Ocean acidification is a pressing issue that affects various aspects of marine life, including coral reefs, shellfish, and other organisms that rely on calcium carbonate to build their shells and skeletons.

The pH level of the water has dropped from 8.3 to 7.9 between 1980 and 2019, which has significant implications for marine life.

This decrease in pH level has led to a decline in the population of shelled organisms, with a 35-40 percent decrease in their numbers.

The shell size of these organisms has also decreased due to the increased acidity of the water, which reduces the availability of calcium and carbonate ions necessary for shell building.

Ocean acidification not only affects shellfish but also slows down the growth of coral reefs, which are crucial for the health of marine ecosystems.

The decline in pH level has far-reaching consequences, affecting the health of marine animals and causing them to become smaller in size.

For example, the size of edible oyster species has dropped by 40 percent, highlighting the significant impact of ocean acidification on marine life.

Ocean acidification is closely linked to global warming and climate change, as the absorption of excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere leads to an increase in ocean acidity.

The impact of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems is a complex issue, with various factors contributing to the decline of marine life.

The increase in global atmospheric CO2 concentrations from 320 ppm to 420 ppm has significant implications for ocean acidification and its effects on marine ecosystems.

Freshwater dilution can also affect the aragonite saturation state in ocean acidification, although biological CO2 removal can offset the negative impact of freshwater dilution.

The decrease in pH level due to ocean acidification can have devastating consequences, including a reduction in the growth rate of coral reefs and the decline of shellfish populations.

In fact, coral records have revealed a distinct temporal trend in sea surface temperatures, highlighting the close link between ocean acidification and climate change.

The absorption of anthropogenic carbon by the oceans leads to ocean acidification, which can have significant consequences for marine ecosystems, including the Ross Sea.

Microbial activity also plays a crucial role in ocean acidification, as it consumes organic carbon and releases CO2 into deep layers of the ocean.

However, there are still knowledge gaps in the research on ocean acidification, particularly in the Mediterranean region, where the effects of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems are not well understood.

Furthermore, certain marine organisms, such as microbes and pteropods, are understudied, and more research is needed to understand the impact of ocean acidification on these species.

Cephalopods, including octopuses, are also affected by ocean acidification, although the exact mechanisms are not well understood.

Copepods, which are crucial in the Arctic food web, are sensitive to the combined effects of acidification and warming, which can affect their breathing rates and development.

The exposure of copepod larvae to stressors, such as acidification and warming, can have significant consequences for the ecosystem, including disruptions to the food web.

Zooplankton, including copepods, play a critical role in the marine food web, and changes in their populations can have cascading effects on the ecosystem.

Ocean warming also has significant implications for marine ecosystems, including changes in species distribution and the decline of coral reefs.

The absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere leads to ocean acidification, which can have devastating consequences for marine life, including cephalopods and other species that rely on calcium carbonate to build their shells.

Copepods serve as a link between primary producers and higher trophic levels, and changes in their populations can have significant consequences for the ecosystem.

The combined effects of acidification and warming can have significant consequences for marine communities, including changes in species composition and the decline of vulnerable species.

Shrimp larvae are also vulnerable to ocean acidification and warming, which can affect their development and survival rates.

High temperatures can accelerate the growth of shrimp larvae, but also lower their survival rates, highlighting the complex interactions between ocean acidification, warming, and marine life.

The combined effects of ocean acidification and warming can have significant consequences for marine ecosystems, including the decline of coral reefs and the loss of biodiversity.

The increase in CO2 levels leads to global warming and ocean surface warming, which can have devastating consequences for marine life, including cephalopods and other species.

The rise in water level, ranging from 0.18 to 0.79 meters, due to warming, can also have significant implications for coastal ecosystems and human communities.

Ocean acidification affects the early life stages of marine organisms, including shrimp larvae, which can have significant consequences for the ecosystem.

The combined exposure to warming and acidification can affect the development of shrimp, leading to changes in their populations and the ecosystem as a whole.

Shrimp stocks in the Arabian Gulf may reduce due to climate change, highlighting the significant implications of ocean acidification and warming for marine ecosystems and human communities.

Ocean acidification may also lead to the collapse of crustacean species, including shrimp, which can have devastating consequences for the ecosystem and human livelihoods.

Pteropods, which are important for the ocean environment and food web, are also affected by ocean acidification, which can impact their ability to build shells.

The decrease in pteropod populations can have significant consequences for the ecosystem, including changes in the food web and the decline of vulnerable species.

Ocean acidification impacts the life cycles and abundance of sea butterflies, which are more vulnerable to acidification during winter.

The survival of sea butterflies is challenged by prolonged exposure to acidification, which can have significant consequences for their populations and the ecosystem.

Ocean acidification events can overlap with the spring spawning period, threatening the larvae of sea butterflies and other species.

Changes in ocean acidification may alter the life cycles of sea butterflies, highlighting the complex interactions between ocean acidification and marine life.

The impact of ocean acidification on marine life is a pressing issue that requires immediate attention.

The oceans absorb 20-30% of human-made carbon dioxide emissions, leading to a decrease in pH levels and an increase in ocean acidity.

Ocean acidification can have devastating consequences for coral reefs, which could stop growing in 10 years unless greenhouse gas emissions are reduced.

In fact, 94% of all reefs could erode by 2050 under a worst-case scenario, highlighting the urgent need for action to mitigate the effects of ocean acidification.

Mammals, such as polar bears and ringed seals, are also at risk due to Arctic ice melting, which can have significant implications for their populations and the ecosystem.

Vegetation, such as mangroves and seagrass, are at risk of extinction due to ocean acidification and warming, which can have significant consequences for coastal ecosystems and human communities.

The number of dead zones has increased from 400 to 900 between 2008 and 2019, highlighting the significant impact of ocean acidification and warming on marine ecosystems.

Sea level rise will displace millions of people living in coastlines worldwide, highlighting the urgent need for action to mitigate the effects of ocean acidification and warming.

Ocean acidification affects not only coral reefs but also shellfish, highlighting the significant implications for marine ecosystems and human livelihoods.

Reducing global greenhouse gas emissions is crucial to protect oceans and mitigate the effects of ocean acidification.

Coral reefs are crucial for the health of marine ecosystems, providing protection from land erosion and storms, and supporting a diverse range of marine life.

Ocean acidification affects the ability of corals to build shells and skeletons, leading to a decline in coral reef health and resilience.

Rising water temperatures cause coral bleaching and stress, which can have significant consequences for coral reef ecosystems.

In fact, coral bleaching has affected 75% of the world's reefs, highlighting the urgent need for action to mitigate the effects of ocean acidification and warming.

Corals are colonial organisms composed of thousands of individual animals, and changes in their populations can have significant consequences for the ecosystem.

Ocean acidification is caused by excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which can have devastating consequences for coral reefs and marine ecosystems.

Coral reefs are valuable sources of food and medicine for over a billion people, highlighting the significant implications of ocean acidification for human livelihoods.

Artificial reefs can help rebuild damaged reefs and provide new structures for corals, highlighting the potential for restoration and conservation efforts.

However, coral reefs are predicted to be mostly gone by 2050, highlighting the urgent need for action to mitigate the effects of ocean acidification and warming.

Ocean acidification is a pressing issue that affects various aspects of marine life, including coral reefs, shellfish, and other organisms that rely on calcium carbonate to build their shells and skeletons.

The pH level of the water has dropped from 8.3 to 7.9 between 1980 and 2019, which has significant implications for marine life.

Title:

Content: Credits: Maxpixel

The Logical Indian Crew

Rise In CO2 Levels In Air Is Wounding Sundarbans' Marine Life: Scientists

This has been analysed by a team of marine scientists working in the Sunderbans, who said ocean acidification is a part of global warming and climate change. The experts found the pH level of water dropping from around 8.3 in the early 1980s to approximately 7.9 in 2019.

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A continuous increase in the carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the air is harming the marine life of the Sunderbans estuary in West Bengal by turning it acidic. Animals, especially with shells such as oysters, clams, crabs, and lobsters, are prone to danger.

This has been analysed by a team of marine scientists working in the Sunderbans, who said ocean acidification is a part of global warming and climate change, Hindustan Times reported. The experts found the pH level of water dropping from around 8.3 in the early 1980s to approximately 7.9 in 2019.

Speaking to the media, Abhijit Mitra, former head of the marine science department (Calcutta University), informed that the western part of Sunderban, close to the urban area, had observed a massive drop in its pH level, while the central part is declining slowly.

Mitra said the decline affects the population of shelled organisms and their shell size as well, which has become thinner and smaller. Fishermen said that several fish and other animals have gotten smaller, and they hardly get big ones.

Their population has also fallen by 35-40 per cent in the western area.

"The size of Saccostrea cucullata, a species of edible oyster around Kakdwip and Namkhana fishing harbour, has dropped by over 40 per cent. In the central Sunderbans, the size of the species has dropped by around 20 percent," the media quoted him as saying.

Asst. Professor of Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Punyasloke Bhadury, explained that water contains calcium and carbonate ions, which the shelled animals need to develop and corals to build the reef. But the acidity reduces these components in the water, affecting the shell size and slowing down the growth of reefs.

Experts said the decline in the pH level is alarming. Just as the slightest drop in the pH level of a human body (pH 7.35 to 7.45) can make them sick, the same takes a heavy toll on marine animals.

The scientists said the decline is not just in Sunderbans but other estuaries as well.

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This decrease in pH level has led to a decline in the population of shelled organisms, with a 35-40 percent decrease in their numbers.

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

The shell size of these organisms has also decreased due to the increased acidity of the water, which reduces the availability of calcium and carbonate ions necessary for shell building.

What do shellfish use to build their shells?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Ocean acidification not only affects shellfish but also slows down the growth of coral reefs, which are crucial for the health of marine ecosystems.

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

The decline in pH level has far-reaching consequences, affecting the health of marine animals and causing them to become smaller in size.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

For example, the size of edible oyster species has dropped by 40 percent, highlighting the significant impact of ocean acidification on marine life.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

Ocean acidification is closely linked to global warming and climate change, as the absorption of excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere leads to an increase in ocean acidity.

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

What is the main cause of ocean acidification?

water absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

The impact of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems is a complex issue, with various factors contributing to the decline of marine life.

The impact of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems is a complex issue, with various factors contributing to the decline of marine life.

The impact of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems is a complex issue, with various factors contributing to the decline of marine life.

The increase in global atmospheric CO2 concentrations from 320 ppm to 420 ppm has significant implications for ocean acidification and its effects on marine ecosystems.

Title:

Content: There were 974 press releases posted in the last 24 hours and 451,057 in the last 365 days.

Editorial: the changing carbonate systems in coastal, estuarine, shelf areas and marginal seas

Editorial on the Research Topic
The changing carbonate systems in coastal, estuarine, shelf areas and marginal seas

Global atmospheric CO2 concentrations have increased from 320 ppm in the 1960s to the present-day value of 420 ppm, primarily due to anthropogenic activities. This increase influences the seawater carbonate system, impacting the marine ecosystem. There are still gaps that need to be resolved for predicting how these marine systems respond to current and future CO2 levels. Any actions to mitigate the change in pH will require adaptive management of multiple stressors across several spatial scales. Combined, these perspectives yield a more comprehensive picture of events during ocean acidification (OA).

This Research Topic brings together articles from different regions, including coastal, estuarine, and shelf areas and marginal seas, all susceptible to changing atmospheric conditions, riverine inputs, air-sea CO2 exchanges, and multiple acid-base reactions that can alter carbonate chemistry. Articles on the long-term trends of CO2 system descriptors and the interactions with calcifying organisms were also sought. The present Research Topic is primarily based on original articles devoted to carbonate systems in the marginal seas, but it is a pity that some interesting papers dealing with freshwater inflows, estuaries, and related coastal areas were not accepted.

Fransson et al. examined the effects of glacial and sea-ice meltwater on ocean acidification in the waters near the 79 North Glacier (79 NG) and the northeast Greenland shelf. The researchers investigated various ocean acidification factors and the influence of freshening, primary production, and air-sea CO2 exchange. One of the key findings was that the biological removal of CO2 through primary production played a crucial role in offsetting the negative impact of freshwater dilution on the aragonite saturation state (ΩAr), which is a measure of ocean acidification. This compensation effect was most pronounced in 2012, especially in the vicinity of the 79 NG front, where there was a significant presence of glacial meltwater and surface stratification. In 2016, a different scenario was observed, with a more homogenized water column due to sea-ice meltwater. In this case, the compensation effect of biological CO2 removal on ΩAr was weaker compared to 2012. The study also suggests that in the future, with ongoing climate and ocean chemistry changes, the increasing influence of meltwater may surpass the mitigating effects of biological CO2 removal. This could lead to unfavorable conditions for organisms that rely on calcium carbonate for their shells and skeletons. Thus, all the proposed factors need to be closely monitored as they could have significant implications for marine ecosystems and calcifying organisms in the face of ongoing environmental changes.

In a study by You et al., the researchers assessed ocean acidification in the Western Pacific using boron isotopic analysis in a large tropical coral core from Lanyu Islet in Southeast Taiwan. They used a well-preserved coral skeleton (Porites lobata) for detailed major and trace element analysis, including boron (B) and its isotopes (δ11B), as well as stable isotopes of oxygen (O) and carbon (C). Their primary objective was to investigate environmental changes during the period from 1991 to 1997. The coral records revealed a distinct temporal trend in sea surface temperatures (SSTs) based on elemental/calcium ratios on both annual and monthly scales. Notably, the most temperature-sensitive proxy, Mg/Ca-SSTs, indicated a significant warming trend during the study period. The researchers also observed subtle changes in the annual δ11B record, corresponding to a pH decrease of approximately 0.2 units. This change was consistent with other coral records in the Pacific, in-situ measurements of pH and pCO2, and model predictions, highlighting the impact of human-induced ocean acidification. When combined with Mg/Ca-SST data, the intra-annual coral data exhibited a clear seasonal cycle, with higher pH levels during the winter, aligning with surface ocean pCO2 patterns. These chemical and isotopic findings in corals underscore the value of marine biogenic carbonates as informative tools for reconstructing oceanic pH changes.

Rivaro et al. investigated freshwater inflow into the Ross Sea in Antarctica, particularly through the eastern gate and along the Ross Ice Shelf. They conducted a survey during the austral summer of 2019-20 to assess the contribution of Amundsen Sea Water (ASW) to salinity variations. The researchers used data on total alkalinity (AT), pH, temperature, and salinity to analyze the properties of the carbonate system, including total inorganic carbon, pCO2, and the calcium carbonate saturation state of aragonite and calcite (Ω), along with the Revelle factor. They also estimated anthropogenic carbon (Cant) using the TrOCA method to gain insights into the carbon cycle and its impact on ocean acidification due to atmospheric CO2 uptake. The study found that changes in the carbonate chemistry of surface waters were primarily influenced by physical properties. AT and pH were effective indicators of the entry of ASW, demonstrating limited mixing between different water masses in the shelf area. Additionally, shelf waters were enriched in Cant, leading to levels lower than what was estimated for shelf waters generated in the western Ross Sea.

Ingrosso et al. investigated the factors influencing the absorption of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (Cant) in the Ross Sea, an area known for its capacity to absorb carbon due to its cold waters, high primary productivity, and unique circulation on the Antarctic continental shelf. The researchers focused on the carbonate system to assess the current levels of anthropogenic carbon and understand how physical and biological processes regulate Cant sequestration along the shelf-slope continuum. They found that the Winter Water mass, formed during convective events, contained high levels of Cant due to the mixing of layers during the cold season. In contrast, the older and less-ventilated Circumpolar Deep Water entering the Ross Sea had minimal anthropogenic carbon contributions. The study also revealed variations in Cant content between different areas, such as polynyas and the shelf break, influenced by their distinct hydrographic and biological characteristics. The intense microbial activity in these regions consumed a significant portion of particulate organic carbon, leading to the release of CO2 into the intermediate and deep layers of the continental shelf zone. The findings underscored the importance of summer biological activity over the Ross Sea shelf in facilitating the transfer of anthropogenic CO2 between organic and inorganic carbon pools. This process contributed to ocean acidification in the upper mesopelagic zone and the long-term sequestration of Cant in the deep ocean.

Hassoun et al. conducted a comprehensive review of ocean acidification (OA) research in the Mediterranean region using data from the United Nations’ International Atomic Energy Agency’s Ocean Acidification International Coordination Center (OA-ICC) database and an extensive survey. Their analysis revealed several important knowledge gaps in understanding OA trends and biological impacts in the semi-enclosed and densely populated Mediterranean Sea. These gaps are attributed to disparities in OA research capabilities among Mediterranean countries and the intricate, long-term interactions among biological, chemical, and physical factors. The study highlighted an uneven distribution of OA research efforts across the region, with the Algero-Provencal and Ionian sub-basins being the least studied areas. Furthermore, the carbonate system in coastal zones remains inadequately quantified, and there is a scarcity of long-term time series data in the Mediterranean, making it challenging to assess OA trends along the coast. While certain groups of organisms, such as autotrophs (algae, phanerogams, phytoplankton), mollusks, and corals, have received considerable attention in research, others, including microbes, small mollusks (particularly pteropods), and sponges, have been relatively understudied. Despite available resources and agreements for enhanced and coordinated OA governance, there is a lack of consistent OA policies in the Mediterranean Sea. To address these challenges, the article offers recommendations based on their literature review and insights from the Mediterranean OA scientific community.

Curbelo-Hernández et al. conducted an analysis of the carbon dioxide (CO2) system, anthropogenic carbon (Cant) inventory, and air-sea CO2 fluxes (FCO2) in the waters surrounding the Macaronesian archipelago. They found that variations in CO2 levels were primarily influenced by temperature changes, biological activity, and advection processes driven by differences in the Canary Upwelling System, mixed layer depth, mesoscale activity, and circulation patterns. Surface CO2 levels (fCO2,sw) were found to be influenced by biological production and the injection of CO2-rich water in tropical waters, while temperature fluctuations played a significant role in subtropical waters. The study also examined the factors that control changes in the total inorganic carbon normalized to a constant salinity (NCT) in the upper ocean. The research revealed an increase in the uptake and storage of anthropogenic carbon compared to preexisting levels, as calculated using the TrOCA 2007 approach, which served as an upper limit for NCT. The importance of the organic carbon pump diminished in subtropical waters, while the carbonate pump had minimal contribution. Regarding FCO2, the area behaved as a CO2 sink during the winter, but strong outgassing was observed over the Cape Blanc filament. To enhance understanding in this region, the authors compared their data with existing datasets (SOCAT and GLODAP) and provided a new set of equations for calculating fCO2,sw, Cant, and FCO2 in the Macaronesian area.

All these studies emphasize the urgency of addressing ocean acidification and its multifaceted impacts on marine ecosystems. They call for continued monitoring, research, and international cooperation to better understand and mitigate the effects of rising CO2 levels on our oceans and the life they support.

Ogrinc N., Giani M. & Faganeli J., 2023. Editorial: the changing carbonate systems in coastal, estuarine, shelf areas and marginal seas. Frontiers Marine Science 10: 1325363. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2023.1325363. Article.

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What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

What is the main cause of ocean acidification?

water absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

Freshwater dilution can also affect the aragonite saturation state in ocean acidification, although biological CO2 removal can offset the negative impact of freshwater dilution.

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

The decrease in pH level due to ocean acidification can have devastating consequences, including a reduction in the growth rate of coral reefs and the decline of shellfish populations.

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

it can kill shellfish
it slows their growth

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

In fact, coral records have revealed a distinct temporal trend in sea surface temperatures, highlighting the close link between ocean acidification and climate change.

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

ocean acidification
sea surface temperature

The absorption of anthropogenic carbon by the oceans leads to ocean acidification, which can have significant consequences for marine ecosystems, including the Ross Sea.

What is the main cause of ocean acidification?

water absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

Which regions are most affected by ocean acidification?

Microbial activity also plays a crucial role in ocean acidification, as it consumes organic carbon and releases CO2 into deep layers of the ocean.

However, there are still knowledge gaps in the research on ocean acidification, particularly in the Mediterranean region, where the effects of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems are not well understood.

Furthermore, certain marine organisms, such as microbes and pteropods, are understudied, and more research is needed to understand the impact of ocean acidification on these species.

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Which ocean creatures have trouble forming shells due to ocean acidification?

Cephalopods, including octopuses, are also affected by ocean acidification, although the exact mechanisms are not well understood.

Cephalopods, including octopuses, are also affected by ocean acidification, although the exact mechanisms are not well understood.

Cephalopods, including octopuses, are also affected by ocean acidification, although the exact mechanisms are not well understood.

Copepods, which are crucial in the Arctic food web, are sensitive to the combined effects of acidification and warming, which can affect their breathing rates and development.

Title:

Content: The Arctic region is currently undergoing rapid and significant changes, with acidification and warming occurring at alarming rates.
These shifts raise concerns about the resilience of marine communities in the face of such environmental shifts.
Marine zooplankton, especially copepods, play a crucial role in the Arctic food web.
However, differences in environmental conditions can disrupt zooplankton populations, leading to adverse consequences for the entire ecosystem.
Recent research has focused on understanding the extent to which copepods in early life are exposed to environmental stressors, as they represent a critical bottleneck in the copepods life cycle.
A study by Espinel Velasco et al.
(2023) Explore the responses of 4-day-old Kalanos Hyperborius Lenobli to acidification (pH 7.5 and 8.1) and warming (0 and 3 ° C), both individually and collectively.
The study revealed that the larvae 'breathing rates increased significantly when exposed to a combination of acidification and warming.
Surprisingly, exposure to these stressors individually did not produce the same effect.
Surprisingly, the researchers did not find any noticeable differences in fat content and fatty acid composition in the larvae across various experimental treatments.
Wax esters, which make up about 75% of the fat reserve, and high amounts of long-chain fatty acids 20: 1 and 22: 1, necessary for copepods to reproduce, have been detected in all treatments.
By highlighting the sensitivity of larvae to the combined effects of acidification and warming, this study aligns with a growing body of evidence from relevant research.
It highlights the potential impacts of global change on Arctic copepod populations and stresses the importance of understanding early life stage responses to environmental stressors.
Questions and Answers:
Q: What are zooplankton?
A: Zooplankton refers to small, often microscopic, organisms that drift into the ocean or other bodies of water and serve as one of the main sources of food for many marine species.
Q: What is the role of copepods in the Arctic food web?
A: Copepods, especially calanotic copepods such as Calanus Hyperboreus, are a critical component of the Arctic food web.
They serve as a vital link between primary producers (such as phytoplankton) and higher trophic levels, serving as a food source for various marine species.
Q: What is acidification?
A: Acidification refers to the process of increasing acidity (lowering pH) in seawater due to the absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
This occurs as a result of human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels.
Q: How does global warming affect marine ecosystems?
A: Ocean warming can have various impacts on marine ecosystems, including changes in species distribution, changing reproductive cycles, and potential disruptions to the delicate balance of food webs.
Source: Frontiers in Marine Science, DOI: 10.3389 / fmars.2023.1240673

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Which regions are most affected by ocean acidification?

The exposure of copepod larvae to stressors, such as acidification and warming, can have significant consequences for the ecosystem, including disruptions to the food web.

At what stage of life are calcium carbonate-based organisms most vulnerable to changes in water pH?

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Zooplankton, including copepods, play a critical role in the marine food web, and changes in their populations can have cascading effects on the ecosystem.

Ocean warming also has significant implications for marine ecosystems, including changes in species distribution and the decline of coral reefs.

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

The absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere leads to ocean acidification, which can have devastating consequences for marine life, including cephalopods and other species that rely on calcium carbonate to build their shells.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

What do shellfish use to build their shells?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

What is the main cause of ocean acidification?

water absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Copepods serve as a link between primary producers and higher trophic levels, and changes in their populations can have significant consequences for the ecosystem.

The combined effects of acidification and warming can have significant consequences for marine communities, including changes in species composition and the decline of vulnerable species.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

Shrimp larvae are also vulnerable to ocean acidification and warming, which can affect their development and survival rates.

Title:

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In cooperation with the Foundation for the Advancement of Science and the Atomic Energy Agency
« Research » conducted a study on the impact of « acidification » on shrimp
The Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), in cooperation with the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KFAS) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), completed a study project to investigate the impact of ocean acidification and ocean surface warming on the growth and abundance of local shrimp.
In turn, the head of the project, researcher Lamia Muslim at the Center for Environmental and Life Sciences Research at the Institute, said that there are many animals that contain in their skeleton or shell calcium carbonate, and changes in the pH of water can negatively affect these organisms, especially in the early stages of their life. The sea and some phytoplankton species, but that does not mean that this is a positive thing because the increased growth of these organisms can disrupt the food chain, biodiversity and ecosystem mechanisms and construction.
She added that the presence of large amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leads to the occurrence of global warming and the rise of the surface of the oceans by between one and three degrees Celsius, and the rise of the water level to an amount ranging from 0.18 to 0.79 meters, which in turn leads to acidification and warming of the surface of the oceans, and therefore to change the chemistry of the ocean and threaten marine ecosystems.
She pointed out that the shrimp mothers were collected from Kuwaiti territorial waters during the breeding season to obtain eggs and shrimp larvae in sufficient numbers to conduct experiments on all stages of shrimp age, as the study experiments were conducted in the laboratories of the Institute in a controlled system simulating the expected climate changes in the future.
The results of the study confirmed that the warming of the surface of the oceans could have a greater impact than ocean acidification on the early life stages of shrimp larvae, as shrimp larvae exposed to high temperatures showed accelerated growth rates to reach the sizes of older shrimp, but with lower survival rates, it is very likely that lower survival and growth rates under future climate scenarios may lead to the emergence of smaller shrimp larvae. These larvae will undergo multiple molting processes over their life cycle making them vulnerable; furthermore, the study results suggest additional effects of combined exposure to ocean surface warming and acidification on egg-hatching success, survival, and shrimp larval development.
Al-Musallam said: “The study is fully consistent across the entire life cycle of the M Nair shrimp, where high mortality of larvae at low pH and high water temperature indicates a possible collapse of this species of crustacean under conditions of increased ocean acidification and future warming of the ocean surface, which also leads to a significant reduction in shrimp stocks in the Arabian Gulf due to overfishing or reduced larval growth due to climate change. ”
For his part, dr.
Dr. Saifuddin Iqbaluddin, from the Center for Environmental and Life Sciences Research, said experts regularly measure water temperature and pH levels and look at how marine life might respond to these changes in the coming decades.
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At what stage of life are calcium carbonate-based organisms most vulnerable to changes in water pH?

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

High temperatures can accelerate the growth of shrimp larvae, but also lower their survival rates, highlighting the complex interactions between ocean acidification, warming, and marine life.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

The combined effects of ocean acidification and warming can have significant consequences for marine ecosystems, including the decline of coral reefs and the loss of biodiversity.

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

The increase in CO2 levels leads to global warming and ocean surface warming, which can have devastating consequences for marine life, including cephalopods and other species.

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

The rise in water level, ranging from 0.18 to 0.79 meters, due to warming, can also have significant implications for coastal ecosystems and human communities.

Ocean acidification affects the early life stages of marine organisms, including shrimp larvae, which can have significant consequences for the ecosystem.

At what stage of life are calcium carbonate-based organisms most vulnerable to changes in water pH?

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

The combined exposure to warming and acidification can affect the development of shrimp, leading to changes in their populations and the ecosystem as a whole.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

Shrimp stocks in the Arabian Gulf may reduce due to climate change, highlighting the significant implications of ocean acidification and warming for marine ecosystems and human communities.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Ocean acidification may also lead to the collapse of crustacean species, including shrimp, which can have devastating consequences for the ecosystem and human livelihoods.

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

Pteropods, which are important for the ocean environment and food web, are also affected by ocean acidification, which can impact their ability to build shells.

Title:

Content: Newswise — When carbon dioxide (CO2) enters the oceans, it can make the water more acidic, which is called ocean acidification. This can make it harder for some ocean creatures, like pteropods, to build and keep their shells. Pteropods are important for the ocean environment.

Pteropods are small sea creatures, including shelled sea butterflies. Not much is known about them because of their size, and they don't survive well in captivity. A team of marine scientists studied the life cycles, abundance, and seasonal changes of shelled sea butterflies in the north-east Scotia Sea, where climate change is happening quickly.

Dr Clara Manno, a researcher at the British Antarctic Survey and the corresponding author of the study published in Frontiers in Marine Science, said that the decrease in pteropod populations in the Antarctic Ocean could have significant consequences for the food web and carbon cycle. She also said that understanding the life cycle of this important organism could help to predict the impact of ocean acidification on the Antarctic ecosystem.

Population stability essential for species survival

To study the life cycle, abundance, and seasonal variability of shelled sea butterflies in the north-east Scotia Sea, a team of marine scientists collected sea butterflies in a sediment trap, a sampling device that was anchored at a depth of 400 meters. Since observing the entire life cycle of sea butterflies in a laboratory setting is impossible, the researchers had to gather information about their spawning, growth rate, and population structure. They were able to reconstruct the sea butterflies' life cycle for a year using the samples from the sediment trap.

The scientists found that the two most commonly collected species, Limacina rangii and Limacina retroversa, have different life cycles and therefore have different levels of vulnerability to changes in the ocean. During the winter months, L. rangii, which is a polar species, can be found as both adults and juveniles, while L. retroversa, a subpolar species, is only found as adults during the winter.

Sea butterflies that exist during the coldest season are more vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification. This is because ocean water is more acidic during this season than during other times of the year due to cooler temperatures that increase CO2 dissolution in the ocean. The researchers explained that the life stages of sea butterflies during this time are more exposed and vulnerable to the effects of ocean acidification.

L. rangii has a survival advantage over L. retroversa because both adults and juveniles coexist during winter, which reduces the risk of population instability if one cohort is vulnerable. In contrast, if one cohort is removed from L. retroversa, the entire population could be at risk.

Prolonged exposure is a survival challenge

The researchers pointed out that although the two species are affected differently, both are likely to suffer harm if they are exposed to unfavorable conditions for prolonged periods.

The scientists cautioned that the intensifying and prolonged events of ocean acidification overlap with the spring spawning period, posing a threat to the most vulnerable life stage, the larvae. This could endanger the future populations of sea butterflies.

The research team plans to further study the sea butterflies in the Scotia Sea to see how they would be affected by the increase in the intensity and duration of ocean acidification events. They will study multiyear sediment trap samples to identify potential changes in the life cycle that may occur due to environmental changes. Dr Jessie Gardner of the British Antarctic Survey, lead author of the study, said this will be the next step in their research.

Journal Link: Frontiers in Marine Science

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Which ocean creatures have trouble forming shells due to ocean acidification?

The decrease in pteropod populations can have significant consequences for the ecosystem, including changes in the food web and the decline of vulnerable species.

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Ocean acidification impacts the life cycles and abundance of sea butterflies, which are more vulnerable to acidification during winter.

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Which ocean creatures have trouble forming shells due to ocean acidification?

The survival of sea butterflies is challenged by prolonged exposure to acidification, which can have significant consequences for their populations and the ecosystem.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Which ocean creatures have trouble forming shells due to ocean acidification?

Ocean acidification events can overlap with the spring spawning period, threatening the larvae of sea butterflies and other species.

At what stage of life are calcium carbonate-based organisms most vulnerable to changes in water pH?

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Which ocean creatures have trouble forming shells due to ocean acidification?

Changes in ocean acidification may alter the life cycles of sea butterflies, highlighting the complex interactions between ocean acidification and marine life.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Which ocean creatures have trouble forming shells due to ocean acidification?

The impact of ocean acidification on marine life is a pressing issue that requires immediate attention.

The impact of ocean acidification on marine life is a pressing issue that requires immediate attention.

The impact of ocean acidification on marine life is a pressing issue that requires immediate attention.

The oceans absorb 20-30% of human-made carbon dioxide emissions, leading to a decrease in pH levels and an increase in ocean acidity.

Title:

Content: How climate change and warming waters are affecting the health of the oceans

(NEW YORK) — Oceans do so much to sustain life on Earth, including bearing the brunt of global temperatures that have been steadily warming for decades.

An IPCC special report published in 2019 found that oceans — which make up more than 70% of the world’s surface — have absorbed between 20% and 30% of human-made carbon dioxide emissions since the 1980s. They’re also responsible for absorbing more than 93% of the “combined heat stored by warmed air, sea, and land, and melted ice” since the 1970s, according to the Fifth Assessment report published in 2013 by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

The tipping point is near, experts told ABC News. But there are collective actions to take that could revitalize oceans to a healthier state — the theme of the United Nations World Oceans Day 2022.

“We really see oceans as the biggest ally in the climate change crisis,” Lea d’Auriol, founder of nonprofit Oceanic Global, told ABC News.

This is how climate change is affecting the health of the world’s oceans:

Species are faced with adapting or becoming extinct

Currently, the oceans “are in a state of complete imbalance” that has nearly doubled since the 1990s, d’Auriol said. Look no further than the fishermen, who supply sustenance to more than three billion people who rely on seafood as their main source of protein, as witnesses that climate change is already here, d’Auriol, said.

“If you wanted to ask someone if climate change is really happening, probably the most surest answer you’d get from anyone aside from a scientist is a fisherman,” Arlo Hemphill, senior oceans campaigner for Greenpeace USA, told ABC News. “Because fishermen are seeing these things happen in real time.”

One of the changes long-time fisherman are witnessing is the presence of new species venturing north as the area with their preferred water temperature expands.

Marine organisms maintain the same temperature as the surrounding water, so that when temperature increases, so does the temperature of the organism, Martin Grosell, professor of ichthyology and chair of the University of Miami’s Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, told ABC News. As the temperature rises, the organisms require more energy to move and survive. But, conversely, the levels of oxygen in the water decrease as the temperature warms, forcing the species to move, Grosell said.

The migrations may seem innocuous, but they are disrupting ecosystems all over the world, such as the phenology, or timing, of when grey seals give birth, Hemphill said.

Conversely, species are continuing to die off due to repeated events of marine heatwaves, Anne Christianson, director of international climate policy for the Center for American Progress, a public policy research organization, told ABC News.

Coral reefs are among the most threatened marine ecosystems in the world, scientists say. Coral bleaching, a process that occurs when water is too warm and the corals expel algae from their tissues, causing them to turn completely white, is happening at “alarming” rates — increasing by a rate of 4% per year — along with an uptick in mortality events along entire regions, d’Auriol said.

A study published in the National Academy of Sciences found that coral reefs could stop growing in 10 years unless greenhouse gases are significantly reduced and that, under a worst-case scenario, 94% of all reefs could erode by 2050.

Reefs are often the indicator of the health of an ecosystem, Brenda Ekwurzel, director of climate science for the Union of Concerned Scientists, told ABC News.

Mammals that rely on Arctic ice, such as polar bears and ringed seals, one of the polar bears’ main food sources that live their lives almost entirely on the ice, are also at risk, Ekwurzel said.

Vegetation such as mangroves, seagrass plants and marshes, some of the largest carbon sinks on the planet, which absorb and store carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, are also at risk of extinction, d’Auriol said.

The number of dead zones are increasing

A dead zone, or the process of hypoxia, occurs when an algal bloom sucks up all the oxygen in an area, making it impossible for marine life to survive — essentially a biological desert, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

A study published in 2008 in Science found that there were 400 dead zones around the world. By 2019, the number of dead zones had increased to about 900, d’Auriol said.

The dead zones often occur in regions with rampant nutrient runoff, such as at the base of the Mississippi River, where it empties into the Gulf of Mexico, Hemphill said.

Sea level rise will change coastal communities

The biggest contributor to sea level rise is the melting ice in the Arctic, which is heating up twice as fast as the rest of the world, according to the 2021 Arctic Report Card by NOAA. Increases in sea level rise of 6 inches to a foot since the Industrial Revolution may seem like small increments, but crucial infrastructure near oceans was not built to withstand the added inches of water, experts say.

Millions of people living in coastlines around the world, including those in mega cities such as New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco, will be displaced by the rise in sea levels, d’Auriol said.

Carbon dioxide emissions sparks ocean acidification

Ocean acidification, which occurs when water’s pH levels are lowered as a result of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, is not directly caused by warming temperatures but rather by excess carbon dioxide emissions, Hemphill said.

“The alarming thing about it is that shellfish everything from from microscopic plankton, to clams and crabs and coral reefs themselves use calcium carbonate to build their shells,” he said. “And as the ocean acidifies, it becomes more difficult to create the shells.”

Ocean acidification, rather than coral bleaching, will likely be the culprit behind the demise of coral reefs, Ekwurzel said.

Collective actions are necessary to protect the oceans

In line with the 2022 theme for World Oceans Day, “Revitalization: Collective Action for the Ocean,” scientists and conservationists are highlighting the need for individuals, communities, nonprofits, the private sector and governments to come together to create solutions, d’Auriol said.

This includes ensuring the health of marine protected areas by eliminating housing, fishing zones and shipping traffic in the vicinity, d’Auriol said.

Governments will need to create policies to protect both human life and the health of the ocean, Christianson said.

“There isn’t one silver bullet for solving this crisis in the ocean and on land,” Christianson said.

However, the ticking time bomb is the race to drastically reduce global greenhouse gas emissions within the next decade, the experts said.

“We can’t afford to delay those solutions any longer,” Ekwurzel said.

Along the path to properly protecting and preserving oceans is ridding the narrative that oceans are a separate environmental issue from climate change and the conservation of biodiversity, d’Auriol said.

“Because we do live on a water planet, and it’s responsible for sustaining all life on Earth,” she said.

Copyright (C) 2022, ABC Audio. All rights reserved.

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

What is the main cause of ocean acidification?

water absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

Ocean acidification can have devastating consequences for coral reefs, which could stop growing in 10 years unless greenhouse gas emissions are reduced.

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

In fact, 94% of all reefs could erode by 2050 under a worst-case scenario, highlighting the urgent need for action to mitigate the effects of ocean acidification.

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Mammals, such as polar bears and ringed seals, are also at risk due to Arctic ice melting, which can have significant implications for their populations and the ecosystem.

Vegetation, such as mangroves and seagrass, are at risk of extinction due to ocean acidification and warming, which can have significant consequences for coastal ecosystems and human communities.

The number of dead zones has increased from 400 to 900 between 2008 and 2019, highlighting the significant impact of ocean acidification and warming on marine ecosystems.

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Sea level rise will displace millions of people living in coastlines worldwide, highlighting the urgent need for action to mitigate the effects of ocean acidification and warming.

Ocean acidification affects not only coral reefs but also shellfish, highlighting the significant implications for marine ecosystems and human livelihoods.

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Reducing global greenhouse gas emissions is crucial to protect oceans and mitigate the effects of ocean acidification.

Coral reefs are crucial for the health of marine ecosystems, providing protection from land erosion and storms, and supporting a diverse range of marine life.

Title:

Content: Earth to Us

Meet the Miami-Based Artist Devoted to Coral Conservation

On a crisp November afternoon, Brazilian artist and marine researcher Beatriz Chachamovits stands before a group of eager children at the Jewish Community Center in Davie, Florida. When she begins by asking, “Does anyone know what a coral is?”, 25 voices chorus back countless answers. Chachamovits smiles, and it’s clear she’s in her element.

This marine-ecology lesson and coral-sculpting workshop is part of Chachamovits’s initiative Modeling the Reef, a public education project for young children in South Florida designed to create awareness around coral-reef conservation. “I want the future stewards of the ocean to fall in love with it,” she tells Vogue.

Coral reefs are one of the most biodiverse ecosystems on earth. They’ve been on the planet for an estimated 500 million years. And though they only make up 1% of the ocean, they’re home to 25% of all known marine species, including turtles, octopuses, lobsters, oysters, sea stars, and thousands of variegated fish. Reefs are essential coastal barriers that provide protection from land erosion, floods, and storms. They are valuable sources of food, medicine, economic support, and cultural heritage to more than a billion people. Yet the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration predicts that by 2050 most coral reefs around the world will be close to gone.

Growing up in landlocked São Paulo, Chachamovits didn’t have much access to the ocean during her childhood. It wasn’t until her late- teenage years, during a trip to Bahía, a coastal state in northeastern Brazil, that she first encountered corals up close. “I remember I dove into a tiny underwater cave where the light came in beautifully, making corals of all colors and sizes shimmer,” Chachamovits recalls. “There were small schools of fish and miniature shrimps gathering sea dust. Within the glittering sand, there was a magnificent spotted ray and all sorts of creatures swaying from side to side. I had never witnessed such harmony and precision. At that moment, I realized that was my purpose. I thought, Why isn’t anyone talking about this? I felt transformed.”

Now, the Miami-based artist has devoted her career to educating others about the urgent issues related to coral-reef decline by translating scientific studies into gorgeous artworks. Through breathtaking drawings, sculptures, and installations, Chachamovits illuminates many of the dangers coral reefs confront today, including coral bleaching, plastic pollution, and ocean acidification. “Art is a powerful instrument to make others feel something, to make them care. And I’m interested in creating dry dives as a way of showing a veiled ecosystem that most people don’t have access to,” she explains.

One of her most celebrated artworks, Carcass (2020), is an entirely handmade ceramic piece that features pure white endangered coral species surrounded by camouflaged toothbrushes, water bottles, and other items of trash made from the same material. Despite its undeniable beauty, the mesmerizing milky sculpture conjures feelings of sadness as it illustrates coral bleaching, a devastating phenomenon that has affected more than 75% of the world’s reefs and has been harsh enough to kill 30% of them.

“People often think corals are minerals or plants,” Chachamovits says. “They have no idea that corals are animals.” In fact, she goes on to clarify, corals are colonial organisms composed of thousands of individual animals called polyps. Tropical corals, which live in shallow waters and make up barrier reefs, have a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae algae that live on their tissues, providing food, oxygen, and extraordinary bright colors. In return, corals supply the algae with the environment they need to thrive.

Rising water temperatures due to global warming have deeply affected this relationship by causing severe stress in corals. “When corals are stressed, algae create toxins instead of food, which makes corals expel them out of their tissue. What is left is transparent tissue that reveals their calcareous bones. And that loss of color is what we know as bleaching,” Chachamovits explains. Studies have shown that stabilizing water temperatures could reverse some cases of bleaching. But without algae, corals lose their main source of food and oxygen, become susceptible to disease, and eventually die.

Bleaching is not the only threat coral reefs currently face. To Kill With Water (2017), another piece by Chachamovits, features a series of coral clay figures within water-filled acrylic tanks that, over time, melt before the viewer’s eyes. This work illustrates ocean acidification—a destabilization of the ocean’s pH caused by excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere—and demonstrates the effects of CO2 pollution on ocean creatures who, like most corals, require calcium to build their shells and skeletons.

In 2018, Chachamovits moved to Florida to be closer to the third-largest barrier reef in the world. It goes on for more than 360 miles, stretching from Dry Tortugas National Park in Key West to the St. Lucie Inlet in Martin County. This ecosystem, teeming with underwater wonders, is home to around 1,400 species, though today most of the reef is at grave risk due to overfishing, climate change, rapid development, and disease. Chachamovits is currently working on a permanent piece for the Phillip and Patricia Frost Museum of Science that will illustrate the changes between a healthy and a struggling reef and highlight endangered species of Florida’s ecosystem, including many the Frost’s Coral Lab is currently working to protect. The artwork is set to be revealed in early 2022.

Chachamovits is intent on effectively using art as an instrument for change. “I always worry if what I’m doing is enough,” she says. The increased threats to coral often fill her with worry and hopelessness. Yet she believes these feelings propel her to create more and better work that has a tangible effect on marine conservation. Beyond stoking awareness and action from her viewers, Chachamovits’s artificial reef sculptures have played a part in rebuilding damaged reefs.

Since 2019, when she created her first artificial reef, To Replenish With Water, for the Underwater Museum of Art in Florida, she has been enamored with these human-made structures meant to be placed under the ocean to mirror actual coral reef environments. “Artificial reefs perform a crucial role in deflating tourism on natural reefs. They provide new structures for corals to attach to and grow, they generate nursing spaces and new homes for reef animals, and help control sea levels in coral depleted areas,” she explains. Though they are highly expensive to make and entail numerous permits to be deployed underwater, Chachamovits’s goal is to share the power of these installations with new generations. She is currently fundraising for the final phase of her Modeling the Reef initiative to result in a large-scale reef model, using pieces created by her students. The installation will ultimately sit at the bottom of the ocean and serve as an artificial base for real coral growth.

Despite the devastating reality corals face today, Chachamovits’s work with young students is one thing that helps her believe in a better future. “Teaching is one of my gifts,” she says. “By teaching, we can inspire younger generations to understand the problems they’re living in today. We are in uncharted territories, so as an environmental artist and a concerned human for our planet, teaching is one of the things I can do to give us a chance.”

Ocean acidification affects the ability of corals to build shells and skeletons, leading to a decline in coral reef health and resilience.

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Rising water temperatures cause coral bleaching and stress, which can have significant consequences for coral reef ecosystems.

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

In fact, coral bleaching has affected 75% of the world's reefs, highlighting the urgent need for action to mitigate the effects of ocean acidification and warming.

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Corals are colonial organisms composed of thousands of individual animals, and changes in their populations can have significant consequences for the ecosystem.

Ocean acidification is caused by excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which can have devastating consequences for coral reefs and marine ecosystems.

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

What is the main cause of ocean acidification?

water absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

Coral reefs are valuable sources of food and medicine for over a billion people, highlighting the significant implications of ocean acidification for human livelihoods.

Artificial reefs can help rebuild damaged reefs and provide new structures for corals, highlighting the potential for restoration and conservation efforts.

However, coral reefs are predicted to be mostly gone by 2050, highlighting the urgent need for action to mitigate the effects of ocean acidification and warming.

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?


Syria's traditional glassblowing is an artisanal craft that dates back over 2000 years to Phoenician times.

The craft originated with the Phoenicians and evolved in Damascus, where it is still practiced today.

Traditional glassblowing is considered a type of plastic art and is characterized by the use of recycled glass and high-temperature ovens.

The craft is significant to Syria's cultural heritage, with traditional crafts like glassblowing being passed down through generations.

UNESCO listed Syrian glassblowing as endangered heritage in 2019, due to its cultural significance and risk.

The listing was made in an effort to preserve the craft, which was affected by war but is being revived by artisans like Yassin Arab.

Some artisans have up to 40 years of experience in glassblowing, demonstrating the craft's importance and the need for its preservation.

The Aleppo countryside is also famous for its skilled glassblowing craftsmen, who create various shapes like hookah bottles and vases.

Syrian glassblowing is an intangible cultural heritage that contributes to the country's national identity, making its preservation crucial.

The craft is part of Syria's rich cultural identity, and its preservation is essential for maintaining the country's cultural heritage.

Syria's traditional glassblowing is an artisanal craft that dates back over 2000 years to Phoenician times.

Title:

Content: Art of glassblowing returns again in Aleppo countryside liberated from terrorism

The town of Urem Al-Kubra in Aleppo province in northern Syria has historically been famous for its skilled glassblowing craftsmen. The war considerably affected this traditional craft inherited from our ancestors, but after the liberation of the city from terrorism, some artisans have brought it back to life. The artisan, Yassin Arab learned the glassblowing craft from his father when he was a child, and after the town was liberated from terrorism, he returned to his small facility, where he worked to restore it and start working again. Arab does not hide his enormous passion for the craft of glassblowing and his belief in the need to preserve this ancient Syrian heritage. Regarding the working mechanism, the artisan explained to SANA that he uses recycled glass, melts it again in the oven at high temperature, and then chooses a specific shape for its manufacture, whether hookah bottles, vases, plates, small jugs, fish houses for decoration, decorated cups and antiques of different sizes. After that, t he piece is blown, rotated and processed by the artisan until it takes its final shape using white and brown colors, and once the manufacturing of the product is finished, it is decorated and colored to give it the required aesthetics. For his part, Hussein Najjar noted that he learned the craft of blowing glass manually since he was young and has been working in this field for 40 years. He added that he is able to make any shape or glass container, using his imagination, and considered that the art of glassblowing is one of the types of plastic arts. Traditional glassblowing is a profession that dates back more than two thousand years (since the time of the Phoenicians) and was included in December 2023 by UNESCO on the list of intangible cultural heritage of humanity that needs urgent preservation. Source: Syrian Arab News Agency

The craft originated with the Phoenicians and evolved in Damascus, where it is still practiced today.

Title:

Content: Samples of the Damascene Literary Heritage Attend an Exhibition and Seminar in the Culture of Infection
Damascus-Sana
In the exhibition “Heritage Crafts are Inherited by the Fragrance of History ” hosted by the Adawi Cultural Center, the artworks varied between glass decoration, Damascene brocade and various handicrafts.
The exhibition was followed by an introductory seminar on these arts for the Sheikhs of Carr and craftsmen specialized in these professions under the supervision of the handicraft trainer Rowaa Yousef.
Youssef Lassana explained that the exhibition was dedicated to traditional professions in general and handicrafts, especially such as brocade, painting on glass, Islamic motifs and handicrafts to maintain their continuity and importance.
Mohammed Bassam Rayhan Sheikh Al-Karar in painting on glass and decoration spoke in his intervention about the history of this craft, its forms, fields of work and materials used in it, pointing out that the glass, which was the first to be invented by the Phoenicians, evolved in Damascus throughout history and was painted on the mishkat and lanterns using oxides and various materials, thermal colors, acrlik and others.
The Damascene brocade craftsman Mohammed Rankous explained in his intervention that this cloth is made of natural silk and golden reed yarns and attributed to Damascus because it took its character, heritage and environment, such as the painting of Omar Khayyam, the Levantine Rose, grape clusters, the lover and the beloved, and the octagonal geometric drawings, pointing out that this craft entered the cultures of different civilizations.
Nasruddin Mohammed is a graduate of applied arts and a drawing teacher who participated in paintings for his students from children and boys. In his intervention, he explained the history of the Damascene plant decoration, its methods, types and schools such as Andalusian, Persian and Damascene, and its differences in decoration, diggings, mirrors and miniatures, indicating that its history dates back to the Andalusian civilization, which was its main creativity in palaces and buildings.
Mohammed Sabha is a bridal craftsman who participated in a group of decorative glass works for brides and explained that he has completed a model of a waterfall flowing from an electric mountain that is operated by hand from cardboard, wood and cork inspired by his ideas.
Rana Ayoub participated in a group of works of three-dimensional models and miniatures of the Levant environment. She explained that she chose this environment because she grew up and lived in it and adored it. It is necessary to inform future generations of their heritage and history, pointing out that she works with cork, wood, natural materials, gypsum, ceramic paste and others.
Bilal Ahmed

Traditional glassblowing is considered a type of plastic art and is characterized by the use of recycled glass and high-temperature ovens.

The craft is significant to Syria's cultural heritage, with traditional crafts like glassblowing being passed down through generations.

UNESCO listed Syrian glassblowing as endangered heritage in 2019, due to its cultural significance and risk.

Title:

Content: Culture of Al-Baath Newspaper
Intangible heritage contributions to the protection of national identity
Amina Abbas
Heritage researchers and scholars agree that the Levant region is the most important heritage repository for humanity, as it has the oldest and richest heritage, and this heritage, both material and intangible, was coveted by the colonists since ancient times to destroy culture and identity, there is no identity without heritage based on it, and no heritage without identity, so Syria is keen through its institutions and bodies to emphasize the importance of preserving it.
Hence, the Quneitra branch of the Arab Writers Union, in celebration of World Heritage Day, decided to hold a seminar in the Levant Hall of the National Museum entitled “Contributions of Intangible Heritage to the Protection of National Identity ” with the participation of Dr. Amal Daccak, Professor Ruba Al-Diab, Qas Ghassan Houranieh and Dr. Rima Diab, Head of the Quneitra branch of the Arab Writers Union. It represents not only traditions and the past, but society in all its layers, and links the past to the present and the future, and it is a means for each people to prove its existence in the world and its authenticity, while stressing that the intangible heritage contributes to the preservation of identity and personality. Our identity and our heritage in the era of globalization, which is trying to eliminate our heritage and culture to be part of this lost world.
This was also confirmed by Dr. Dakak in her participation: “The Syrian tangible and intangible heritage is rich in its authenticity and civilization that dates back thousands of years, so it was and still is coveted by the colonists who stole many treasures to be in their world museums, and their war on Syria recently was aimed at destroying culture and identity and stealing antiquities. ” It is an integrated cultural unit formed by man throughout his long history with his creative thinking, observations, reflections and experiences accumulated generation after generation, and it is the social environment occupied by man and the components and pillars produced by previous generations until it reached subsequent generations and has the function of supervising the behavior of the individual and his sociocultural upbringing because it is a reflection of the social, intellectual and cultural life of peoples. As Daccak pointed out, the identity is the set of psychological, social and civilizational features of our nation throughout its long history, and the folklore constitutes the identity of a homeland rich in culture and civilization, calling in the era of globalization to seek to preserve our cultural identity and heritage, which represents this identity to face the challenges of globalization that invade us and want to eliminate our identity and culture. And our originality by drawing different borders in which national identity is absent and killing people in their country.
Because the Levantine rose and its associated practices and traditional crafts are important Syrian heritage elements inherited from generation after generation, and was included by UNESCO in 2019 in the list of intangible human heritage was talked about by Professor Al-Diab, who was crowned queen of roses and became Syrian ambassador to the world: “The Levantine rose was found painted on the wall of a palace on the island of Crete and was introduced to France during wars. As the poet Nizar Qabbani wrote about her,“ I am your Damascene rose, O people of the Levant, and whoever finds me should put me in the first vase, ” referring to the areas of its cultivation in Damascus countryside and Ghubartha. The project was launched by the Syrian Secretariat for Development in 2020 with the support of First Lady Asma al-Assad, affirming that Syrians consider the Levantine Rose an important part of their culture. The Ministry of Tourism has taken it as its slogan, in addition to many medical and cosmetic companies and building a path that is architecturally designed in the form of a Levantine Rose, explaining that the elements of the Syrian intangible cultural heritage include: Traditions and expressions “qaṣīda, mawwāl, ataba, dalaouna, zaghārīd, folk proverbs ” and the arts:“ Aleppo qadūd, coastal dabka, Circassian dance, Syriac church music ” Social practices “preparing and serving bitter coffee ” Knowledge and practices related to nature and the universe:“ cupping, traditional architecture ” Skills related to traditional crafts “wooden mosaic, brocade ” The crafts associated with the Levantine Rose ”, and that the elements of the intangible Syrian heritage included in the lists of human heritage are: falcon hunting, shadow fiction theater, Levantine Rose, Aleppo cod, glass blowing and making sticks and playing on them.
It is noteworthy that the seminar included the presentation of a film prepared by dr.
Amal Daccak spoke about heritage in our contemporary lives and its role in preserving our national identity, and the participation of the storyteller Ghassan Houranieh through a short story titled “The Levantine Rose ”.

The listing was made in an effort to preserve the craft, which was affected by war but is being revived by artisans like Yassin Arab.

Some artisans have up to 40 years of experience in glassblowing, demonstrating the craft's importance and the need for its preservation.

The Aleppo countryside is also famous for its skilled glassblowing craftsmen, who create various shapes like hookah bottles and vases.

Syrian glassblowing is an intangible cultural heritage that contributes to the country's national identity, making its preservation crucial.

The craft is part of Syria's rich cultural identity, and its preservation is essential for maintaining the country's cultural heritage.


Syria's traditional glassblowing is an artisanal craft that originated with the Phoenicians and evolved over time in Damascus, a city known for its rich cultural heritage.

The craft of glassblowing has a long history in Syria, dating back over 2000 years to Phoenician times, and is considered a significant part of the country's cultural identity.

Traditional glassblowing in Syria involves the use of natural materials, such as silk and golden reed yarns, and techniques like glass painting, which uses oxides, thermal colors, and acrylic materials.

The craft is not only important for its aesthetic value but also for its cultural significance, as it is passed down through generations of craftsmen and is considered a type of plastic art in Syria.

In Damascus, traditional glass decoration and handicrafts are highly valued, and glassblowing is used to decorate mishkat and lanterns, showcasing the craftsmen's skill and imagination.

Despite its importance, the craft of glassblowing in Syria has been affected by war and terrorism, which has led to a decline in the number of craftsmen practicing the traditional craft.

However, some artisans have restored the craft after liberation from terrorism, and there are still skilled glassblowing craftsmen in the Aleppo countryside who continue to practice the craft using recycled glass and high-temperature ovens.

The exact number of craftsmen practicing traditional glassblowing in Syria is not available, but it is clear that the craft is in need of urgent preservation due to the threats it faces from globalization and war.

In recognition of its cultural significance and the urgent need for its preservation, UNESCO listed Syrian glassblowing as an intangible cultural heritage in need of urgent safeguarding in 2019.

This recognition highlights the importance of preserving traditional Syrian crafts, including glassblowing, which are an essential part of the country's rich cultural identity.

The Levantine Rose and glassblowing are two important elements of Syria's intangible heritage, which includes traditions, expressions, and crafts that are passed down through generations.

The preservation of these crafts is crucial for maintaining Syria's cultural diversity and promoting its cultural heritage, both locally and internationally.

In conclusion, Syria's traditional glassblowing is a unique and valuable craft that requires urgent preservation due to the threats it faces from war, terrorism, and globalization.

Efforts to preserve this craft are essential for maintaining Syria's cultural heritage and promoting its cultural identity, and UNESCO's recognition of its importance is a crucial step in this direction.

Syria's traditional glassblowing is an artisanal craft that originated with the Phoenicians and evolved over time in Damascus, a city known for its rich cultural heritage.

Title:

Content: Samples of the Damascene Literary Heritage Attend an Exhibition and Seminar in the Culture of Infection
Damascus-Sana
In the exhibition “Heritage Crafts are Inherited by the Fragrance of History ” hosted by the Adawi Cultural Center, the artworks varied between glass decoration, Damascene brocade and various handicrafts.
The exhibition was followed by an introductory seminar on these arts for the Sheikhs of Carr and craftsmen specialized in these professions under the supervision of the handicraft trainer Rowaa Yousef.
Youssef Lassana explained that the exhibition was dedicated to traditional professions in general and handicrafts, especially such as brocade, painting on glass, Islamic motifs and handicrafts to maintain their continuity and importance.
Mohammed Bassam Rayhan Sheikh Al-Karar in painting on glass and decoration spoke in his intervention about the history of this craft, its forms, fields of work and materials used in it, pointing out that the glass, which was the first to be invented by the Phoenicians, evolved in Damascus throughout history and was painted on the mishkat and lanterns using oxides and various materials, thermal colors, acrlik and others.
The Damascene brocade craftsman Mohammed Rankous explained in his intervention that this cloth is made of natural silk and golden reed yarns and attributed to Damascus because it took its character, heritage and environment, such as the painting of Omar Khayyam, the Levantine Rose, grape clusters, the lover and the beloved, and the octagonal geometric drawings, pointing out that this craft entered the cultures of different civilizations.
Nasruddin Mohammed is a graduate of applied arts and a drawing teacher who participated in paintings for his students from children and boys. In his intervention, he explained the history of the Damascene plant decoration, its methods, types and schools such as Andalusian, Persian and Damascene, and its differences in decoration, diggings, mirrors and miniatures, indicating that its history dates back to the Andalusian civilization, which was its main creativity in palaces and buildings.
Mohammed Sabha is a bridal craftsman who participated in a group of decorative glass works for brides and explained that he has completed a model of a waterfall flowing from an electric mountain that is operated by hand from cardboard, wood and cork inspired by his ideas.
Rana Ayoub participated in a group of works of three-dimensional models and miniatures of the Levant environment. She explained that she chose this environment because she grew up and lived in it and adored it. It is necessary to inform future generations of their heritage and history, pointing out that she works with cork, wood, natural materials, gypsum, ceramic paste and others.
Bilal Ahmed

The craft of glassblowing has a long history in Syria, dating back over 2000 years to Phoenician times, and is considered a significant part of the country's cultural identity.

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Content: Art of glassblowing returns again in Aleppo countryside liberated from terrorism

The town of Urem Al-Kubra in Aleppo province in northern Syria has historically been famous for its skilled glassblowing craftsmen. The war considerably affected this traditional craft inherited from our ancestors, but after the liberation of the city from terrorism, some artisans have brought it back to life. The artisan, Yassin Arab learned the glassblowing craft from his father when he was a child, and after the town was liberated from terrorism, he returned to his small facility, where he worked to restore it and start working again. Arab does not hide his enormous passion for the craft of glassblowing and his belief in the need to preserve this ancient Syrian heritage. Regarding the working mechanism, the artisan explained to SANA that he uses recycled glass, melts it again in the oven at high temperature, and then chooses a specific shape for its manufacture, whether hookah bottles, vases, plates, small jugs, fish houses for decoration, decorated cups and antiques of different sizes. After that, t he piece is blown, rotated and processed by the artisan until it takes its final shape using white and brown colors, and once the manufacturing of the product is finished, it is decorated and colored to give it the required aesthetics. For his part, Hussein Najjar noted that he learned the craft of blowing glass manually since he was young and has been working in this field for 40 years. He added that he is able to make any shape or glass container, using his imagination, and considered that the art of glassblowing is one of the types of plastic arts. Traditional glassblowing is a profession that dates back more than two thousand years (since the time of the Phoenicians) and was included in December 2023 by UNESCO on the list of intangible cultural heritage of humanity that needs urgent preservation. Source: Syrian Arab News Agency

Traditional glassblowing in Syria involves the use of natural materials, such as silk and golden reed yarns, and techniques like glass painting, which uses oxides, thermal colors, and acrylic materials.

The craft is not only important for its aesthetic value but also for its cultural significance, as it is passed down through generations of craftsmen and is considered a type of plastic art in Syria.

In Damascus, traditional glass decoration and handicrafts are highly valued, and glassblowing is used to decorate mishkat and lanterns, showcasing the craftsmen's skill and imagination.

Despite its importance, the craft of glassblowing in Syria has been affected by war and terrorism, which has led to a decline in the number of craftsmen practicing the traditional craft.

However, some artisans have restored the craft after liberation from terrorism, and there are still skilled glassblowing craftsmen in the Aleppo countryside who continue to practice the craft using recycled glass and high-temperature ovens.

The exact number of craftsmen practicing traditional glassblowing in Syria is not available, but it is clear that the craft is in need of urgent preservation due to the threats it faces from globalization and war.

Title:

Content: Culture of Al-Baath Newspaper
Intangible heritage contributions to the protection of national identity
Amina Abbas
Heritage researchers and scholars agree that the Levant region is the most important heritage repository for humanity, as it has the oldest and richest heritage, and this heritage, both material and intangible, was coveted by the colonists since ancient times to destroy culture and identity, there is no identity without heritage based on it, and no heritage without identity, so Syria is keen through its institutions and bodies to emphasize the importance of preserving it.
Hence, the Quneitra branch of the Arab Writers Union, in celebration of World Heritage Day, decided to hold a seminar in the Levant Hall of the National Museum entitled “Contributions of Intangible Heritage to the Protection of National Identity ” with the participation of Dr. Amal Daccak, Professor Ruba Al-Diab, Qas Ghassan Houranieh and Dr. Rima Diab, Head of the Quneitra branch of the Arab Writers Union. It represents not only traditions and the past, but society in all its layers, and links the past to the present and the future, and it is a means for each people to prove its existence in the world and its authenticity, while stressing that the intangible heritage contributes to the preservation of identity and personality. Our identity and our heritage in the era of globalization, which is trying to eliminate our heritage and culture to be part of this lost world.
This was also confirmed by Dr. Dakak in her participation: “The Syrian tangible and intangible heritage is rich in its authenticity and civilization that dates back thousands of years, so it was and still is coveted by the colonists who stole many treasures to be in their world museums, and their war on Syria recently was aimed at destroying culture and identity and stealing antiquities. ” It is an integrated cultural unit formed by man throughout his long history with his creative thinking, observations, reflections and experiences accumulated generation after generation, and it is the social environment occupied by man and the components and pillars produced by previous generations until it reached subsequent generations and has the function of supervising the behavior of the individual and his sociocultural upbringing because it is a reflection of the social, intellectual and cultural life of peoples. As Daccak pointed out, the identity is the set of psychological, social and civilizational features of our nation throughout its long history, and the folklore constitutes the identity of a homeland rich in culture and civilization, calling in the era of globalization to seek to preserve our cultural identity and heritage, which represents this identity to face the challenges of globalization that invade us and want to eliminate our identity and culture. And our originality by drawing different borders in which national identity is absent and killing people in their country.
Because the Levantine rose and its associated practices and traditional crafts are important Syrian heritage elements inherited from generation after generation, and was included by UNESCO in 2019 in the list of intangible human heritage was talked about by Professor Al-Diab, who was crowned queen of roses and became Syrian ambassador to the world: “The Levantine rose was found painted on the wall of a palace on the island of Crete and was introduced to France during wars. As the poet Nizar Qabbani wrote about her,“ I am your Damascene rose, O people of the Levant, and whoever finds me should put me in the first vase, ” referring to the areas of its cultivation in Damascus countryside and Ghubartha. The project was launched by the Syrian Secretariat for Development in 2020 with the support of First Lady Asma al-Assad, affirming that Syrians consider the Levantine Rose an important part of their culture. The Ministry of Tourism has taken it as its slogan, in addition to many medical and cosmetic companies and building a path that is architecturally designed in the form of a Levantine Rose, explaining that the elements of the Syrian intangible cultural heritage include: Traditions and expressions “qaṣīda, mawwāl, ataba, dalaouna, zaghārīd, folk proverbs ” and the arts:“ Aleppo qadūd, coastal dabka, Circassian dance, Syriac church music ” Social practices “preparing and serving bitter coffee ” Knowledge and practices related to nature and the universe:“ cupping, traditional architecture ” Skills related to traditional crafts “wooden mosaic, brocade ” The crafts associated with the Levantine Rose ”, and that the elements of the intangible Syrian heritage included in the lists of human heritage are: falcon hunting, shadow fiction theater, Levantine Rose, Aleppo cod, glass blowing and making sticks and playing on them.
It is noteworthy that the seminar included the presentation of a film prepared by dr.
Amal Daccak spoke about heritage in our contemporary lives and its role in preserving our national identity, and the participation of the storyteller Ghassan Houranieh through a short story titled “The Levantine Rose ”.

In recognition of its cultural significance and the urgent need for its preservation, UNESCO listed Syrian glassblowing as an intangible cultural heritage in need of urgent safeguarding in 2019.

This recognition highlights the importance of preserving traditional Syrian crafts, including glassblowing, which are an essential part of the country's rich cultural identity.

The Levantine Rose and glassblowing are two important elements of Syria's intangible heritage, which includes traditions, expressions, and crafts that are passed down through generations.

The preservation of these crafts is crucial for maintaining Syria's cultural diversity and promoting its cultural heritage, both locally and internationally.

In conclusion, Syria's traditional glassblowing is a unique and valuable craft that requires urgent preservation due to the threats it faces from war, terrorism, and globalization.

Efforts to preserve this craft are essential for maintaining Syria's cultural heritage and promoting its cultural identity, and UNESCO's recognition of its importance is a crucial step in this direction.