The Mozart Effect suggests that listening to Mozart's music can temporarily improve cognitive performance, especially spatial reasoning.

Mozart's music is believed to improve mental performance and enhance cognitive abilities in individuals of all ages.

Exposing newborns to Mozart's music for 20 minutes before a medical procedure had a positive effect on cognitive performance.

Research suggests that music's impact on cognitive performance varies by individual, with no universal effect on learning in mild cognitive impairment cases.

Classical music, like Mozart's, enhances memory due to its relaxing and arousing properties, but its effectiveness varies.

Familiar, lyric-free music, like Mozart's, is best for focus and writing tasks as it minimizes distraction.

Mozart's music can stimulate creative thinking and improve cognitive performance.

Classical music, including Mozart's, helps slow cognitive decline in older adults.

Music therapy, including Mozart's music, reduces neurological symptoms in dementia patients and aids in memory recovery.

Music, including Mozart's, can relieve pain in newborns and calm infants as effectively as sucrose.

Mozart's music improves mental performance, helping elementary school students learn more effectively and be more productive.

Listening to music for an hour can improve cognitive performance.

Baroque music, like Mozart's, is believed to aid brain activity and improve cognitive performance.

13 minutes of music can aid concentration and relaxation in elementary school students.

Individual differences can affect music's impact on memory and cognitive performance.

Implementing music in schools, including the Mozart Effect, can improve students' productivity and learning from elementary on.

Music training, including listening to Mozart, benefits the brain at any age and may lower dementia risk.

To apply the Mozart Effect in elementary schools, listening to Mozart's music can help students concentrate and reduce distractions.

The Mozart Effect suggests that listening to Mozart's music can temporarily improve cognitive performance, especially spatial reasoning.

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Inicio » English » Inspiration » The Sound of Success: Ideas in Music for Concentration and Productivity

The Sound of Success: Ideas in Music for Concentration and Productivity

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Does music help you concentrate? Since we spend a lot of time in front of computers trying to finish our work, wouldn’t it be nice to listen to some of music to help concentrate? Well, music lovers, it seems like Mozart and Beethoven could actually help you with your productivity. Beethoven once said: «Music is where the spirit lives, thinks and invents.»

This relationship between music and the brain is an area that has been intensively explored in research. Many studies point to the ability of music to help employees be more productive and help children in their learning process more effectively. University research in France found that students who listened to music for an hour while reading, scored significantly higher on a questionnaire compared to a group of students who read without music.

Your attention span is better when listening to music

It seems that music for concentration puts students in a heightened emotional state, so that they can be more receptive to information. «It is possible that music causes a change in the learning environment and influenced students’ motivation to stay focused while reading, which led to better performance on a multiple-choice questionnaire,» concluded the french research team in a recent article.

But before you start playing any type, you have to find the music that works better for the type of work you are trying to carry do. For example, the classic from the Baroque period is said to do wonders for brain activity when you are studying or writing. But not all classical music is created equal, so dramatic changes and complicated fugue changes may not be as conducive as a smooth piano piece. So if you have to choose a composer, we would say Mozart. There seems to be evidence that Mozart’s improves mental performance: it is called «The Mozart Effect”.

Build a harmonious space

If you don’t like classical, the discreet sound found in ambient music may work well for you instead. What is the purpose of this if you are not at the airport, you ask? Well, for creative purposes, it’s better than emptiness and silence. According to one of its pioneers, musician Brian Eno: “Background music must be able to accommodate many levels of attention when listening, without forcing one in particular. It must be as ignorable as it is interesting ”.

In fact, researchers have shown that a moderate level of noise, such as that found in the environment, can actually get creative juices flowing. Music with especially low-lows or especially high-highs should be avoided. Certain types of jazz instrumental melodies can also get your brain working.

Music without lyrics

In general, if you are doing work that requires writing, you should avoid listening to music with lyrics as the words in a song are especially destructive to your concentration. Since hearing words activates the brain’s language center, attempting to perform tasks related to another language would be like trying to have a conversation while someone else is speaking to you. But, if you are a cartoonist, and you don’t deal with sentence construction, hearing letters may not have the same effect.

Finally, studies show that listening to music you’re already familiar with may be better if you really need to focus. New songs take you into the unknown and your brain will want to listen closely to see what comes next. With the music you are familiar with you know what to expect, so it doesn’t distract you from your work. And if you like the tune you’re listening to try not to whistle it while you work, as that will only distract you.

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Mozart's music is believed to improve mental performance and enhance cognitive abilities in individuals of all ages.

Exposing newborns to Mozart's music for 20 minutes before a medical procedure had a positive effect on cognitive performance.

Title:

Content: Mozart ’ s music eases babies ’ pain during medical procedures, study finds
29 August, 2023 Tuesday
12: 09 PM
Researchers have found that the soothing background music of composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart during medical procedures may somewhat relieve pain in newborns
This is reported by Science Alert.
It is noted that the test team from Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia was the first of its kind.
Scientists conducted a study among 100 infants at a hospital in New York.
Each child was born full-term, and at the time of the test he was about 2 days old.
Before medical workers took blood using the standard heel prick procedure, more than half of the babies listened to the soothing instrumental lullaby of the famous musician Mozart for twenty minutes.
At the same time, the other half waited silently.
As a rule, when newborns intend to conduct a small medical procedure, they are given sugar.
Two minutes before the heel injection, the babies were given sucrose to ease the pain a little.
The lullaby sounded during the injection and lasted about five minutes after that.
Parents were not allowed to physically hug their children during the study.
The team regularly assessed the babies ’ pain using facial expressions, crying, breathing, limb movements, and alertness as indicators.
The researchers were wearing noise-cancelling headphones, so they didn ’ t know if the music was playing or not.
Eventually, newborns exposed to Mozart showed a "statistically and clinically significant" decrease in scores on the Neonatal Pain Scale (NIPS), and this was true before, during, and after heel injection.
The authors conclude that "musical intervention is a light, reproducible and inexpensive tool for pain relief during minor procedures in healthy, full-term newborns."
Also today, there is a lot of evidence suggesting that music can significantly reduce pain in adults.
Research among newborns is a good opportunity for further research, especially because painkillers often cannot be used in infants.
According to American scientists, such results of the experiment may be a consequence of the fact that music distracts children from pain.
Previous studies among adults have shown that live, pleasant music eases pain more than gloomy and sad music.
This means that distraction cannot fully explain the results.
Perhaps there is something in the tempo, harmony or melody of a song that numbs a person ’ s brain, even if they ’ ve heard very little music before.
Scientists working on the current study say they are now interested in whether parental voices can calm newborns as much as Mozart.
Earlier, physicists from Finland conducted a study and found that sound can propagate through a perfect vacuum, but this requires appropriate conditions.
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Research suggests that music's impact on cognitive performance varies by individual, with no universal effect on learning in mild cognitive impairment cases.

Title:

Content: 4/25/23 · Research

The beneficial effects of music on memory may depend on how it is listened to

The initial results of the study of the 'Mozart effect' on neurodegeneration show that listening to classical music in the background has no benefits for learning
The research has been carried out with people experiencing mild cognitive impairment, and it did find individual differences when listening to 'high-arousal' music

Listening to 'high-arousal' music could have a positive effect on memory for people who are accustomed to using music as an emotional regulator (Image: Clem Onojeghuo, Unsplash)

Given the lack of effective treatments to counteract cognitive impairment, background music has traditionally been proposed as a possible therapeutic alternative for improving memory-related tasks. Its effect has long been the focus of debate, but this relationship has now been found to be possibly determined by new interindividual parameters, which means that it may be more complex than was previously thought. This is shown by research led by Marco Calabria, a researcher in the Cognitive Neurolab group of the Faculty of Health Sciences at the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC), who is now considering new experiments.

The initial results of the Mozart effect and memory in patients with cognitive impairment (MEM-COG) study, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, suggest that listening to background classical music while performing memory tasks neither improves nor impairs learning levels among people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, listening to more 'high-arousal' music was found to have a possible positive effect on people who are accustomed to using music as an emotional regulator in their everyday lives, which suggests there is potential for further hypotheses and research.

The study, which has been published as open access in the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, was carried out with patients at the neuropsychology unit of Barcelona's Hospital de Sant Pau, and involved researchers at the hospital, Montreal's Concordia University and Madrid's Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute.

There is no universal effect

"We found no general impact concerning the effect of music in terms of whether it had positive or negative effects on learning in cases of MCI, but we did find that it would be modulated for each individual. If people regularly use music as an emotional regulator in their daily life, such as to help them remain calm or for company, they will find it easier to obtain further benefits from music when they have to learn something new," explained Calabria, who has a PhD in Psychobiology.

The subjects of the study were people with mild amnestic cognitive impairment, i.e. they have memory problems as a result of an onset of neurodegeneration that is more specific in the parts of the brain dealing with aspects of learning and memory. The experiments consisted of observing 24 photographs of human faces. Participants were instructed to memorize them, and 10 minutes later, they were asked to look at a new series containing the previous 24 images and 24 new ones, in order to attempt to identify the ones that they had already seen.

A classical choice

The first test was performed with the subjects listening to classical music in the information consolidation phase but not in the recovery phase, while in the second exercise it was repeated with the auditory stimulus during both phases. However, no significant differences were observed in terms of results.

Classical music was used in these exercises because "it's a type of music that falls between relaxing and arousing, and has proven to be the most effective for enhancing memory". Furthermore, the fact that it is instrumental reduces the interference (that can come from lyrics) with the content that the participants have to learn in the memory task.

A ray of light

However, Calabria's team wanted to carry out a third experiment using popular music which was considered arousing rather than relaxing, and after a preliminary study, they used an instrumental version of Un rayo de sol (A ray of light), by the group Los Diablos. In that experiment, according to Calabria, the results suggested that "the use of music as a strategy for mood regulation is associated with better performance in memory tasks."

Ongoing research

This finding opens up the possibility of further research to continue exploring the role of interindividual preferences and attitudes towards music among patients with MCI. The group plans to continue the project until late 2024.

During this time, it will investigate whether background music could be more useful in other cognitive domains, such as in attention and concentration in patients with Parkinson's disease. The experiments will also involve the use of a new infrared spectroscopy device in the Neuro Lab, one of the recently opened new laboratories at the UOC, which will show the activation at the cerebral level while cognitive processes are taking place. This will help to determine whether or not there are any alterations in the brain's modulation, in which areas this takes place, and whether it depends on the type of person studied, regardless of the level of response to music.

In overall terms, this will help to find a type of marker which determines the people most likely to benefit from music in cognitive tasks. "The more we know about how background music shapes cognitive processes, the better the use we can make of music as a therapeutic tool in cognitive stimulation," concluded Calabria, an expert in the study of cognitive processes and a member of teaching staff on the UOC's Master's Degree in Neuropsychology.

This research project receives funding from the Ministry of Science and Innovation of the Government of Spain, and contributes to Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) number 3, Good health and well-being.

Reference article:

Calabria, Marco et al. 'Background Music and Memory in Mild Cognitive Impairment: The Role of Interindividual Differences'. 1 Jan. 2023: 815 – 829. DOI: 10.3233/JAD-221051

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The UOC's research and innovation (R&I) is helping overcome pressing challenges faced by global societies in the 21st century by studying interactions between technology and human & social sciences with a specific focus on the network society, e-learning and e-health.

Over 500 researchers and more than 50 research groups work in the UOC's seven faculties, its eLearning Research programme and its two research centres: the Internet Interdisciplinary Institute (IN3) and the eHealth Center (eHC).

The university also develops online learning innovations at its eLearning Innovation Center (eLinC), as well as UOC community entrepreneurship and knowledge transfer via the Hubbik platform.

Open knowledge and the goals of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development serve as strategic pillars for the UOC's teaching, research and innovation. More information: research.uoc.edu.

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Classical music, like Mozart's, enhances memory due to its relaxing and arousing properties, but its effectiveness varies.

Familiar, lyric-free music, like Mozart's, is best for focus and writing tasks as it minimizes distraction.

Mozart's music can stimulate creative thinking and improve cognitive performance.

Classical music, including Mozart's, helps slow cognitive decline in older adults.

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The doctor ’ s words / When the mentally retarded person meets the familiar sound
In 2023, an estimated 6.7 million Americans aged 65 and older have Alzheimer ’ s disease.
Dementia in the elderly is an incurable disease. It is easy for patients to become isolated, because they will feel isolated and helpless about their own uselessness, and they are used to being alone in order to avoid embarrassment.
In the latter stages, they often lose the ability to communicate with people around them.
It is very painful for the patients themselves and the caregivers and family members who care for them.
In recent years, it has been found that music therapy can intervene and make up for this lack of progress.
It also increases the patient ’ s engagement with the surrounding environment and reduces many neurological symptoms, such as anxiety, depression, and unexplained tantrums.
In other words, when people with dementia are unable to connect with their loved ones, that is, when they are unable to speak their language, music is the last bridge to interact with each other.
Q1: Do people with dementia have special feelings about music?
A1: According to nearly a decade of research by the Department of Neurology at Northwestern University, it has been found that even though people with dementia lose language and other memories, memories related to music often remain in the brain.
This is because areas of the brain involved in musical memory (e.g., the cerebellum) are not affected until late in the disease process.
Familiar music can help people with dementia recover certain aspects of their memory, make them feel calm, and greatly improve their mood.
Q2: Why do people with dementia remember their favorite songs?
A2: Although suffering from severe dementia, it means that a person has very little memory of their past.
Even if you can ’ t remember your son ’ s name, familiar songs that you ’ ve heard and sung will always come to mind.
Q3: In addition to music, is listening to the radio good for elderly people with dementia?
A3: In fact, the radio can not only provide good music, but also play emotional dialogue, which can truly relieve the loneliness of the dementia patient and bring comfort and peace.
Q4: How do people with dementia react to music?
A4: According to the research of clinical psychiatrists, it is found that people with dementia who are generally slow to respond to music, especially to their favorite music.
Hearing a familiar concert naturally shows a pleasant response, such as smiling or moving your body or even starting to dance.
And it seems to produce a unique and powerful stimulus response to familiar music that awakens the patient ’ s past personal and social connections.
In theory, if music can evoke memories, it may also help patients evoke other memories or related memories of that period.
In several studies, it has been consistently found that music tends to evoke more positive and positive memories from life than other clues.
Q5: Can music also prevent cognitive decline?
A5: Playing and listening to music can help slow the decline of cognitive function in older adults, according to a new study in Medical Journal Today.
Active note vibrations increase gray matter in certain areas of the brain and increase the plasticity of brain cells. Although music does not reverse or prevent brain cell shrinkage due to aging, it can slow cognitive decline.
Q6: What kind of music is most helpful?
A6: Studies have proved that classical music is the best choice.
The International Institute of Science calls this phenomenon the "Mozart effect."
It is recommended to listen to classical music such as Mozart, Bach, Beethoven and other famous composers.
Classical music seems to move the brain more easily than other music, is best suited for concentration, and is more able to produce substantial effects in absorbing new information.
Q7: Do musicians suffer from dementia?
A7: According to the International Institute of Science, a study of twins reported that musicians have a 64% lower risk of developing mild cognitive impairment or dementia.
The analysis of two other studies found that musicians had an average 59% lower risk of dementia.
Training and performance, which can be attributed to music, stimulates the brain and improves its ability to respond to the outside world.
Q8: Which organ is most stimulated by music?
A8: Although most activities such as visual art, computing, and language are mainly only half of the brain.
But music is one of the few that can pass through the auditory nerve and stimulate neurons on both sides of the brain at the same time.
Q9: How does music react in the brain?
A9: Music can promote the production of hormones dopamine and serotonin in the brain.
These are neurotransmitters that increase the sense of pleasure and ease.
There is also the so-called love hormone - oxytocin.
At the same time, research evidence shows that music can help reduce levels of the stress hormone cortisol, instantly relieving feelings of anxiety and depression.
Q10: How long does the music last?
A10: It ’ s a concern that in people with dementia, music can improve mood, behavior, and in some cases cognitive function, which, according to the Clinical Psychiatric Society, lasts for hours or even days after the music stops.
Q11: Can people without dementia benefit from music?
A11: A recent study suggests that playing an instrument and actively listening to music can help slow cognitive decline in people aged 62-78.
This study once again determined that musical activity increases the gray matter in many areas of the brain. Gray matter is an essential nerve tissue in the brain and spinal cord.
In particular, it plays an important role in psychology, memory, mood and movement. The increase in gray matter also increases the plasticity of the brain ’ s nerves – the brain ’ s ability to reconnect itself, which is important for learning cognition and memory preservation.
In addition to actively playing music, the 2023 study also showed that long-term music training, regardless of the age of the participants, can bring potential functional benefits to the brain and help keep the brain young and slow down aging.
(The author is a practicing physician in the Greater Washington area)
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Music therapy, including Mozart's music, reduces neurological symptoms in dementia patients and aids in memory recovery.

Music, including Mozart's, can relieve pain in newborns and calm infants as effectively as sucrose.

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Content: News feed
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Scientists have found out what music can serve as pain relievers
Photo: pixabay
American scientists have discovered that Mozart ’ s music can have a pain-relieving effect.
This was found out during the experiment on newborns, reports Zakon.kz.
According to The Telegraph, from April 2019 to February 2020, researchers studied the effect of music on the sensation of pain in infants.
The experiment involved 100 newborns who took mandatory blood tests.
54 out of 100 children listened to Mozart's lullabies for 20 minutes before the medical procedure and for five minutes after it.
The rest of the children did not play music.
All children were tested under the same conditions.
The level of pain was assessed on a scale from zero to seven points on the intensity of crying, breathing, facial expression and other criteria.
It turned out that the newborns, who put Mozart, more easily transferred the collection of blood for tests and generally behaved more calmly.
They stopped feeling pain a minute after the procedure, while babies who did not listen to music felt pain two minutes later.
"Music recordings, in addition to sucrose, effectively reduce pain in newborns.
Music can be considered a simple, easily reproducible and inexpensive means of relieving pain from minor medical procedures for healthy and full-term babies, ” the researchers concluded.
Researchers have yet to find out whether babies have the same effect as their parents' recorded voices.
In addition, there is no certainty that Mozart will work as a painkiller for adults.
Earlier, scientists at New York University have proved that listening to music, drinking coffee and other everyday pleasures are good for the brain.
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Mozart's music improves mental performance, helping elementary school students learn more effectively and be more productive.

Listening to music for an hour can improve cognitive performance.

Baroque music, like Mozart's, is believed to aid brain activity and improve cognitive performance.

13 minutes of music can aid concentration and relaxation in elementary school students.

Title:

Content: Music takes 13 minutes to ‘release sadness’ and 9 to make you happy, according to new study

14 January 2022, 10:03 | Updated: 14 January 2022, 10:05

By Classic FM

New research proves that music heals and suggests that in the future, music could be prescribed to help us focus, feel happier, relax and overcome sadness.

Research from the British Academy of Sound Therapy (BAST) has shown there is a common dosage for music and revealed how long an individual needs to listen to it for a therapeutic effect to be experienced.

In recent years, psychologists have proven that music can have a positive effect on our health, so researchers at BAST were keen to discover whether it would be possible to prescribe music to help us with specific mood states.

Their study, Music as Medicine, tested 7,581 participants and found that 89 percent believed music to be essential for their health and wellbeing, so there’s no doubt that it plays an important part in our daily lives.

While 90.15 percent participants used music to relax, 81.80 percent used it to make them feel happy, 46.5 percent to process and/or release sadness, and 32.53 percent to aid concentration.

The best music for relaxation had a slow tempo, simple melody and no lyrics, with an optimum listening time of 13 minutes – and many benefits were reported, including ‘decreased muscle tension, negative thoughts disappearing, feeling peaceful and contented and being able to sleep better’.

Listen: Dr Alex presents ‘Inner Harmony’, new show dedicated to classical music, health and wellbeing

Meanwhile, only nine minutes of music (mostly songs with a driving rhythm, fast tempo and positive lyrical content) is required to make people feel uplifted.

An impressive 89 percent had improved energy levels, 65 percent laughed more and others felt more in control of their lives or able to ‘take on anything’ – an encouraging result for medical professionals looking for new ways to treat patients with mental health conditions, such as anxiety and depression.

Read more: The best relaxing classical music

In another study, high-tempo music was also found to enhance performance during exercise – when women training heard pop songs with over 170 beats per minute, scientists found they began to put in more effort, particularly during endurance activities, such as running or cycling.

Music was also found to aid focus. Of the BAST test subjects who used music for concentration, 13 minutes was enough to clear their mind, help them work better in their job (91 percent) and make decisions more clearly.

And finally, music containing lyrics that people could connect with (again, 13 minutes) was found to be best for sadness, causing listeners to feel a sense of relief, less overwhelmed, more stable and less likely to be triggered by an issue.

Lyz Cooper, the founder of BAST, has previously collaborated with ambient musical trio, Marconi Union, to produce an eight-minute track designed to relax the listener and induce a trance-like state.

Cooper explained that the track, titled ‘Weightless’, “contains a sustaining rhythm that starts at 60 beats per minute and gradually slows to around 50’, meaning the listener’s heartbeat will naturally slow down to match the track’s BPM (beats per minute).

BAST’s fascinating new study, and Marconi Union’s soothing track, are further proof that music does indeed heal.

Listen to ‘Inner Harmony with Dr Alex George’ on Classic FM, Sundays at 9pm on Global Player.

Individual differences can affect music's impact on memory and cognitive performance.

Implementing music in schools, including the Mozart Effect, can improve students' productivity and learning from elementary on.

Music training, including listening to Mozart, benefits the brain at any age and may lower dementia risk.

To apply the Mozart Effect in elementary schools, listening to Mozart's music can help students concentrate and reduce distractions.

Title:

Content: Fung Ying Ying Little Red Book 5 Great Books to Read and Listen to Mozart? A Drink to Enhance Memory
Author: Colleen
Published: Updated:
Feng Ying Ying graduated with honors from the Department of Food and Nutrition of the University of Hong Kong in 2016, and returned to the campus last year to pursue a master ’ s degree in food industry management and marketing.
Screenshot of Feng Ying's Little Red Book
Feng Ying Ying shared a short video on the mainland social platform Little Red Book, sharing her five tips on reading, saying that not only love needs ritual, learning needs to be. "Serena Williams, the women 's tennis champion, listens to the same song every time she goes out, and will play tennis five times before kick-off." Feng Ying Ying Ying said she has a set of five strokes learning rituals. Better.
1. Create a learning atmosphere
Feng Ying-ying says that when studying, he will put some objects that can motivate him, such as books he likes, or write a memo of his own goals to remind him to study hard, "such as writing on the entrance to a nearby university, or hoping to get a grade in the exam."
Screenshot of Feng Ying's Little Red Book
2. Have a fixed learning time
Feng Ying Ying said that she is not used to staying up all night studying. She goes to bed before 12: 00 every night and usually gets up at 6: 00 in the morning to study. “Because the environment is quiet, less interference, and she will be more focused. ” Breakfast, going for a run, sweating, reading your favorite books, can make you look forward to getting up early. ”
Screenshot of Feng Ying's Little Red Book
3. Listen to music
Although some people suspect that listening to music is distracted during reading, Feng Ying said that the human brain has two attention systems, cognitive and non-cognitive attention systems, which "help us listen to music, especially pure music, our cognitive attention system will be less sensitive", thus making the attention in reading more concentrated and reducing the chance of distraction.
"Mozart's music contains many high-frequency waves above 3500 Hz", high-frequency waves can stimulate the spine to the brain's nervous system, improve physiological function, while listening to Mozart's music, the brain will be in the A-wave state of concentration and memory are going up.
Screenshot of Feng Ying's Little Red Book
4. Drink Green Tea
Feng Ying Ying said that Swiss research has confirmed that the extract in green tea can make the cognitive function of the brain better, can strengthen the human body's cognitive ability and memory, help us to refresh the mind, so that the state of reading is more effective.
Screenshot of Feng Ying's Little Red Book
5. Applying the Law of Attraction
According to the law of attraction, it is not enough to put a note on the goal in the learning environment, you can try to imagine that you have achieved the dream as much as possible, and use this sense of satisfaction to drive you to continue to work hard for the goal, "believe that you have got, you will get".
After the video was released, Internet users in both places also expressed support for Feng Ying Ying, "These films are very high quality", "Very good learning method, I hope I have a goal to go to the exam, can focus on attention", "This Ying Ying Ying is everyone 's favorite, more valuable content output", "I like to do the topic while listening to songs", "Looking forward to you to share learning goods" "There are also many netizens praised Feng Ying Ying's words are correct," she really lazy voice changed a lot, the expression ability is also super strong, in fact, continue to do the chair is also very good. "」