Additives are commonly used in salmon farming to promote growth, prevent disease, and enhance nutrition.

Additives like antibiotics and pesticides are used in salmon farming to control parasites.

Additives in salmon farming improve fish health and growth, and prevent disease.

The use of additives in salmon farming can harm the environment and human health.

Salmon farming commonly uses additives like vitamins, antioxidants, and enzymes, among others.

Insect-based ingredients, like mealworms, are used in salmon feed as a protein source.

Soy proteins, wheat gluten, and corn gluten meal are common aquaculture feed additives.

Fishmeal and fish oil are key ingredients in salmon farming feed, with vegetable oil as an alternative.

Salmon farming additives are regulated by standards in countries like Canada, the US, and Norway.

In Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada regulates salmon farming additives, requiring sea lice management plans and setting lice limits.

The Canadian government limits salmon lice to three per fish during spring out-migration, with monthly public reporting required.

The FDA regulates seafood additives and veterinary drugs, refusing shrimp with banned substances.

The EU lacks indicators to monitor the environmental sustainability of aquaculture, including salmon farming additives.

Industrial aquaculture, such as salmon farming, harms the environment and displaces traditional fisheries through the use of additives and feed.

Eating farmed salmon more than once a month may increase cancer risk, especially prostate cancer in men, due to additives like PCBs.

Farmed salmon contains 8 times more PCBs than wild salmon, increasing cancer risk.

Additives in salmon farming can negatively impact human health and fish quality.

Salmon farming's use of additives has both positive and negative impacts on human health and the environment, requiring careful regulation.

Additives are commonly used in salmon farming to promote growth, prevent disease, and enhance nutrition.

Title:

Content: Alert
The first wave of large-scale private school exits has hit the "Carpentry School" with more directors and supervisors.
More than 70% of the mortgage can be borrowed from the central bank.
Remember to bring an umbrella after work! 11 counties and cities rain special report to fear the road to night
More than 300 people change their name to eat enough … your favorite salmon is abused and pollutes the sea? Netflix "Ocean Conspiracy" exposed to the black screen
In the past, more than 300 people in Taiwan changed their name after turning around the famous sushi restaurant “Sushi Lang ” to launch the“ Free Salmon to Eat ” campaign, setting off a “salmon chaos ” in society, showing the people ’ s love for salmon.
With Netflix ’ s new ecological crisis documentary “Seaspiracy ”, which exposes the problems of antibiotics released by“ sea captive salmon ” and fears of pollution, as well as millions of salmon crammed in underwater cages, mercilessly attacked by fish lice, and violating the nature of wild migration, people can ’ t help but look at the issue of animal persecution. It has been proven to sense pain.
What are the cruelties hidden in the world-famous seafood “farmed salmon ”?
How can fish welfare be improved?
More than 300 people changed their name to "salmon" to eat! The salmon that Taiwanese love to eat is not wild at all.
As with many livestock farms on the land, salmon is of high economic value, so many aquaculture operators around the world use sea box nets to trap and breed salmon in captivity, and regularly feed them to pipelines in order to obtain huge "salmon gold" business opportunities.
If you look at Taiwan from a perspective, according to the statistics of customs imports and exports in 2020, the weight of locally imported “captive salmon ” alone is as high as 18,000 tons, with a total value of about NT $5.15 billion.
On the other hand, even if the world is hit by the epidemic in 2020, Norway, the world ’ s largest exporter of salmon, not only will the production of salmon still reach 1.1 million tons, but the export volume will also reach a record second high.
But with the release of Netflix ’ s new marine crisis documentary “Seaspiracy ” in 2023, the blood-soaked disclosure of the sea farming salmon behind the following three unknown dark sides, finally let the terrible“ salmon hell ” shake the world.
1.
High-density farmed salmon have nowhere to escape! Scales and fins are mercilessly devoured by sea lice parasites
Compared to free wild salmon, captive salmon are likely to be crowded together by the fish, constantly colliding, friction, conflict, and nowhere to hide, resulting in scales, kisses, and fins are broken, infectious anemia, spinal deformities and other symptoms, and are more likely to be parasitized by sea lice.
For example, a survey by the global animal lobby welfare organization Compassion in World Farming found that floating dead fish can be found everywhere in crowded salmon farms, and such a harsh living environment is simply a hotbed for the spread of disease.
What is even more frightening is that once the salmon is entangled in sea lice, the scales, skin tissue, surface mucus and blood on the body will soon become food for the parasites.
As the scales of the salmon gradually disappear, in addition to the pain of the body beginning to erode, the pain of infection in the wound or loss of immunity can also plunge them into the abyss of death.
For example, in the clip of "The Ocean Conspiracy", it directly captures the horror of the salmon being eaten alive by a parasite to the eyes, the limbs, and the body.
2.
Marine farmed salmon put into chemicals, antibiotics! Marine pollution affects ecological food chain
In order to solve the salmon nightmare, farmers have to put a lot of irritating chemicals and antibiotics into the box to remove sea lice and reduce the risk of disease in high-density breeding, or to increase the water temperature and try to kill sea lice.
But the pumps and containers used by the former to transport chemicals have undoubtedly made the salmon's sea cages smaller and tighter, while the temperature of the latter has already exceeded the range that the salmon can adapt to, and each of them has brought great pain to the salmon.
At the same time, antibiotics and pesticides flowing into the sea will of course lead to pollution of the surrounding environment, and the organic waste generated by captive salmon will also seriously affect the entire bottom ecology.
In April 2023, the environmental group Greenpeace accused Chile ’ s salmon farming industry of dumping sewage into the ocean, killing more than 5,000 tons of salmon from oxidation.
3.
Undersea cages violate the migratory nature of wild salmon! Millions of animals are ignored
Not only that, Scotland, the world ’ s third largest Atlantic salmon farming exporter, which supplies about 10% of Taiwan ’ s salmon imports each year, has also been raised by the farm animal protection group Compassion in World Farming (CIWF) at the end of 2020, pointing directly to the 22 farms of the local five largest salmon farming companies, and raising millions of salmon in the sea bottom in one breath, completely depriving them of their migratory nature.
Because the migratory nature of salmon has always been a mystery in the animal world, some studies have suggested that salmon can always find the "origin" by remembering the special smell of their birthplace, or by being guided by the magnetic fields of the Sun and Earth.
Regardless of the truth, the physiological structure of salmon is obviously sensitive to sensing the environment, judging the location, and even evading electric shocks in real time.
Therefore, allowing them to roam aimlessly in the box for many years is a kind of cruelty to the body and spirit, depriving the fish instinct of long-distance migration.
All the unhealthy salmon raised in captivity are eaten by humans!
Food chain security in jeopardy
In other words, the three major concerns of captive salmon at sea have caused more than 25% of Scotland ’ s fish populations to suffer and die before they are slaughtered, resulting in a huge waste of food and a complete disregard for animal welfare.
In addition, countless dead fish have been dumped directly in open barrels by Scottish farmers, allowing wild birds and other wildlife to come into contact for food, potentially endangering the safety of other ecological chains.
Salmon farming on land is more humane to the earth! Salmon business opportunities and marine conservation to create food sustainability
Fortunately, this traditional salmon farming method is expected to gradually come to an end.
Because the international company Atlantic Sapphire has been developing "land salmon farm" for 10 years, and in 2022, it invested nearly 4 billion US dollars (about 112 billion US dollars) to build the world's largest land salmon farm Bluehouse in Florida, the United States.
The biggest feature of the land salmon farm is the use of the Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) to effectively control the temperature, salinity, pH and oxygen content of the water body, and effectively eliminate carbon dioxide and filter waste, to ensure that the salmon are free from parasites and diseases, while reducing the possibility of marine pollution.
Johan Andreassen, CEO of Atlantic Sapphire: “Ten years ago no one believed that farming salmon on land was financially viable; now Atlantic Sapphire is finally proving that it works, so the question now is how much competition there will be and how much scale there will be in this industry. ”
In order to prove that land-based salmon farming will eventually become a trend in the marine industry, Atlantic Sapphire CEO Johan Andreassen is also looking further into the future, with an estimated 372,000 square meters of fish tanks on about 650,000 square meters of land by 2031, allowing land-based salmon to meet 41% of the annual salmon consumption in the United States.
Also thanks to Atlantic Sapphire, one of the world ’ s largest salmon producers, Norwegian company Grieg Seafood has entered into a joint venture with Årdal Aqua to build a 5,000-tonne annual land farm there.
Salmon Evolution, also from Norway, joined forces with Dongwon Industries, South Korea ’ s largest seafood company, in 2023 to expand its “salmon footprint ” to South Korea.
At the same time, Benchmark Genetics, an aquaculture company that has always strictly controlled the quality of salmon eggs, now sells up to 10% of its salmon eggs to the land-based farming industry to improve the yield and quality of “land-based captive salmon. ”
People from all walks of life, through their own efforts, hope to work for the welfare of salmon, no longer be poisoned by the lust of human words, even if they reproduce artificially, they can also maintain their physical and mental health, and achieve the true meaning of "sustainable food" on earth.
Extended reading:
Taitung version roasted sushi to eat raw meat? Ami youth innovates traditional cuisine with Japanese soul
24 / 7 APP monitoring of Taiwan 's sea bream! Yunlin' s "0 turtle pond" creates 42 times more than 300 million business opportunities
(This article is from the 2023.07.02 "Vision" website and is prohibited from reproducing without consent.)
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Why is omega-6 (vegetable) fat added to salmon fees in salmon farms?

Additives like antibiotics and pesticides are used in salmon farming to control parasites.

What has the release of Netflix's ecological crisis documentary "Seaspiracy"  exposed?

The pollution risks associated with antibiotics used in sea-farmed salmon.

What health concerns are there specifically related to additives in farmed salmon feed?

Additives in salmon farming improve fish health and growth, and prevent disease.

Title:

Content: Skip to Content

Drug-resistant sea lice an increasing problem for B.C. fish farms, new study finds

By Melanie Nagy

Click here for updates on this story

    May 14, 2022 (CTV Network) — Every spring, endangered juvenile wild salmon migrate from B.C.’s rivers to the Pacific Ocean, but their numbers are dwindling and some fear sea lice parasites are increasingly to blame. Sea lice are tiny, oval shaped crustaceans that can cling to the backs of wild salmon, feeding on their skin, muscle tissue and blood. Adult fish are generally not harmed when a few lice attach themselves, but juveniles with underdeveloped scales can be harmed or killed when heavily infested. While the parasite occurs naturally in the waters off B.C.’s coast, there’s long been concern over outbreaks on aquaculture farms where open-net pens make it possible for lice to move from farmed fish to young migrating salmon. “Salmon farms act as this year-round reservoir for sea lice, potentially providing sea lice to wild juvenile salmon when they wouldn’t normally get them,” conservation biologist Sean Godwin said. Godwin is the lead author in a recent study that looked at the state of sea lice in the Pacific Ocean. Along with his fellow researchers, he found the parasite is increasingly becoming resistant to one of the main tools the industry relies on to combat the problem. “Our paper found that this tool, which is a pesticide known [as] SLICE, or emamectin benzoate, is becoming less effective and that sea lice are developing resistance to it on farms here,” Godwin said. To assess parasite resistance, “bioassay, treatment and salmon-louse count data from 2010 to 2021” were analyzed. During that time, the researchers found a notable decrease in the effectiveness of SLICE. “It is going to be more difficult for salmon farms to control sea lice outbreaks on their farms,” said Godwin. In the province’s stunning Clayoquot Sound, Bonny Glambeck routinely uses a fine-mesh net and a sample cup to test the waters near fish farms. Glambeck heads the Tofino-based conservation society known as Clayoquot Action and every year she monitors industry lice counts and tracks wild salmon infestations. “The control of sea lice on fish farms is something I do not believe the industry has ever been able to crack,” she said. “Parasites like these sea lice proliferate on these farms and then they can pass them on to wild salmon. With that, we feel that every year that goes by and these farms are allowed to pollute the waters with these infestations, they are just wiping out another generation of wild salmon.” Fisheries and Oceans Canada requires all fish farms in Canadian coastal waters to have a sea lice management plan. The federal department also places a limit of three lice per salmon during the spring when young salmon are out-migrating and are most vulnerable. In addition to that, the industry publicly reports lice counts on individual company websites every month. “The worry is that those lice levels might accumulate and then be released back to affect wild migratory salmon. The science doesn’t support that, but the concern exists so the industry responds to that,” said Brian Kingzett. Kingzett is the science and policy director with the BC Salmon Farmers Association. He says the industry has warned the federal government for years about the waning efficacy of SLICE, and has long called on Ottawa to approve new pesticide options. “There are other anti-parasite agents that have been approved in other areas of the world and we would certainly like to add that to our toolbox.” While SLICE is the only approved pesticide in Canada, it is not the only option for a fish farm struggling with a lice infestation. Kingzett says other environmentally friendly methods include the use of specialized delousing boats. One readily used vessel can suck fish from ocean-based pens into tanks where pressurized water is used to forcibly remove any attached lice. According to the industry, any dislodged bugs are collected by filters for disposal so they are not reintroduced to the marine environment. “During the last five years, the industry has spent about $100 million on importing new technologies,” Kingzett said. “Fish farming is an important industry in B.C. because we are facing a global seafood shortage and the farming sector is looking to provide sustainable, high-quality product.” The industry, however, is controversial and there’s been an ongoing battle to have all fish farms in the province removed. Earlier this month, there was a large protest in Tofino involving Indigenous leaders, conservationists and environmentalists. The group took to the waters near a local fish farm to voice their opposition to the industry and call on Ottawa to evict them. “It is a do-or-die moment for the salmon farming industry,” said Alexandra Morton, who is an independent biologist and longtime wild salmon activist. “We need to do whatever we can to save wild salmon populations because they are sadly on the verge of extinction.” In response, those in support of fish farms argue they are not a direct threat to wild salmon and are a vital industry. According to the BC Salmon Farmers Association, there are nearly 5,000 jobs linked to fish farms and at least $1 billion “in economic activity” is generated annually. Despite that, Ottawa has previously announced that it’s committed to phasing out open-net salmon farms in B.C. by 2025. In addition, it’s uncertain if 79 federal fish farm licenses expiring in June will be renewed.

Please note: This content carries a strict local market embargo. If you share the same market as the contributor of this article, you may not use it on any platform.

Matthew Talbot
matthew.talbot@bellmedia.ca

CNN Newsource

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The use of additives in salmon farming can harm the environment and human health.

What has the release of Netflix's ecological crisis documentary "Seaspiracy"  exposed?

The pollution risks associated with antibiotics used in sea-farmed salmon.

Salmon farming commonly uses additives like vitamins, antioxidants, and enzymes, among others.

Title:

Content: Compound Harmless Feed Additive Market – Status and Development, Average Product Price and Market Shares of Key Players

Market Research Reports, Business Consulting Services & Analytics

The increase in the demand for and consumption of livestock-based products as well as the growth in animal feed production is anticipated to grow the market.

HYDERABAD, TELANGANA, INDIA, January 17, 2023 /EINPresswire.com/ -- IndustryARC, in its latest report, predicts that The Compound Harmless Feed Additive Market is estimated to reach $29.2 billion by 2028, growing at a CAGR of 5.1% over the forecast period 2023-2028. Feed additives are a diverse group of molecules, substances or living things that help animals take food, absorb it, assimilate it into their bodies, grow and stay healthy. They have an impact on physiological processes like reproduction, stress resistance and immune system performance. Feed additives can be immune stimulants, probiotics, prebiotics, essential oils, acidifiers or others. The anticipated rise in demand for feed additives as a consequence of the growing demand for animal feed is one of the major factors driving the market for compound harmless feed additives during the forecast period of 2023–2028. According to European Feed Manufacturers' Federation, farm animals in the EU27 consumed an estimated 701 million tonnes of feed in 2021, of which about 22 % are produced by Compound Feed manufacturers.

Click here to browse the complete report summary:
https://www.industryarc.com/Research/Global-Compound-Harmless-Feed-Additive-Industry-Market-Research-511853

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Key takeaways:

This IndustryARC report on the Compound Harmless Feed Additive Market highlights the following areas -

1. Geographically, North America dominated the Compound Harmless Feed Additive market in 2022, owing to the rising livestock production in Mexico and the United States. Asia-Pacific is anticipated to be the fastest growing market during the forecast period 2023-2028, owing to the heavy demand for natural poultry feed additives augmented by the consumption of processed poultry in countries such as China, India and Australia.

2. The increase in the demand for and consumption of livestock-based products as well as the growth in animal feed production is anticipated to grow over the forecast period of 2023–2028.

3. The standardization of meat products as a result of disease outbreaks and the implementation of innovative animal husbandry practices to improve meat quality are projected to drive the market.

4. A detailed analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats would be provided in the Compound Harmless Feed Additive Market Report.

Interested in knowing more relevant information? Click here:
https://www.industryarc.com/pdfdownload.php?id=511853

Segmental Analysis:

Compound Harmless Feed Additive Market Segment Analysis – by Additive Type : Based on additive type, the Compound Harmless Feed Additive market is further segmented into antibiotics, vitamins, antioxidants, amino acids, enzymes, mycotoxin detoxifiers, prebiotics, probiotics, flavors and sweeteners, pigments, binder acidifiers and minerals.

Compound Harmless Feed Additive Market Segment Analysis – by Livestock : Based on livestock, the Compound Harmless Feed Additive market is further segmented into pork and swine, poultry, cattle, aquaculture and others. The poultry segment held the largest revenue market share in 2022, owing to the rise in demand for natural poultry feed additives and poultry-based items including meat and eggs.

Compound Harmless Feed Additive Market Segment Analysis – by Geography : Based on geography, the North American Compound Harmless Feed Additive market accounted for 36% of revenue share in 2022, due to the rising demand and consumption of meat in the region.

Competitive Landscape:

The top 5 players in the Compound Harmless Feed Additive Industry are -

1. BASF SE
2. Koninklijke DSM N.V.
3. DuPont de Nemours, Inc.
4. Bluestar Adisseo
5. DeKalb Feeds Inc.

Click on the following link to buy the Compound Harmless Feed Additive Market Report:
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Related Reports:

A. Cattle Feed Market
https://www.industryarc.com/Report/15063/cattle-feed-market.html

B. Animal Probiotics Market
https://www.industryarc.com/Report/18555/animal-probiotics-market.html

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Insect-based ingredients, like mealworms, are used in salmon feed as a protein source.

Title:

Content: World’s Largest Insect Farm to Open in France

Once fully operational, the massive vertical farm will produce 200,000 tonnes of insect-based ingredients a year.

Ÿnsect, one of the world’s largest insect rangers, is betting big on bugs to help push the world in a more sustainable direction.

Founded in 2011, the company is fast approaching its goal of opening the world’s largest insect farm and dramatically scaling up its operations. Located about an hour north of Paris, the state-of-the-art facility will leverage automated systems and vertical farming techniques to raise mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) and enable the production of over 200,000 tonnes of insect-based ingredients per year. The site, estimated to be completed by the end of 2022, will join two other Ÿnsect facilities already operational in France and the Netherlands.

"It’s an automated warehouse, very similar to an Amazon warehouse, where instead of storing stuff, we are storing live insects," Ÿnsect CEO and co-founder Antoine Hubert told Time last year. "There is a climate-control system which is highly complex to maintain temperature and moisture from zero to 30 meters high. All operations are automated. Anything that you do on [an insect] farm is done with robots."

Feed for Fish, Fertilizer for Plants, Burgers for Humans

For the past decade, mealworms cultivated at Ÿnsect’s farms have been turned into powders and oils that have become nutritional additives to pet and farm feeds. Thanks to a ruling last year by the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) that deemed mealworms safe for human consumption, the company has also begun selling its powders for shakes, cereal bars, pasta, and even alt-meat burgers. In addition, the shed shells of the rapidly growing mealworms are collected and sold as beneficial organic fertilizers to farmers.

According to MealFlour, a project that promotes mealworm farming as a way to battle malnutrition in Guatemala, a serving of mealworm powder is 55% protein, contains all essential amino and fatty acids, and has more iron than sirloin beef. Compared to the production of milk, pork, chicken, and beef, mealworms are also more sustainable and require fewer resources and energy.

While its recent forays into human foodstuffs have garnered attention, Ÿnsect's focus presently remains on helping to feed sustainably the animals that feed the world. For instance, aquaculture, like salmon farming, is a resource-intensive operation that uses both land-based crops (soy) and massive amounts of wild-caught fish to create what's known as fishmeal. With food production projected to have to grow by more than 70% by 2050 to meet demand, the overfishing of oceans to feed aquaculture operations is not a feasible option. Studies, such as a recent trial by NOAA, have shown that supplementing or even replacing fishmeal with insect- and plant-based foods holds promise for eliminating the need for wild-caught sources. According to Hubert, there are other positives as well.

"They [salmon] were reaching the maturity stage faster and eating less so they were avoiding a large quantity of feed," he told Fast Company in 2020. "There was less mortality so the farmers get more fish eventually than before... This also explains why we have a carbon-negative balance, because we are avoiding so many quantities of inputs to feed fish to have the same quantities of fish."

Hubert added to Fast Company that Ÿnsect has contracts worth more than $100 million with fish feed producers. This past year, with the acquisition of U.S.-based mealworm producer Jord, it also began entering new markets, such as the rapidly growing U.S. backyard chicken feed market.

A Record-Breaking Vertical Farm

One look at the animated video of Ÿnsect’s new facility up above and you can see why it’s been touted as an automated marvel. Mealworms will be reared by robots in stacked tubs stretching several stories tall. Unlike other insect food alternatives such as flies or crickets, mealworms do not hop or fly, allowing the company to maximize the space available.

In an effort to make sure the creatures are ethically farmed, Hubert reached out to philosophers from the Sorbonne University to judge their welfare. As he told The Guardian, the students determined that the mealworms had "more in common with mushroom-growing and hothousing vegetables" than with livestock.

"They have no brain in the strict sense of the word," he said. "We know they have a reflex reaction and they communicate and build intelligent structures, but nobody has shown they feel anything. However, what is important is to respect them as living organisms, which we do."

In addition to the new farm in France, Ÿnsect plans to continue to scale its operations with additional facilities, including a major site in the U.S. The biggest hurdle ahead, however, says Hubert, is making insects a normal part of everyday diets.

"I believe that the big challenge is accepting insects as part of the human diet," he told Authority Magazine. "A large part of the world's population eats insects, but we must be able to prove its properties and its benefits for the environment in order to reach more and have more impact!"

View Article Sources
  1. "Ÿnsect Welcomes European Interministerial Delegation to Amiens." Ynsect.

  2. "Why Eat Mealworms?" MealFlour.

  3. "Edible Insects." Food and Agriculture Organization.

  4. van Dijk, Michiel, et al. "A Meta-Analysis of Projected Global Food Demand and Population At Risk of Hunger for the Period 2010–2050." Nature Food, vol. 2, no. 7, 2021, pp. 494-501., doi:10.1038/s43016-021-00322-9

  5. "The Future of Fish Feed May Lie in Insects, Mold, and Algae." National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Soy proteins, wheat gluten, and corn gluten meal are common aquaculture feed additives.

Title:

Content: 262
Views

China Works to Get Wild-Caught Fish Out of its Aquaculture Feed

[By Zhang Chun]

A 2021 Chinese government initiative to stop aquaculture feed being made from only young or low-value fish and to instead start producing “compound feed” – mixed with ingredients harvested from the land – is opening up a greener future for the sector.

According to the Ministry of Agriculture, in a series of trials last year, the sole use of low-value “feed-grade” fish as aquaculture feed was reduced by 77 percent, and by as much as 94 percent in farming of largemouth bass. Experts say the switch to compound feed could see overall use of feed-grade fish slashed by half for farming of certain species.

What is compound feed?

Compound feed normally contains a mixture of animal- and plant-based ingredients, and added nutrients such as vitamins. For aquaculture feeds containing fishmeal and fish oil, common additives include soy proteins, wheat gluten and corn gluten meal.

Feed-grade fish are those in a catch that are small, low in commercial value, or unsuitable for human consumption. They are sent to be processed into fishmeal and fish oil, or fed directly to farmed fish. But a significant proportion of feed-grade fish consists of juveniles of commercially important species. Once caught they can no longer grow into adult fish and breed, or be caught and sold on the market. Their removal damages ocean food chains and ecosystem stability.

The last decade and more has seen increased calls for China to tackle the use of feed-grade fish in aquaculture, but the current round of trials is the first organised by the Ministry of Agriculture. It focuses on species such as the yellow croaker, Japanese sea bass and largemouth bass, which tend to be fed more feed-grade fish. While those species don’t account for much of China’s fed aquaculture output, they do require much more protein than others to put on the same amount of weight. Compound feed cuts down on the use of fish by substituting vegetable alternatives, and is cheaper.

In the long term, sustained reductions in the use of fishmeal and fish oil in feed will be necessary to protect wild fisheries.

Aquaculture driving feed-grade fish catch

Fishers never used to set out to catch feed-grade fish; it was bycatch, with no economic value. Then in the 1980s, global aquaculture took off. “There was a lot of need for fishmeal and oil,” Rashid Sumalia, a fisheries researcher at the University of British Columbia, told China Dialogue. People started going out “purposely to catch them at distance, because there was a market”, he added.

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization’s (FAO’s) 2020 global fisheries and aquaculture report, the use of fish for reduction to fishmeal and fish oil peaked in 1994 at 30 million tonnes, and stood at 18 million tonnes by 2018. Another 4 million tonnes were used elsewhere, including directly in feed for aquaculture, livestock and fur animals.

It wasn’t until the mid and late 1990s that aquaculture took off in China. The FAO’s 1998 fisheries and aquaculture report describes how rare it was for fish catches in Asia to go unused or be used as aquaculture feed. But in Asia, particularly in China and Vietnam, aquaculture has expanded rapidly and the region now accounts for almost 90 percent of global output. In China, output tripled between 1998 and 2020, to represent 60 percent of the global total.

Although many of the species farmed in China need little or no feed, fed fish and crustacean aquaculture accounts for half of output and requires millions of tonnes of feed-grade fish from Chinese waters alone. China does not currently have statistics on its feed-grade fish catch or use in fed aquaculture. One study calculated that in 2016 4.6 million tonnes of feed-grade fish were caught, 35 percent of the total recorded catch in China’s waters, and most was used directly as feed.

“The state is certainly aware of the problem,” said Fang Qing, China general manager for the Aquaculture Stewardship Council, adding that the difficulty in banning some harmful types of fishing gear in China is due to the ongoing market for the feed-grade fish it brings in. Since 2018, China has put minimum size limits in place for 15 commercial fish species, and ruled that feed-grade fish catch would drop to below 20% by 2020. There is no data available indicating whether this target was met.

This it isn’t just a Chinese problem. According to a 2017 study by the University of British Columbia, many countries, including the US and Norway, use feed-grade fish directly as feed. But the practice increased significantly in Asia between the 1990s and 2010, with feed-grade fish coming to account for a high percentage of landed catches.

Replacing feed-grade fish

In early 2019, the Ministry of Agriculture announced it would work to make Chinese aquaculture more environmentally friendly, and proposed the use of compound feed instead of purely fish-based feed. In April 2021, several provinces started trials of compound feed as part of more concrete action plans.

Compound feed for aquaculture is usually a mix of fishmeal, fish oil, wheat flour, soybean meal, vegetable oil and other land-grown ingredients. The amount of fishmeal and fish oil needed depends on the type of fish to be fed, and its stage of growth. According to Fang Qing, carnivorous fish such as the yellow croaker need huge quantities of meat protein at certain stages in their growth, and the relationship between particular nutrients and the growth and physiology of the fish can be complex. Hence, producing appropriate compound feed involves a lot of research and development.

To quantify how efficiently a species is farmed, the aquaculture industry uses a ratio called Fish in:Fish out (FIFO). The closer the FIFO is to 1, the more fish meat is produced per unit of input; a score of 1 means an extra kilogram of fish used as feed results in an extra kilogram of fish to harvest.

A study published in 2020 shows a FIFO of almost 1 for salmon and trout, thanks to the use of compound feeds which require less fishmeal and fish oil. If only fish were used to feed those species, the FIFO figure would be similar to that of the yellow croaker – over 6, according to an upcoming paper co-authored by Zhang Wenbo, an assistant professor in the College of Fisheries and Life Science at Shanghai Ocean University. His research into conventional yellow croaker aquaculture in China found that the direct use of feed-grade fish is still the best option for the yellow croaker farmers. But Fang Qing told China Dialogue that a lot of feed-grade fish fed to yellow croaker goes uneaten, and ends up sinking to the seabed or rotting, causing pollution and increasing the risk of disease.

More compound feed use would help reduce FIFO numbers in two ways: by cutting use of feed-grade fish, and by increasing conversion ratios – that is, generating more fish growth per unit of feed.

Zhejiang is taking the lead in both those areas. Since 2016, the province has been shutting fishmeal factories during the closed season and restricting the percentage of feed-grade fish in the overall catch. This, combined with the use of compound feed, saw Zhejiang cut the use of feed-grade fish by 835,000 tonnes across 710,000 mu (474 square kilometres) of aquaculture farms during the 13th FYP period (2016-2020). “Previously, feed-grade fish were the primary feed for largemouth bass in Zhejiang. These last two years that’s almost all been replaced with compound feed.” The FIFO ratio for farmed largemouth bass in Zhejiang could come down to 1.5, half the national average for this species, according to 2016 calculations Zhang Wenbo contributed to.

But cutting back on feed-grade fish use in China won’t be easy. Fishers catch a wide range of fish with a wide range of gear. At the local level there is a lack of fisher associations that can impose rules on the sector, making management tricky. Zhejiang’s success can be ascribed to strong local regulations. “There are no successful [international] examples that China can apply,” said Fang Qing. Alongside legislation to bolster oversight of the feed-grade fish catch, he also suggests developing feeds which will be more palatable to fish, and labelling products according to their use of feed-grade fish or compound feed, so consumers can make an informed choice.

Increasing the efficiency of fish inputs

The use of compound feed isn’t the end of the story. At least for now, fishmeal and fish oil are essential ingredients in those feeds. And while the global supply of fishmeal and fish oil has fallen from its peak in 2000 to a fairly stable level, the demand for aquaculture feeds has been increasing. That requires the development of feeds containing less meal and oil.

Plans announced by Norway to boost salmon farming have led to concerns about the supply of fishmeal and fish oil as well as vegetable ingredients. The country has started researching the use of mesopelagic fish (which inhabit the middle depths of the ocean), algae and farmed insects to meet that need and make feed more efficient. A more complete solution would be to develop entirely vegetarian feeds, with no fishmeal at all. However, as things stand that would only be suitable for a few species.

“Fishmeal is the most expensive of the ingredients found in bulk feeds. Reducing the amount in those feeds is the best way to make them cheaper,” Zhang Wenbo points out. A tonne of fishmeal costs around 10,000 yuan (US$1,500), compared to 1,000–4,000 yuan for bran or soybean meal, he added. “Feed conversion ratios are also affected by the type of aquaculture, the make-up of the feed, and genetic selection – the breeding of strains more suited to compound feeds,” he said. This is more difficult in China, with its wide range of farmed species, than in Norway, where salmon dominates. But progress is still being made, and associated targets have been set in the 14th Five Year Plan (2021–25).

Increasing the efficiency of fishmeal and fish oil use in China will also ease global pressures on the supply and help protect juvenile fish. China is the world’s biggest consumer of fishmeal, with the largest part being used in aquaculture, and the second largest being fed to pigs. But the country only produces 400,000–700,000 tonnes of fishmeal a year – not even close to meeting domestic demand. Fishmeal imports have held steady since 2017, at about 1.4 million tonnes, but jumped to 1.82 million tonnes in 2021, with experts ascribing the change to the recovery in pig farming. The extra fishmeal came from the Americas and elsewhere in Asia.

Zhang Wenbo explains that China’s fishmeal and fish oil imports come from forage fish, caught specifically to be turned into fishmeal, and Peru is the main supplier. Relatively little of China’s fishmeal is made from feed-grade fish. “Imports of by-product processed fishmeal from Vietnam and Thailand have been increasing in recent years,” he said.

Minimizing the feed-grade fish catch

Cutting back on the use of feed-grade fish is good for the sustainable development of both wild fishing and aquaculture. It will also help protect already vulnerable ocean ecosystems. In 1959, fishing vessels in China’s Bohai Sea caught 420 kg of fish per net for every hour they worked. By 1993, that had fallen to 30 kg, and only 8 kg between 1998 and 2011. The above-mentioned research into China’s feed-grade fish catch found that a long-term stable total catch has masked trends including falling biomass and changes in end use.

The losses to biodiversity and ecological services cannot be measured in financial terms, and the fishing industry needs more than simply output. Wang Songlin, president and founder of the Qingdao Marine Conservation Society, believes the industry needs to work towards a balance of ecological, economic and social benefits. He told China Dialogue that even if total catch may still be the same by volume, the underlying destruction to the integrity of ecosystems and the environment should not be ignored.

Management of the sector in China has acquired a new ecological focus. Alongside the use of compound feeds, some provinces are providing fishery stewardship subsidies for the protection of rare and endangered species and for keeping down feed-grade fish catch volumes.

Protecting juvenile fish isn’t just a matter for China – it’s crucial for ocean ecosystems around the world. Rashid Sumalia said: “If you look at the economies and the ecology at the higher level, you don’t want to [catch feed-grade fish] because the losses are too high” to be sustainable. Sumalia acknowledges that many people rely on that fishing for their livelihoods but says: “We need to take it down as far as we can.”

Zhang Chun is a senior researcher at China Dialogue. This article appears courtesy of China Dialogue Ocean and may be found in its original form here

The opinions expressed herein are the author's and not necessarily those of The Maritime Executive.

Fishmeal and fish oil are key ingredients in salmon farming feed, with vegetable oil as an alternative.

Salmon farming additives are regulated by standards in countries like Canada, the US, and Norway.

In Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada regulates salmon farming additives, requiring sea lice management plans and setting lice limits.

What countries or jurisdictions have regulations concerning additives in salmon feed?

What countries or jurisdictions have regulations concerning antibiotics in farmes salmon?

The Canadian government limits salmon lice to three per fish during spring out-migration, with monthly public reporting required.

The FDA regulates seafood additives and veterinary drugs, refusing shrimp with banned substances.

Title:

Content: FDA Adds Nekkanti Sea Foods to Import Alert on Nitrofurans; Refuses Shrimp Contaminated with Banned Antibiotics from Five Different Countries in April

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) published detailed data regarding 107 total seafood entry line refusals in April, of which eight (7.5%) were of shrimp for reasons related to banned antibiotics.

Over the first four months of this year, the FDA has refused a total of 31 entry lines of shrimp for reasons related to banned antibiotics, putting the agency on pace for a total of 93 shrimp entry line refusals for veterinary drug residues in 2022, which would be the most for a year since 2016.

The eight shrimp entry lines refused in April were for shipments from five different companies in Bangladesh, China, Hong Kong, India, and Malaysia:

·     Gemini Sea Food, Ltd. (Bangladesh), a company that is currently listed on Import Alert 16-129 (“Detention Without Physical Examination of Seafood Products Due to Nitrofurans”) as of November 15, 2021, had two entry lines refused for shrimp contaminated with nitrofurans and veterinary drug residues by the Division of Northeast Imports on April 14, 2022 and one entry line refused for shrimp contaminated with nitrofurans and veterinary drug residues by the Division of Northeast Imports on April 19, 2022;

·     Mr. Fang’s Store (Putian) Green Food Co., Ltd. (China), a company that is not on the green list of Import Alert 16-131 (“Detention Without Physical Examination of Aquacultured, Shrimp, Dace, and Eel from China – Presence of New Animal Drugs and/or Unsafe Food Additives”), had one entry line refused for shrimp contaminated with veterinary drug residues and unsafe additives by the Division of West Coast Imports on April 5, 2021;

·     Wing Cheong Marine Product (Hong Kong), a company that is not currently listed on Import Alert 16-124 (“Detention Without Physical Examination of Aquaculture Seafood Products Due to Unapproved Drugs”), Import Alert 16-127 (“Detention Without Physical Examination of Crustaceans Due to Chloramphenicol”), or Import Alert 16-129 (“Detention Without Physical Examination of Seafood Products Due to Nitrofurans”), had one entry line refused for shrimp contaminated with veterinary drug residues and unsafe additives by the Division of West Coast Imports on April 28, 2022;

·     Nekkanti Sea Foods Limited (India), a company that is currently listed on Import Alert 16-129 (“Detention Without Physical Examination of Seafood Products Due to Nitrofurans”) as of May 3, 2022, had one entry line refused for shrimp contaminated with veterinary drug residues by the Division of Northeast Imports on April 21, 2022; and

·     EB Frozen Food Sdn. Bhd. (Malaysia), a company located in peninsular Malaysia that is not on the green list of Import Alert 16-136 (“Detention Without Physical Examination of Aquacultured Shrimp and Prawns from Peninsular Malaysia Due to Presence of Drug Residues from Unapproved Animal Drugs or the Presence of Unsafe Food Additives”), had two entry line refused for shrimp contaminated with veterinary drug residues and unsafe additives by the Division of West Coast Imports on April 14, 2022.

In addition to these shipments, the FDA also refused another twelve entry lines of shrimp for the presence of salmonella and another four entry lines of shrimp for being filthy.

The EU lacks indicators to monitor the environmental sustainability of aquaculture, including salmon farming additives.

Title:

Content: Ad

The EU must not support intensive fish farming — it's not sustainable

Free Article

The Hungarian presidency of the Council of the European Union, which will run between 1 July and 31 December 2024, has announced in its programme that it will pay particular attention to the development of “sustainable and competitive aquaculture”, arguing that “it is the animal protein production sector with the smallest environmental footprint.”

Beyond a supposedly low carbon footprint, aquaculture is also presented as an alternative to mitigate declining wild fish catches. However, under the term “aquaculture” we find various production models – some of which are more environmentally benign when conducted at appropriate scale, such as the cultivation of mussels, clams, and oysters, and some of which come with significant damaging impacts.

Many European consumers who want to eat fish from sustainable sources believe farmed salmon, trout and seabass are sustainable choices. But the intensive farming of carnivorous fin fish is neither socially nor environmentally sustainable.

The environmental impacts of this industrial production model include an increase in harmful algal blooms, a negative impact on sea grass meadows due to the accumulation of organic matter around farms, mass fish die-offs, the use of the harmful substances such as carcinogenic formaldehyde or antibiotics, and water pollution, creating dead zones on the sea bed underneath the farms. Adding to this, carnivorous farmed fish such as salmon and seabass require high volumes of fishmeal and fish oil from wild-caught fish in their feed.

In Europe, industrial aquaculture of carnivorous fish at sea is damaging the environment and displacing traditional activities such as coastal small-scale fisheries.

On the island of Poros, Greece, for example, the plan is to increase the area dedicated to open net pen carnivorous fish farms by 28 times. Yet, underwater video depicts that marine ecosystem near the current small-scale pens is completely dead from the waste and pollution of the farms, and local professional fishermen attest to a loss of wild fish since the influx of fish farms.

Beyond Europe, the production of fishmeal and fish oil necessary to feed carnivorous farmed fish is depleting wild fish stocks. This is the case in West Africa where the overfishing of small pelagics such as sardines and mackerel for industrial fish farms in Europe is undermining food security and the livelihoods of small-scale fishers and women fish-processors. Fish is taken away from people in low-income countries to feed the farmed fish which will be consumed in wealthy nations.

The UN special rapporteur on the right to food acknowledged this in his report to the Human Rights Council in early 2024: “Many farmed fish are carnivorous species that require feed products harvested from wild fish stock, thereby creating another source of pressure on wild fish stocks and disrupting ecosystems.

Moreover, global feed companies are exacerbating food insecurity in some communities. For example, over half a million tons of pelagic fish that could feed over 33 million people in the region are instead extracted from the ocean along the coast of West Africa and converted to fishmeal and fish oil, primarily in order to feed farmed fish and livestock, mostly in Asia and Europe.”

The current EU strategy for aquaculture does not respond to the social and environmental challenges posed by this sector and fails to clearly define what “sustainable” aquaculture is. In fact, in a special report on aquaculture, the European Court of Auditors (ECA) found that the European Union has been pouring funds into the development of aquaculture with little proof that this has contributed to the sector’s “environmental and social sustainability or its competitiveness.” The ECA report further highlights that “there are currently no indicators available to monitor the environmental sustainability of EU aquaculture.”

Under the agriculture and fisheries agenda, Hungary has reaffirmed its wish to support farmers, and fish farmers, through a “farmer-friendly European food system.” Rather they should support low impact small-scale fishers as primary food producers.

Under the Hungarian presidency, the EU should discontinue support for industrial aquaculture of carnivorous species and instead promote more sustainable small-scale aquaculture options that can co-exist instead of negatively affecting small-scale fisheries in Europe and beyond. If Europe wants to be a model in sustainable ocean governance, it must place small-scale, low-impact fisheries and aquaculture at the heart of its food policy.

This is an open letter signed by the following organisations from Africa and Europe: African Confederation of Artisanal Fisheries Organisations (CAOPA), Coalition for Fair Fisheries Arrangements (CFFA), Feedback Europe, Low Impact Fishers of Europe (LIFE), Compassion in World Farming and the Rauch Foundation.

Disclaimer

This article is sponsored by a third party. All opinions in this article reflect the views of the author and not of EUobserver.

Author Bio

The Coalition for Fair Fisheries Arrangements is a platform of European and African organisations that raises awareness about the impacts of the EU-Africa fisheries agreements on artisanal fishing communities.

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Author Bio

The Coalition for Fair Fisheries Arrangements is a platform of European and African organisations that raises awareness about the impacts of the EU-Africa fisheries agreements on artisanal fishing communities.

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Industrial aquaculture, such as salmon farming, harms the environment and displaces traditional fisheries through the use of additives and feed.

Eating farmed salmon more than once a month may increase cancer risk, especially prostate cancer in men, due to additives like PCBs.

Title:

Content: Miscellaneous
Publish Date: December 13, 2021 8: 47 GMT
Updated on: December 13, 2021 9: 40 GMT
Study: Eating Too Much ‘ Farm Salmon ’ May Cause Cancer
A medical study published on Monday warned that overeating salmon raised in farm ponds could lead to cancer.
The Daily Newspaper noted.
+ A -A
Source: Erm News
A medical study published on Monday warned that overeating salmon raised in farm ponds could lead to cancer.
The Daily Express newspaper pointed out that "some previous studies found that salmon, jam in ponds, which is widely consumed around the world, doubles the risk of prostate cancer," pointing out that "salmon is a useful food source for health because it contains omega-3 fatty acids."
"While one salmon is caught in open water, like the seas, the other is bred in tight spaces (farms and ponds), which could have implications for human health," the paper said.
Studies have found that PCBs in farm-raised salmon were about 8 times higher than concentrations in wild salmon, adding that PCBs have been banned for commercial use for decades, but their effects can still be found in the environment, which may adversely affect human diet and therefore health.
According to a study by the Environmental Defense Fund, eating salmon raised in farm ponds on a regular basis may increase the risk of cancer after multiple cases of contamination have been detected in the United States and other countries.
"Medical scientific findings, published in the Journal of Medical Sciences, suggest that cheap farmed salmon sold in stores may do more harm than good."
“Risk analysis suggests that consumption of farmed Atlantic salmon may pose health risks that detract from the beneficial effects of fish consumption, ” the study said.
Eating farmed salmon more than once a month may be enough to increase the risk of cancer.
"In multivariate analyses, men with the highest concentrations of PCBs were twice as likely to develop prostate cancer than men with the lowest concentrations."
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What health concerns are there specifically related to additives in farmed salmon feed?

Farmed salmon contains 8 times more PCBs than wild salmon, increasing cancer risk.

What health concerns are there specifically related to additives in farmed salmon feed?

Additives in salmon farming can negatively impact human health and fish quality.

Title:

Content: - A plus A.
Ibrahim Al-Alawi (Jeddah) i _ waleeed22 @
The Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA) has launched a project to update the Gulf technical regulations for additives allowed to be used in foodstuffs.
The standard specified the conditions for the use of food additives, whether or not they had their own specification previously.
The standard includes foods where the use of food additives is not permitted or where the use of food additives is restricted, and the aim of setting maximum allowable use limits for food additives is to ensure that the intake of the additive does not exceed the acceptable daily dose.
The project showed the maximum use of food additive according to the highest permissible concentration to perform its desired purpose, and is safe and expressed in milligrams per kilogram of food substance. Food additives were interpreted as any substance intentionally added to food and not as a component, to maintain or improve food qualities and added for technical or nutritional purposes, whether during manufacturing, preparation, processing, packaging, transport or storage.
The substance itself or its by-products may become part of the food directly or indirectly.
The acceptable dose included daily intake (ADI), which is the amount of food additive estimated by the Joint Committee of Experts that can be consumed daily for the duration of life without any significant risk to health and estimated on the basis of body weight. The specification also included the maximum use of food additive according to the highest concentration allowed to be used to fulfill its desired purpose and be safe as determined by the Codex.
When polyols are used in food products for purposes other than sweetening by not more than 10%, it is not necessary to write the relevant warnings contained in the technical regulations and the additives allowed to be used in raw materials or other components according to this regulation, and the content of additives in raw materials or other components does not exceed the upper limit specified in this regulation.

What has the release of Netflix's ecological crisis documentary "Seaspiracy"  exposed?

The pollution risks associated with antibiotics used in sea-farmed salmon.

Salmon farming's use of additives has both positive and negative impacts on human health and the environment, requiring careful regulation.