arabic language and the violations of its decisions.
It also recommended that the role of education and the supervising bodies of cultural services, ministries, public bodies, local administration units and other bodies subject to the supervision of the mentioned bodies should implement the decisions issued by the Academy to serve the integrity of the Arabic language, facilitate its dissemination, develop its teaching and learning methods, adjust its correct pronunciation, standardize its terminology, and replace the foreign names common in society. Through its quality committees competent to achieve this role, overcome any difficulties encountered, follow up its implementation and evaluate the level of performance in it.
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Language purification is not relevant to all linguists, who see borrowing words as a natural process creating cultural history.

Title:

Content: One misconception about the impact of Spanish colonization on the CHamoru language and their people is that the CHamoru language has also died out or have been replaced.

This misconception can take many forms, but boils down to the idea that the CHamoru we speak today is really just Spanish, since we count using “uno, dos, tres.”

This means that both the real, true CHamoru language was lost long ago and that what we call CHamoru today isn’t a real language, but just a mixed up and confused creole.

The impact on the CHamoru language by Spanish is significant, but what this means can be misleading.

If for example 60 percent of commonly used CHamoru words today are Spanish in origin, and this means that CHamoru is therefore not a real language, what does that mean then for contemporary English? Studies of English vary but some say that anywhere from 26-36% of English today is tied to its origins as a Germanic language.

This means that the overwhelming majority of what makes up English today isn’t “originally” or “really” English.

The core problem with this misconception of CHamoru as disappearing within Spanish colonization is that it is based on a misunderstanding of how languages work.

If you ask a linguist for example if words like “komprende” or “triste,” which are Spanish-derived, are really CHamoru words, they may respectfully tell you that the question may not be as relevant or as important as you think.

We can study languages and the changes that have taken place over time, but similar to how cultures change over time, the same is true for languages.

You can document changes and show influences, but a language is what a language is.

It reflects what people speak, not any sense of purity or authenticity.

History

You can also feel bad for certain words or ways of speaking no longer being used, but we also have to remember that this is normal and natural for languages to lose certain things and take on certain other things over time.

We can see this in CHamoru history.

Although Spanish colonization began formally in 1668, we see that by the end of the 1700s, from what little written CHamoru documents we have of the time, that the Spanish impact on CHamoru was not yet significant.

The Garrido Manuscript, which Dr. Carlos Madrid, Jeremy Cepeda and Master of CHamoru Chant Leonard Iriarte worked on transcribing and translating, is the oldest and most complete document written in CHamoru from the time, 1798.

In it we see that CHamoru had adopted some Spanish words by that point, but not many.

This dramatically changes though within a century, where things written in CHamoru show that now CHamorus were using far more Spanish borrowed words.

This reflects the changes in identity at the time.

In the 1700s, the CHamoru relationship to Spanish colonialism was still very much strained.

By 1720, the resettling of CHamorus was completed, and it took several generations of CHamorus to accept Spanish rule, and also Catholicism as being fully part of their lives.

But the 1800s are a different matter.

By this point, CHamorus had largely accepted themselves as citizens in the Spanish empire and began to use more Spanish words to describe things locally, but also that existed elsewhere in the empire. Catholicism was now at the center of their culture and identity. This did not mean that they did not have complaints about how they were treated and also does not mean that they didn’t see themselves as distinct and their own people. This period not only resulted in increased adoption of CHamoru of Hispanicized culture and language, but it also helped give birth to a sense of modern CHamoru nationalism.

The increased use of Spanish in CHamoru, however, reflects another shift in the lives of those in Guam — increased participation in local Spanish government and military and also CHamorus making use of the court system of the Spanish empire in order to get justice for alleged wrongs committed against them, including some by Spanish Governors appointed to Guam. This will be our focus for next week’s column.

Michael Lujan Bevacqua is an author, artist, activist and the curator for The Guam Museum.

Experts warn that enforcing language laws excessively could have negative consequences and requires clear criteria.

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Content: The ban on foreign borrowings in the Russian language - what should be feared - RIA Novosti Crimea, 16.02.2023
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Philologists: in the fight against foreign borrowings in the language, it is important to prevent excesses
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SIMFEROPOL, Feb 16 – RIA Novosti Crimea, Alexey Goncharov.
The main risk of the law adopted by the State Duma on the restriction of the use of foreign words is the excesses that can be allowed in the struggle for the purity of the Russian language.
This opinion was expressed by the interviewed website RIA Novosti Crimea and radio "Sputnik in Crimea" experts.
Chancellery is no less an enemy
On Thursday, the State Duma in the second and third reading adopted amendments to the federal law "On the state language of the Russian Federation".
The law, in particular, prohibits the use of foreign words at the state level, with the exception of those that do not have common Russian-language analogues.
Deputies also approved a list of areas where Russian is mandatory for use.
These include information for consumers of goods, works and services, as well as the education sector, state and municipal information systems.
Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor of the Institute of Philology of the Crimean Federal University.
Vernadsky Vladimir Orekhov believes this law is correct and necessary, since the Russian language needs protection.
However, the main problem is how this document will work in practice.
"Indeed, there can be excesses, and on the part of officials, who in many cases are themselves a source of stupid borrowing.
It is this category that often distorts the Russian language with stationery and borrowings, inventing some new formulas.
To make a beautiful project or report, you need to call the old with new words, preferably foreign, and, passing the old for new, somehow raise your prestige.
And then it already diverges, ” the expert explained in comments to RIA Novosti Crimea.
Orekhov also does not believe that young people are the main source of borrowing in the language.
According to him, youth slang is changing so quickly that such loanwords rarely take root for a long time.
At the same time, what is recorded in official documents, already, as they say in a well-known saying, "you can not cut down with an axe."
Down with the Chancellery: Officials Were Requested to Speak Human > >
“Most of the borrowings that this law is designed to save us from are in official documents of different levels.
This also applies to the capital institutions, but to a greater extent provincial.
This is a kind of fashion – to show your knowledge using incomprehensible foreign words.
How to deal with it, I have no recipe.
On the other hand, this law in itself can change this fashion in the administrative environment.
In this case, he by the very fact of his existence will correct the situation, ” the philologist suggested.
Russia will support the creation of an organization to promote the Russian language – Putin
According to Orekhov, the mechanisms that will be able to effectively implement the norms of this law should be developed through a wide public discussion, with the involvement of school teachers, university teachers, cultural figures and all those who are involved in the development of the Russian language.
Define clear criteria
Director of the Crimean Republican Institute of Postgraduate Pedagogical Education, Doctor of Philology, Professor Alexander Rudyakov is also sure that the law adopted by the State Duma and the protection of the Russian language in general is a good thing.
But the question arises: where is the criterion that distinguishes foreign words from non-foreign ones.
After all, in our language there are many Russian words that are originally borrowed from other languages.
"My wife is a German, we often argue with her.
She believes that the word "barrier" is a German word.
And I, a simple Russian, I am convinced that this is a Russian word.
Therefore, it is important that there are clear criteria for all this.
That's what we're talking about.
The law is excellent, but it is important how it will be applied and what criteria will be there, ” the expert said on the radio “Sputnik in Crimea ”.
Another important fact to pay special attention to is professional universal terminology, said Rudyakov.
“In many branches of knowledge, say, in the banking sector, there are words that are, in principle, international.
It is probably not very smart to isolate yourself from the terminology that is inherent in this area.
Another thing is not to drag it into our public vocabulary.
This is also very important to understand and comply with, ” explained the philologist.
"Adapt and switch to Russian": how the schools of Kherson region work > >
At the same time, the professor agreed that today in a number of areas, including administrative and media, there is an excessive use of foreign words, which can be easily and simply replaced by Russian-language analogues.
"When you hear 'communicate', 'collaboration' - the hand reaches for the gun.
Somewhere I read the information that a "Children's Collaboration House" was built in Vladivostok.
That's what's scary, you know.
These are obvious excesses, ” said the doctor of science.
Rudyakov, who is also a member of the Council on the Russian language under the President of Russia, assured that he will raise questions regarding the new law at the next meeting of the organization on March 2.
Read also on RIA Novosti Crimea:
Quoting the classics: how and why great writers quarreled
Than English-language words interfere in advertising – the opinion of senators from the Crimea
Russia will support the creation of an organization to promote the Russian language – Putin
Leave the “barn ” and“ dog ” alone: a linguist about the law on the protection of language
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Youth slang rarely adopts loanwords, and international terms should be exempt from language laws.

Language laws should promote the national language and cultural identity.

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Content: There should be no excesses: a sociologist about the law on the protection of language - RIA Novosti Crimea, 29.10.2022
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Political scientist Kiselyova appreciated the bill on the protection of the Russian language
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SIMFEROPOL, 29 oct - RIA Novosti Crimea.
The emergence of a law in the Russian Federation on the protection of the Russian language from excessive borrowing is appropriate, but there should be no excesses in this matter.
This opinion on the air of the radio "Sputnik in Crimea" expressed the head of the Crimean branch of the Foundation for the development of civil society, sociologist Natalia Kiseleva.
Crimean teachers spoke out against the language repression of young people > >
Earlier, a draft law on amendments to the Federal Law "On the State Language of the Russian Federation" appeared in the system of ensuring legislative activity.
The amendments provide for the protection of the Russian language from the excessive influence of borrowed words.
In particular, we propose the emergence of normative dictionaries that fix the norms of the modern Russian literary language, where foreign words cannot be entered, with the exception of those that have no analogues in the Russian language.
Leave the “barn ” and“ dog ” alone: a linguist about the law on the protection of language
“I am a supporter of this bill.
I think it should be adopted a long time ago, because we really see an unjustified dominance of foreign words.
At the same time, I, of course, do not propose to abandon all borrowed words - many of them have long and firmly entered the Russian language and became part of it, "Kiseleva said.
The sociologist emphasizes that it is impossible to introduce language restrictions in colloquial speech, especially among young people, and this is not the case in the new bill.
At the same time, in her opinion, the official use of the language should be regulated:
In the Crimea proposed to introduce fines for foreign words in advertising > >
“It ’ s about officials, the media.
For example, the latest fashionable foreign word "hub" - representatives of government agencies use it everywhere, although there is a great word in the Russian language "node": transport hub, interchange and so on, "- gives an example of a guest ether.
Dictionary for the replacement of anglicisms needs improvement – opinion
In addition, according to Kiseleva, it is appropriate not only to regulate the use of the Russian language in the official sphere, but also to simplify the language of regulatory documents so that the ordinary citizen can understand legal norms, which now often require interpretation by lawyers.
Earlier, Andrei Kibrik, a researcher at the Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, commented on the relevant bill, expressed the opinion that the artificial regulation of any language, including the Russian language, is a vain and even harmful idea, since borrowing is part of a natural process that cannot be stopped or reversed.
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Language policies and laws affect language use and cultural identity.

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Content: In Russia, they are determined to protect the language from excessive saturation with borrowings
The Russian language is one of the most popular in Eurasia, and attempts to abolish our culture have failed.
© Video: TRK "Zvezda" © Photo: TRK "Zvezda"
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Store, Department, Home and other foreign words in the names of shops, cafes and restaurants in Krasnodar soon will not be.
The Cuban capital decided to abandon all foreign names.
The Cuban authorities obliged entrepreneurs to translate business into Russian.
“A sign in a foreign language or using transliteration or a sign in Russian has a big difference.
In part of the fact that 100% of our population can read, understand the sign in Russian.
And many, by ignorance and age, do not even understand what is written on these signs, ” said the chief architect of Krasnodar Artem Salamatin.
So far, the business has been given time until September 1.
But many entrepreneurs are ready to change now.
“Everything will be in Russian.
We will translate the site into Russian.
We'll change everything.
With pleasure, ” entrepreneur Hovhannes Hovhannisyan shared.
Words borrowed from foreign languages became an integral part of Russian many centuries ago.
Massive in our speech, they appeared in different iconic historical periods.
For example, the Mongol invasion.
And after the Patriotic War of 1812 - there were a lot of gallicisms, that is, French words.
Now in conversations predominate borrowing from English.
“We began to use foreign words very actively in areas where such activity had not been observed before.
First of all, it is the public sphere.
Social sphere.
Where actually came a lot of foreign words ”, – said the Chairman of the Association of teachers of literature and Russian language Lyudmila Dudova.
Russia is now determined to protect the language from excessive saturation with borrowings.
President Vladimir Putin recently signed a law “on mandatory observance of the norms of the modern Russian language when using it as a state language. ”
What specific rules are we talking about?
It's not clear yet.
They are compiled by a special government commission.
“The normative dictionary of the Russian language will be a single consistent comprehensive publication, which will be formed on the basis of dictionaries of the Russian language.
Interpretive, spelling, ” explained Deputy Minister of Education of the Russian Federation Tatiana Vasilyeva.
Thus, foreign words should disappear as much as possible from all official documents.
In addition, officials should not use anglicisms and other borrowings during public speeches and generally avoid them in their speech.
“There are so many wonderful and beautiful words in the Russian language.
But why then instead of the word mentor we say coach.
Well, it doesn't sound.
It seems to me that we need to get rid of such words that are imposed, ” said Lyudmila Skakovskaya, Deputy Chairman of the Federation Council Committee on Science, Education and Culture.
This law, according to officials, should protect the Russian language from attacks from abroad, where they have long been trying to abolish all Russian.
But now these sentiments have intensified even more.
The Kiev regime has long declared war on our culture and heritage.
Throughout the country, the monument to Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin is being demolished, because it is he who is considered the creator of the modern literary Russian language.
And it was the language issue that became one of the main reasons for the bloody confrontation in the East of Ukraine in 2014.
Residents of Donbass then did not agree with the nationalists, they did not refuse the Russian language.
“They use the term underdogs.
All these years, when the Maidan happened, they etched Russian in the Donbass, for them it is a symbol of communication.
The Russian world is hysterical.
What connects the Russian world?
The Russian language, ” said political scientist Yuri Svetov.
The fact that our language and culture need protection is also said by the leaders of other neighboring states.
During the autumn meeting of the heads of the CIS countries in Astana, the President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev called on his colleagues to create an organization for the protection of the Russian language.
“Our idea is to create an international organization in the image and likeness of the UN.
Using the positive experience of Francophonie.
The headquarters of which is located in Paris, ” said President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev.
Rossotrudnichestvo recently conducted its own study abroad, which showed that openly Russophobic sentiments are present only among politicians.
But ordinary people continue to willingly learn our language and culture.
According to the United Nations, Russian is spoken by 258 million people worldwide.
It is one of the most popular in Eurasia, and attempts to abolish our culture have failed.
Abroad, Dostoevsky, Pushkin and other Russian classics are also read.
Expert opinion and analytics
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Language policy effectiveness can be measured by indicators like proposals, grants, deadline completion, and research tasks.

Title:

Content: 01 Advocacy ｜ Li Jiachao may set up a KPI for the Chief Executive ’ s Policy Group
Author: Commentary Room
Published: Updated:
The Government announced on Tuesday (December 27) the establishment of the Chief Executive's Policy Unit, headed by Mr Wong Yuan-shan, Senior Vice President of United Hong Kong Foundation and Director of the Institute of Public Policy Research. Although the Chief Executive's Policy Unit will be attached to the Chief Secretary for Administration's Office, like the Office of Policy Innovation and Co-ordination, according to internal government announcements and telephone book, the Policy Unit will be directly accountable to the Chief Executive.
The Chief Executive's Policy Unit will continue to be responsible for the implementation of the Public Policy Research Funding Scheme (PPR) and the Strategic Public Policy Research Funding Scheme (SPPR).
In fact, Li ’ s expectations for the policy group are not small.
In his election platform, he once raised the need to "strengthen strategic planning, policy research and overall coordination capabilities". At the first Legislative Council Question and Answer Session after the election, he said that he would set up a "Chief Executive Policy Unit".
In his October Policy Address, he further stated that the Chief Executive's Policy Unit would be set up within this year. Its duties would include "enhancing the Government's research and advocacy capacity on long-term and strategic issues", "grasping the local social situation from the perspective of the overall situation and the international situation", "conducting in-depth research and analysis on Mainland policies and development and the international situation", and "establishing a regular internal discussion mechanism to assist the Government in formulating forward-looking policies". Wait. Wait.
The Chief Executive, Mrs Carrie Lam, announced in her first policy address in 2017 that the Central Policy Unit would be restructured as an Innovation Office. (Photo)
Policy research needs to set performance indicators
In the Budgets of the past few years, the Controlling Officers of the Chief Secretary for Administration's Office and the Financial Secretary's Office report that although some indicators have been set for the Policy Innovation and Co-ordination Office programme, they are mainly the number of proposals received under the Public Policy Research Funding Scheme, the amount of grants granted and the number of research projects initiated and funded.
Today, if the Chief Executive ’ s Policy Group is engaged in policy research, it should apply the above indicators to itself and add other performance indicators related to the completion deadline.
First, the guiding principles of the Chief Executive's Policy Unit should touch on the research tasks of large-scale and long-term land development projects.
Previously, the Innovation Office provided "first stop and one-stop" project consultation and coordination services, but the goal was limited to assisting non-governmental organizations to lease idle government properties on private land or short-term tenancies. The specific operation was only represented by the Innovation Office to negotiate with other bureaux or departments, and it could not replace the latter for evaluation or approval of projects.
Instead of retaining the design of this overlapping housing estate, it would be better to leave the matter entirely to the policy bureaux or departments, and the so-called "first stop and one-stop" mechanism would be for the public or organizations to submit land development proposals, and the "Chief Executive's Policy Unit" would examine whether it can be expanded into a formal research and development project.
Not to be distracted by vetting scholars.
In addition, the Chief Executive ’ s Policy Group should not be distracted from approving funding for academic research projects. PPR and SPPR used to be the central policy group after the allocation of funds to the Research Grants Council of the University Grants Committee to follow up on applications and approvals. And...
In fact, even if the vetting power remains in the hands of the UGC and the RGC, it will not prevent the authorities from formulating issues or officials from participating in vetting and approving academic research projects in the institutions.
Considering that the research output of individual institutions is criticized from time to time for being “off-site ”, the Chief Executive ’ s Policy Group may be able to separate the research of institutions from those of think tanks and other non-governmental organizations, and then set different requirements and indicators for the nature of the two.
Specifically, the evaluation of academic research projects in institutions can appropriately adopt the indicators of the academic community, including the number of articles, academic exchanges, etc., and accept more theoretical exploration in the content direction.
On the contrary, for the research projects of think tanks or other non-governmental organizations, it is necessary to attach importance to the practical application of empirical analysis, but it can be slightly relaxed in the quotation or reporting structure.
For the overall effectiveness indicators of the Chief Executive's Policy Unit, in addition to using the previous research grants and proposals, the number of projects, it is also necessary to introduce some indicators related to the content of the research, such as the number of successful questionnaires and in-depth interviews, to reflect the extent to which they have absorbed the views of the community.
More importantly, the Chief Executive should increase the number of indicators that reflect the actual impact of the research results on subsequent decision-making, such as the number of times the past research has been consulted by the Policy Bureau or the bill has been micro-cited, so that the work of the Policy Group can be truly reflected at the decision-making level, and not just the Chief Executive Research Group.

In Russia, the law establishes Russian as the state language and restricts foreign words.

Title:

Content: MOSCOW, 22 feb — PRIME.
The Federation Council approved a law providing for the restriction of the use of foreign words in the Russian language with some exceptions.
It is noted that the document will fix in the Law "On the state language" the status of Russian as the language of the state-forming people, and also introduce the concept of the norm of the modern literary language.
The law proposes to establish a list of areas with strict observance of these norms, including in education and the media.
It is emphasized that officials, state and municipal information systems will be allowed to use borrowings in the absence of Russian-language analogues.

The law establishes Russian language norms and areas where they are strictly enforced.

The Arabic language is crucial for preserving identity, but its use is threatened by cultural globalization and a lack of awareness.

Linguistic appropriation can threaten national identity and culture.

Title:

Content: Sociologists agree that there is a close relationship between language and identity, with language being the preeminent and most important identifier.
They consider that the most serious threat to the identity and culture of nations is linguistic and cultural appropriation by another party.
Language and identity are two sides of the same thing.
Language is not just words and words, but a vessel that contains the emotional components, beliefs and peculiarities of any society.
Hence, it is clear why every society is proud of its language, because language is the main way of protecting and fortifying identity so that it does not assimilate into another identity.
The history of the nations is a good witness, for example, the Arabic language has preserved the teachings of the Islamic religion, the Arab heritage and manuscripts and all the sciences, arts and literature provided by the Islamic civilization.
The Japanese refused and resisted any domination of their language, knowing that it would preserve their identity, as did the Koreans.
The goal of the powerful states, through the soft style of globalization, is to establish a state of linguistic, scientific and intellectual dependence to obliterate identity and block any path that may lead to creativity and development.
Ibn Khaldun in his introduction pointed out that the defeated is fond of the tradition of the majority, and this is what we see in some societies of a dangerous drift in the rejection of the mother tongue, and even ridicule it sometimes and link urbanization and development and call to keep pace with the times by speaking another language.
It is true that the learning of languages, whatever they may be, is desirable, provided that this does not lead to the alienation and obliteration of the identity symbol.
Experts believe that the pillars of identity are three: religion, culture and society, and that language is the official spokesman of identity and a means through which the world recognizes the power of states and the cohesion of their members and society.
There is no competition between nations except for language.
The language, interest in it and its rooting in various scientific, health, technical and other fields have a great role in the rooting of citizenship and the consolidation of belonging.
Protecting the Arabic language in our societies from the fierce attacks of globalization is a religious and secular duty, especially as it is a powerful and great language that has influenced many other languages.
The culture, strength and cohesion of nations are diminished when their people abandon their mother tongue and allow others to compete with it because language is the actual vessel of identity, and giving it the attention it deserves is what will push any country or nation to excellence and creativity.

Globalization can lead to linguistic dependence, making it essential for governments to preserve national languages.

Promoting English as an official language can destroy weaker coexisting languages, requiring careful planning.

Title:

Content: Chen Po-wei insisted on using the "mother tongue" in the Legislative Yuan to question Minister of Defense Qiu Kuo-cheng, who believed that language is a tool of communication, and that communication is more efficient if the Mandarin language is used during questioning.
Chen Po-wei countered with "Duck Ba".
On the whole, however, Chen ’ s performance seems to have hit the nail mark this time, partly because the issue he is asking is not related to the local language, but rather the issue of defense diplomacy, which is not easy to express in the mother tongue.
In addition, at a time when the removal of Q is boiling over, Chen Po-wei chose to make a big move to ask questions in Hokkien before he was removed, which inevitably makes people feel that he is holding up the basic routine by playing a calculated role in intensifying the antagonism between the linguistic groups.
Even though it has been nearly two weeks since the end of the incident, the discussion is mostly about the pros and cons of the pan-political saliva attack and defense, the issue of Taiwan's language ecology is rarely addressed.
There is a historical background to the sensitivity of language in Taiwan. In 1937, during the Japanese occupation period, Japan promoted the Imperial Nationalization Movement and implemented the "National Language Movement" (in this case, the national language refers to Japanese), which prohibited the use of Taiwanese mother tongue and Chinese.
In order to eliminate Japan's influence in Taiwan, the Nationalist government began to vigorously promote the "Mandarin Movement" (Peking dialect) around 1956, and it was not abolished until 1987 after the lifting of martial law.
More than 30 years of language policy, resulting in language inequality and language loss.
To date, at least 10 of the 26 indigenous languages have died and four are in danger. In addition, according to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) assessment, Taiwanese Hokkien is a “definitely endangered ” language, while Hakka has entered the stage of“ seriously endangered ”.
If Mandarin had not been established as an official language at that time, would Taiwan ’ s diverse dialects have developed in a balanced way?
The answer is “not necessarily. ”
Language is not only a tool of communication, it is also a carrier of culture, representing the culture, historical memory and ethnic identity of the people who use the language.
Therefore, even if there is no language policy involved, when two or more languages meet, it is inevitable that political power will be strong.
Power competition between ethnic groups grows, which in turn affects the language and natural ecology.
For example, the so-called national melting pot, respect for multicultural America, although there is no political force to set the official language, but as everyone knows, English is the high-level powerful language of the United States.
In fact, in the United States, the phenomenon of "double language" (Diglossia) is obvious, black English (AAVE), Hispanic English (Chicano English), etc., is generally regarded as a low-level language, representing low education, informal language, or low social class language.
According to various studies, in the United States, those who speak a recognized ethnic or regional dialect of English have lower wages and employment rates than those who speak mainstream English.
So, if you set multiple languages as official languages, can you solve the problem of double language inequality? The answer is still “not necessarily ”.
In order to escape the influence of Spanish colonization, the Bolivian Constitution stipulates that the languages of all ethnic groups are official languages, and a total of 36 official languages are recognized, making it the country with the largest number of official languages in the world.
Under the country ’ s 1994 education reform program, schools were required to teach these 36 official languages.
However, the reality is difficult to do, Spanish is still the most powerful language in Bolivia, and many ethnic groups are still regarded as poor, low education, and low social class identity.
Being able to speak high-level Spanish is a lifeline for the underprivileged, who often disguise their ethnic identity to work in cities, so that even though many ethnic groups have been promoted to official languages, the problem of extinction has not been improved.
If setting the official language and language bullying are not necessarily directly related, how can the phenomenon of high-level and low-level double language in Taiwan be improved? Some reflections are as follows:
1. Language policy must be multilingual.
Any language policy needs to learn from history through careful planning and matching of experts and scholars to avoid repeating the mistakes of the past.
Because resources and human learning power are limited, when one language is blessed, it means that other languages may be crowded out.
Although the government is actively promoting the bilingual policy by 2030, it is fully committed to promoting English. Although it is well-intentioned, many linguists have solemnly warned about the dangers of promoting English.
For example, Anne Pakir refers to English as the “killer language ”, while John M. Swales compares it to Tyrannosaurus because it is too powerful to destroy any weak language that coexists with it.
Once the government smashes into a large amount of resources, if there are no good supporting measures, I am afraid it will become the current disaster of Taiwan's language ecology.
2. Strengthen the "language attitude" cultivation.
At present, the government's bilingual policy is extremely narrow, and almost all of them are aimed at strengthening English skills and improving English proficiency.
Very little is known about the "language attitude".
However, the attitude of the language user determines the vitality of the language.
In Hebrew, for example, its revival illustrates the importance of language attitudes.
The revival of the Hebrew language in just 25 years, more than two thousand years after its death, created an unprecedented miracle in the history of the language ’ s revival, and this dramatic miracle was the result of the Jewish nation ’ s strong nation-building, which led to an attitude of allegiance and glory to the Hebrew language that succeeded in bringing it back to life.
In other words, the attitude of the language user is the key factor in determining the vitality of the language.
Taiwanese people generally have a foreign mentality, value English, ignore the mother tongue, such a sense of linguistic inferiority, it is easy to speed up the loss of minority mother tongue after the promotion of bilingual policy.
In addition, if the status of the local language between the declining attitude, with the political parties in turn to promote localization, the Fukien language has become a label of love for Taiwan, the sword of transformation and justice, and the soft spot of political enemies, the Fukien language has become a tool of political struggle.
Perhaps because of this, Chen Po-wei will choose to deliberately use the Minnan language to single out the foreign provincial defense minister before the removal case, and play this big show of love for his mother tongue and Taiwan.
The author believes that positive "language attitude" education, in addition to strengthening the ethnic group's sense of pride and centripetal force for their mother tongue, also includes the inclusiveness of other languages.
If we oppose the practice of the Chinese language to suppress the native language, then we should not now politically manipulate the native language and maliciously create language conflicts and ethnic conflicts.
The means of retribution for language hegemony will not only not promote ethnic integration, but will only deepen ethnic hatred and division.
If Taiwan wants to start from the wrong language policy of the past, it should understand the past language history, reflect on learning from history, and not blindly promote language policy, but also pay attention to the next generation of language attitude education, families and schools to help children understand the value of mother tongue, respect different mother tongue use groups, in order to really promote a pluralistic and multilingual society.
(The author is an associate professor of English at National Chengchi University)
※ The above statements do not represent the position of Wangzhong Media Group ※
# Language # Native # English # Official Language # Attitude

Bolivia has 36 official languages, with Spanish being the most dominant.

Language attitude determines a language's vitality, as seen in Hebrew's revival.

Excessive regulation can distort the Russian language with foreign borrowings, highlighting the need for balance.

Effective law implementation mechanisms are needed to regulate linguistic borrowing and promote diversity.

Russia's proposed law aims to balance language protection and diversity while prioritizing national cultural values.

Title:

Content: Russian Federation
Moscow
+ 23 °
Society6 July 2024 14: 40
Only in Russian: in Russia it is proposed to limit the use of foreign words
Human rights adviser Kabanov: love of language begins with education
Kirill Kabanov, Chairman of the National Anti-Corruption Committee, Member of the Presidential Council on Civil Society Development and Human Rights.
Photo: URA.RU / TASS
The Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Education and Science and the Ministry of Culture in early 2025 will submit a document to the government in which they will determine which foreign words and in what ratio should not be used.
It is assumed that this will help not to abuse borrowings from other languages, including in outdoor advertising, reports TASS.
The main idea is to orient society to national cultural and historical values, said on the air of the radio “Komsomolskaya Pravda ” Kirill Kabanov, Chairman of the National anti-corruption Committee, a member of the Council under the President of Russia for the development of civil society and human rights.
- The richest Russian language, unfortunately, is getting poorer.
Young people use it primitively, like all information space.
It is filled with simplified Western expressions, phrases, words, phrases.
But the question is that if we want to make our language richer, then we need to start with education, - says Kirill Kabanov. - And the question is that the love of language is not instilled so simply: they took and regulated.
Perhaps the very foreign words that the Russians displace will fall under the regulation.
- For example, documents should be understandable to any person who took them and read them.
And he may never have heard what a KPI is.
But as this global, important task to solve, except for education, I do not understand, - says Kirill Kabanov.

Education promotes love of national language, and balanced language planning is needed to prevent overuse of foreign words from simplifying Russian.

The government plans to fine advertisers using foreign words to promote language regulation.

Excessive or inadequate regulation can harm linguistic diversity, highlighting the need for a balanced approach.

Normative dictionaries will establish Russian literary language norms, restricting foreign words with Russian analogues.

Language use by officials and media will be regulated, and a clear language policy is necessary.

Artificial language regulation is considered harmful, emphasizing the importance of balanced language planning through natural processes like borrowing.

The UAE is preserving Arabic language and investing in its technology to reinforce its global status.

Title:

Content: Mohammed Bin Rashid Launches UAE Declaration Of Arabic Language

DUBAI, (UrduPoint / Pakistan Point News / WAM - 19th Dec, 2021) His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Vice President, Prime Minister and Ruler of Dubai, today launched the UAE Declaration of Arabic Language in the UAE Pavilion at Expo 2020 Dubai. The declaration was introduced in the presence of the Arab Ministers of Culture to mark the World Arabic Language Day, and in parallel with 22nd session of the Conference of Ministers Responsible for Cultural Affairs in the Arab World.

His Highness Sheikh Mohammed said, "Today, I attended the Arabic Language Summit, organised by the UAE Ministry of Culture and Youth, at Expo 2020 Dubai, accompanied by the Secretary-General of the Arab League and Arab ministers of culture. The Arabic language is a language of beauty, culture, and civilisation and one summit is certainly not enough.

"We signed the UAE Declaration on the Arabic Language. It is our declaration to commit to working together to enhance the status of the language that represents our identity, culture, and science."

The declaration was launched in the presence of H.H. Sheikh Hamdan bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Crown Prince of Dubai; and H.H. Sheikh Maktoum bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Deputy Ruler of Dubai, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance. The event was also attended by Mohammad bin Abdullah Al Gergawi, Minister of Cabinet Affairs; Noura bint Mohammed Al Kaabi, Minister of Culture and Youth and Chair of the 22nd session of the Conference of Ministers Responsible for Cultural Affairs in the Arab World; and Reem bint Ibrahim Al Hashemy, Minister of State for International Cooperation and Director-General of Expo 2020 Dubai.

The UAE Declaration of Arabic Language was signed by His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum along with Ahmed Abul Gheit, Secretary-General of the Arab League, Mohamed Ould Amar, Director-General of the Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organisation (ALECSO), and Noura Al Kaabi. The declaration aims to draw out a unified roadmap for various institutions in Arab countries.

Al Kaabi gave a presentation to His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum about the UAE Arabic Language Declaration and the efforts of the Ministry of Culture and Youth to preserve Arabic and enhance its presence internationally.

Al Kaabi said, "The first edition of the report on the Status and Future of the Arabic Language revealed the need for greater cooperation and better coordination between Arab nations through proper language planning and joint Arab action. Today we are taking an important step in that direction to implement the recommendations of the report by launching the UAE Arabic Language Declaration, which represents a comprehensive roadmap covering all areas related to the Arabic language."

She added, "The UAE Arabic Language Declaration is a reference for officials in Arab countries to launch initiatives and projects that preserve the Arabic language, enhance its presence globally and encourage its use among future generations. It also promotes the use of Arabic in the digital space, and associated industries while encouraging the use of technology in education and the spread of the Arabic language."

Last year, the Ministry of Culture and Youth launched a study into the status and future of the Arabic language to compile a report with the participation of 15 media organisations, 10 language universities and 18 universities around the world; 65 educational institutions from around the world contributed to the report.

The UAE Arabic Declaration entails 10 principles: 1. The Arabic language is intrinsic to our Arab identity. It links us to our history and heritage and reflects the richness and diversity of our society. Standard Arabic and its dialects interact in a unique way, which is a highlight of our civilisation, culture, literature and arts. The language is a means of communication and understanding between our people, an expression of the aspirations and dreams of our youth, a voice of their feelings, and a pillar of prosperity of our society and our economy.

2. The second principle is about the teaching and learning of the Arabic language.

Develop new methodologies of teaching and learning the language in schools and treat it as a building block for our society and economy. Work with specialised research centres to introduce modern curricula based on international best practices. Develop programmes for Arabic language teachers to enhance their skills to teach the language in a scientific way that facilitates its learning and makes it relatable and relevant to new generations.

3. The third principle covers Arabic content. The Declaration emphasised the importance of improving the quality of Arabic content on the internet as it has huge impact on the development of society. Investing in digital publishing institutions, adopting sustainable and viable business models in collaboration with governments and knowledge institutions and providing Arab users with useful and reliable content that helps them in their lives and work.

4. The fourth principle is Arabic language technology. The future requires a digital infrastructure that incorporates the use of Arabic in technology application. This will be achieved by cooperation between research centres and companies and by investing in artificial intelligence, natural language processing, machine learning models and linguistic thesaurus to build a comprehensive linguistic system that covers all aspects of this diverse language.

5. The fifth principle is about the Industries related to the Arabic language. Education, media and publishing are key partners of policy makers and economists in promoting the use of the Arabic language. There is a need to introduce developmental grants and build a sophisticated investment framework where intellectual property rights are applied to counter piracy and encourage the role of private institutions in business development, distribution and marketing of these models.

6. The sixth principle deals with the translation services. Translation has a key role in the transfer, localisation and distribution of knowledge and intercultural communication. It enriches the Arabic language with new expressions, compositions and terms influencing society, economy, education and the media. The development and investment in translation services for Arabic are necessary to enhance its contribution to knowledge on a global level.

7. The seventh principle deals with Arabic and science. The language that was in the past an incubator for research and discovery in its societies, today needs to make modern knowledge available in Arabic in order to forge a bright future for the next generation. Invest in the translation of science and research papers to make them available for our researchers and scientists and translate their work in other languages for the scientific networks to access it in other languages.

8. The eighth principle is Arabic as a global language. Arabic is one of the most widely used languages in the world and a major language of communication and a pillar of our cultural identity. It should be reinforced as a vehicle for cultural exchange, thought and knowledge by building global partnerships with academic institutions and cultural centres and supporting their education efforts globally.

9. The ninth principle is national references and policies. Arab societies need sound linguistic planning, to be drawn by governments and community institutions, to be translated into linguistic policies in the fields of education, media, and public discourse as well as industries related to the Arabic language. Cooperation between research entities in various countries to gauge its progress as per their standards.

10. The tenth and final principle is devoted to the declaration on the future of the Arabic language because Arabic is a language of the grandparents and children, which is bound to develop and change like any other living language. It is the language of religion and heritage, just as it is the language used by millions as a means of communication, a language of economy, art and science. We build on its past as we shape its future with confidence and faith. The aim is to establish modern approaches to counter the challenges and seize the opportunities that the language faces today.

Arabic language development requires linguistic planning and policies, guided by a 10-principle declaration to enhance its global status.

Globalization promotes linguistic pluralism and diversity, but also risks cultural appropriation.

Title:

Content: Bauhinia Party _ Embracing Language Pluralism
Author: 01 Forum
Published: Updated:
Author: Wu Junfei
Last month, an old video recorded by Phoenix TV anchor Tian Tong was censored for discussion, which once again caused controversy in Hong Kong society over the use of simplified and traditional characters.
This incident shows that in the situation of the growing population of Putonghua and Simplified Chinese, the "biliteracy and trilingualism" policy has not been implemented in Hong Kong, not only has it not been enforced by the SAR Government, but also has not reached a social consensus.
In the new era of governance and prosperity, as Hong Kong is further integrated into the overall situation of national development, the central government hopes that Hong Kong will undertake a greater historical mission.
The future of Hong Kong lies in reform. The focus of reform is internationalization, and the key element of internationalization is linguistic pluralism, which is the way to deal with related issues.
A truly international city should have international influence on the outside and international elements on the inside.
The most cosmopolitan cities can be called “global cities ”, typical of London in the United Kingdom and New York in the United States. They not only have global political, economic, and cultural influence, but they also host immigrants from all over the world, and dozens of languages are widely used by local residents, demonstrating a spirit of tolerance and mutual understanding of the different cultures of the world.
The metropolises with the next degree of internationalization have some international functions but mainly play a regional impact, such as Paris, Geneva, Zurich, Singapore, Dubai, etc. They also have the characteristics of internationalization such as linguistic and cultural diversity of residents.
After the establishment of the HKSAR Government in 1997, the policy of "biliteracy and trilingualism" was implemented. "biliteracy" is Chinese and English. "trilingualism" refers to Putonghua, Cantonese and English. Putonghua is written in simplified Chinese, and Cantonese is mainly in traditional Chinese.
Many Hong Kong people can only speak simple Putonghua, which is relatively unfamiliar with simplified characters, and some people never speak Putonghua.
In most schools in Hong Kong, Cantonese is used to teach Chinese, but Putonghua is also provided for students to have the opportunity to learn Putonghua.
These are not problems. The problem is that Hong Kong ’ s language policy is not inclusive enough, which runs counter to the SAR ’ s goal of promoting internationalization.
At present, Hong Kong society needs to clarify the status of the official languages of English, Putonghua (Simplified Chinese) and Cantonese (Traditional Chinese), especially the status of Putonghua and Simplified Chinese in law, and encourage and even require primary and secondary students to master a foreign language.
The specific approach is not to force every Hong Kong resident to be proficient in English, Putonghua (Simplified Chinese), Cantonese (Traditional Chinese) and a foreign language, but to legislate that "biliteracy and trilingualism" are compatible in society at the same time, that is, to accept the legitimacy of Putonghua (Simplified Chinese) and increase its use.
For example, in the early stage, traffic road signs, government building signs, school signs, company signs, scenic area signs, etc., in addition to the existing English and traditional Chinese, the addition of simplified Chinese.
The acceptance of Putonghua (Simplified Chinese) is not only in line with the Basic Law of Hong Kong, but also an expression of Hong Kong ’ s obedience to and respect for the authority of the Central Authorities, and the need for the further internationalization of Hong Kong society.
China ’ s vast territory, large population and multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-dialect, only the use of the country ’ s standardized language and script, in order to reduce communication costs, ensure smooth communication, unimpeded dissemination of government decrees, and promote the development of economic, political, cultural and other undertakings.
Putonghua and simplified characters began to be promoted in 1956, reflecting the new civilization since the establishment of the People's Republic in 1949, and are indispensable communication tools and information carriers among people.
Mandarin and Simplified Chinese are international languages in themselves.
As of April 2023, more than 180 countries and regions around the world have conducted Putonghua Chinese education, and 82 countries have incorporated it into the national education system. More than 30 million foreigners are learning Putonghua Chinese, and the cumulative number of people learning and using Putonghua Chinese is close to 200 million.
Therefore, we can say that as part of China, if Hong Kong does not accept Putonghua (Simplified Chinese), then many of the benefits of internationalization will be lost.
At present, Putonghua (Simplified Chinese) is still despised and even rejected in Hong Kong ’ s education, executive, legislative and judicial systems, which is undoubtedly not in line with the trend of Hong Kong ’ s internationalization.
For the SAR Government, Putonghua (Simplified Chinese) is the language tool used by local governments in Hong Kong to understand and appreciate the documents and instructions issued by the Central Government.
If Hong Kong government officials are not proficient in Putonghua (simplified Chinese), it is difficult for them to understand the political, economic and social systems and civilizations of the national entity, and to accurately grasp the direction, principles and policies of the central government in governing Hong Kong.
An international Hong Kong must continue to raise the standard of English in the community.
For historical reasons, English is one of the most widely used languages in the world, occupying the dominant position of the Internet, and is recognized by the international academic, legal and business communities as the language of communication, has become a bridge to connect people around the world, playing a vital role in the development of human civilization.
English is the carrier of many research and innovation achievements in the fields of science and technology, culture and arts, and social science. English books, papers and reports contain the latest human knowledge and information, which helps people broaden their horizons and improve their ability to innovate.
As the most commonly used communication tool in common law countries, English has become a fundamental element in international financial and trade transactions.
Many multinational companies, international organizations, and non-governmental organizations use English as a universal language, and familiarity with English is an essential skill for people working in these institutions.
English is the official language of Hong Kong, which is one of Hong Kong ’ s international competitive advantages.
Maintaining and improving English is of utmost importance to the people of Hong Kong, whether it is for internationalization or for the development of science and technology.
As the inheritor of traditional Chinese culture, it is necessary for Hong Kong to continue to use and protect Cantonese.
Cantonese is spoken by more than 100 million people around the world and is the mother tongue of many overseas Chinese. Cantonese retains the distinctive features of the Chinese language of the Qin and Tang dynasties, maintaining the nine tones and most of the written pronunciation of the ancient Chinese language, and carrying the traditional Chinese culture that shines unique throughout the world. The Cantonese community generally uses the Cantonese pronunciation of the Old Liwan District of Guangzhou in the late Qing Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty as standard Cantonese. Cantonese has a lot of advantages over Putonghua, such as richer tone, and more rhythmic beauty when reciting ancient poetry; the pronunciation of near-Italian words is the same, but different, so that the pronunciation of near-Italian words is similar but different, easier to express; There is a curl, that is, there is no problem that "z, c, s" and "zh, ch, sh" are easily confused in Mandarin.
As the traditional carrier of Cantonese, traditional characters are undoubtedly the treasures of Chinese traditional culture, which can spread the beauty of Chinese writing and facilitate future generations to read the classical literature left by Chinese ancestors.
In addition to Chinese and English, the number of Hong Kong people who speak other languages is negligible, which is a shortcoming that Hong Kong society needs to make up for.
Under the international development strategy of Hong Kong, the community needs a large number of foreign language talents who can meet the development needs of major strategic areas and key areas.
After the baptism of globalization, coupled with the emergence of artificial intelligence, the core task of foreign language ability has been to play the role of language interaction, knowledge tools, to pay more attention to the cultural connotations, ideological connotations and value connotations behind different languages, so the instrumental, humanistic and ideological aspects of foreign languages are equally important.
Faced with no major changes in the world in a hundred years, Hong Kong calls on a large number of professionals with a global perspective, proficient in the use of foreign languages, familiar with international rules, and proficient in international negotiations to participate in global governance, actively disseminate China's ideas, publicize China's development achievements, and tell the story of China in the new era.
Therefore, in order to form a foreign language education structure, subject professional structure and talent training structure to meet the needs of higher level internationalization in Hong Kong, it is even necessary to establish a special foreign language college and international relations college.
In implementing the policy of linguistic diversity, Hong Kong can learn from Switzerland.
There are four official languages in Switzerland, including German, French, Italian and Romansh, and they are written into law, while the actual languages in society are more numerous and English is more mastered by most Swiss people.
All official languages of the Swiss Confederation (government documents, legal texts, official websites, major building signs) must be written in German, French and Italian.
Official documents issued by the federal government, such as ID cards, passports, or banknotes, are written in four official languages, with English on the passport.
At Swiss supermarkets, products are marked in three main languages, namely French, German and Italian.
In order to ensure that all linguistic communities are adequately respected, the Swiss Language Act specifies the multilingualism of the country, and the Federal Office for Culture promotes these languages and the culture associated with them.
Not every Swiss speaks all four official languages, and most people communicate in their own languages within their own language communities, but they never exclude the right of other language communities to use other official languages.
Language diversity is an essential element of a cosmopolitan city and an important driver of social progress. Only through continuous dialogue and exchange among residents of different historical and cultural backgrounds can we integrate and create a great city of ideas and creativity.
Both now and in the future, Hong Kong must embrace the values of globalization. Although globalization has suffered a temporary setback, the in-depth development of globalization is the future direction of the world. Respect for linguistic and cultural diversity can restart the process of globalization and ensure that globalization is not hijacked and ended by hegemonic cultures.
Chinese pioneers follow the spirit of "harmony but difference", which means respecting cultural differences and diversity, and achieving harmony through mutual communication and exchange.
While maintaining the cultural identity of the local Cantonese language in Hong Kong, we should pay attention to absorbing the language and culture of the Mainland, actively learn and draw on the excellent cultural achievements of foreign languages, dialogue without confrontation, communication without closure, compatibility without exclusion, learning from strengths and weaknesses, free absorption, harmonious coexistence, and common progress.
Chapter 66 of the Dao Sutra says, “The reason why Jiang Hai can be King of the Hundred Grain, and he can be King of the Hundred Grain with his good deeds ”, which is a truth that deserves to be remembered by every Hong Kong people on the issue of linguistic diversity.
Ng Chun-fei is the director of the Bauhinia Party Policy Research Institute.
The article is only the opinion of the author and does not represent the position of Hong Kong 01.
Please email us at 01view @ hk01.com.
Please attach the author ’ s real name and contact details.
If not applicable, no notice will be given.

Globalization can lead powerful states to impose linguistic dependence, threatening national identity and creativity.

China has established a language research system and a language protection project.

Title:

Content: People 's Network > > Education
Developing new functions of language planning
Twenty Years of Chinese Language Life
Li Yuming
November 14, 2021 09: 07 | Source: Guangming Daily
Small number
Editor's Note
Since the establishment of the first leading group of scientific research planning of the State Language Commission in 2001, China 's language research has gradually built up a multi-perspective, large-scale, systematic and continuous observation, research and dissemination system and mechanism for the reform and development of the national language and writing industry. It attaches importance to vulnerable groups in society, embodies humanistic care, and provides convenience for people with audio-visual disabilities to participate fully in social life and share the fruits of social development on an equal footing; it is broad, it covers all aspects of social and public services, helps shape the image of cities and countries, and promotes the continuous improvement of the international level of all walks of life.
In the past 20 years, under the guidance of the "Five-Year" scientific research plan of the State Language Commission, Chinese scholars have opened many new academic fields around language life, put forward a series of new academic concepts such as "building harmonious language life" and "enhancing national language ability". "Language learning and use".
First, build a harmonious language life.
At the beginning of this century, the National Language Resources Monitoring and Research Center was established to continuously monitor language living conditions with the concept and method of dynamic circulation corpus.
He continued to write the "Report on the Living Conditions of the Chinese Language" and other series of "books" in English, Korean, Japanese, Russian and other translations.
China is a multi-ethnic, multi-language, multi-dialect and multi-literate country, and language life is very complicated.
Second, improve language skills.
To improve personal language ability is to cultivate "multilingual" people.
While learning the common language and writing of the country and solidifying the consciousness of the Chinese nation, it is necessary to learn dialects and national languages, deepen cultural roots, and strive to master one or two foreign languages to contribute to the construction of a community with a shared future for mankind.
National language ability is the language ability required by the country to handle domestic and foreign affairs.
China should have 20 / 200 language skills, that is, be able to master the world's most important 20 languages, acquire new human knowledge, and better participate in global governance; be able to master more than 200 languages in all regions of the world, that is, use the language of more than 4 million people, tell the world's story of China, pave the way for the "Belt and Road", and strengthen friendly exchanges with people around the world.
The national language ability is mainly manifested in the six fields of administration, foreign affairs, military security, public opinion, science and technology education, economy and trade.
At present, the language ability required in the fields of military security, economic and trade has long been extended to the weak areas and even the blank areas of foreign language education in China, and it is urgent to make up for it.
China's national language ability ranks second in the world, according to a recent report by the National Language Ability Development Research Center.
Third, the protection and development of language resources.
In the 1980s, China began to pay attention to the problem of language resources, demonstrating that language has the nature of resources, and exploring the connotation and extension of language resources. Now, it has begun to study language resources from a functional perspective, and evaluates the collection, collation, storage, protection and development of language resources. Protection of minority languages.
On this basis, in 2015, the largest Chinese language resource protection project in China and the world was launched. More than 1,700 Chinese dialect points, ethnic minority languages and linguistic and cultural points have been investigated. 20 volumes of Chinese Language and Culture Collection and 30 volumes of China Endangered Languages are published. For example, in 2019, the compilation project of the "World Language Journal" was launched, and the world language resource library was established with the concept and norms of Chinese language protection.
The language protection mentioned earlier is actually to protect the old world picture of human beings, and the language resources for language information technology, its function is to help computers to process information and acquire language intelligence, and to create a new world of human beings.
Language resources are also the foundation of language education, especially foreign language education, international Chinese education and online language education, and more need the support of language resources.
Language resources, like water resources, forest resources and tourism resources, are important resources of the country and need to be protected and developed.
Fourth, language services are provided.
At the 2005 "World Expo International Forum on Language Environment Construction", Chinese scholars put forward the concept of language service; after the "2010 China International Language Service Industry Conference and Large-scale International Event Language Service Seminar", the concept of language service was widely disseminated.
The broad language service is the use of language (including words), language knowledge, language skills, language art, language technology, language standards, language data, language products, etc., to meet the needs of language life.
Enhance the awareness of language services, improve language service capabilities, accurately understand the language needs of society, meet language needs in a timely manner, and guide the improvement of language needs, thereby enriching language life and promoting social progress.
Emergency language services are needed to respond to public emergencies.
At the time of the outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan, Chinese linguists set up the "War Pandemic Language Service Group" to develop products such as "Fighting the epidemic in Hubei dialect" and provide think tank services to relevant parties to effectively support the national epidemic prevention and control.
It is necessary to solve the problem of emergency language services from the legal, institutional, institutional and academic aspects, carry out language emergency education and scientific research, and prepare for the establishment of a national language service corps, so as to "prepare for emergencies in peacetime and not in emergencies."
Fifth, explore the economic properties of language.
Linguistic economics is an emerging discipline, which mainly studies the economic attributes and economic functions of language.
Language is human capital, is an indispensable factor in all links of economic activities, language creates economic value of about 10% of the gross national product, language industry, language products, language technology is the backbone of language economy.
Today, with the rapid development of the service industry and the digital industry, the economic function of language is more prominent.
Language poverty alleviation is the social application of the law of language economics.
Through the study and practice of language poverty alleviation, the State Language Commission has improved the working ability of the poor people and their ability to obtain scientific and trade information, effectively cutting off the intergenerational transmission of poverty, and forming the characteristics and experience of Chinese language poverty alleviation.
In October 2019, the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee included data in the production factors. 80% of data is language data. Therefore, we should pay attention to the development of language data industry, establish a language data market, and promote the standardization, purification, digitization and intelligence of language data.
Sixth, establish the concept of big Chinese language.
Overseas Chinese language inheritance is an important part of Chinese mother tongue inheritance.
In order to understand the situation of overseas Chinese and support the inheritance and application of the Chinese language, the academic community has built a "overseas Chinese resource bank", compiled a "global Chinese dictionary", and carried out a "global Chinese grammar study".
In these practical activities, the concept of "big Chinese" has gradually formed.
Great Chinese is the common language of the Chinese people all over the world, which has been gradually formed under the influence of Chinese education since the end of the Qing Dynasty, the national language movement and the recent decades of Putonghua.
At present, Chinese varieties around the world are in contact with each other, absorbing the language components, and gradually approaching under the influence of Putonghua.
From the perspective of global Chinese life, Greater Chinese promotes the development of the Chinese economic circle, supports international Chinese education and international Chinese life, and promotes Chinese as an important international public cultural product.
Seventh, the rational planning of language life at all levels.
There are four levels of language life: macroscopic, macroscopic, mesoscopic and microscopic.
The governance of international language life is to understand the language living conditions of the international community (including international organizations and countries in the world), maintain the concept of language equality, solve problems such as endangered languages and language conflicts, and establish an order and ethics of international language life.
The macro-language life belongs to the national level, and it should be managed through scientific national language planning, taking into account the functions of the national common language and other languages, the national conditions of the two languages in the mainland and the SAR, the overall situation of the two languages at home and abroad, and the language life in the two spaces of reality and the Internet.
Language life in the Middle East can be divided into areas and regions; field language planning needs the participation of various industry departments, and needs the support of field linguistics; regional language planning has counties and provinces, and special consideration should be given to free trade zones, free trade ports and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Guangdong, Hong Kong-Macao, Yangtze River Basin, and other new economic regions.
Micro is the language life at the end of society, such as families, schools, hospitals, enterprises, factories and mines, and units, which is directly related to people's livelihood and grassroots construction.
The four levels of language planning should be considered in an integrated manner, with "top-down" and "bottom-up" planning directions, forming a scientific language governance loop.
On October 13, 2020, the National Language Conference was held. On November 9, 2021, the 14th Five-Year Scientific Research Conference of the State Language Commission was held.
Standing in a new historical position, summing up the history of language life research, reviewing the 20 years of ups and downs, and seeking a new chapter for the cause of language and writing.
In the future, China's language life research should focus on the three themes of solidifying the sense of the Chinese nation community, building a community with a shared future for mankind and the digital era, and on the basis of the previous "tool function" language planning, develop the direction of "cultural function," "economic function," "" security function, "and" digital function, "to meet the language needs of all levels, and make linguistic contributions to China's development as a modern power.
(The author is a professor at Beijing Language and Culture University)
(See also: Prince of Wales)
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The Chinese government aims to develop and standardize the language data industry, which is essential for emergency responses and social progress.

Taiwan's "bilingual national policy" has been criticized for neglecting its native language and colonial history.

Title:

Content: Let ’ s talk about the “bilingual country ” myth: what kind of“ global ” English teaching are we pursuing?
Photo Credit: Shutterstock
What we want you to know is
In the face of the policy of a bilingual country, Professor Huang Han-yu of National Taiwan Normal University believes that it is necessary to return to the essence of learning English, and gives this note: "Language can never be separated from differences, conflicts, exclusion, and suppression. And...
Text: Hwang Han-yu (Professor, Department of English, National Taiwan Normal University)
Recently, under the consideration of strengthening the competitiveness of the country and increasing the employment advantage, the government has announced the implementation of a "bilingual national policy", which will affect English teaching at all levels of schools, tourism, and enterprises.
In fact, before the "bilingual national policy" was widely publicized, schools at all levels have been promoting programs and businesses such as bilingual experimental schools and digital English teaching.
Yes, to tie in with the policy, even the departments of Taiwanese and Chinese have to offer all-English courses.
What is interesting is that English (foreign) language departments seem to naturally become planners and promoters of "bilingual national policies," or are used to doing things the other way around, and it is no longer news that professors are contracted out for projects with huge budgets.
However, scholars such as Chiang Wen-yu and Hsu Hui-ju, who advocate the subjectivity of Taiwan's native language and history, have criticized this policy for neglecting the origins of English and colonial history, squeezing the development of national languages, and "bilingual countries" that respect Chinese.
For more than 20 years of experience in language education and humanities research, let 's not talk about how the "bilingual national policy" affects the national language development policy, which has many problems to be solved, and whether the "bilingual national policy" is a correct name. The debate has not yet been fully discussed and understood.
Don ’ t miss out on your goals before talking about them.
Looking back at the entire history of the implementation of the English education and teaching policy in Taiwan, before the bilingual and all-English teaching policy, there were the primary English education policy in 2001, the "Challenge 2008" National Development Key Plan in 2003, and the "Towards Top Universities Plan" in 2006.
Although these policies have their own specific implementation details, they all have the same goal of cultivating the English language communication skills of the people of Taiwan, improving the international outlook of the people of Taiwan, accelerating the internationalization of Taiwan, and strengthening the competitiveness of the country.
Today's English teaching in Taiwan needs to be examined in a rather complex way, covering textbooks and teaching methods, life situations in which English is used, urban and rural disparities, etc. The length of this article can be properly dealt with.
But the author must point out that many English teaching policies and practices seem to regard "internationalization", "international competitiveness" and "globalization" as unquestionable goals, and even school governance are guided by the guidelines.
What are the complex political, economic, cultural and even ideological aspects of globalization?
In the long run, if English teaching cannot lead learners to think deeply about these problems, but only to emphasize the competition in the job market and direct language learning to job-seeking skills, will the school thus become a job-seeking training center, and will it indirectly promote the humanities and arts discipline or basic theory be useless?
What exactly is positive English learning?
When we talk about globalization, we forget the glory and sorrow behind it.
The term globalization is often used to describe the political, economic, and cultural realities of the post-Cold War era.
It can describe more frequent and rapid connections and movements, time, geography, politics, economy, and culture boundaries being crossed, and can also refer to multinational companies such as Apple Computer, McDonald's, Starbucks, IKEA, TOYOTA, etc.
English continues its history of colonialism, and with the context of globalization (especially the cultural hegemony of the United States), it enjoys the status of an official or dominant language in 75 countries with a population of about 800 million, making it the most versatile and powerful language in media, business and education worldwide.
English is no longer just the national language of England, the United States, Australia and other countries. English is no longer just English, it has become the "global language" (Globish).
“There is no such thing as a free lunch, ” and“ globalization ” is not a term of neutral value, nor does it depict a time of universal prosperity.
In such an era, the labor force must be productive, and individuals are required to constantly improve themselves with the times, play the role of entrepreneurs, and add value to their lives in the way of running a business, including language skills, education, certification, and so on.
In academic terms, individuals become "economic people" who seek to maximize profits, constantly calculate according to realistic rationality, and respond to environmental variables to modify their behavior, and are also "debtors" on the substantive and symbolic level, or "busy people" who are exhausted.
These are the hidden versions of globalization under the prosperity of multinational enterprises.
Why should we switch from “Indians ” to“ Native Americans ”? What racial prejudice does Thanksgiving tradition involve? What kind of white centrism does Robinson Crusoe imply? What gender stereotypes do Disney animations often present? More fundamentally, how does English, the language of global hegemony, affect and even determine our view of the world? How to incorporate necessary reflection into the English teaching process?
Ask yourself again what you are looking for.
I hope that readers will not feel that the above questions are too profound or irrelevant, I want to emphasize through these questions that learning English (any language) is not just about memorizing words, knowing sentence patterns and grammar, proficient listening, speaking, reading and writing skills.
Language is never free from differences, conflicts, exclusion and repression (I call these “the other ”), and a very important part of language acquisition is to discover, understand and express the other in the language, a process that can even be said to be at the heart of civil society and democracy, otherwise we are just training a group of tongues, language robots, or fluency bags. It is said that the word is not spoken, but it is said that it is spoken.
I have no intention, no ability, and do not think that anyone is qualified to give an absolute standard of English teaching, I only emphasize the need to reflect or dispel myths, including quantitative or fractional-oriented English learning, so I strongly oppose any test system as the “only ” language proficiency standard for admission or graduation.
An active and profound language learning should be directed towards the other in the language, developing aspects that cannot be quantified, should not be quantified, do not necessarily make people rich or cost-effective, including the sense of language and emotion, artistic and cultural appreciation, civic awareness, philosophical reflection, and so on.
As we move towards a new vision of a bilingual country, do we have a well-planned, step-by-step approach to integrate these aspects into all stages of English teaching?
Otherwise, what kind of “global ” English teaching are we pursuing?
This article has been published under the authority of the Human Education Journal, and the original is published here.
What kind of “global ” English teaching are we pursuing?
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English is the official language in 75 countries and a dominant language in media, business, and education globally.

Russia offers global leadership in language preservation, with UNESCO-recognized institutional infrastructure for language support.

Title:

Content: All news
UNESCO said that Russia can offer the world leadership in the preservation of languages
In every bilingual and even multilingual region in Russia, an institutional infrastructure for language support has been created and is functioning, said Deputy Chairman of the Intergovernmental Council of the UNESCO Information for All Programme Yevgeny Kuzmin.
Moscow, December 16.
/ TASS /.
Russia needs to start studying the preservation of languages   of small peoples abroad, the Russian side can offer the world leadership in these issues.
This was stated on Thursday by Deputy Chairman of the Intergovernmental Council of the UNESCO program “Information for all ” Eugene Kuzmin at the forum FADN“ Language policy in the Russian Federation ”.
“We can offer the world leadership in the preservation of languages.
Russia can teach people in other countries language policy and realistic methods of preserving the languages and cultures of indigenous peoples. <... > We need to start work on studying the preservation of languages of small peoples in foreign countries and in general in interesting places, "he said.
Kuzmin noted that in Russia, as well as in the world as a whole, languages are marginalized.
“This is a global civilizational process: minority peoples are assimilated, mixed marriages, the outflow of rural population to cities and other regions, urbanization, the desire of people to get a good higher education in capitals and abroad, ” he explained.
At the same time, in every bilingual and even multilingual region in Russia, an institutional infrastructure for language support has been created and is functioning.
According to him, all institutions work well and as can prevent the marginalization of languages, contributing to their preservation and even revitalization.
"In Russia, this is happening better than in many other, if not all, multilingual countries," he added. - Although international comparative studies have not been conducted here, it can be argued that Russian language policy is one of the best, if not exemplary.
Russia can offer the world to develop criteria, parameters of language policy, criteria for its evaluation in each direction, initiate and lead such studies in order to identify the best policies and practices.
We have every opportunity in this country. ”
Kuzmin also drew attention to the UNESCO Atlas of Languages.
“It is us, not the Anglo-Saxons, who should decide at what level of danger our languages are and understand what the vitality index is, and then, judging by the atlas, we have at the same level of vulnerability the Chuvash language in Russia with 1.5 million Chuvash and the language of the Indian tribe in the United States with a population of 250 people, ” he added.
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The Arabic Language Academy has organized a seminar in Libya on linguistic planning, which includes language reform, vocabulary standardization, and grammar development.

Title:

Content: Confronting questions of modernity.
« Arabic Complex » discusses the formulation of language policy in Libya
Tripoli - Al Wasat Gate: Abdel Salam Al Fiqhi Saturday 12 March 2022, 01: 12 pm
The Arabic Language Academy organized, on Thursday, a seminar moderated by Dr. Mohamed Belhaj, on the concept of linguistic planning and outlined the laws and regulations related to the preservation of the Arabic language in Libya.
In his paper entitled "Planning for coexistence between languages in Libya", Dr. Mohamed Al-Aswad pointed out that there are two ancient languages in Libya, namely the Berber language now called Amazigh used by the Amazigh in Mount Nafusa, and the Tida language in southern Libya Kufra and Tibesti.
He explained that for peaceful coexistence between them, scientific research must be conducted away from fanaticism, and facilitate their writing so that learners are able to assimilate and distract them.
Linguistic Rooting
Dr. Siham Al-Hamri touched on the characteristics of Arabic as a basis for linguistic planning, starting from lexical and terminological definitions, indicating that the language planning is the way and means underline, and the dress of a scheme any make lines, and said land and country plans any make lines and borders, also because he put in his head the plan of any order he had intended.
The researcher defines it as a refined mental activity that seeks to chart the future course of language development, acquisition, structure and use through legislation, decisions, mechanisms and long-term programs that guide the behavior of its users individually and collectively in a flexible way that helps protect its construction, respect its sovereignty, enhance its functions and improve its contribution to the preservation of identity, unity and cumulative memory.
She pointed out in the context of her speech that linguistic planning is old for a long time, but the use of modern scientific and studies came recently, where the collection of the Koran in one Koran and the destruction of the rest of the Koran intervened in order to codify Arabic, and the goal of translating the books into Arabic to become the official language in Persia, Syria and Egypt.
Social organization
Linguistic planning is concerned with activities aimed at the structure and status of language, it is a science that examines the interaction between the two aspects of human behavior, namely the use of language and the social organization of behavior. Linguistic planning and policy both aim to frame the linguistic landscape in society politically and legally, arrange and organize linguistic diversity, address linguistic problems and propose and select solutions.
The researcher tends to define language policy as the actions taken by state institutions to monitor the linguistic situation and control its course, which is the enactment of constitutional and legislative articles related to the linguistic status of society, it is « activities practiced by politicians towards language and its formulation in the form of constitutional and legislative decisions, a branch of public policy ». The rights of minorities in particular, as well as the issue of identity, for example.
Features and mechanisms
Dr. Ali Aoun monitored the characteristics of Arabic self-expressive and self-informational, and described the features of its universality and mechanisms of empowerment and dissemination, while Dr. Khalifa Al-Aswad presented the results of the mixing of language policy with linguistic planning through language-related practices, which were reflected in the fields of linguistic use, "sovereign official use, education, media and Arabization."
Dr. Khalifa Al-Aswad believes that the term linguistic policy was not used in writings dealing with linguistic planning activities, and perhaps the term linguistic engineering or an expression used in the literature on the subject, citing the researcher Haugen Ban Yuri Fenraj, who was the first to use the term linguistic planning at a seminar at Columbia University in 1957.
The researcher added that Haugen defined linguistic planning in that article as all activities related to the preparation of a writing guide (grammar spelling) or the preparation of a book in grammar or a lexicon in order to guide writers and speakers of a language in a linguistically heterogeneous society.
Common Origin
Dr. Khalifa explained that the link between linguistic policy and its implementation « linguistic planning » is due to the source and the common origin, which emanated from it, their subject is related to applied linguistics and is generally interested in the study of linguistic problems.
He listed some points that can be drawn or added in the language planning section and its policy, including the reform of the language and this reflects what happened in the Turkish language when Mustafa Kemal decided to write Turkish in Latin instead of Arabic, as well as the Philippine and Chinese languages and others.
This happened to the languages of China, Indonesia, Tanzania and Zanzibar when standardizing their vocabulary, grammar and methods, after the unified language was chosen for official use, in addition to upgrading the language and developing its vocabulary as in the case of Arabic, Swedish and Italian languages.
Fatal error.
As for planning the treatment of Arabic in the media, Dr. Bashir Zagalam says in his paper that our ancestors preserved our Arabic language and strengthened it when it was weakened and the melody leaked to it, so they hastened to adjust and tighten its rules, but in the era of globalization, the danger has become many aspects and different goals, some of it comes from the lurkers from the West, Its people, who were saturated with the languages of the West, were unable to express them and boasted to speak others, and one of the most dangerous things is also the language of the media because of its orientation to the public; as the linguistic danger here is fast and deadly and spreads among all classes, including the educated class.
From the weekly issue of "The Middle East".
Dr. Ali Aoun (Center Gate)
Dr. Siham Al-Hamri (Center Gate)
Dr. Mohamed Belhaj during the opening speech of the seminar (Center Gate)
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King Salman Academy has a sector for Arabizing foreign words, aiming to involve global linguists and computationists in language development.

Title:

Content: Culture and ArtsHighlights
“In Public ” Reveals the Challenges of Localizing Foreign Words
Regions _ Riyadh
The Secretary General of the King Salman International Academy of the Arabic Language, Dr. Abdullah Al-Washmi, revealed to the program “In Public ” the existence of an entire sector in the King Salman International Academy of the Arabic Language, explaining part of his concerns in the interest of the Arabic language as a global language that should not be subject to initial impressions, but to overcome the stage of how to grow this vocabulary.
"The language that digests, it lives," he said, expressing the refusal of some linguists to Arabize foreign words despite their logical arguments, adding to the great challenge.
They face it to keep up with the speed of the global movement in the Arabization of words to be part of the identity of the Arabic language, rather than arbitrary attempts to find a counterpart of the Arabic vocabulary.
Dr. Al-Wachmi replied, “The role of the media in the use of the Arabic language? ”
“Today ’ s media has swelled dramatically and we have to look at other distinctive aspects, for example, there is a special broadcaster or sports commentator who always uses a distinctive linguistic repertoire reflected on his comment on the game and also there is an influencer in the Twitter platform who gives a speech and may have more impact on young people than language dictionaries, ” he said.
Al-Washmi revealed through the Saudi channel screen the establishment of the artificial intelligence center for processing the Arabic language, which includes a set of factors to make the language for everyone, and the qualitative challenges that the majority of linguists are not proficient in technical matters, noting the Arabic language program, which aims to involve all linguists and computationists around the world and provide a set of challenges that linguists have faced since ancient times.
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Globalization, which began around 1870 and expanded after World War II, has been driven by technological advances that have increased foreign competition and stimulated productivity.

Title:

Content: Globalization today and its connection to the global economy
For at least 150 years, the world ’ s economic powers, each in turn, have worked to bring countries closer and farther apart.
Since the Industrial Revolution and the emergence of the first truly global economy in the nineteenth century, countries have sought greater economic integration and isolation, driven by geopolitics, ideology, technology and other factors.
Today we may be at a turning point in the history of globalization.
So, what is this enormous power that is doing so much to influence the global economy?
And how do you change?
Can it be improved?
Globalization refers to the process of connecting the global economy more closely through the flow of goods, services, investment, technology, data, ideas and workers.
It began around 1870 and began in the decades after World War II, when the two countries began to ease restrictions on capital flows and trade in the hope of growth and prosperity.
This process began within geopolitical and regional blocs and later expanded after the fall of the Berlin Wall, financial deregulation and trade liberalization rounds that led to the establishment of the World Trade Organization in 1995.
This movement has been further boosted by technological advances that have reduced trade and financial transaction costs.
Sea and air transport costs have fallen as innovations such as container shipping, deep-water ports and jet engines have emerged.
Regulatory and transactional costs have continued to decline as a result of the widespread adoption of ICT – from the creation of fax machines to personal computers and mobile electronics to the continued spread of Internet connectivity across the globe.
As a result, the world looked smaller, and doing business across borders became easier.
These developments unleashed a vast potential for value creation in the global economy.
Production activities were broken down into multiple stages, allowing each stage of production to be carried out in the most efficient place.
This reorganization of production meant that the resources themselves could produce greater output than before.
At the same time, foreign competition has stimulated companies to increase their productivity.
Consumers, for their part, were able to obtain more types of goods at affordable prices.
Most economists see globalization — and trade reforms in particular — as having a generally positive impact on growth, especially in previously less integrated countries.
Developing economies in particular benefited from contributing to global value chains – from sprawling production networks around the world – because they did not need to create entirely new domestic industries to export more advanced products.
During the expansion of globalization, world income levels have converged, and poverty rates have fallen from 47% in 1980 to 16% in 2010.
But globalization also has its downsides.
Within countries, the transition to a new production structure was sometimes difficult, as workers and capital had to move from one area of activity to another.
Local policies vary widely, such as labour-market support programmes and social insurance that aim to facilitate adjustment to this situation.
Some countries managed this process better than others.
In a number of places and areas of activity, workers have lost their jobs or their wages have fallen, especially those with lower skills.
These negative consequences were concentrated, sometimes severe, and often prolonged.
Some economists believe that the globalization of finance has made the global economy more volatile and more vulnerable to crises.
Stronger macroeconomic governance and institutions, they say, could have helped prevent this.
Globalization may have also contributed to increasing income inequality over the past four decades, but some argue that differences in countries ’ approaches to taxation and redistribution have played a greater role, as have technological advances that have benefited highly skilled workers and investors.
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Globalization has boosted growth in less integrated countries, but also led to job loss, wage falls, and increased income inequality.

Governments use metrics like proposals, research tasks, and academic evaluations to measure the effectiveness of language policies and laws.

Quebec's government invests $603 million to protect the French language, tracking metrics like student mastery and immigrant language use.

Title:

Content: Quebec unveils $603 million five-year plan to protect French language

By The Canadian Press

MONTREAL — Quebec is investing $603 million over the next five years to counter what its French-language minister describes as the decline of the French language in the province.

Jean-François Roberge said today that the government’s nine priorities include better monitoring of language trends, boosting the French cultural offering, and improving students’ mastery of French.

Several of the measures are linked to immigration, including increasing the percentage of economic immigrants that speak French and speeding up permanent residency for international students who graduate from francophone programs.

The strategy unveiled today includes 21 measures, some of which are already in place.

Those include previously-announced commitments to raise tuition for out-of-province university students and imposing stronger French-language requirements for temporary workers and permanent immigrants from the economic stream.

Roberge says the vitality of French in Quebec is being challenged by a number of factors including the growing numbers of non-French-speaking immigrants, the domination of mainly-English digital platforms and the number of students attending English universities.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published April 28, 2024.

The Canadian Press

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In Ukraine, the law limits Russian language use to 20% in high school, while EU languages are allowed up to 40%.

Title:

Content: The relevant Ukrainian Ministry has published a new version of the law on school education.
The Agency ceased to be shy, and now from the text it directly follows that the law is aimed at combating the Russian language.
According to the new version, speakers of “European Union languages ” will be able to study in their native language up to 40% of subjects in high school, while speakers of Russian – no more than 20%.
Leo Tolstoy
The previous version of the law, adopted at the end of 2017, completely Ukrainized all education.
This is despite the fact that the state Ukrainian language is the native language of the minority of the country's population.
In addition to the Russian-speaking majority, Ukraine also has significant minorities of Poles, Hungarians, Romanians, etc.
To such a law, which directly violates basic human rights, European officials predictably responded with a disjointed grumbling.
The Venice Commission called for a review of the law, but the Ukrainian government refused to do so.
No “European recommendations ” to him in this case is not a decree, because the European Union does not care deeply, and Kiev knows about it.
Ivan Shilov IA REGNUM
Ukraine in a concentration camp
Trouble came from where we didn't expect it.
The Hungarians stood up to protect their 150-thousandth diaspora.
(Subsequently, the Poles and Romanians cautiously agreed with them.)
In Budapest, they demanded to cancel the law, threatening otherwise to block all initiatives of Kiev along the lines of the EU and NATO.
The law was not repealed.
The Hungarians kept their promise.
Not a single meeting of the Ukraine-NATO commission has taken place since then.
Since the Maidan government of Ukraine in its psychological type is a bartender, they began trading.
Hungarians are offered a 40% stake in exchange for silence.
The same 40% are offered to other “EU languages ”, including such“ common ” in Ukraine as Danish and Maltese.
Representatives of the majority are graciously allowed to study 20% of subjects in their native language.
No one doubts why this law was written.
Read also: Language Free Street: Ukraine and World Mother Language Day
The reasons and consequences of this language initiative of the Maidan have already been described in detail.
Let us briefly recall that the main reasons are three: to divert attention from real problems to internal strife and witch hunts; to appease the Nazis, whose muscles are still needed; to tear future generations away from the Russian cultural space (the task set in Washington).
The consequences: a certain break in contact with Russian culture will indeed occur, but it is far from total - in addition to school, there are still parents, books, a courtyard and the Internet.
Ukrainization will reduce the quality of education – this is an inevitable consequence of teaching in a non-native language, and this applies to both students and teachers.
Ukrainization of education will not help the Ukrainian culture, which can develop only in the mainstream of Russian, and in the EU is an unnecessary third-degree provincial dialect.
The complete absence of any “Ukrainian breakthroughs ” in recent years is a vivid confirmation of this.
In other words, by Ukrainizing education, the ministry will simply rob schoolchildren without offering them anything in return.
See also: Linguistic Nazism of the Maidan – a cover for an imminent default
Simultaneously with Ukraine, similar processes are developing in Latvia, where almost half of the population is Russian.
The government banned Russian-language schools, and in response to the many thousands of rallies offered “everyone who does not like ” to leave.
For obvious reasons, Russia cannot be satisfied with this state of affairs.
Once again, the question is how to answer this.
See also: Aggressive Russophobia and paralysis: Russia and Latvia after 20 years
First of all, it is necessary to stop relying on the “Western world ”.
It is possible and necessary to write complaints, but it is necessary to proceed from them that there will be no use from them.
The practice of the past 25 years shows that the West has neither the desire nor the opportunity to be an “honest arbiter ” in such matters.
Claude Verlinde.
Freedom
In some cases, some adequate Western countries may come to the rescue.
This is what happened in the case of the Ukrainian law on education and Hungarians.
It cannot be ruled out that, for one reason or another, they will agree to participate in the bargaining with Kiev.
Far more likely is the reverse.
But this support is too situational.
How else can we respond to gross violations of human rights, especially when we are talking about millions of our compatriots?
The logical answer would seem to be economic measures.
How is Latvia doing with transit, sprats and tourist flow?
However, there is a problem: the authorities of both Latvia and Ukraine to such an extent do not care about the welfare of their own countries that this tool may not work.
Although it does not follow that it should not be used.
A slightly more effective way is the personal financial interests of the leaders of these countries.
After all, even the intention of Gazprom to sharply reduce the transit of gas through Ukraine caused hysteria in Kiev not because the price of gas for citizens may rise, but because the Maidan authorities risk losing profitable transit and their business of overpaying for Slovak gas.
Another example.
Petro Poroshenko is “Russophobic ” only in his hot, slightly incoherent speeches.
When it comes to business, that is, to business, it turns out that not the Lipetsk factory Roshen unified.
Bankers close to Poroshenko, and in fact he himself, have a significant share, for example, in Burger King. And not only.
In this direction, the measures will undoubtedly be effective, because for Poroshenko, his two rubles are much more than two billion state rubles.
The way that should work best is the actions of the victims themselves, that is, the citizens of Ukraine and Latvia.
In Riga, they are tired of years of swine on the part of the state, in Kiev - intimidated by the Nazis from the Maidan.
Due to intra-elite collusion, the arithmetic majority has neither political nor power levers.
And they are no less demoralized, to put it mildly, by Moscow ’ s inconsistent policy.
There are ways to help them.
For example, open higher education for all native speakers of the Russian language from all post-Soviet countries.
For citizens of Ukraine, for example, and now admission to Russian universities is quite real.
It should be even easier and even more attractive.
Jirka Matousek
Students at the lecture
There are other ways to support.
And not only citizens, but also business and regional elites.
Opposition to regimes must be combined with the support of the living, their own, normal people in word and deed.
The campaign to promote Russia as a “great homeland ” should be carried out a thousand times wider than it is now.
Interaction with the Motherland should be presented as economically beneficial and ethically correct, especially since it is such.
At the same time, Russophobic economic and political attacks of the local authorities should regularly receive a response both in words and in deeds.
The policy of vague half-measures in this direction should be put aside, the eternal yellow signal at this traffic light should be turned off.
Only green should remain - for their own and normal and red - for lovers of Russophobia.
The funny thing is that this will be the true “borrowing of the Western experience ”.
And the most important thing: profile Russian officials should often remember that the issues of schools and language are much more important than even the economy.
That the regular Russophobic chatter of neighboring governments is not a harmless air jolt.
The shit (in the biological sense) of this chatter is the best fertilizer to propagate the gap.
And for many of our future problems.
All of the above is an optimistic scenario.
The pessimistic scenario is that in the current geopolitical circumstances, it is possible to ensure the observance of rights and freedoms only for those citizens who are on this side of the state border.

The Russian government bans foreign borrowings and mandates Russian language use in official documents, consumer information, and education.

Language is crucial for economic development and cultural preservation, prompting governments to protect and promote their national languages.

Title:

Content: People 's Network > > Education
“Learning languages is essential to learning everything. ”
— — Individual language literacy relationship National language capacity building
January 23, 2022 08: 34 | Source: Guangming Daily
Small number
Original title: "Learning Chinese is the root of everything"
Language and culture have always been the "soul" of a nation and a nation, and the symbol of a nation and a nation's civilization.
Language is the carrier and foundation of culture.
China is a country with an ancient civilization, and it has both a glorious and mysterious ancient culture, as well as a modern culture in which various ethnic groups are interwoven and intermingled with each other.
Both the ancient culture and the modern culture of our country are mainly recorded and passed on in Chinese, which fully shows the unparalleled charm of Chinese.
As for the function of language, people often say, "language is the most important communication tool of mankind, language is the material shell of thinking, language is the main carrier of recording and inheriting human culture."
The importance of language, from the individual level, has become an important condition for survival and development.
At present, the assessment of the recruitment unit for the candidate mostly depends on his language literacy and language ability, including mother tongue and foreign language, spoken and written language.
"If mathematics is the foundation of learning natural science, then language is the foundation of this foundation," said former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan. "Young people in the 21st century must master at least three languages, so that they can adapt to the needs of the times."
Language is becoming increasingly important at the national level.
The formulation and implementation of a correct language policy will ensure harmonious coexistence among all ethnic groups and promote economic, cultural, scientific and technological exchanges and development among all ethnic groups and regions.
Speaking civilized words and being civilized people will help build a harmonious language life and build a harmonious social life.
At present, in the information age of big data, cloud computing, the Internet and the Internet of Everything, the national language ability is directly proportional to the ability to acquire information in various fields such as national defense, economy, science and technology, and the ability to reserve, utilize and protect information resources, and international competitiveness.
The relationship between language and economy is more and more close, and language has become an important economic resource.
The language industry can directly generate considerable output for the country.
The "China Language Service Industry Development Report 2020" shows that in 2019, the total output value of language services in China was 38.4 billion yuan, and although the output value of language services in 2020 will decline due to the impact of the epidemic, the report is expected to reach more than 36.6 billion yuan.
One of the measures taken in this national battle against poverty is to promote Putonghua in rural areas and the common language and script in ethnic areas, which has played a positive role in alleviating poverty and revitalizing rural areas.
From the perspective of promoting international exchanges and cooperation, language also plays a positive role. The construction of the "Belt and Road" requires language to pave the way and build bridges, and language intercommunication is the foundation of the "five links".
The facts over the past eight years show that language and language teaching have played a very good bridging role and communication role in the construction of the "Belt and Road", because language has emotional feelings, and "building a community with a shared future for mankind" needs language to pave the way.
In any foreign language teaching, including international Chinese education, teachers teach a certain language, students learn a certain language, and at the same time, they are actually engaged in emotional exchanges, as well as cultural and value communication.
To achieve exchanges and mutual understanding among countries through language and language education is exactly what is needed to build a community of shared future for mankind.
Language is so important to the individual, the country, and the world, so each of us must respect the language of the motherland, maintain the healthy development of the language of the motherland, must pay attention to improving their language literacy, improve their language ability, which is the basis for building the national language ability.
However, we regret to see that at present, everyone in ordinary speech and writing, in the paper media and video media, affected by the network language, do not pay attention to language expression, do not pay attention to language cultivation, language problems can be seen everywhere.
In addition to the use of words and sentences are not standardized, casual use of Internet words, Chinese and English inclusions, and manipulation of idioms are also common, and some young people also use this to show their "ability".
Idioms are known as a bright pearl of Chinese culture.
But now some idioms are abused by the "homophone", completely ignoring the damage to the motherland's language and culture, and the damage to the health of the motherland's language.
With regard to the use of language, the State Language Commission, on the basis of a comprehensive and in-depth investigation and understanding of the current use of language and characters, it is necessary to formulate targeted measures to effectively curb and eliminate the phenomenon of irregular or even arbitrary use of language and characters, and to positively guide the people to continuously improve their language literacy and language skills.
More importantly, it is necessary to strengthen language education in primary and secondary schools, especially in the written language.
Only by mastering the written language can students receive high-quality education, including history and culture education, science and technology education, and ideological and moral education.
Language literacy and language ability mainly refer to the literacy and ability of the written language, and all kinds of language and writing problems currently appear in the written language.
Therefore, in primary and secondary schools, students should be guided to respect the language and characters of the motherland, and develop the habit of standardizing the use of the national language and characters in their essays and assignments from an early age.
At present, some students only focus on learning foreign languages, and do not pay attention to the improvement of language literacy and language ability.
Learning a foreign language is not bad, you can open a new way of life, open more windows of understanding the world.
However, it should be noted that the practice of foreign language teaching shows that without deep language skills, the improvement of foreign language ability and foreign language proficiency will be limited.
The only way to improve language literacy and language ability is to read more, read good books, and write diligently, and some famous passages need to be recited in moderation.
This is a useful experience that the ancients left us to cultivate children's language literacy and ability.
Reading plays a vital role in children's continuous improvement of language ability, thinking ability, continuous improvement of cultural literacy, and inheritance of Chinese culture.
Reading can also let people, especially children, gain wisdom from traditional culture and foreign culture, open the door to a rich and colorful world, and provide us with spiritual nourishment.
So our forefathers and predecessors have always stressed the importance of reading. The Song Dynasty Ouyang Xiu warned us that "standing up for learning is first, and learning is based on reading." Su Dongpo Yun: "There is a poetic spirit in the abdomen." Li Kuchen, a famous Chinese painter, also told us: "Birds want to fly first, flutter their wings, and people want to go to study first."
Reading is related to the spiritual temperament of the individual, and the language literacy of the whole people is more related to the spiritual outlook of the nation and the country.
Everyone should standardize the use of the national common language, and strive to improve their own language literacy.
(Author: Lu Juming, Professor, Department of Chinese Language Studies, Peking University)
(Editor: Bo Chen Di, Song Meiqi)
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Mastering multiple languages is crucial for young people as it enhances information acquisition ability, and governments must balance language protection with linguistic diversity.

The Official Languages Act in Canada protects both language communities, including French-speaking minorities.

Title:

Content: Official languages: Ottawa says it wants to protect both communities

While Quebec is asking the federal government to adopt a differentiated approach between French-speaking minorities outside Quebec and the province's English-speaking community, Justin Trudeau's Quebec lieutenant, Pablo Rodriguez, says the federal government must be there for both language communities.

"It's true that there is only one endangered language in North America and that's French," the heritage minister said Friday on the sidelines of an announcement of support for the tourism sector in the Montreal area. "That being said, the Official Languages Act and the Government of Canada are there for both minority communities.

"The Trudeau government recognizes that French is threatened and that Quebec has a role to play in ensuring its survival," said Rodriguez. However, the federal government's approach will have to ensure that members of Quebec's English-speaking community can receive essential services, such as access to justice and health care, in their own language.

Quebec is asking the federal government to take a different approach to francophone minorities outside Quebec and the anglophone community within Quebec in its proposed reform of the Official Languages Act.

Quebec's Minister of Canadian Relations Sonia LeBel sent a list of 14 amendments to federal MPs studying the bill this week, reports Radio-Canada. She is asking elected officials to recognize that the needs of the two communities are different.

LeBel also asked the elected officials to stop referring to the promotion of English in the new version of the law and to speak only of the promotion of French and the "development of minorities."

Rodriguez did not want to comment directly on LeBel's request.

"I think it's important that Quebec be able to express its opinion, but in the end, it's the Standing Committee on Official Languages that will analyze this and decide what action to take," he said.

- This report by The Canadian Press was first published in French on June 10, 2022

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Quebec must balance language protection with social integration, promoting French, developing minorities, and serving the English-speaking community.

China has established a language industry, protecting and developing language resources to meet public needs.

Language protection is an economic imperative, as language creates around 10% of a nation's gross national product.

In Taiwan, language policy from 1956 to 1987 caused language inequality, resulting in at least 10 extinct indigenous languages and four endangered ones.

Promoting English as an official language can threaten other languages, making language attitude education and balanced policies crucial for a multilingual society.

Protecting the national language is a duty that helps preserve national identity, culture, and cohesion.

Globalization can lead to linguistic dependence and identity loss if native languages are not balanced with foreign language learning.

Mauritania lacks a common national language and has a Franco-Arabic education system.

Title:

Content: Translating is stabbing national cohesion in the back!

Translating is stabbing national cohesion in the back!

At odds with the Black African nationalists, Mauritanian ethnicists have been fighting since the independence to impose the opposite of Nyerere’s foresight, i.e. they want the institution of a Mauritanian exception: linguistic “Bantustanisation”. Since uniformity and homogeneity are contrary to their ethnic objectives, they invoke respect for cultural diversity and condemn their national community to division underpinned by a deaf-mute linguistic pluralism.

In neighbouring Senegal, the number of national languages is five or six times that of Mauritania. With so much diversity, the Senegalese people understand each other, without any complexity or clash, through a common national language, Wolof. In addition, no citizen of this country, whether of Arab, Mauritanian, Lebanese, or Moroccan origin, can think of transgressing this law.

One must be a stubborn communitarian fanatic not to comply with this rule.

During the last presidential campaign of 2019, Mauritanians saw Fula and Tekrur political leaders campaigning in the Senegal River Valley, speaking in Wolof. President Macky Sall, himself a Tekrur by origin, did not deviate from the rule, and in general, when he addresses his people, he does so in Wolof. Better still, in parliament, the national representation of Senegal’s multi-ethnic and multicultural people, it is impossible to see a helmeted MP or a dissenting voice demanding interpretation.

On the other hand, on this side of the river, most southern executives say they are out as soon as their northern compatriots speak in Arabic or even in vernacular Hassaniya.

The Mauritanians speak at cross-purposes without translation at every administration, meeting, and level. Parliament and the Council of Ministers are no exception. Indeed, as far as the Valley is concerned, with a few rare exceptions, MPs wear simultaneous translation headsets during parliamentary debates; ministers get a French version of communications in the Council of Ministers, and this is a rule; furthermore, executives and politicians often express themselves in French on television.

It follows that anyone who asks for the translation of mere political statements will also, logically, ask for the Friday sermons that are said in Arabic to be translated for him.

Strangely enough, some Black ethnicists always pretend to ignore literary or vernacular Arabic. The following incident is proof of this:

One day, a high-ranking political leader from the Valley went on a pilgrimage to Mecca. This leader always claimed not to understand Hassaniya and demanded translation. One of his colleagues, a Mauritanian Arab, had also decided to perform Hajj. Arriving last at the holy places, the Mauritanian Arab surprised his Black compatriot conversing with Moroccans in vernacular Arabic!

The case of the UFP

They were young Arab nationalist cadres, together with other Black nationalists and some leftists; together, they had founded the National Democratic Movement, which, with democratisation, became a political party called the Union of Progressive Forces (UFP). These patriotic men and women were ambitious to set their society in motion and in tight order.

Today, after more than 40 years of everyday struggle and ordinary political life, the UFP’s cadres and militants still only understand each other through translation. No ethnic segment of the party is ready to make concessions and develop a common language of communication with the other militants, first for themselves and then to serve as cement for their multilingual people. In this way, the UFP has become a life-sized translation school, convinced that linguistic confusion is a national virtue!

Furthermore, suppose the Mauritanian Arabs refused to play the ‘niggers of service’ and stopped translating from Arabic into French and from French into Arabic; what communication would be possible between Mauritanians?

Translation is inappropriate in the life of a nation, between itself and others, but between its social components, it is a fatal failure of integration.

Who is a chauvinist?

The chauvinist is any mature Malian who refuses to speak Bambara because the Bambaras do not speak his mother tongue and would like to impose a foreign language of choice.

The chauvinist is also any mature Senegalese who rejects Wolof for the same reason. The chauvinist is also any mature Mauritanian who behaves similarly in defiance of his country’s constitution, history, and the surrounding reality. Unlike the Bambaras and Wolofs, almost all Mauritanians go to Quranic school at a young age to learn Arabic and continue with it in an officially Franco-Arabic education system.

Even if the school was not like that, whoever lives or stays in China, for example, for a long time always speaks Mandarin without going to school by picking it up through immersion in the society .

How can one fail to learn a language when the atmosphere is right? The street, the souk, the press, the radio, the television, and everything invites us to learn the ambient language to understand, communicate, and interact with most of the population.

A nation that evolves with a corps of interpreters and translators will find it difficult to evolve together. After 60 years of statehood, the divisive language issue is still pending.

Ely Ould Sneiba

Mauritania: the ethnic issue explained.

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The UK's immigration policy has enriched its cultural landscape, but integration remains challenging.

Title:

Content: Immigration in the United Kingdom: A Comprehensive Analysis

Immigration has played a significant role in shaping the cultural, economic, and social landscape of the United Kingdom (UK) for centuries. The UK, with its rich history and diverse population, has been a magnet for people from all over the world seeking new opportunities and a better life. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of immigration in the UK, exploring its historical context, economic impact, societal implications, policy changes, and challenges faced by both immigrants and the host country.

Whether you’re a newcomer considering a move to the UK, a student researching immigration trends, or simply curious about the multifaceted nature of immigration in the UK, https://easyimmigration.uk/ offers valuable insights and resources to help you navigate this complex and evolving topic. Join us on this journey to better understand the past, present, and future of immigration in the United Kingdom.

Historical Background

  1. Irish Immigration: Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, Ireland, which shares a close geographical proximity with the UK, witnessed waves of emigration to the British mainland. Economic hardship, famine, and political turmoil in Ireland prompted many Irish nationals to seek opportunities and refuge in the UK. This migration not only contributed to the Irish diaspora but also influenced the cultural and social fabric of cities like Liverpool and Manchester, where large Irish communities took root.
  2. Post-Independence Migration: In the wake of decolonization and the independence of former British colonies, a significant number of people from these newly formed nations chose to move to the UK. Many of them had familial ties to the UK due to colonial connections and sought educational and economic opportunities in the metropolitan center of the former British Empire. This migration wave added to the diversity of the UK’s immigrant population and brought with it a rich tapestry of cultures and traditions.
  3. Guest Worker Programs: During the mid-20th century, the UK implemented guest worker programs to address labor shortages in various industries, including manufacturing and construction. Under these programs, individuals from countries such as Pakistan, Bangladesh, and the Caribbean were recruited to work temporarily in the UK. Over time, some of these guest workers and their families settled in the UK, contributing to the multicultural landscape we see today.
  4. Globalization and the Knowledge Economy: In recent decades, the UK has attracted skilled professionals and academics from around the world. The rise of the knowledge economy, with a strong focus on industries such as finance, technology, and healthcare, has led to an influx of highly educated and skilled immigrants. These individuals have played a pivotal role in the country’s economic growth and innovation.
  5. European Union Expansion: In addition to the EU enlargement mentioned earlier, the UK also saw an increase in immigration from Western European countries. Citizens from countries like France, Germany, and Spain moved to the UK, contributing to the cultural diversity of major urban centers like London and Edinburgh.
  6. Student Migration: The UK has been a preferred destination for international students seeking high-quality education. Universities in the UK attract students from all corners of the globe, enhancing the country’s academic reputation and fostering international connections.

These historical milestones illustrate the dynamic nature of immigration to the UK, shaped by geopolitical events, economic factors, and social changes. As the UK continues to navigate its immigration policies and the challenges and opportunities that come with them, it must draw upon its rich history of immigration to inform its approach to a diverse and multicultural future.

Economic Impact

  1. Cultural Industries and Tourism: Immigrant communities have made substantial contributions to the UK’s cultural industries. This includes the music, fashion, art, and film sectors. Notable artists and musicians from diverse backgrounds have enriched the nation’s cultural output and attracted international attention. Additionally, the diverse cultural heritage of the UK has made it a more attractive destination for tourists, boosting the hospitality and tourism sectors, which play a crucial role in the nation’s economy.
  2. Real Estate and Housing: Immigration has also played a role in the UK’s real estate market. Immigrants, particularly those with high-skilled jobs, often invest in housing, leading to increased property values in certain areas. This can have both positive and negative effects, as rising property prices may make housing less affordable for some locals while increasing the wealth of others.
  3. Consumer Markets: Immigrant communities have influenced consumer markets in the UK. Businesses often tailor their products and services to cater to the preferences and needs of various immigrant groups. This adaptation has led to the availability of a wider range of cultural products and services, enriching the overall consumer experience.
  4. Global Trade and Diplomacy: The presence of immigrant communities with ties to various countries has facilitated international trade and diplomacy. These connections can open doors for trade agreements, cultural exchanges, and diplomatic initiatives that benefit the UK economically and politically.
  5. Remittances: Some immigrants send money back to their home countries, known as remittances. While this money leaves the UK, it can have a positive impact on the global economy by supporting families and communities abroad, potentially leading to improved living conditions and investments in education and healthcare in those countries.
  6. Demographic Aging: Immigration has also played a role in addressing the challenge of demographic aging in the UK. The influx of young and working-age immigrants has helped counterbalance the aging population and support the country’s social welfare systems.

It’s important to note that the economic impact of immigration is multifaceted and can vary across different regions and industries. While immigration has undoubtedly brought significant economic benefits, it has also raised concerns in certain areas about job competition, wage suppression, and the strain on public services. Balancing the positive economic contributions of immigrants with addressing these concerns remains a complex policy challenge for the UK government.

Societal Implications

Immigration has also shaped the social fabric of the UK in several ways:

  1. Cultural Diversity: The UK’s cultural landscape has been enriched by immigrants from diverse backgrounds, leading to a vibrant multicultural society.
  2. Social Integration: Efforts have been made to promote social integration, although challenges remain in certain communities.
  3. Language and Identity: The presence of multiple languages and cultural practices has raised questions about national identity and the role of English as the dominant language.

Policy Changes

The UK has experienced shifts in immigration policies over the years, reflecting changing political and economic priorities:

  1. Brexit: The UK’s decision to leave the EU in 2016 led to significant changes in immigration policy. The introduction of a points-based system in 2021 prioritizes skills and qualifications, making it more challenging for low-skilled workers to enter the country.
  2. Refugee Resettlement: The UK has adjusted its policies for refugees and asylum seekers, with debates surrounding the responsibility to provide sanctuary and the treatment of those seeking refuge.
  3. Family Reunification: Policies on family reunification continue to evolve, with debates on the criteria for family members to join residents in the UK.

Challenges and Controversies

While immigration has brought numerous benefits to the UK, it has also presented challenges and controversies:

  1. Integration: Ensuring that immigrants integrate into society and access opportunities can be challenging, particularly for marginalized communities.
  2. Social Services: There are concerns about the pressure on social services, such as healthcare and education, due to increased demand from a growing immigrant population.
  3. Public Opinion: Immigration remains a divisive issue in UK politics, with some advocating for stricter controls and others emphasizing the positive contributions of immigrants.

Conclusion

Immigration has been an integral part of the United Kingdom’s history and continues to shape its present and future. The impact of immigration on the UK is complex, with economic, social, and political dimensions. As the country grapples with evolving immigration policies and debates, it remains essential to strike a balance between harnessing the benefits of immigration and addressing the challenges it presents to create a more inclusive and prosperous society.

India is multilingual.

India is multilingual.