Several governments have recently used laws and regulations to curb foreign borrowings or restrict the public use of foreign languages in state-language domains, often focusing on English. [1][2][13][29][8][10].

Russia adopted a federal law mandating observance of modern Russian language norms and restricting foreign words in official use to protect the language from excessive borrowing. [1][2].

The law requires officials to avoid anglicisms in public speeches and remove foreign words from official documents.

The law restricts foreign words in registered media, advertising, and cinema, allowing exceptions only for terms that lack Russian analogues. [2].

A government commission will compile rules and approve a list of normative dictionaries and grammars that fix the modern Russian literary language and list allowed foreign words. [1][2][6].

Draft normative acts must pass a mandatory linguistic examination for compliance with the norms.

The law specifies domains where Russian is obligatory, including official correspondence, postal services, and consumer information and services.

Public use rules extend to authorities, courts, media, advertising, film screenings, cultural events, and inscriptions on signs.

Violations can carry administrative liability and fines of up to 10 million rubles. [30].

Public support has been reported for limiting English on signs, with 53% in Chelyabinsk and 52% in Nizhny Novgorod backing such measures. [14].

Lawmakers have also targeted anglicisms in everyday life and advertising, noting that 30–50% of central Moscow signs are in English or Latin script. [49].

Italy has moved to fine the use of English in official communications, with proposals backed by the prime minister and penalties ranging from €5,000 to €100,000 to protect and popularize Italian. [29].

France regulates English loanwords to preserve French and has longstanding rules requiring the use of French in broadcasting. [8].

French radio must play at least 40% French-language songs, a measure aimed at safeguarding the national language in the media sphere.

Beijing requires standardized Chinese characters on public signs and allows foreign languages only as translations of the Chinese text, with fines for violations.

Nationally, authorities promote Putonghua and standardized characters, while debates continue over reducing English teaching to avoid linguistic dependence, a move the Ministry of Education opposes. [17].

Kazakhstan has pursued language “purification” campaigns that translate all signs into Kazakh and pressure public use of the state language, sometimes with authorities’ support.

Uzbekistan has promoted speaking strictly Uzbek through public “challenges,” with Russian words crossed out in public places as part of the campaign.

The Russian law applies across education and state systems and bans non-literary words and expressions in official contexts.

The legislation introduces the concept of the modern literary language norm, fixes Russian as the language of the state-forming people, and mandates strict observance in education and media.

Official documents must be in Russian, and the state language is used in official relations and correspondence.

Measures extend to toponyms, with aims to remove anglicisms from the names of settlements.

Regional initiatives have proposed fines for using foreign words in advertising, such as in Crimea.

A separate list of permitted foreign words without Russian synonyms is to be published to guide official usage.

These cases illustrate a spectrum of tools: Russia’s statute-based language norms and sectoral bans, Italy’s proposed fines in official communications, France’s broadcasting requirements favoring French, and China and Central Asian campaigns and signage rules shaping public language use. [2][6][29][13][86][87][103][34].

Several governments have recently used laws and regulations to curb foreign borrowings or restrict the public use of foreign languages in state-language domains, often focusing on English. [1][2][13][29][8][10].

Title:

Content: Signs in public places in Beijing shall not use foreign languages alone
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The Standing Committee of the Beijing Municipal People's Congress yesterday (26) voted to pass regulations stipulating that the city's public places must use standardized Chinese characters as basic service words and must not use foreign languages alone.
According to the Beijing News, the 35th meeting of the Standing Committee of the 15th Beijing Municipal People's Congress yesterday voted to pass the Beijing Regulations on the Construction of Language and Environment for International Exchanges.
Regulations stipulate that public places shall use standardized Chinese characters as basic service characters and shall not use a foreign language alone; if the use of Chinese characters requires the use of a foreign language, the foreign language shall have the same meaning as the standardized Chinese characters.
The term "foreign language mark" as used in the regulations refers to the use of foreign language marks on signs, bulletin boards, electronic display screens and other carriers to indicate information such as names, venue guidance, facility use, warning, prohibition, instruction and so on.
According to the Regulations, if a person violates the provisions of the Regulations and uses a foreign language alone in the marking of a public place, the comprehensive law enforcement agency of the city management shall order him to make corrections; if he refuses to make corrections, he shall be given a warning and shall be liable to a fine of more than 5,000 yuan and less than 10,000 yuan (RMB, 1,072 to 2,145 Singapore dollars).
The regulations specify that five types of public places should be set up with foreign language marks: civil airports, railway stations, urban public transport stations; international sports events, international conferences, international exhibitions and other large-scale international activities, reception venues; communities where overseas talents are gathered; emergency shelters; culture, tourism, sports and other important public places.
In addition, the "Regulations" also clarify the translation and writing standards and content norms, requiring the Beijing Municipal Government's foreign affairs department in conjunction with relevant departments to formulate local standards for the translation and writing of foreign language signs in the fields of transportation, culture, tourism, sports and other fields, and the Beijing Municipal Administration Department in conjunction with the government's foreign affairs department will include the management requirements of foreign language signs in the management standards of the plaque signs.
For example, the content of foreign language signs in public places must not violate the provisions of relevant laws and regulations, must not violate the core values of socialism, must not contain harmful information that undermines national unity or violates national customs or customs, or promotes obscenity, gambling, and violence; and must not contain "incitement to undermine the state's religious policies, propagate cults and superstitions".
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Russia adopted a federal law mandating observance of modern Russian language norms and restricting foreign words in official use to protect the language from excessive borrowing. [1][2].

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The State Duma adopted a law on the protection of the Russian language from the excessive use of foreign words
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The state Duma in the final reading adopted a bill that should protect the Russian language from excessive foreign borrowing.
The document was submitted at the end of October last year.
It is noted that the project “emphasizes the unifying role of the Russian language as the state language of the Russian Federation in a single multinational state, expands and specifies the areas in which the use of the state language of the Russian Federation is mandatory. ”
The law introduces such concepts as normative dictionaries, grammars and reference books that fix the norms of the modern Russian literary language when it is used as a state language.
Exceptions will be only those foreign words that do not have common analogues in the Russian language and the list of which is contained in the normative dictionaries.
Also, now there will be a mandatory linguistic examination of draft regulations for their compliance with the norms and rules of the Russian language.
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The law requires officials to avoid anglicisms in public speeches and remove foreign words from official documents.

Title:

Content: In Russia, they are determined to protect the language from excessive saturation with borrowings
The Russian language is one of the most popular in Eurasia, and attempts to abolish our culture have failed.
© Video: TRK "Zvezda" © Photo: TRK "Zvezda"
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Store, Department, Home and other foreign words in the names of shops, cafes and restaurants in Krasnodar soon will not be.
The Cuban capital decided to abandon all foreign names.
The Cuban authorities obliged entrepreneurs to translate business into Russian.
“A sign in a foreign language or using transliteration or a sign in Russian has a big difference.
In part of the fact that 100% of our population can read, understand the sign in Russian.
And many, by ignorance and age, do not even understand what is written on these signs, ” said the chief architect of Krasnodar Artem Salamatin.
So far, the business has been given time until September 1.
But many entrepreneurs are ready to change now.
“Everything will be in Russian.
We will translate the site into Russian.
We'll change everything.
With pleasure, ” entrepreneur Hovhannes Hovhannisyan shared.
Words borrowed from foreign languages became an integral part of Russian many centuries ago.
Massive in our speech, they appeared in different iconic historical periods.
For example, the Mongol invasion.
And after the Patriotic War of 1812 - there were a lot of gallicisms, that is, French words.
Now in conversations predominate borrowing from English.
“We began to use foreign words very actively in areas where such activity had not been observed before.
First of all, it is the public sphere.
Social sphere.
Where actually came a lot of foreign words ”, – said the Chairman of the Association of teachers of literature and Russian language Lyudmila Dudova.
Russia is now determined to protect the language from excessive saturation with borrowings.
President Vladimir Putin recently signed a law “on mandatory observance of the norms of the modern Russian language when using it as a state language. ”
What specific rules are we talking about?
It's not clear yet.
They are compiled by a special government commission.
“The normative dictionary of the Russian language will be a single consistent comprehensive publication, which will be formed on the basis of dictionaries of the Russian language.
Interpretive, spelling, ” explained Deputy Minister of Education of the Russian Federation Tatiana Vasilyeva.
Thus, foreign words should disappear as much as possible from all official documents.
In addition, officials should not use anglicisms and other borrowings during public speeches and generally avoid them in their speech.
“There are so many wonderful and beautiful words in the Russian language.
But why then instead of the word mentor we say coach.
Well, it doesn't sound.
It seems to me that we need to get rid of such words that are imposed, ” said Lyudmila Skakovskaya, Deputy Chairman of the Federation Council Committee on Science, Education and Culture.
This law, according to officials, should protect the Russian language from attacks from abroad, where they have long been trying to abolish all Russian.
But now these sentiments have intensified even more.
The Kiev regime has long declared war on our culture and heritage.
Throughout the country, the monument to Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin is being demolished, because it is he who is considered the creator of the modern literary Russian language.
And it was the language issue that became one of the main reasons for the bloody confrontation in the East of Ukraine in 2014.
Residents of Donbass then did not agree with the nationalists, they did not refuse the Russian language.
“They use the term underdogs.
All these years, when the Maidan happened, they etched Russian in the Donbass, for them it is a symbol of communication.
The Russian world is hysterical.
What connects the Russian world?
The Russian language, ” said political scientist Yuri Svetov.
The fact that our language and culture need protection is also said by the leaders of other neighboring states.
During the autumn meeting of the heads of the CIS countries in Astana, the President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev called on his colleagues to create an organization for the protection of the Russian language.
“Our idea is to create an international organization in the image and likeness of the UN.
Using the positive experience of Francophonie.
The headquarters of which is located in Paris, ” said President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev.
Rossotrudnichestvo recently conducted its own study abroad, which showed that openly Russophobic sentiments are present only among politicians.
But ordinary people continue to willingly learn our language and culture.
According to the United Nations, Russian is spoken by 258 million people worldwide.
It is one of the most popular in Eurasia, and attempts to abolish our culture have failed.
Abroad, Dostoevsky, Pushkin and other Russian classics are also read.
Expert opinion and analytics
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The law restricts foreign words in registered media, advertising, and cinema, allowing exceptions only for terms that lack Russian analogues. [2].

A government commission will compile rules and approve a list of normative dictionaries and grammars that fix the modern Russian literary language and list allowed foreign words. [1][2][6].

Title:

Content: The state Duma in the first reading approved the bill on the prohibition of foreign words
On the eve of the State Duma of the Russian Federation in the first reading approved the draft law on the prohibition of excessive use of foreign words in the country.
According to the document published in the electronic database of the lower house of parliament, the measures do not apply to those terms that cannot be replaced by Russian analogues.
It is assumed that such restrictions will increase the scope of use of Russian words and preserve the language of Pushkin, and the original vocabulary will replace the borrowed, including in official documents.
It is also noted that the implementation of the proposals of the bill will improve the overall literacy rate of the population.
It is specified that the list of dictionaries will be determined by the government on the basis of proposals from the commission on the Russian language.
The explanatory note states that the project introduces concepts such as normative dictionaries, normative grammars and normative reference books that fix the norms of the modern Russian literary language.
Earlier, the State Duma, in order to protect the “future of the country from darkness, ” adopted a package of laws banning LGBT propaganda and pedophilia in Russia, as well as demonstrating LGBT information that motivates adolescents to change sex.
Fines are up to 10 million rubles.

Draft normative acts must pass a mandatory linguistic examination for compliance with the norms.

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The state Duma adopted a law on the restriction of foreign words in the Russian language
The State Duma adopted in the second and third readings the law on the state language.
It regulates the use of foreign and non-literary words.
This is reported by RIA Novosti.
Russian language.
altapress.ru
According to the published document, the purpose of the bill is to increase the importance of the Russian language as the state language throughout the country.
In particular, to strengthen control over the observance of its norms by civil servants and citizens.
The law deals with education, state systems, registered media, advertising, and cinema.
First of all, the bill does not allow the use of non-literary words and expressions, including obscene language.
The exception is foreign words, which have no analogue in the Russian language.
In connection with the law, a mandatory linguistic examination of draft normative acts will be introduced to check their compliance with the norms and rules of the Russian language.
They will also make a list of dictionaries.
They will fix the norms of the modern Russian literary language.
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The law specifies domains where Russian is obligatory, including official correspondence, postal services, and consumer information and services.

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Content: 22 February 2023, 17: 37
The Federation Council approved the law on the prohibition of the use of foreign words at the state level
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The Federation Council approved a law implying the inadmissibility of the use of foreign words at the state level.
The exception will be those words that have no analogues in the Russian language and which at the same time are contained in normative dictionaries.
“When using the Russian language as the state language of the Russian Federation, the use of words and expressions that do not meet the standards of the modern Russian literary language (including obscene language) is not allowed, ” the law states.
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The norms are understood as language tools and rules for their use, reflected in normative dictionaries and reference books.
The government on the basis of proposals of the Commission will approve the list of regulatory dictionaries and requirements for them.
It is also understood that they will reflect a list of foreign words, which are acceptable due to the lack of analogues.
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The composition and procedure of the government commission will also be approved by the Cabinet.
According to the law, the state language of the Russian Federation must be used in official relations and official correspondence of all organizations, both with Russians and with foreign citizens.
In addition, the addresses of senders and recipients of telegrams, parcels, postal orders within Russia, information for consumers of goods and services, and so on should be drawn up in the state language.
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Public use rules extend to authorities, courts, media, advertising, film screenings, cultural events, and inscriptions on signs.

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Content: Spitting in the face of the Netherlands and the intimidation of the nuclear: what the propaganda of the Russian Federation said on February 21
3 minutes
552
The speech of Russian President Vladimir Putin before the Federal Assembly has already passed, nuclear threats to the world have traditionally been proclaimed, nothing unusual has happened.
Well, except for the next "Orvelovsky" aggravation among the Russian politicum, which once again indicates the near-death convulsions of the empire.
What the Russian propaganda has given out over the past 24 hours, the Center for Strategic Communications and Information Security analyzed
Video of the day
Putin seeks to negotiate, but humiliates the West with his decisions
The basis of Putin ’ s much-publicized message to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation was, of course, accusations of “solving the war in Ukraine ” against the West and traditional threats to use weapons.
The only difference is that Putin has officially suspended Russia ’ s participation in the Treaty on Strategic Offensive Arms.
"The Russian Defense Ministry and Rosatom must ensure readiness to test nuclear weapons.
Of course, we will not do this first.
But if the United States conducts a test, and we will, ” — said the head of the Kremlin.
Such a step is actually another attempt to achieve negotiations on a peaceful end to the war with Ukraine.
This time there was a lot of blackmail.
However, Moscow for some reason does not take into account the fact that the West usually has a habit not to negotiate with terrorists, which, by the way, Russian politicians have actually recognized many leading countries in the world.
At the same time, with hints of a desire for dialogue, Putin continues to put sticks in the wheels of Russian diplomacy with his decisions.
For example, the assignment of the title of "Guards" 53rd anti-aircraft missile brigade - for "mass heroism and courage, steadfastness and courage shown by the personnel of the brigade in combat operations to protect the Fatherland."
At the same time, the "mass heroism and courage" of this brigade was to take the lives of innocent people on board a passenger liner of Malaysian Airlines on July 17, 2014.
There were 298 people on board, all of whom died.
By the way, a court in the Netherlands ruled that the Buk, from which the Boeing was shot down, belonged to the 53rd brigade of the Russian Federation.
But Putin somehow decided that the Netherlands would get away with such a diplomatic slap.
The FSB debunks fakes from...
Medvedeva
However, the ability to lie is one of the key skills to get into the Russian government.
Otherwise, it is impossible to explain the dominance of top propagandists in high positions.
A striking example is former Russian President Dmitry Medvedev, who recently said that Joe Biden ’ s visit to Kiev was originally agreed by Moscow.
“Biden, after receiving security guarantees, finally went to Kiev, ” he said.
But the director of the FSB Alexander Bortnikov later said something different, in fact refuted Medvedev ’ s claim.
According to the official, Washington did inform the Russians about Biden ’ s upcoming trip.
However, the United States did not receive any guarantees from Moscow.
Whether this is true is unknown, but the Kremlin ’ s general desire to increase its significance is too great.
He demonstrates this in relation to the Russian language, in defense of which a special law was recently adopted in the third reading.
According to the document, the use of borrowed foreign words is prohibited in public use - such as "trabl", "workshop", "fake", etc.
This applies to those definitions that have analogues in Russian.
The implementation of the law will be mandatory for authorities at all levels, courts, media, advertising producers, film screenings in cinemas, theatrical and cultural events, inscriptions on signs.
And this is a vivid repetition of history, because as early as 1929, a similar policy was pursued by the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini.
Then, under the fascist regime, the use of not only foreign words, but also individual letters was prohibited in the country.
Also, even dialects and local dialects were recognized as “strangers ”, and it was impossible to use them publicly.
It is likely that a similar fate will soon await the Russian Federation, which will not surprise anyone at all.
The only nice thing is that everyone knows how the fascist government of Italy ended.
Therefore, Putin ’ s government will expect the same...

Violations can carry administrative liability and fines of up to 10 million rubles. [30].

Public support has been reported for limiting English on signs, with 53% in Chelyabinsk and 52% in Nizhny Novgorod backing such measures. [14].

Title:

Content: SuperJob: 52% of Nizhny Novgorod residents supported the bill on combating Anglicisms
More than half of Nizhny Novgorod residents (52%) expressed support for the bill introduced in the State Duma of the Russian Federation on combating anglicisms and foreign words that are used in signs, texts, names of goods, residential areas and complexes.
This is reported by the service for job search SuperJob on the basis of its own research conducted among the economically active population of Nizhny Novgorod.
This bill was opposed by 27% of respondents, another 21% found it difficult to answer.
Supporters of the legislative initials argued their position that "it is necessary to protect the Russian language" and that "in our country everything should be clear for us."
Opponents of the bill said that “there is no point in changing the names of existing ones. ”
He also noted that now “clearly there are areas where funding is much more needed, and if the extra money remains, you can do signage ”.
Supporters of the initiative are more among Nizhny Novgorod citizens over 45 years old (80%).
Non-English-speaking respondents support the bill more often than those who speak it fluently (65% vs 48%, respectively).
Andrey Repin
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Lawmakers have also targeted anglicisms in everyday life and advertising, noting that 30–50% of central Moscow signs are in English or Latin script. [49].

Title:

Content: The State Duma has developed a bill to combat anglicisms - RIA Novosti, 26.04.2022
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In the state Duma has developed a bill to combat anglicisms
Head of the State Duma Committee on Culture Yampolskaya is preparing a bill to combat anglicisms
© RIA Novosti / Maxim Blinov / Go to photobankSigns of tour operators "Intourist" and Thomas Cook
Signs of tour operators "Intourist" and Thomas Cook.
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MOSCOW, April 26 – RIA Novosti.
The head of the Duma Committee on culture Elena Yampolskaya (“United Russia ”) said that is preparing a project to toughen the fight against borrowing from other languages on the signs of outdoor advertising.
“The draft law is now ready.
And we'll start talking to our colleagues, we'll start talking.
We need to tighten the norm against anglicisms...
We will introduce in the near future, first to the discussion of the faction and the party, and then all interested departments.
This is to the issue of creating a nationally oriented environment, "Yampolskaya said at a press conference.
Matvienko urged to protect the Russian language from external borrowings
She also gave data on the number of signs in foreign languages in Russian cities.
“We just walked through the central streets and counted the number of signs (in foreign languages).
This is not a purely Moscow disease, I see in other cities.
The statistics are as follows: there are more Latin signs on the central streets by 30-50% than signs in Russian, "Yampolskaya said.
According to her, with a change in this situation, it is necessary to start the creation of a "nationally oriented environment".
“And (when you walk around the city) you already begin to not understand what country we live in.
What is the state language here?
And if in the case of trademarks it is at least somehow possible to explain, then if Russian words with incomprehensible provincial ponts are written in Latin, then this (is) a bad taste fashion.
In fact, the creation I would have started with (creating the environment), ” she added.
VTsIOM found out how Russians relate to borrowings in the Russian language
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Italy has moved to fine the use of English in official communications, with proposals backed by the prime minister and penalties ranging from €5,000 to €100,000 to protect and popularize Italian. [29].

Title:

Content: No hello: the Italian government wants to fine for English words
According to members of the party of Prime Minister Giorgi Meloni, the purpose of the law is to “protect and popularize the Italian language ” and preserve national identity.
Related video
In Italy, a bill has been created, if adopted, for the use of English and other foreign words in official messages will be punished with fines from €5,000 to €100,000.
This is reported by Euronews.
According to members of the party of Prime Minister Giorgi Meloni, the purpose of the law is to “protect and popularize the Italian language ” and protect national identity.
The law was put forward by Fabio Rampelli, a member of the lower house of Italy ’ s parliament, and he opposes the so-called “anglomania ”, because of which Italian politicians and bureaucrats will receive fines if the law is passed.
“In the lower house we speak Italian.
We continue to struggle to use our language instead of English.
We can ’ t understand why we call the “dispenser ” an automatic hand sanitizer, ” he writes.
On March 22, the head of the Italian government, George Meloni, sharply spoke out against the termination of support for Ukraine.
On March 21, police from Italy collected evidence of mass crimes of the Russian Federation in Ukraine.
The materials for the International Criminal Court are based on thousands of testimonies of Ukrainian refugees.
One of the women told how her friend was raped by five soldiers of the Russian army.
March 15, the media said that Medvedev gave PMC "Wagner" a special order to kill the Minister of defense of Italy.

France regulates English loanwords to preserve French and has longstanding rules requiring the use of French in broadcasting. [8].

Title:

Content: France / China / University Infiltration
French universities and research institutions have the shadow of Chinese influence?
French universities and academia are subject to a variety of foreign interference and influence that France must better resist, a parliamentary report released on Tuesday said, condemning “China ’ s dominance, but not the only one. ”
The report said Beijing ’ s infiltration tools include Confucius Institutes (CIs) around the world.
The report was led by the French Senate.
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One study reported that Chinese influence was “dominant ” in French universities.
Other countries, such as Russia, Turkey and certain Gulf countries, were also mentioned in the report, which was commissioned by the French Senate, AFP reported today.
According to the report, “But no other country can match China ’ s strategic approach and scale, and China ’ s strategy works on multiple levels, and China no longer hides its desire to occupy a central position in international relations. ”
Some Western countries have publicly expressed concerns about China ’ s influence strategy in their universities.
This 240-page document from the French Senate discusses the “brutalization of international relations, ” and research and teaching are no exception.
The report describes “attempts to influence ” that“ are no longer limited to economic intelligence issues, but extend to academic freedom and scientific integrity. ”
Agence France-Presse said the investigation, conducted by Etienne Brown (Republican, Rhône), focused on double impact.
On the one hand, shape the image or reputation of a country through anthropological and sociological methods, or reinforce an official narrative.
On the other hand, to gain strategic, economic or military advantage by invading and capturing sensitive scientific data (...). "
According to the report, “China appears to be the country most capable of its strength and its long-term policy capacity to carry out a strategy of global and systemic influence. ”
Beijing ’ s tools include Confucius Institutes (CIs) around the world.
With relative institutions such as France, Germany and Spain, they aim to spread Chinese culture independently or in cooperation with universities.
But critics accuse Confucius Institutes of being propaganda tools that threaten the academic freedom of their partners and even hide spies.
The report highlights the dilemma faced by the university, which is academically open in nature, but must now take sustained vigilance, especially against the foreign students it receives.
The authors argue that the French academic community lacks a threshold of vigilance, is ill-suited to a new world of threats, and is weakened by an overall lack of resources.
The report recommended “raising the threat of foreign interference to a political level ” and expressed regret that“ it is now commonplace to talk about Russia ’ s ‘ troll farms ’ or cyber attacks from Russia and China. ”
The report calls for, among other things, the development of an EU-wide strategy to audit the security of university computer network systems and the establishment of a "transparent system for checking the sources of funding for non-EU projects."

French radio must play at least 40% French-language songs, a measure aimed at safeguarding the national language in the media sphere.

Title:

Content: Algeria..
A step to take off the remnants of the colonial dress
A state of celebration prevailed among the Arab cultural elites as the Algerian authorities issued a decision to strictly circulate the Arabic language in all official departments of the country.
This generalization coincides with the rise of the voices of the Arabized political elites in Algeria calling for moving towards other spaces and blocs dictated by Arabism and Islam.
The importance of the decision comes after a great debate between President Tebboune and his successor the Algerian and Arab people, and French President Emmanuel Macron on the nature of the existence of Algeria before French colonialism, as well as it came contrary to the orientation of many Arab regimes to take care of the English language at the expense of Arabic.
The significance of the resolution is that it represents a new blow to French policy on cultural colonization from a country where French speakers are second only to France.
Initial position
The latest Algerian position is an extension of a principled position that seeks to complete the removal of the French dress that France tried to wear to Algeria after its invasion in the nineteenth century, a dress that dozens of mass popular revolutions – and which were met with brutal massacres – expressed the depth of the Algerian popular refusal to wear it.
The depth of the rejection is evidenced by the fact that these massacres continued for 132 years, claiming the lives of one and a half million martyrs, and in the words of the last 6 million martyrs, yet the Algerian people did not stop resisting until they forced their colonists to recognize their right to self-determination in the end.
The latest Algerian decision is not new, as it falls within the provisions of Article 3 of the Constitution, which stipulates that Arabic is the national and official language of the country, and also corresponds to Law No. 05-91 of January 1991 for the same purpose.
It is reinforced by Algeria ’ s rejection of the membership of the Francophone Organization (the Community of la Francophonie) since its participation in Beirut in 2002, while its participation in all subsequent summits has been reduced to the status of “special guest ”.
There are popular tributaries that support not falling under the French dress, including that Algerian intellectuals see this organization as an extension of the French colonial umbrella, and joining it is a denial by Algerians today of the struggles and sacrifices of their predecessors yesterday.
Among these intellectuals is the former Minister of Culture, Mohieddin Amimour, who believes that “the Francophone Organization falls within the framework of neo-colonialism, and France uses French to achieve its political and economic interests without paying attention to our interests. ”
"We will not allow Francophonie to be a Trojan horse within the walls of our political and economic construction," he said.
It's not just Arabic.
There are not only political or economic motives behind the calls to tear up the French dress of Algeria, but also scientific motives, including what the Ministry of Higher Education revealed that it conducted a survey in which 93% of respondents chose to teach scientific subjects in English instead of French, while the Algerian mathematician Aboubacar Saadallah blew up in an article entitled “What is left of French in the field of scientific research? ”
The debate about the bankruptcy of the French language in the scientific field has become neglected by Western academic circles that rely on the French language in scientific research.
Saadallah cited the example of the University of Sudbury in Canada, which has made huge cost cuts by removing nearly half of its French-language programs and cutting off many French teachers, with Canada ’ s largest university collapsing due to the fragility of its French language.
Therefore, the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research decided to adopt the English language in the Higher School of Artificial Intelligence and the Higher School of Mathematics, in the framework of replacing English with French in the scientific community, as the French language no longer has a place in the field of scientific research by the recognition of the francophones themselves.
Especially now that most scientific studies and cultural and literary works are available in the world in that language, while Algeria is at the bottom of the world ranking of its speaking countries.
The decision comes after the attention of the Commonwealth of Anglophone Countries to Algeria as a potential breeding ground for French-English.
In either case, whether Arabic or English is adopted, the only loser is undoubtedly France and its French language, which will lose its deep cultural influence in this country.
The Effective Weapon
As Russia, China, and Turkey ’ s global influence has grown in the last three decades, France needs to make the best use of its most effective weapon (the French language) in order to keep up with this development and stop its external influence from being modest.
It began this interest from within its territory, and in 1994 issued laws making French mandatory in all forms of television broadcasting, which means the dubbing of all programs in foreign languages, and obliged radio stations to play French songs with at least 40% of the content of the broadcast, followed by the issuance of many laws, decisions and regulations that criminalize speaking non-French.
In a significant move, former French President Jacques Chirac briefly pulled out of a session at an EU summit in 2006 in protest at the fact that the presidency of an EU lobbying group had addressed EU leaders in English.
French Culture Minister Franck Riester also urged his countrymen to limit the use of English vocabulary in their speech, although the French president himself sometimes used some English terms in his speech.
All this reveals the depth of the blow that Algeria can inflict on France if its decision is strictly implemented, while the only French hope is that the implementation will be suspended as a precedent to become null and void.
Will French Lobbyists Succeed?
Source: Al Jazeera Direct
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Beijing requires standardized Chinese characters on public signs and allows foreign languages only as translations of the Chinese text, with fines for violations.

Nationally, authorities promote Putonghua and standardized characters, while debates continue over reducing English teaching to avoid linguistic dependence, a move the Ministry of Education opposes. [17].

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The Ministry of Education's response to the NPC deputies' call for a reduction in the proportion of English teaching
In recent years, there has been much debate in the Chinese public opinion about whether the proportion of English teaching should be reduced.
Recently, the Ministry of Education responded to the National People's Congress deputies to ask the article, and then let the topic hit the hot search.
The Ministry of Education said that "foreign language classes accounted for 6% to 8%, which has been significantly lower than the language, mathematics, sports, art and other subjects" sparked heated debate, the media and netizens on one side opposed reducing the proportion of English teaching, and said the Ministry of Education's reply "too divorced from reality", "and" it will be locked in the country ".
According to the daily economic news report, the answer came from a proposal made by a representative of the National People ’ s Congress at the fifth session of the 13th National People ’ s Congress to “reduce the proportion of English teaching and the proportion of points in the examination. ”
The representative believes that English learning is necessary, but "to the extent that it is even a bit deformed", the proportion of English teaching and examinations should be reduced, and the teaching of traditional Chinese culture should be increased, so as to increase cultural pride and cultural self-confidence.
The Ministry of Education announced on the official website of the National People's Congress on the 23rd that according to the "compulsory education curriculum plan", the classroom time ratio of each subject is: language 20% to 22%, mathematics 13% to 15%, sports and health 10% to 11%, foreign languages 6% to 8%, accounting for significantly lower than language, mathematics, sports, art and other subjects.
However, the answer also emphasizes that foreign language is an important part of the comprehensive development of students' moral, intellectual, physical and mental skills, which helps to cultivate and develop students' core qualities such as language ability, cultural awareness, quality of thinking, and learning ability, and cultivate students' Chinese feelings, international perspective and cross-cultural communication skills.
The Ministry of Education will further strengthen Chinese excellent traditional culture education, incorporate Chinese excellent traditional culture into the college entrance examination, and guide students to strengthen their cultural self-confidence.
This answer immediately attracted public attention, and the discussion on social platforms was heated.
Unlike the comment area under this topic in the past, which is mostly a supportive voice of "showing the cultural confidence of a big country", this time the comment area is almost completely against reducing the proportion of English class time, and the comment is full of anger and ridicule.
"The English language education level in some remote areas is already very low, this is to let these children out of the mountains can not survive?", "as long as the entrance examination is not canceled, the status of English will not be shaken, say nothing in vain", "too arrogant, technology has not developed how, actually want not to learn English, are all closed eyes and listen to the night lang!", "It is not a dream to reconnect with the world by resuming the use of the eight-strand examination, reading only the four books of the Bible and the five books of the Book of Songs and the three syllabuses of ethics.
Some people think that there are countermeasures under the above policy: "Those who do not learn, don 't learn it, anyway, I have children to study hard", "Who is fooling, a little bit of money is not willing to give their children multi-language classes, private teaching one-on-one courses", "culture is culture, making money, English is very important.
It is understood that the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, 93 Central Committee member Xu Jin in this year's two sessions have proposed "reducing the proportion of English teaching", English is only instrumental knowledge, the general demand can be completely replaced by artificial intelligence.
Li Guangyu, a deputy to the National People's Congress, has made similar proposals.
Media: Learning English ≠ Lack of Cultural Self-Confidence
In response to the controversy over the “should we not reduce the proportion of English teaching ” triggered by the Ministry of Education ’ s one-piece reply, Chinese media commented that Xi Jinping, the Communist Party ’ s general secretary, has repeatedly stressed that“ we must insist on unwavering openness to the outside world ”.
And "learning English" in recent years has been "symbolized" and produced a certain mood, in fact, learning English and cultural self-confidence are not opposed, there is no need to associate so much.
The Beijing News commented that in the context of globalization, exchanges and exchanges between countries in the world are becoming more and more normalized. It is a form of communication between people of different countries.
In such a large environment, if the general teaching of foreign languages is reduced at the basic education stage, it means that it will bring corresponding injustice to different groups of society.
For example, low-income families may face an increased financial burden in order to improve their children's comprehensive capabilities.
At present, what should be done is to improve the foreign language ability of students within the established teaching time, rather than completely degenerating into "experimentation" and becoming "dumb foreign language".
Red Star News commented that in recent years, many discussions about English have gone beyond a discipline, and some people have symbolized it, placing too much value on a language and generating a certain emotion.
It is as if the two teaching contents of "reducing the proportion of English teaching" and "increasing the teaching content of Chinese culture" in the proposal of the deputies to the National People's Congress seem to be in opposition to each other.
But English learning and cultural self-confidence are not in conflict.
The commentary believes that this is a subjective association, such as the teaching of chemistry and physics, and almost no one links the two with "Chinese culture", even if chemistry and physics are also foreign subjects.
Some people intentionally or unintentionally label the English language, subjectively giving it a negative connotation.
Learn a foreign language, there is no need to associate so much.
Language should return to language and subject to discipline, which is a respect for the discipline of education and for the diversity of the world.
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Kazakhstan has pursued language “purification” campaigns that translate all signs into Kazakh and pressure public use of the state language, sometimes with authorities’ support.

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Content: Partners news
In Kazakhstan, a taxi driver yelled at a client after her request not to speak Russian
In Kazakhstan, a woman asked a taxi driver to speak Kazakh and drew anger
In one of the cities of Kazakhstan between a taxi driver and a client there was a scandal because of the Russian language.
The video of the incident was published by the Telegram channel “Sputnik Near Abroad ”.
On the recording, you can hear a man in raised tones answering the passenger ’ s request to speak Kazakh.
“This is my personal point of view.
Whether I am a traitor or not, it is not up to you to judge.
I grew up in the Soviet Union, where Russian was the only language.
I will not talk to you in Kazakh! ” the driver shouted angrily.
At this time, the woman tries to kill the taxi driver and asks him to stop screaming, but the man continues to swear.
Conflicts on the basis of nationalism in the post-Soviet countries occur quite often.
For example, in Kazakhstan, nationalists began to conduct so-called “language raids ”.
During them, activists checked the knowledge of the Kazakh language by employees of shops and state institutions and forced Russian-speaking citizens to apologize on camera.
Later, journalists caught the leader of the “language patrols ” Kuat Akhmetov in relations with the authorities of Kazakhstan.
After that, a member of the Committee of the Mazhilis (lower house of parliament) on social and cultural development Berik Abdygaliuly said that all signs and signs in Kazakhstan should be translated into the Kazakh language.
Abdygaliuly noted that this decision was made in view of voters ’ concerns about the situation of the Kazakh language in the country.
In Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, several Russian-speaking citizens, including children, were beaten and insulted.

Uzbekistan has promoted speaking strictly Uzbek through public “challenges,” with Russian words crossed out in public places as part of the campaign.

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You do not understand at all: Why Uzbekistan decided to press the Russian language
In the Uzbek Chirchik, a flash mob was launched - Russian words are crossed out, while in Moscow, signs in the subway are duplicated in Uzbek to make it convenient for migrants.
October 5, 21: 40
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In the Uzbek city of Chirchik, located in the Tashkent region, a “challenge ” appeared with an appeal to speak strictly Uzbek.
It is known that earlier the khokimiyat (mayor) of Tashkent in his telegram channel announced a similar "challenge".
According to him, residents of the city were invited to hang signs in public places that would motivate them to speak the state language.
In shops and public places, homemade posters with Uzbek and Russian words are now being pasted.
The Russian word is marked with a red cross - they say, ban, and the Uzbek - with a green tick.
It should be noted that the Russian language in Uzbekistan has always been a household language, including for representatives of the indigenous nation.
Given that all able-bodied population of the country works in Russia, knowledge of the Russian language is a priority.
Russian and Russian-speaking Internet users and residents of Uzbekistan regarded this initiative unambiguously - as a persecution of the Russian language and its speakers, but the mayor's office considers this interpretation unjustified.
- It's not right.
We only teach to speak Uzbek correctly.
We did not prohibit anything, ” said the press secretary of the Chirchik khokimiyat Fahriddin Kadyrov.
It should be noted that, for example, everything is being done in Russia to make it comfortable for guests from Uzbekistan.
Thus, all announcements in the “profile ” Moscow Domodedovo airport are voiced, including in Uzbek.
All signs and signs are also in this language.
In the capital's subway at the stations "Prokshino" and "Lesoparkovaya", from which there is a transport to the migration center "Sakharovo", too, all signs are duplicated in the Uzbek language.
As Nikita Mendkovich, an expert on Central Asia, noted, the reason for such a strange “challenge ” may be an attempt by local authorities to flirt with nationalists, making them“ pleasant. ”
- So far, there is no language problem in Tashkent - both Russian and Uzbek languages are used equally in everyday communication.
Such initiatives only aggravate the situation, but do not solve anything, and the only thing they can do is provoke a new wave of nationalist hysteria.
Now the situation in this country is stable, since Uzbekistan has a high proportion of the titular population, but external forces may be behind this, which would like to artificially escalate the conflict in order to undermine the positions of the current government, ” Mendkovic said.
There is nothing good in this practice, says political scientist Dmitry Rodionov.
In his opinion, this is, of course, not language patrols, as in neighboring Kyrgyzstan, but still a soft squeeze of the Russian language from the territory of the former Soviet republics.
At the same time, the expert clarifies, in Russia with the languages of the peoples of Central Asia, things are more pragmatic.
Photo © Shutterstock
- These people come to us mainly to work, that is, they should already know the language, so I think if some sign is in another language, it's okay.
But to make documents in the languages of other peoples is pointless, if a person cannot elementary read a Russian document, then how he will work here.
I think that migrants should at least encourage knowledge of the Russian language, including at home, if they are going to work here.
These are interrelated things, the expert noted.
However, the "problem" of the Russian language may not be of a character for the inhabitants of Central Asia.
At the moment, political scientist Alexei Martynov reminds, Russian is the language of science and the language of international communication in the former Soviet republics.
I honestly doubt that a citizen of Uzbekistan who can ’ t read Russian can read Uzbek.
Russian was and remains the language of international communication, the language of science, and this cannot be questioned.
Moreover, a huge part of even fiction in these countries is present in the “great and powerful ”, simply because in Uzbek there is not a sufficient array of necessary authors, data, stories, ” the political scientist said.
He added that with a fairly high probability, under the guise of protecting the national language, Uzbekistan is in the process of abandoning Russian in favor of English.
A formal reason for abandoning the Russian language in favor of the national one will only lead to the replacement of the Russian with another foreign one.
- They have already done this in Eastern European countries, after the socialist camp system ceased to exist.
They do not hide these goals, various Western funds, including the Soros Foundation, are involved in this.
They understand the mechanisms through which one language is supplanted by another, and these projects are scheduled for decades to come.
At first, the population, due to the Soviet education, resists, but the older generation is receding into the past - and it is replaced by a new one, which can already drive this into its head.
We also had it in the 1990s - early 2000s - all these free English courses from strange people.
We drove them out, and there they dug in, ” explained Alexei Martynov.
He also noted that the decline in the role of the Russian language will necessarily affect the qualifications of Uzbek and broader Central Asian workers.
In favor of misunderstood patriotism, Uzbek nationalists only worsen the position of their fellow citizens in the labor market of Russia and the countries of the former USSR.
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The Russian law applies across education and state systems and bans non-literary words and expressions in official contexts.

The legislation introduces the concept of the modern literary language norm, fixes Russian as the language of the state-forming people, and mandates strict observance in education and media.

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Content: MOSCOW, 22 feb — PRIME.
The Federation Council approved a law providing for the restriction of the use of foreign words in the Russian language with some exceptions.
It is noted that the document will fix in the Law "On the state language" the status of Russian as the language of the state-forming people, and also introduce the concept of the norm of the modern literary language.
The law proposes to establish a list of areas with strict observance of these norms, including in education and the media.
It is emphasized that officials, state and municipal information systems will be allowed to use borrowings in the absence of Russian-language analogues.

Official documents must be in Russian, and the state language is used in official relations and correspondence.

Measures extend to toponyms, with aims to remove anglicisms from the names of settlements.

Regional initiatives have proposed fines for using foreign words in advertising, such as in Crimea.

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Content: There should be no excesses: a sociologist about the law on the protection of language - RIA Novosti Crimea, 29.10.2022
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There should be no excesses: a sociologist about the law on the protection of language
Political scientist Kiselyova appreciated the bill on the protection of the Russian language
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SIMFEROPOL, 29 oct - RIA Novosti Crimea.
The emergence of a law in the Russian Federation on the protection of the Russian language from excessive borrowing is appropriate, but there should be no excesses in this matter.
This opinion on the air of the radio "Sputnik in Crimea" expressed the head of the Crimean branch of the Foundation for the development of civil society, sociologist Natalia Kiseleva.
Crimean teachers spoke out against the language repression of young people > >
Earlier, a draft law on amendments to the Federal Law "On the State Language of the Russian Federation" appeared in the system of ensuring legislative activity.
The amendments provide for the protection of the Russian language from the excessive influence of borrowed words.
In particular, we propose the emergence of normative dictionaries that fix the norms of the modern Russian literary language, where foreign words cannot be entered, with the exception of those that have no analogues in the Russian language.
Leave the “barn ” and“ dog ” alone: a linguist about the law on the protection of language
“I am a supporter of this bill.
I think it should be adopted a long time ago, because we really see an unjustified dominance of foreign words.
At the same time, I, of course, do not propose to abandon all borrowed words - many of them have long and firmly entered the Russian language and became part of it, "Kiseleva said.
The sociologist emphasizes that it is impossible to introduce language restrictions in colloquial speech, especially among young people, and this is not the case in the new bill.
At the same time, in her opinion, the official use of the language should be regulated:
In the Crimea proposed to introduce fines for foreign words in advertising > >
“It ’ s about officials, the media.
For example, the latest fashionable foreign word "hub" - representatives of government agencies use it everywhere, although there is a great word in the Russian language "node": transport hub, interchange and so on, "- gives an example of a guest ether.
Dictionary for the replacement of anglicisms needs improvement – opinion
In addition, according to Kiseleva, it is appropriate not only to regulate the use of the Russian language in the official sphere, but also to simplify the language of regulatory documents so that the ordinary citizen can understand legal norms, which now often require interpretation by lawyers.
Earlier, Andrei Kibrik, a researcher at the Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, commented on the relevant bill, expressed the opinion that the artificial regulation of any language, including the Russian language, is a vain and even harmful idea, since borrowing is part of a natural process that cannot be stopped or reversed.
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A separate list of permitted foreign words without Russian synonyms is to be published to guide official usage.

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The world today - by decision of Putin.
Banning officials from using foreign words
You are now following the news of a decision by Putin.
Prevent officials from using foreign words from the World News section, and now we leave you with the full details.
Wednesday, March 1, 2023 12: 22 AM - Russian President Vladimir Putin on Tuesday signed an amended law on the official use of the Russian language that prohibits government officials from using most foreign vocabulary while working.
The amendments to a 2005 law are aimed at protecting and enhancing the status of the Russian language, according to a text posted on the government ’ s website.
The text reads:
• With the use of Russian as the official language of the Russian Federation, the use of vocabulary and expressions that do not meet the standards of modern Russian is not allowed.
Excludes foreign words that do not have synonyms widely used in the Russian language.
• A list of foreign words that can still be used will be published separately.
• The amendments did not mention any penalties for those who do not comply with the amended law.
We hope that we have succeeded in conveying the full details of the news by a decision of Putin..
Prevent officials from using foreign words.
In God ’ s care and protection.
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These cases illustrate a spectrum of tools: Russia’s statute-based language norms and sectoral bans, Italy’s proposed fines in official communications, France’s broadcasting requirements favoring French, and China and Central Asian campaigns and signage rules shaping public language use. [2][6][29][13][86][87][103][34].