Quantum computing has emerged as a transformative technology, with countries and corporations vying for leadership in this rapidly advancing field, often referred to as a global 'arms race' due to its strategic and economic implications.

China has positioned itself as a global leader in quantum computing, achieving significant milestones such as quantum computing superiority in both superconducting and photonic systems with prototypes like Zuchongzhi II and Jiuchang II, which outperform traditional supercomputers by orders of magnitude.

The United States remains a strong competitor, with companies like IBM, Google, and Microsoft driving innovation; IBM recently developed a 1,121-qubit quantum computer, marking a major milestone in scaling quantum systems.

Google's Sycamore processor demonstrated quantum supremacy in 2019 by completing a calculation in 200 seconds that would have taken classical supercomputers 10,000 years, showcasing the potential of quantum systems to solve specific problems far more efficiently.

China has further solidified its leadership by delivering its first practical quantum computer, the 24-qubit Wuyan system, to a customer, joining the United States and Canada as one of the few nations capable of deploying standalone quantum systems.

In addition to its technological advancements, China leads the world in quantum computing investment, having allocated $15.3 billion as of 2022, far surpassing the United States and Europe, and dominating global patent applications in quantum technologies.

The United States has also made substantial investments, with initiatives like the National Quantum Strategy and $2.5 billion in public and private funding aimed at advancing quantum technologies and ensuring quantum-safe cryptography standards.

The European Union is investing $1.2 billion in quantum computing, with a focus on integrating quantum and classical systems through collaborations like the National Quantum Computing Platform to achieve strategic autonomy by 2025.

Countries like Finland and Australia are leveraging their unique strengths to compete in the quantum computing race, with Finland focusing on superconducting qubit technology through initiatives like the QuTI project and Australia addressing talent shortages through specialized programs.

Emerging economies such as India are adopting cost-effective strategies like quantum key distribution and quantum random number generators to establish a foothold in the quantum technology sector despite limited resources.

Canada is positioning itself as a leader in quantum computing by investing $40 million in Xanadu Quantum Technologies to develop the world’s first photonic-based fault-tolerant quantum computer, supported by over $1 billion in quantum research funding over the past decade.

The UAE has also entered the quantum computing race, establishing the Quantum Research Center and aiming to build its first quantum computer as part of a broader strategy to foster innovation and economic sustainability.

Japan is emerging as a strong contender, with Fujitsu planning to make quantum computers available to enterprises by 2023, leveraging collaborations to develop competitive systems for industries like finance and materials science.

Major corporations such as IBM, Google, and D-Wave are actively developing quantum computing technologies, with applications ranging from financial modeling to secure communications, and initiatives like IBM's Quantum Accelerator program helping industries explore practical use cases.

IBM has made significant advancements, including the development of the first 1,000-qubit quantum chip in 2023, focusing on miniaturization and accuracy to enhance quantum systems for applications such as cryptography and optimization.

IonQ is advancing quantum computing with its trapped ion systems, which offer strong technological advantages and are accessible via major cloud platforms, while the company continues to maintain financial stability and increase orders for its quantum systems.

PsiQuantum introduced a novel fault-tolerant quantum computing architecture in 2023, achieving a 700x reduction in computational resource requirements for breaking Elliptic Curve Cryptography, highlighting the potential of photonic quantum computing systems.

The development of quantum computing has revealed critical lessons, such as the importance of addressing challenges like quantum decoherence and error correction, which are essential for improving qubit stability and achieving practical quantum advantage.

Past successes, such as achieving quantum supremacy by Google, IBM, and Chinese researchers, underscore the need for higher-quality qubits and scalable error correction to overcome current limitations and unlock broader applications.

Technical challenges such as error correction and scalability remain significant, with advancements in qubit quality and fault-tolerant systems being critical for unlocking the full potential of quantum computing.

The high cost of hardware and infrastructure, which can exceed millions of dollars for even basic setups, poses another major obstacle, as seen in India’s efforts to establish quantum research facilities with limited funding compared to global leaders.

A shortage of skilled quantum computing professionals affects countries like Australia and the global industry overall, prompting initiatives such as specialized education programs and partnerships between academia and industry to address the talent gap.

Universities and academic institutions play a pivotal role in advancing quantum computing research globally by fostering innovation, developing algorithms, and training the next generation of quantum scientists and engineers.

Prominent institutions such as Harvard University, MIT, and the University of Oxford are recognized for their leadership in quantum computing research, while China's University of Science and Technology has achieved significant milestones in quantum communication and computing.

Collaborations between academia, industry, and government, such as the IIT Madras partnership with Mphasis in India, demonstrate how universities are creating hubs for quantum research and promoting applied studies to address real-world challenges.

The U.S. Department of Energy has funded a collaboration between Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, UC Berkeley, and Caltech to develop QUANT-NET, a quantum network testbed that integrates quantum computing and communication technologies.

China has adopted a 'curve overtaking' strategy, investing heavily in quantum information technology and leading globally in quantum patents across computing, communication, and sensing technologies.

The race to achieve quantum supremacy raises concerns about cybersecurity, as quantum computers could eventually crack existing encryption methods, prompting countries to engage in 'steal now, decrypt later' strategies to secure future advantages.

Efforts to address these concerns include calls for international cooperation and regulation, such as proposals for global treaties to prevent the development of dangerous AI and quantum systems, emphasizing the need for ethical standards and responsible innovation.

Economic competitiveness is deeply impacted by quantum computing, as nations investing heavily in this field aim to create high-tech jobs and position themselves as leaders in sectors like finance, healthcare, and environmental modeling.

Quantum computing is expected to revolutionize industries such as cybersecurity, finance, and healthcare by enabling breakthroughs in encryption, fraud detection, portfolio optimization, and drug discovery.

Cultural factors, such as national pride and the desire to showcase technological leadership, play a significant role in shaping quantum computing strategies, as seen in China's announcement of its Wuyan quantum computer system.

Political priorities, including national security and international competitiveness, drive countries like the United States and China to invest heavily in quantum computing, reflecting the strategic importance of this field in global power dynamics.

The quantum computing 'arms' race underscores the need for collaboration, innovation, and ethical considerations as nations and corporations strive to harness the transformative potential of this groundbreaking technology.

Quantum computing has emerged as a transformative technology, with countries and corporations vying for leadership in this rapidly advancing field, often referred to as a global 'arms race' due to its strategic and economic implications.

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Content: People 's Daily Online > > Economy and Technology
"Origin Goku" stable operation shows what
May 12, 2024 08: 54 | Source: Economic Daily
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Original title: "The source of Goku" stable operation shows what
As of May 7, China's third-generation autonomous superconducting quantum computer "Origin Wukong" has attracted more than 8 million visits worldwide.
Previously, it was successfully connected to three supercomputing centers such as the Yangtze River Delta hub Wuhu cluster computing power public service platform, marking the formal completion of China's "four calculations in one" system of general computing, intelligent computing, supercomputing and measurement.
What does the stable operation of "Origin Goku" show?
"Genyuan Wukong" is China's third-generation autonomous superconducting quantum computer, equipped with 72-bit autonomous superconducting quantum chips.
The computer is named "Wukong", which means that it is as powerful as the traditional Chinese mythological figure Sun Wukong and can change 72 times.
"Benyuan Wukong" was independently developed by the Benyuan Quantum team and launched on January 6 this year. Since the launch of the line, the average daily global visit is about 66,700 times, and the average daily completion of nearly 1,500 computing tasks.
Quantum computing is a cutting-edge emerging technology that has great potential in artificial intelligence, biomedicine, financial analysis and other fields.
If the general purpose traditional computer is compared to a bicycle, the quantum computer is like an airplane.
To break down 300 large numbers, it takes 150,000 years to make use of a trillionth of a conventional computer, and 1 second to make use of a trillionth of a quantum computer.
The biggest advantage of quantum computers is their powerful computing power, but compared with traditional computers, the technology is immature, the manufacturing cost is high, and the reliability is not strong.
China's quantum computing technology is in the transition stage from laboratory research and development to industrial application.
"Genyuan Wukong" equipped with hardware, chips, operating systems and application software are autonomous and controllable, and the localization rate is more than 80%, which marks the basic formation of China's superconducting quantum computer industry chain.
In the four months since its launch, "Benyuan Wukong" has successfully completed more than 178,000 computing tasks for users in 120 countries, and countries with quantum computers such as the United States, Japan and Canada have shown great concern for "Benyuan Wukong", among which the frequency of visits by US users is much higher than that of other countries.
In the field of quantum computing, developed countries led by the United States have started early, developed rapidly and have a high degree of industrial maturity, and have gradually established a "quantum computing ecological chain."
For example, in 2017, IBM led the establishment of the Quantum Computing Industry Alliance (IBM Quantum Network), which has more than 250 members from the United States, Japan, South Korea, Germany, Australia and other countries, involving Fortune 500 companies, start-ups and academic institutions.
However, although China started late in the quantum field, it has made rapid progress.
A recent paper on global quantum information technology patents shows that from 2003 to 2022, China's quantum information technology patent applications accounted for 37% of the global total, surpassing the proportion of the United States slightly more than 28%.
"Origin Wukong" is the first large-scale and long-term opening of China's quantum computing power to the world, indicating that China has officially entered the "usable" era of quantum computing power.
Looking forward to the future, let the "Wukong" further play the power of the "source", it will take many efforts.
We should focus on making up for the shortcomings and strength of the weak, so that the key instruments and equipment of quantum computing can be fully replaced in China. We should support the building of the quantum chip industry chain and build a quantum computing power network. To change the situation of shortage of talents in the quantum field.
Computing power is the new quality of productivity in the digital economy era, who has mastered the advanced computing power, who has mastered the "winning chance" of development.
On the international science and technology track of quantum computers, the layout and development of independent industrial chains is an inevitable choice for us to face the forefront of world science and technology, the main battlefield of the economy, and the major needs of the country.
(Editor: Yang Xi, Chen Jian)
Public Number ： People 's Network Finance
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China has positioned itself as a global leader in quantum computing, achieving significant milestones such as quantum computing superiority in both superconducting and photonic systems with prototypes like Zuchongzhi II and Jiuchang II, which outperform traditional supercomputers by orders of magnitude.

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Content: China's quantum computing superiority experiment selected as one of the top ten advances in international physics
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On December 21, the American Physical Society announced ten major advances in the field of physics in 2021. Pan Jianwei, Zhu Xiaobo, Lu Chaoyang, and others completed the "Zuchongzhi II" and "Jiuchang II" quantum computing superiority experiments and "Jiuchang II" And...
According to the China Science Daily, on October 25, the famous physics journal Physical Review Express published two major achievements of the academician Pan Jianwei team of China University of Science and Technology on quantum computing.
Among them, they successfully built the 66-bit programmable superconducting quantum computing prototype "Zuchongzhi II" to achieve the rapid solution of the "random line sampling" problem, tens of thousands of times faster than the current fastest supercomputer, making China reach the "quantum computing superiority" milestone for the first time in the superconducting quantum system.
In the photonic system, on the basis of the world's first "nine chapters" optical quantum computing prototype to achieve "quantum computing superiority", they developed the "nine chapters two" of 113 photons 144 mode, realizing the phase programmable function, the "Gaussian Bose sampling" problem solving speed is 100 billion billion billion times faster than the current fastest supercomputer, once again refreshing the world record.
This series of achievements makes China the only country in the world to achieve the milestone of "quantum computing superiority" in both physical systems at the same time.
According to the American Physical Society, the research team of the University of Science and Technology of China stood out from the competition with Google and IBM, providing convincing experimental arguments and demonstrating superior quantum computing superiority in their superconducting and optical quantum computers.
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The calculations were reduced: in the Russian Federation created a 12-qubit processor on superconductors
How the development will bring closer the emergence of a domestic quantum computer
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Russian scientists have launched and tested the first domestic 12-qubit quantum processor on superconductors.
While the development will be used exclusively for research purposes, it brings closer the creation of a quantum computer that will be able to solve problems that are inaccessible to modern computers.
Work on the processor took scientists about a year.
Their next step will be to create a 16-qubit device.
According to experts, the result obtained can be called a noticeable success on the way to creating a technology for the production of quantum devices with hundreds of qubits.
Count to 12
Specialists of the Moscow University of Physics and Technology (MIPT) began testing Russia ’ s first 12-qubit quantum processor based on superconductors (materials conducting electric current without resistance and loss of electricity), the computing elements of which are made of pure aluminum.
The development process took about a year.
By the end of 2024, scientists plan to present the first 16-qubit processor created using the same technology.
According to experts, these days, scientists around the world are working on the creation of quantum processors.
These are computing devices, the principle of which is based on the phenomena of quantum mechanics.
In the future, they will be able to be used in quantum computers, which are designed to solve problems that are not able to cope with the usual electronic computers.
This is, for example, the modeling of natural processes or very complex mathematical calculations.
The direction of so-called quantum machine learning is also actively developing.
In a classical computer, the unit of information is a bit — an element that can be either “turned on ” or“ turned off. ”
In a quantum device, this role is performed by a qubit, which can be in two states at the same time.
This opens up new opportunities for the creation of innovative computers.
For us, this is another stage, another important step.
Phystech already has a well-established technology with which we produced five-qubit and eight-qubit quantum chips.
This is a complex process, including, in particular, electronic lithography.
But this time we had to change the technological drawings, because instead of linear we used a two-dimensional architecture of the scheme, — said senior researcher of the laboratory of artificial quantum systems MIPT Gleb Fedorov.
That is, previous versions of the processors were built as a one-dimensional line - a chain with a connection of only the nearest neighbors, and the 12-qubit version - two-dimensional, located on a plane, the scientist explained.
Over the past year, scientists have been developing blueprints for the processor, calculating its electromagnetic characteristics.
Then they carried out quantum-mechanical calculations and in several stages produced samples, and then measured their parameters in room conditions.
The final version was received after the fourth repetition.
Development opportunities are already being tested in practice.
A quantum integrated circuit is the “heart ” of a prototype computing device consisting of a classical computer and a quantum accelerator.
Now the system is being tested: learning algorithms for a quantum neural network are being launched.
The program can determine the variety of wine by its chemical composition and make medical diagnoses.
The tests are necessary for a detailed comparison of the characteristics of the new system with the results obtained by scientists earlier on an eight-qubit sample.
In the third dimension
According to scientists, while their invention can only be used for research purposes.
For practical application and the achievement of new computing capabilities, a quantum processor of at least 100 qubits is required.
But to create it, you need equipment that allows you to place elements in three dimensions, and not only on the plane.
Now it is produced only in a few countries that are not friendly to us, such as Germany and South Korea.
However, Russian developers are trying to find an opportunity to buy it.
With the help of these devices, it is possible to approach the control lines individually to each qubit much more freely than with a two-dimensional architecture.
This avoids the crosstalk that occurs when the signal lines are crossed and prevents the correct control of the device.
Work on the creation of prototypes of quantum computers and simulators is underway at MIPT as part of the implementation of the Quantum Computing Roadmap for 2021-2024.
The launch of a 12-qubit processor is an important achievement, because it is the most powerful superconductor processor that is now in Russia, said Stanislav Straupe, associate professor of the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University, head of the scientific group of the Russian Quantum Center.
This is another step towards further scaling.
IBM and Google already have processors with hundreds of qubits, but there ’ s a long way to go to get these results.
This is necessary to have both the technology of manufacturing processors, and the electronics controlling them.
The transition from eight qubits to 12 is a gradual movement in this direction.
Further exponential growth is possible, ” said Stanislav Straupe.
The new processor is a good result for Russian science, as it opens up prospects for building medium-scale quantum computers.
Here we have something to strive for: in the world, this technology is developed somewhat better, said Sergey Kulik, Scientific Director of the Laboratory of Quantum Optical Technologies of Lomonosov Moscow State University.
In December 2023, IBM announced the creation of a 1121-qubit computer, that is, two orders of magnitude more than our achievement.
But for the development of scientific research, any increase in the number of qubits is an important step, ” said Sergey Kulik.
The strengths of the development include multi-stage study, including theoretical and numerical calculations, the manufacture of prototypes and the measurement of their properties, said Nikolai Ushakov, associate professor at the Higher School of Applied Physics and Space Technologies of SPbPU.
— The ability to use standard microelectronic technologies in the basis of the manufacture of such a processor is an important factor in the further scaling of the processor.
Since for the implementation of a full-fledged, close to universal quantum device, it is necessary, first, to ensure the desired state of all qubits, and secondly, to achieve the joint evolution of their states, he said.
The next development of MIPT scientists - a 16-qubit processor - will also be two-dimensional.
When creating it, scientists intend to focus on the accuracy of calculations and the correct simultaneous operation of all computing elements, which is no less important than their number.
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What are important areas in quantum research?

What companies are leading in developing quantum computing?

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

What seminal quantum computers/ processors have been developed?

Google's Sycamore processor demonstrated quantum supremacy in 2019 by completing a calculation in 200 seconds that would have taken classical supercomputers 10,000 years, showcasing the potential of quantum systems to solve specific problems far more efficiently.

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Content: The quantum leap: Quantum computing breakthroughs to watch

The classical computer has been the bedrock of computing for over 50 years. That’s going to change soon. quantum computing, which was once a concept limited to fringe scientific papers, is now becoming a mainstream topic.

We’re seeing significant breakthroughs in the headlines which are stoking the flames of conjecture. The truth is, that this technology will bring with it much more than hype and opportunities to breathe life into sci-fi creations. In this article, we’re going to dive into some of the milestones of quantum computing, future goals and, of course, the challenges that we still have to overcome.

The Quantum Paradigm

Classical computers began as room-sized machines. Computer scientists from the 1950s would be completely flummoxed to see the powerful gaming or AI training rigs of today. That said, computers process information using bits -- either a 0 or a 1. quantum computers break the mold by using quantum bits, or qubits. They’re built upon the principles of quantum mechanics, which allow us to conceptualize that a qubit can exist in a state of 0, 1, or both at the same time (this is known as superposition in quantum theory).

As a result of this state, quantum computers are able to measure vast quantities of possibilities at the same time and exponentially increase their computing power compared to classical machines.

Significant Milestones in Quantum Computing

As with everything groundbreaking, quantum computing has been the subject of much fanfare, which has caused tangible advancements to slip through the cracks. This includes:

The Rise of Quantum Supremacy

The idea of "quantum supremacy" once seemed rather farfetched. That was until Google demonstrated with its Sycamore processor exactly what quantum machines could do. Sycamore was given a calculation that would have taken a classical computer 10,000 years to complete. It completed it in 200 seconds. quantum supremacy is now a modern reality and not just a hypothesis.

Innovations in Quantum Error-Correction

The inherently fragile nature of qubits means they're prone to errors from even the smallest environmental interference. Over the years, researchers have been laser-focused on tackling this problem, giving rise to various quantum error-correction protocols. Among the most prominent are the "surface code" and "cat code" methods, which deploy specialized qubit arrangements and extra layers of computational checks to detect and correct errors in real time.

Development of Quantum Algorithms

Unsurprisingly, with the growth of quantum processors has come an increase in quantum algorithms being developed. Algorithms like Shor's (for integer factorization) and Grover's (for database searching) have proven quantum computing's superiority over classical methods.

quantum algorithms have more granular applications as well, especially for devs and larger organizations. They could drastically reduce the time it takes to render documents in a React PDF viewer, particularly those that are large or contain complex elements like high-resolution images or intricate designs. Imagine one day sending petabytes of multimedia files without delay.

In a fraction of a second, teams could edit, compare, and merge files, all on their native platform, without having to wait until all the documentation is ready for analysis or sending.

This is just a microcosm of how massive quality-of-life (QoL) improvements from quantum computing will actually be. Aside from document readers, artists will also be able to render entire films in a matter of seconds, as there will be no resolution too high to be processed instantly. The same goes for 4K video calls without lags, VR gaming, and so much more.

Quantum Potential

What makes quantum computers so powerful is their ability to solve the problems that have simply been out of reach for classical machines, This includes:

  • Cryptography: Certain mathematical problems (like factorizing large prime numbers) are difficult for modern classical computers. quantum computers, however, are able to solve these problems much faster due to their parallel processing capabilities. Modern digital security rests on the assumption that these problems prevent computers from solving them quickly, and so quantum computing will be incredibly disruptive to modern cryptography. "Revolutionary" won’t even begin to define it.
  • Drug Discovery and Material Science: Another difficult task for classical computers is simulating and understanding complex molecular structures. With quantum computing, molecular simulations will be turbo-charged and lead to important breakthroughs in medicine and material science at a blistering pace.
  • Optimization Challenges: Be it traffic management, financial modeling, or supply chain optimization, problems involving multiple variables and constraints could benefit immensely from quantum computing's prowess, resulting in more efficient and optimal solutions.
  • Machine Learning and Big Data: Data is the new oil. And companies everywhere are drilling. quantum computers can process and analyze vast datasets swiftly and can send machine learning models to the stratosphere. This will lead to more accurate predictions and insights.

Navigating Quantum Challenges

The dream of a large-scale, fault-tolerant quantum computer is still just a dream for now, due to certain technical hurdles.

The first is maintaining the quantum state of qubits over extended durations. The term for this is ‘quantum coherence’, and it is not an easy task. External disturbances such as cosmic rays or nearby electronic devices can disrupt its state and prevent long computations.

Of course, one must also ponder about scalability. Scaling from a few qubits to thousands or even millions which are needed for more complex tasks will need further innovations in quantum error correction (and system architecture for that matter).

For now, computer scientists have gotten around this by using extremely low temperatures to maintain qubit stability, but this is not something companies or organizations without vast resources can accomplish.

Another aspect to consider is the software ecosystem. quantum computers will need their own kind of software, along with unique programming languages and tools. This will take years and possibly decades of collaboration between physicists, computer scientists, and industry stakeholders before a barebones system is achieved. QApplications in Diverse Domains

quantum computing is going to massively change many sectors. That said, some stand to benefit sooner than the rest:

  • Financial Modeling: The financial sector is an obvious winner when it comes to having more computing power -- the sector is already using AI to its advantage. quantum algorithms will allow traders and analysts to evaluate vast numbers of scenarios extremely quickly, giving those companies with quantum machines an extraordinary advantage.
  • Climate Modeling: Predicting the Earth’s climate involves accounting for a ton of variables and how they interact with each other. quantum computers will allow more accurate climate models and better insights into climate change which will hopefully help us develop better strategies for mitigating it.
  • Logistics and Supply Chain: Efficient solutions to the traveling salesman problem -- a challenge that involves finding the shortest possible route through multiple cities -- could revolutionize logistics, saving time and reducing costs for businesses worldwide.

The Interplay Between Quantum and Classical Systems

While you may think that quantum computers will eventually replace classical computers, the truth is the future more likely has them together in a symbiotic relationship. This is because quantum machines will be used for tasks they’re better at, namely more advanced computational needs, while classical computers will be kept for more routine tasks and for user interfaces. An example of this already exists in cloud-based quantum computing platforms -- where users can send a certain task to a quantum machine and receive the result through their own classical machine.

Looking Towards the Quantum Future

The next decade promises a slew of breakthroughs. Today’s quantum computers are being compared to the classical computers of the 1950s, which is probably accurate considering they’re still in their nascent stage of development and haven’t even begun realizing their full potential.

quantum computing promises an increase in computation power for sure, but it offers much more than that. It promises a massive shift across many industries -- from healthcare to finance, energy and transportation. We live in exciting times as we stand on the precipice of a new era in technology, one that previously only belonged to the pages of science fiction.

Image credit: plotplot/Shutterstock

Lee Li is a project manager and B2B copywriter with a decade of experience in the Chinese fintech startup space as a PM for TaoBao, MeitTuan, and DouYin (now TikTok).

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What advantages do quantum computers have over conventional computers?

extremely complex calculations
extremely fast calculations

What are important areas in quantum research?

What companies are leading in developing quantum computing?

What have been the landmark achievements in quantum computing?

Google's Sycamore quantum supremacy experiment

China has further solidified its leadership by delivering its first practical quantum computer, the 24-qubit Wuyan system, to a customer, joining the United States and Canada as one of the few nations capable of deploying standalone quantum systems.

Title:

Content: Computing

INTERNATIONAL NEWS

China Delivers Its First Practical Quantum Computer System to a Customer

China’s Science Ministry on Monday announced that the country’s first practical quantum computer was delivered to a user, which the agency didn’t identify, a year ago.

The 24-qubit Wuyan system based on superconducting technology was built by Origin Quantum Computing Technology, a company founded in 2017 by two of the country’s leading quantum physicists, Guo Guoping and Guo Guangcan. A qubit in the quantum world performs functions akin to bits in the digital world.

With the on-premises installation of the Wuyan system, China became the third country, after Canada and the United States, to deliver a complete quantum computer system to a customer.

Some skeptics questioned the timing of the announcement.

“Quantum technology has a high priority for national security in China. If this were something very important, I doubt it would be disclosed like this in a transparent way by Chinese authorities,” explained Weifeng Zhong, a senior research fellow at the Mercatus Center of George Mason University in Fairfax, Va.

“The fact that it was delayed for a year suggests that they realize now that it’s not important to national security, so they’re trying to use it to build China’s image as a technology leader at a time when they’re trying to open up their economy to the rest of the world,” Zhong told TechNewsWorld.

Important Step

However, Hodan Omaar, a senior AI policy analyst at the Center for Data Innovation, a think tank studying the intersection of data, technology, and public policy, in Washington, D.C., maintained the announcement shows that China has made an important step in its quantum development.

“Overcoming technical challenges on the path toward large-scale quantum computers will depend on the ability to scale the number of qubits in quantum systems, much like modern classical computers have depended on the growth in the number of transistors in superconducting chips,” Omaar told TechNewsWorld.

“Investing in near-term quantum computing applications helps bolster the development of longer-term use cases of the technology, thereby helping to improve competitiveness,” she added.

Skip Sanzeri, co-founder and COO of QuSecure, a maker of quantum-safe security solutions in San Mateo, Calif., called the announcement “formidable” because China is stating that they have a fully functional quantum computer, albeit the qubit count is low.

“Nonetheless, error correction and noise reduction are two significant factors in ensuring that a quantum computer can process data and provide applications that we can rely on,” Sanzeri told TechNewsWorld. “By announcing that they have been able to get to this level shows that China is making progress towards larger quantum computers.”

Bucking a Trend

The Wuyan system appears to be on par with other systems in the market, noted Heather West, a senior research analyst at IDC’, an international market research company.

“The fact that they sold a 24 qubit system to someone isn’t that different from what we’re seeing elsewhere around the world,” West told TechNewsWorld.

Delivering a standalone system like the Wuyan is actually bucking the current trend in the market.

“Most quantum computers that people are accessing today are accessed through the cloud,” explained Doug Finke, an analyst with Global Quantum Intelligence, an international market intelligence firm.

“This Wuyan computer is being delivered to a customer in an on-premise situation,” Finke told TechNewsWorld. “On-premise has a lot of disadvantages. You have to worry about maintenance. You have to worry about spare parts. You have to worry about calibration.”

“In addition,” he continued, “quantum computing innovation is so fast that they become obsolete in about two years. So few people want an on-premise quantum computer. They’re much more comfortable with the cloud.”

Superconducting Challenges

The Wuyan system is built using superconducting chip technology, one of the earliest technologies for quantum computers. Since its introduction, other technologies have been explored. They include photonics, trapped ions, and neutral atoms.

“At the moment, no one knows which technology will be the winner or if there’ll be a combination of technologies that will combine for efficacious quantum applications,” Sanzeri said.

“Superconducting is very difficult,” he explained. “It requires near zero Kelvin refrigeration.”

“The electrons used in superconducting quantum computers are very hard to manage due to very short coherence times,” he continued. “That’s why they must be cooled to such a low temperature.”

Other methods are managing longer coherence times and a faster path to the desired goal of 1,000 error-corrected qubits, he added.

“The million-dollar question is what technology will win the race to the fault-tolerant quantum computer,” West said. “There might not be one winner. There might not be one system that comes out on top. It might be that certain kinds of systems are better than others at solving certain kinds of problems.”

Long View

Omaar countered that superconducting chips have a number of advantages over competing technologies.

“First, superconducting qubits are solid-state electrical circuits that are easier to control because they are manipulated using microwaves,” she said. “Scientists can therefore use easily accessible commercial microwave devices and equipment in superconducting quantum computing applications.”

“Second,” she continued, “because preparing superconducting circuits is based on the existing method for fabricating semiconductor chips, the development of high-quality devices can leverage advanced chip-making technologies, which is good for manufacturing and scalability.”

Despite developments like China’s Wuyan system, the arrival of a quantum computer that can tackle problems beyond the capacity of silicon computers appears to be years away.

“What quantum computers are going to be best for is solving complex, intractable problems beyond the scope of classical compute technology,” West said. “Those problems are years away from a quantum computer solving.”

“To get to that, we need at least a million qubits,” she continued. “That’s going to take a lot of work in scaling and stabilizing the qubits. Qubits are very sensitive to outside noise. As a result, the error rates are high in the technology we have.”

Despite the exuberance exhibited by many, we’re still in the early days of quantum computing, added Richard Stiennon, founder and chief research analyst at IT-Harvest, a cybersecurity industry analyst firm in Birmingham, Mich.

“There are many physical constraints on quantum computing that require precision in length of pathways — we are talking microns — and resistance to forces — footsteps can interfere with it. Supercooled chips just add to the complexity,” Stiennon told TechNewsWorld.

“I put it in the same realm as developing usable nuclear fusion as an energy source,” he said. “Hundreds of billions of dollars and decades to show a glimmer of progress.”

John P. Mello Jr. has been an ECT News Network reporter since 2003. His areas of focus include cybersecurity, IT issues, privacy, e-commerce, social media, artificial intelligence, big data and consumer electronics. He has written and edited for numerous publications, including the Boston Business Journal, the Boston Phoenix, Megapixel.Net and Government Security News. Email John.

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What are important areas in quantum research?

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

In addition to its technological advancements, China leads the world in quantum computing investment, having allocated $15.3 billion as of 2022, far surpassing the United States and Europe, and dominating global patent applications in quantum technologies.

Title:

Content: Quantum technology, known as the powerful engine of next-generation technology, has become increasingly competitive in recent years. According to an article published by Korean media on quantum information technology, quantum technology is not only fiercely competitive, but the scale of investment is also rapidly increasing.
However, according to statistics, in addition to sweeping half of the world's quantum technology patents, China ranks first in the world in the scale of investment in quantum information technology.
According to a South Korean media report, China's basic science and system research and development force of quantum information technology is rapidly growing and has become a competitor on par with the United States and Europe.
And to achieve this kind of technological leap, can not be separated from huge investment.
The data shows that China ranks first in the world in terms of investment in quantum information technology and has built the world ’ s largest quantum laboratory.
As of 2022, China ’ s investment in quantum information technology has reached $15.3 billion, far exceeding Europe ’ s $8.4 billion and the United States ’ $3.7 billion.
South Korean media cited China's often used "curve overtaking" strategy, and pointed out that the rapid development of electric vehicles in recent years as an example, in the 1980s, mainland enterprises officially entered the commercial vehicle industry, and imitated Germany, the United States and other developed countries.
However, with the fastest perception of automotive electrification trends and bold push, China has successfully entered the leading group of global electric vehicles.
The article pointed out that if it is said that in the field of electric vehicles, China and the United States and Europe have launched a parallel competition, in the field of quantum information technology as a future technology, China is also playing a competitive role with the United States and Europe.
Judging from the global patent application volume on quantum information technology, China is leading the world with its huge investment.
At present, China's patent applications account for 52.3%, which has an absolute advantage.
After China, it is followed by Japan (13.8%), the European Union (13.8%), the United States (10%), and South Korea (3.6%).
Looking at the breakdown, China has an absolute advantage in quantum computer patents (52.8% of the world's total), quantum communication (43.2% of the world's total), and quantum sensing (56.6% of the world's total), especially in quantum cryptographic communication.
Source: China has swept half of the world ’ s quantum technology patent investment scale is the world ’ s first
# Quantum # Technology # China # Patent # Quantity

How much have countries and blocs invested in quantum computing?

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

The United States has also made substantial investments, with initiatives like the National Quantum Strategy and $2.5 billion in public and private funding aimed at advancing quantum technologies and ensuring quantum-safe cryptography standards.

Title:

Content: While the UK considers where to channel investment, we need to ensure that quantum technology is at the forefront of those considerations.

Quantum will not only drive our economy, but will also help create new opportunities in different sectors, ranging from healthcare to agriculture.

At the Global Investment Summit (GIS) last month, Prime Minister Rishi Sunak announced a three-fold increase, up to £29.5bn, from the world’s leading investors in new UK projects and capital.

These funds will be channelled into “high-growth projects” in the UK, including quantum technology.

It is great to see quantum being recognised as a potential game changer in the future of the UK economy, and it is important that we continue this momentum.

Quantum’s economic and social value

Quantum provides an exciting opportunity for the economy because the technology has a wide range of possible applications.

The last decade has seen an 81% growth in the quantum sector and now contributes an estimated £1.7bn to the UK economy. Financial services, healthcare and climate change - all major sectors in the UK ecosystem - are just three of the areas that will be enhanced by quantum.

The ability to optimise complex financial portfolios in real-time or simulate molecular interactions with unprecedented accuracy could reshape sectors in their entirety. Molecular interaction simulation can assist the healthcare industry to an immense extent.

Possibilities include being able to improve the process of accurately modelling how new drugs will impact different types of conditions and diseases - leading to breakthroughs in serious and harder-to-treat illnesses.

This technology will also help us in the battle against climate change, specifically in its ability to predict weather more accurately. Current computational power for measuring CO2 does not always predict the correct climate outcome, as we saw with the MET office’s prediction for Storm Ciaran.

As quantum technology is introduced into these sectors, it will forecast weather more accurately than our current conventional methods, therefore enhancing the precision of new data.

However, in order to see these possibilities realised, quantum needs investment from the government; it needs further development and innovation to be able to reach its potential.

Nurturing this sector is crucial not only to cement the UK as a leader in this technology, but to enable us to develop the tools that can tackle pressing global issues, whether that is developing more solar farms or investing in nuclear energy.

Investment moves to boost growth

Earlier in 2023, the UK government published its 10-year vision, the National Quantum Strategy. This outlines £2.5bn of public and private investment into the rapidly growing quantum sector.

At the GIS, Oxford Quantum Circuits stated its intention to raise £85m for research and development projects, while SBI Investment - Japan’s foremost venture capital fund - is leading the raise. This raise will be the largest for Series B in quantum computing ever in the UK, supporting the need for investment to empower growth.

Quantum computers need to be developed and operated by the brightest minds in the field to solve the world’s most pressing challenges – from climate change to accelerated drug discovery.

It is crucial that we make investments that induce growth in all sectors, combating concerns about additional capital in quantum being 'snake oil'.

Investment in devices and systems which rely on quantum mechanics will provide capabilities that classical machines cannot; it is just a matter of time.

Facilitating long-term growth

While investment in quantum has not always led to growth, with several smaller enterprises struggling in the short term, it is important that we are supporting research and innovation in this sector in order to facilitate long-term growth.

Quantum technology has a unique power to solve problems that classical computers cannot manage.

When performing complex calculations, quantum is able to pinpoint a more precise answer among the billions of alternate possibilities.

Therefore, with the potential for groundbreaking advancements and transformative applications, quantum computing is set to drive innovation, reshape industries, and unlock new possibilities we can hardly fathom today, culminating in growth.

Graeme Malcolm OBE is the chief executive and founder of M Squared

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

What fields can quantum computers advance?

The European Union is investing $1.2 billion in quantum computing, with a focus on integrating quantum and classical systems through collaborations like the National Quantum Computing Platform to achieve strategic autonomy by 2025.

Title:

Content: Betting on next generation semiconductors: EU releases annual strategic outlook report, four technologies impact the future
2021 / 9 / 26 18: 50: 13 Source: Core stuff Author: Gao Ge
Recently, the European Commission adopted its Strategic Foresight Report for 2021.
The 23-page report identifies four global trends, such as digital hyperconnectivity and technological transformation, that will shape the future of the EU.
The report also identifies 10 key policy strategies where the EU can seize the opportunity to achieve its global leadership and strategic autonomy.
Its ten key policy strategies are: “Ensuring sustainable and resilient health and food systems, ”“ Securing decarbonisation and affordable energy, ” “Strengthening capacity for data management, artificial intelligence and cutting-edge technologies, ”“ Securing and diversifying the supply of key raw materials, ” “Securing global forerunner in standard-setting, ”“ Building resilient and future-oriented economic and financial systems, ” and “Developing and retaining skills and talent that meet EU ambitions ”.“ Working with global partners to promote peace, security and prosperity for all, ” and “strengthening the resilience of institutions. ”
The EU Strategic Foresight Report 2021 is an important reference for the EU in formulating its strategic policy and has begun to implement its recommendations in areas such as quantum computing and space technology.
We will focus on compiling the European Union ’ s 2021 Strategic Foresight Report on semiconductors, quantum technologies, materials, digital skills training and the space industry, showing the opportunities and challenges facing the EU in these areas.
EU accounts for 20% of global technological innovation, AI and quantum technology lag behind China and the United States
The Strategic Foresight Report 2021 begins with a review of the EU ’ s overall results in knowledge and innovation.
The EU is a major global player in technology R & D, accounting for 20% of the world ’ s total R & D, publications and patents, but lags behind Australia, Canada, Japan, South Korea and the United States in indicators such as private investment research.
Since 2014, the EU has overtaken Australia, Canada, Brazil, India, Russia and South Africa, but lagged behind Japan, South Korea, the United States and China.
In terms of artificial intelligence, big data and robotics, the EU is similar in strength to Japan, but lags behind the United States and China.
In the field of quantum technology, the United States, Japan and China are leading the way.
According to the report, the EU is expected to have the first computer with quantum acceleration by 2025; if investment can keep up, the EU could become the leading group in quantum technology by 2030.
Distribution of 100 leading companies filing quantum computing patent applications in 2020
Other new technologies such as microelectronics, biodegradable new materials, flexible and printed electronics, and graphene have good prospects. Technologies such as clean hydrogen energy, low-carbon fuels, carbon capture / storage / use, next-generation sustainable batteries, bio-based technologies and materials, methane cracking, high-temperature superconductivity, cash geothermal and ocean energy, high-altitude wind power generation and nuclear fission have great potential in low-carbon environmental protection.
In addition, hyperconnectivity is driving technological transformation. With 30.4 billion connected devices globally in 2020, this number could grow to 200 billion by 2030.
However, new technologies and hyper-connectivity also present many challenges.
As automation increases, many jobs will disappear. In 2018, the European Union found that about 14% of workers ’ jobs were at risk of being replaced by automated equipment.
In the future, about 50% of jobs worldwide are likely to be automated, and new jobs created by automation will require new skills.
If these problems are not addressed, they may erode the basic social rights of the people and increase inequality and dependency within and between countries.
Digital transformation is likely to increase e-waste and increase the consumption of energy and scarce resources.
At the same time, driven by new technologies and online platforms, large-scale disinformation and information warfare will threaten national institutions and security.
Whether it is a State, an organized criminal group, or a business or an individual, it is possible to gain a competitive advantage by spreading disinformation.
This will threaten the EU's own democratic system, polarize people and put health, safety and the environment at risk.
To strengthen the value of non-EU manufacturers in the semiconductor industry chain
As the volume of data continues to rise and new technologies emerge, semiconductor demand is growing exponentially, and the EU needs to be more firmly committed to the opening up and production of the next generation of semiconductors.
The European Union currently has an advantage in semiconductor manufacturing equipment, and many important suppliers of semiconductor equipment are headquartered in EU countries.
However, European semiconductor manufacturers are at a disadvantage in the production of next-generation processors and advanced processes.
In addition, China, the United States and South Korea are investing heavily to increase domestic semiconductor production capacity.
Chipmakers in these regions have announced factories and expanded production.
If the EU needs to invest in next-generation processor and semiconductor capacity, it needs to strengthen the value that non-EU manufacturers create in European production, research and development, investment, and the entire supply chain.
Defense industry materials rely on non-EU countries, the sea floor and space will become new mines
According to the report ’ s authors, the supply of key raw materials is also key to the EU ’ s technological transformation.
Green technologies such as wind, solar and electric vehicle batteries will increase the consumption of resources such as cobalt, lithium, graphite, manganese and nickel over the next 20 years.
In addition to green technology, the market for small UAVs is expanding rapidly, and it is expected that by 2030, resources such as gallium, indium, scandium and titanium used in small UAVs will grow exponentially, while China provides more than 1 / 3 of the above resources.
The defence industry is heavily dependent on imports from non-EU countries.
In the case of aircraft, for example, nearly half of the materials come from non-EU countries, and there is a risk of increased demand for key materials and restrictions from major suppliers.
The report recommends that the EU reduce its strategic dependence on non-EU countries by diversifying supply and increasing the use of secondary materials.
In the case of limited supply potential for diversification of key materials, relevant industries should continue to carry out strategies such as improving material utilization efficiency, extending product life and recycling from a strategic perspective.
The EU can obtain resources from the seabed or from space in accordance with international principles.
Space contributes more than €46 billion to the EU, and advanced technology should be used more
The report lists space technology and artificial intelligence together as strategic means to deal with threats and predict future risks.
At the economic level, space contributes 46 billion to 54 billion euros to the European Union, and the global economic contribution of space and aviation is expected to reach 1 trillion euros in 2040.
The EU is currently leading in areas such as satellite services, but is dominated by the United States, China and Russia in areas such as spaceships and space missions, and a growing number of private companies from these countries are participating.
In the absence of launch missions for defense and national security, EU airlines are at a competitive disadvantage and have to rely more on the commercial space market.
The EU should enhance the strategic significance of its own space facilities and maximize the use of new technologies, such as advanced launchers, nanosatellites, robots, large constellations and secure communications based on quantum technologies, and Earth observation.
The EU should also be prepared for new space activities and use its industrial capabilities to promote the development of in-orbit services or space data centres.
The EU is competing for standards setters for emerging technologies
In terms of emerging technologies, the EU is a "pioneer" in competition for standard-setting.
Specifically, the EU ’ s focus on technologies includes artificial intelligence, blockchain, quantum technology, cybersecurity, data in health and space, digital currencies and chemicals, among others.
Other priority areas include green technologies such as hydrogen, energy storage, offshore wind and sustainable transport.
“Our trading partners have taken more decisive action in standard-setting, such as China, which is developing a new five-year plan to apply next-generation technologies to 140 countries in the Belt and Road Initiative, ” the report reads.“ The EU ’ s trade position is a key driver of regulation and standard-setting. ”
The EU is the largest participant in world trade and the largest trading partner of 74 countries, surpassing China (66) and the United States (31).
The report concludes that EU standards are critical to their impact on the global order and leadership on climate change, sustainability and consumer protection, personal data and the right to work.
The EU will further actively carry out regulatory cooperation to ensure that it plays a leading role in international norm-setting organizations such as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
Youth employment faces challenges in digital skills demand
With the development of emerging technologies, the employment of young people has become a major focus of the report.
The report said that the EU needs to help youth employment through targeted support programs, promoting the transition from education to employment, creating quality entry-level jobs and engaging youth in policy dialogue are key to young people entering the labor market.
But the EU still faces challenges in digital skills training and getting young women to study subjects such as S.T.E.A.M. (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics).
The report predicts that by 2050, 54% of job market participants will have post-secondary education.
The EU should encourage more talent (at universities, research institutions or businesses) to stay in Europe and reduce the brain drain between member states and regions.
The EU should build data storage capacity to avoid being constrained by non-EU countries
The EU ’ s digital sovereignty will depend on its ability to store, extract and process data, as well as on its ability to gain people ’ s trust, security and protection of their fundamental rights.
The implementation of the digital economy is likely to have a positive impact on the EU ’ s economy and competitiveness, especially with technologies such as data technology, high-performance cloud and edge computing playing a more positive role.
EU companies and governments will increasingly adopt user and physical data for data analytics, IoT and artificial intelligence.
In order to facilitate the development and deployment of the next generation of disruptive cloud and edge technologies, the EU has introduced important investment targets and financing tools.
As data is increasingly adopted in industrial and commercial applications, the development and deployment of industrial IoT systems, 5G / 6G and edge computing applications are critical to achieving the goal of dual transitions.
In today ’ s big data and advanced analytics, the United States and China are leading the way.
These technologies help detect possible crises, detect diseases and monitor military activities remotely.
From the EU ’ s perspective, the development of these technologies requires respect for their fundamental rights and EU values, especially in cases where these technologies rely on large amounts of data containing individual privacy.
At present, a large amount of EU data is mainly stored and processed in the cloud by non-EU operators, which makes its large amount of data subject to third country jurisdictions, which may cause EU dependence and risk.
The report recommends that the EU should build capacity to store data and ensure that data access is open, secure and transparent, as well as the connectivity availability of large volumes of data.
The EU also needs to develop and deploy AI worthy of new arrivals, and work with partners around the world to promote the implementation of standards and values.
Maintain its leading edge in developing and deploying trusted human intelligence.
It should work with trusted partners around the world to promote standards and values.
Conclusion: Preemptively formulating emerging technology standards will help the development and standardization of the industry
The report not only presents the current challenges and opportunities facing the EU in a wide range of areas, but also presents a clear picture of global developments in semiconductors, quantum computing, aerospace and digitalization, as well as the EU ’ s views on current trends.
For China, the challenges and opportunities in many of these areas are also facing China.
Among them, the positive actions of the EU in various emerging technology standards will help the development and standardization of the local industry, which has a certain reference value.
Related articles
Key words: EU Semiconductor
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What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

Countries like Finland and Australia are leveraging their unique strengths to compete in the quantum computing race, with Finland focusing on superconducting qubit technology through initiatives like the QuTI project and Australia addressing talent shortages through specialized programs.

Title:

Content: Australia ’ s path to quantum technology research and development faces significant hurdles that could hinder its progress.
The Sydney Quantum Academy, an initiative supported by the university, has highlighted these issues, shedding light on the urgent need for closer collaboration between academia and industry.
This review draws attention to the huge international competition, lack of talent, lack of domestic investment and insufficient industry capacity impeding the development of the quantum technology sector in Australia.
The review highlights the urgent need for a skilled workforce in the field of quantum technology.
As the global race for quantum supremacy intensifies, Australia must ensure there are enough skilled professionals to contribute to this advanced field.
To overcome these obstacles, the development of cooperation between universities and industry is crucial.
By establishing strong partnerships, academia can leverage the resources and investment opportunities of the private sector, and industry can benefit from the expertise and innovative research carried out by universities.
This collaboration could create a synergistic environment that will contribute to the development of quantum technologies in Australia.
In addition, efforts should be aimed at attracting and retaining talent in the country.
This can be achieved through the creation of specialized programs and initiatives aimed at educating the next generation of quantum scientists and engineers.
By offering scholarships, internships and research opportunities, Australia can grow a thriving quantum workforce capable of innovating in this field.
FAQ:
Question: What challenges does the Australian quantum technology sector face?
A: Australia ’ s quantum technology sector faces strong international competition, lack of talent, lack of domestic investment and insufficient industry capacity.
Question: Why is a skilled workforce important in quantum technologies?
A: A skilled workforce is needed to promote the development and advancement of quantum technologies.
Their experience is crucial in expanding the frontiers of this advanced field.
Question: What is the significance of cooperation between universities and industry?
Answer: Cooperation between universities and industry allows the exchange of resources, experience and research results, creating a mutually beneficial environment that accelerates progress in the field of quantum technologies.
Question: How can you attract and retain talent in Australia?
A: Australia can attract and retain talent by implementing specialized programs, providing scholarships, internships and research opportunities to nurture the next generation of quantum scientists and engineers.

What are important areas in quantum research?

new types of qubits
implementations of quantum processors

Emerging economies such as India are adopting cost-effective strategies like quantum key distribution and quantum random number generators to establish a foothold in the quantum technology sector despite limited resources.

Title:

Content: Register Now : Join us for AWS presents TRANSFORMING A BILLION LIVES webinar on Wednesday, 19th April 2023 | 3.00pm onwards
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India is not too late in quantum computing: Tata Institute of Fundamental Research's Rajamani Vijayaraghavan

Investment in quantum tech has crossed $36 billion globally. It is billed to be the next big thing in tech after semiconductors and artificial intelligence. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) scientist says India is lagging, but can catch up

April 06, 2023 / 11:23 AM IST

Professor Rajamani Vijayaraghavan

When Professor Rajamani Vijayaraghavan was not present at a quantum tech conference in New Delhi last week, he was missed by his peers.

As scientists, bureaucrats, military officers and startup executives gathered for a conversation on the way forward for India’s quantum technology ambitions, the general feeling was that Vijayaraghavan should have been there.

Quantum computing taps the unique behaviour of quantum physics to solve certain problems that are too complex for traditional computing.

If semiconductor technology was the first giant leap in computing and Artificial Intelligence is the current disruptor, it is probably going to be quantum technology next. Quantum computing, conceived by Nobel Prize-winning physicist Richard Feynman in the early 1980s, was mostly studied in university labs in the US and Europe until the turn of the millennium.

As advances took place, tech behemoths like Google, International Business Machines (IBM) and Intel threw their hat in the ring with billions of dollars in investment. According to an estimate, China has invested $15 billion even as global funding in the technology has topped $36 billion.

At the New Delhi conclave last week, a senior defence official said the wars of the future will be fought on the quantum front. While sizeable quantum computers do not yet exist, the fear among governments and industry is that it will be a Y2K moment once the technology comes to life.

Apart from strategic affairs, quantum tech is also expected to play a central role in areas like drug discovery, financial modelling, weather forecasting and fighting climate change.

Moneycontrol spoke with Professor Vijayaraghavan, a quantum computing scientist at Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) who returned to the country a decade ago after studying at the universities of Cambridge, Yale and Berkeley, to take stock of India’s progress in the area.

Edited excerpts:

At the quantum tech conclave in Delhi last week, it seemed as though most Indian quantum start-ups are working on secure communications rather than quantum computing. Why so?

See, in terms of the technology required for doing quantum key distribution (for secure communications), or associated areas like quantum random number generators, it is now fairly well developed internationally. Also, the essential tools and core pieces of hardware and things you need are relatively low-cost and easily available, compared to quantum computing.

If you shift to quantum computing, even if you just take a very basic estimate, it needs about a million dollars just to set up a very basic lab. This was the kind of funding that was given to me when I started in TIFR about 10 years ago, just to have a very basic setup and do simple experiments.

I'm not even talking about the resources you need to develop prototypes and technology. And even this $1 million is an underestimate, because there are other facilities, which were already existing in the institute for device fabrication, clean rooms, and other tools. If I count all of those, then you are talking about a couple of million dollars, at the very least, to get started.

Now, of course, a company could hire these resources from other places. But such facilities don't exist in India, and as of now, even internationally, they are limited, where a company with no infrastructure of their own, but just the idea and expertise could go to a place and say, hey, you know, here is my design, manufacture this for me, and we will put it together.

Experts say that India first missed the bus in taking a lead in semiconductor technology and now even in artificial intelligence. They say it is now or never if we want to be leaders in quantum computing. What is your take?

I broadly agree with it, but let me expand on that. Before something becomes close to technology, there is decades of basic research where they are not even thinking about technology. I started my PhD in the year 2001, i.e. over 22 years back. And that was a turning point when the field of quantum computing was taking off. That was on the back of basic research in quantum computing from the 1980s.

It is absolutely true that if you want to do this, you have to do it now. And with this particular technology, we are not so far behind. Barring a few areas where things have sort of more or less been figured out, we still need several breakthroughs. Even though it looks like IBM has reached so many qubits (a qubit is the basic unit of information in quantum computing) and Google that many, they still don't have a useful quantum computer today. None of these quantum computers that exist anywhere in the world are really useful in the sense that they can replace something to do the work much better.

At how many qubits do you think we can solve real world problems better than existing supercomputers?

It really depends on what you mean by qubits. So there is this notion of physical qubits and logical qubits. The difference is that physical qubits are unstable. Unlike conventional bits in our regular computers, which are extremely stable, and you don't have to worry about them at all, these things are not stable. They actually randomly change their state and give rise to errors. And this happens over a certain timescale, which can be as short as 10s of microseconds or a few milliseconds.

Today’s quantum computers are essentially limited in how long you can use them, or essentially, what is the longest calculation you can run before you can't trust the results of what the computer is outputting. This is a fundamental problem across all quantum computing platforms today. There are some clear paths to solve this, but it is not clear which particular method would win.

And this is where I want to go back to my earlier point that India is not too late. If we invest now, we could create those breakthroughs that can make this technology useful. If enough people start working, and it's not just one or two people in the entire country, then you can hope that these breakthroughs can happen here. And then that will allow us to take a lead in some areas.

In your estimate, how many people are working on quantum computing in India vis-a-vis the US or other countries?

For superconducting qubit research, as of now, there are four people in India. I was the first one who started about 10 years ago, and then two others started maybe about six and four years ago, and one has just joined.

In the US, there are at least 20 or more academic labs, in addition to Google, IBM, or national labs like Fermilab, and I'm not even counting theoretical groups. Many of them have been working for over 20 years or so. And you know, similarly, in Europe, there will be at least 10 to 15 labs just in superconducting quantum computing.

If you look into some of the other subfields like trapped ion quantum computing, it's even smaller.

One of the major issues in advanced research is brain drain. Many of our best researchers still tend to settle abroad. Is more funding alone going to solve this to an extent? What tipped the scales for you to return?

Decisions about moving back to India can be very complicated, you know. There are all kinds of personal and professional reasons, but the point is very simple. You cannot attract someone to come to India to work in a field that requires a certain level of investment by telling them that we will not give it to you.

For me, I always wanted to come back to India and do something if it is possible. And once I finished my PhD, I started looking around and realised that there are lots of labs, which are fairly high-tech and at the cutting edge. Funding seemed to have improved in the previous few years or decade. It was important that I would be able to do the kind of research I was interested in doing rather than compromise. If that had not happened, I would have taken up a job abroad.

Has the funding scenario gotten better since then?

It's now becoming better, at least among the bigger institutes, but it's still quite a challenge. There is no real guarantee that you will get the kind of funding needed for experimental quantum research, and we are trying to solve this problem with the new funding programmes.

There is a reluctance to invest so much money in a new person. The idea of a startup grant is very clear in the West – your offer letter clearly says that you will get $1 million and you have to spend it in the next four to five years… everything is spelt out. We are not able to do that.  You have to keep your fingers crossed and hope for the best.

This actually does pose a barrier to entry because it's not competitive. If I have offers from an Indian institute, where everything is ambiguous, and some other foreign Institute, where everything is clearly spelt out, then it is very difficult to make a decision in favour of the former. Unless, of course, there are personal reasons to be in the country.

It should be a much more streamlined process for the government to disburse funds now as many new advanced research and academic institutes have come up. What are we missing here?

Oh, no. It is not easy at all. The bigger institutes have some advantages in terms of flexibility of using their funds, but it is not easy to get big grants. Currently, the amount that you can get for a standard Department of Science and Technology (DST) project is Rs 10 lakh-50 lakh. That’s the typical range. Special programmes can provide bigger funding but they are rare.

Usually, it is easier to get big funding when a new institute is being built to set up new facilities. From thereon, things get tougher as you reach a steady state. Look, you need investment if you want to work in quantum tech. Of course, one can make a call that ‘Okay, we cannot afford this research, so we will not do it.’ But if you want to, there is no other option, you have to find ways to support this.

A few years back, the DST started a programme called QUEST (Quantum Enabled Science and Technology) where 50 scientists got funded with a combined funding of about Rs 200 crores. It was the first major effort in funding quantum tech research where an individual group could have hoped to get something of the order of Rs. 5 to 10 crore, which is the minimum you need to set up a lab working in quantum tech.

Was this part of the Rs 8,000 crore quantum national mission announced in the 2020 budget?

No, this was a different programme where the first discussions started in 2017 and the money started coming in  2019-2020. Unfortunately, it was right in the middle of the pandemic, when you know, things were shut, and we couldn't spend the money. On top of that, as part of the pandemic-related things, the government made it very difficult to import things.

The National Mission on Quantum Technology and Applications (NMQTA) with a proposed budget of Rs 8,000 crore is expected to launch sometime soon. Probably, you know, in the next few months. We have been working on it.

Can you tell us more about the import policy?

It was introduced in the summer of 2020. This was not a science policy. This was a government procurement policy. You know, on the face of it, it seems like a good idea. They wanted to encourage Indian industry and push for self-reliance. On paper, it sounds great. And it might even work for certain types of government procurement.

They're basically saying that if you're supported by government funds, you have to prioritise Indian-manufactured goods. And the way they implemented it is by saying that if something costs more than Rs 5 lakh and you want to import it, you have to go through a new procedure and get a waiver before you can even float a global tender.

In the beginning, we were surprised, and we said, okay, maybe they just didn't think about scientific procurement. So, in a few months, they will fix it but it didn't happen. It took about six to seven months before some exception was given. But there is no blanket exception given for scientific procurement.

They reduced the number of signatures required by one and made some exceptions. Unfortunately, even there, because of a lack of clarity, every institute has interpreted the rules differently. And we are definitely facing a lot of problems still. In the best-case scenario, we are still wasting about three months just to get approval to import an item.

Does most scientific procurement happen from abroad?

The problem is to assume that there is an Indian option and we are actively choosing not to use it. That is not the case for 99 percent or even more. It is a well-known fact that for scientific high-tech equipment, there is no manufacturing happening in India… there are no companies which exist. But, we have to now prove it with paperwork to get the waiver. Even if we invest Rs 8,000 crore, it won’t work if these kinds of policies are not fixed. We are wasting a bulk of the time just doing this paperwork, and not actually doing research.

It might be more fruitful if you create opportunities in the nation for companies to come together and manufacture at least some of the things in India. But, when you have not had a manufacturing base in a certain technology for decades, how can you start doing that overnight? And in many cases, it might not even make economic sense for a company because it's a niche market.

Is it possible for India to build an indigenous quantum computer?

In today's globalised world, nothing is going to be fully indigenous. For superconducting qubits, you can innovate the design of the chip and make it here, but the lithographic machines and dilution refrigerators have to come from outside.

There is a section which says we can just use quantum computing on the cloud that foreign tech companies provide. Isn’t there a possibility that the use cases of quantum on the cloud will be limited?

As I said earlier, none of the available quantum computers are doing anything useful better than classical computers at present. When it happens in the future, and it will, you might be able to use cloud-based systems for many applications. On one hand, we can continue to be just a leader in the software layer. One could decide that we will develop the best quantum software in the world, but we will never develop any hardware.

The problem really comes when you start talking about strategic applications – whether the cloud company will provide you with the best systems they have access to. That's the fundamental question we have to ask ourselves.

We don’t have a quantum computer, but startups are providing a solution called quantum key distribution (QKD) for secure communications. How do we know it is really secure if they have not been tested against a quantum computing hack?

QKD fundamentally relies on the fact that if somebody tries to interfere, you will know. And the trick in any secret communication is that if two parties can exchange a key without anybody else knowing, then the information you transmit using encoding based on that key is secure. Quantum key distribution is a method where the laws of physics guarantee that the key you have exchanged has not been intercepted by anybody else. Because the moment somebody intercepts, you will know and you will discard that key. It cannot be broken by even a quantum computer. So you don't need to test it against a quantum computer.

A bureaucrat was saying that enterprises are concerned that they might be sold classical computing solutions in the garb of quantum tech. So the government is trying to bring a quantum certification programme. Would it have the bandwidth to do such accreditation?

You have to look at this slightly differently. There are things in quantum which are impossible in classical. So if whatever you're purchasing is actually carrying out that task, it cannot do it the classical way. And if there are applications where both classical and quantum can do that, then it is unclear why you would bother unless there is a cost advantage or a performance advantage for the quantum solution.

As a business or an enterprise that wants some problem solved, you will put the problem statement, and the quantum company will say this is the solution. So, why do you care what is inside? The bureaucrat was probably referring to quantum communication systems where you want some central body to verify that the system is really secure and meets certain standards. I believe the government is setting up such bodies for various quantum technologies.

Deepsekhar Choudhury Deepsekhar covers tech and startups at Moneycontrol. Tweets at @deepsekharc

What fields can quantum computers advance?

Canada is positioning itself as a leader in quantum computing by investing $40 million in Xanadu Quantum Technologies to develop the world’s first photonic-based fault-tolerant quantum computer, supported by over $1 billion in quantum research funding over the past decade.

Title:

Content: There were 1,711 press releases posted in the last 24 hours and 342,181 in the last 365 days.

Supporting Canada's leadership in quantum computing to grow the economy and create jobs

TORONTO, Jan. 23, 2023 /CNW/ - Quantum technologies are at the leading edge of science and innovation. As Canadian researchers, workers and businesses continue to demonstrate leadership on the world stage in innovating and developing quantum technologies, we have the potential to transform how we work and live in Canada and around the world – in areas from fighting climate change to making advancements in health care. The Government of Canada will continue to support Canadian companies to help them keep growing and staying competitive, while driving economic growth and creating highly skilled and well-paying jobs for Canadians.

The Prime Minister, Justin Trudeau, today announced a new federal investment of $40 million to enable the Toronto-based Canadian quantum computing company Xanadu Quantum Technologies Inc. to build and commercialize the world's first photonic-based, fault-tolerant quantum computer. Once developed, this computer will have the potential to provide world leading capabilities to help solve complex data problems and could be used in a variety of sectors such as finance, transportation, environmental modelling, and health.

Supported through the government's Strategic Innovation Fund, this $177.8 million project is expected to create 530 new highly skilled positions in the high-tech and quantum computing fields.

Home to some of the world's largest quantum tech hubs, Canada is well positioned to become a global leader in the developing quantum sector, which will create new opportunities for Canadians and Canadian businesses. The Government of Canada will continue to invest in innovative companies to grow the economy and create highly skilled and well-paying jobs for Canadians.

Quotes

"Quantum technology is changing the world as we know it. With the potential to solve difficult problems in key areas such as health care, finance, and climate sciences, this sector expands the realm of possibility. Today's announcement is great news for Canadian workers and businesses. This investment will bring good jobs, spur economic growth, boost innovation, and solidify Canada as a world leader in quantum technology."

— The Rt. Hon. Justin Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada

"Quantum technologies will set the course of the future and thanks to companies like Xanadu, Canada is at the forefront ready to lead. With today's announcement, our government is strengthening Canada's position in quantum technology and helping to create more economic growth and good jobs for Canadians. We'll continue to build this sector through our National Quantum Strategy and support made-in-Canada technology so Canada remains a world leader for decades to come."

— The Hon. François-Philippe Champagne, Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry

"The government's continued investment in quantum technologies has been invaluable to our success. We are proud to be a Canadian company and, with this investment, are excited to enter the next phase in our mission to build quantum computers that are useful and available to people everywhere."

— Christian Weedbrook, Founder and CEO, Xanadu

Quick Facts

  • Since the birth of quantum science more than 100 years ago, quantum technologies have been the source of many game-changing innovations such as semiconductors and the laser.
  • Quantum science is the study, manipulation, and control of systems at the atomic and subatomic level.
  • It is estimated that by 2045, the Canadian quantum industry will be a $139 billion industry, including all economic effects, and account for over 200,000 jobs, according to a study commissioned by the National Research Council in 2020.
  • Earlier this month, the Government of Canada launched its National Quantum Strategy, which invests an additional $360 million to help solidify Canada as a global leader in quantum technologies.
  • Over the past 10 years, the Government of Canada has invested more than $1 billion in quantum research and science.
  • Additionally, the government has invested in bringing new quantum technologies to the Canadian and global markets, including investments through Canada's regional development agencies, the Strategic Innovation Fund, and the National Research Council of Canada's Industrial Research Assistance Program.
  • Xanadu is a notable contributor to Canada's innovation ecosystem and has committed to continuing to support innovation, growth, and Canada's research and development sector.
  • Founded in 2016, Xanadu is a Toronto-based Canadian quantum computing company with the mission to build quantum computers that are useful and available to people everywhere. Xanadu has become one of the world's leading quantum hardware and software companies and leads the development of PennyLane, an open-source software library for quantum computing and application development.

Associated Links

This document is also available at https://pm.gc.ca

SOURCE Prime Minister's Office

View original content: http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/January2023/23/c3179.html

What are important areas in quantum research?

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

The UAE has also entered the quantum computing race, establishing the Quantum Research Center and aiming to build its first quantum computer as part of a broader strategy to foster innovation and economic sustainability.

Title:

Content: Monday, 25 March 2024 02: 58 GMT
UAE invests in ‘ quantum computing ’ to look to the future
(MENAFN- Al-Bayan)
The UAE is investing in the sector of quantum computing, which is expected to reach a global market value of $1 trillion in 2035, as one of the fastest expanding fields of technology in the world and because of its innovative applications capable of solving challenges in many sectors, because of its strength and speed in calculating physical phenomena, compared to traditional computers.
The UAE aims to invest in quantum computing to enable innovation and a knowledge and sustainable economy through the Quantum Research Center and UAE institutes and universities to explore the future of this vital sector. The Institute of Technology Innovation ’ s (TII) Quantitative Research Center is working to build the first quantum computer in the UAE, according to the Interregional Center for Strategic Analytics in Abu Dhabi.
The UAE has quickly realized the benefits of the quantum computing sector in all sectors and fields, especially in the economy and scientific research, as part of the country ’ s long-term strategies to keep pace with the global technological development represented by the fourth industrial revolution and artificial intelligence, which will change the face of the world in the coming years.
IDC expects global investments in quantum computing to reach $16.4 billion by the end of 2027, with a compound annual growth rate of 11.5%, which includes investments by the public and private sectors and R & D spending from technology, services and finance companies.
There is growing interest in quantum computing by global government agencies, with 14 of them (13 countries plus the European Union) announcing multi-year initiatives that will generate billions of dollars for quantum computing research.
The center said that the UAE is among the 50 projects working to create an attractive investment environment for investments in new and future sectors, including quantum computing technology.
According to Accenture Middle East, quantum computing technology is advancing rapidly, making it a promising technology sector.
The US and China dominate the quantum computing sector to take advantage of the features of the new technological revolution that has enabled scientists to study the basic particles of matter, whose applications have multiplied across different fields despite their relative novelty, promising radical transformations for any industry dependent on speed and processing power, including aerospace, automotive, medicine and others.
Quantum computing technologies have a huge market value, with quantum computing alone expected to reach a global market value of $1 trillion by 2035.
Quantum technology has played a role in many areas, including complex mathematical models, simulations, electronic devices, CT scanners and many others, as it has the potential to revolutionize the way humans communicate and process information at record speeds.
The most prominent areas of use of quantum computing can be found in many fields of military, communications and medicine, and can address economic crises and challenges quickly, and there is no doubt that quantum computing technology can change the map of national industries.
Major technology companies are leading efforts to develop quantum computing, with Google Research Lab and IBM, which built one of the largest quantum computers in the field, and the Chinese University of Science and Technology has developed a quantum computer that is 10 billion times faster than the computer developed by Google.
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Japan is emerging as a strong contender, with Fujitsu planning to make quantum computers available to enterprises by 2023, leveraging collaborations to develop competitive systems for industries like finance and materials science.

Title:

Content: Japan ’ s Fujitsu Corporation, together with the Institute of Physical and Chemical Sciences, is expected to start making quantum computers available to enterprises in 2023 (April 2023-March 2024) in order to promote the practical use of quantum computers.
The ground-breaking product is expected to be used in financial market forecasting, new materials and drug development, an achievement that will solidify Japan ’ s position as the world ’ s No. 3 in quantum computing and lead to new technologies for Japan ’ s economic industry and defense security.
According to the Nikkei Chinese website, Fujitsu has been developing quantum computers since April 2021 when it set up a cooperation center with the Institute of Physical and Chemical Sciences in Saitama Prefecture and Hikari City, with about 20 researchers participating.
It is planned that the machine will be manufactured, disclosed to enterprises and used for technical research by 2023.
This will be the first time that a domestic company will launch a general-purpose quantum computer that can complete a wide range of calculations, or become a catalyst for a new generation of technologies that affect industrial competitiveness and defense security.
The report pointed out that compared to supercomputers, quantum computers are extremely fast in computing, and have the potential to bring technological innovation to the development of materials and other aspects, affecting the competitiveness of various industries including chemistry, pharmaceuticals, automotive and finance.
Since April this year, Fujitsu and Fujitsu have started joint research on material design in cooperation with Fujitsu Film Co., Ltd., and will increase partners in the future to accumulate knowledge for future applications.
Compared with overseas companies, in Japan, IBM set up a self-developed quantum computer in Kawasaki in 2021, and the development speed is relatively slow.
Fujitsu gained technology and experience from the Institute of Physics and Chemistry as the first real opportunity for a Japanese company.
Like Google and IBM, quantum computing will be performed using “superconducting ” circuits that are cooled at extremely low temperatures to eliminate resistance.
The report said that the manufacturing of quantum computers has been dominated by American technology companies.
Google achieved what it calls “quantum transcendence ” in 2019, and it can solve the 10,000 year problem of a supercomputer in about three minutes.
In recent years, China's technology has also been improving, and emerging companies have also clearly risen.
Japan currently ranks third in the world in patent distribution in the field of quantum computers, behind only the United States and China.
The report pointed out that the computer developed by Fujitsu in 2023 reached 64 qubits, more than the 53 qubits that Google achieved when it achieved quantum transcendence.
This is second only to the 127 qubits developed by IBM in 2021, which are also considered to achieve highly competitive performance in the world.
Fujitsu is expected to achieve more than 1,000 qubits after 2026.
Quantum computers have the potential to perform supercomputer calculations in minutes and hours that take hundreds of millions of years.
The Boston Consulting Group predicts that economic benefits of up to $850 billion will be realized around 2040 through the development of new materials and more.
Article source: Fujitsu will realize the practical use of Japanese quantum computers
# Quantum # Bit # Computers # Fujitsu # Supercomputers

What fields can quantum computers advance?

Major corporations such as IBM, Google, and D-Wave are actively developing quantum computing technologies, with applications ranging from financial modeling to secure communications, and initiatives like IBM's Quantum Accelerator program helping industries explore practical use cases.

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Content: View all newsletters
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  1. Analysis
September 23, 2022

Is the finance sector quantum ready?

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It is an important year for quantum computing, according to GlobalData’s Technology, Media and Telecoms Predictions 2022. In addition to the high levels of hype generated around this disruptive technology, significant technical advances have seen companies starting to invest in exploring its potential benefits.

The global quantum computing market size is set to reach $1.77bn by 2026, up from $472m in 2021, at a compound annual growth rate of 30.2%, according to Markets and Markets. Pioneering adoption of quantum computing by financial services companies is expected to drive this growth.

Is the financial services industry prepared for quantum?

What does a quantum advantage over classical computing mean for financial services? Increasing the speed and volume of calculations and transactions by multiples represents the biggest change for a post-quantum financial services sector – and the key to identifying the potential benefits of specific use cases is exploration. Early iterations of quantum computing-as-a-service are under way with Big Tech companies Microsoft, Amazon, IBM and Google offering clients a cloud service for experimenting with quantum simulators (essentially classical computers mimicking quantum computers in the cloud to see what they can do).

This collaborative approach between businesses and tech companies addresses two problems in tandem: first, it allows businesses to familiarise themselves with the emerging technology despite quantum supremacy being some years away; second, it tackles the biggest business challenge, which is identifying the most effective use cases for financial services.

US tech giant IBM’s quantum accelerator programme was set up with exactly that in mind: to allow businesses themselves to find effective quantum computing use cases. Many of IBM’s financial services clients in the accelerator programme have initial concerns about the effect quantum computing will have on cryptography, according to Prakash Pattni, managing director for financial services – digital transformation at IBM.

“It took a few years for banks to work out where blockchain fits in with cryptography, for example, and we are now at a stage where blockchain is really taking off,” he says.

Pattni likens quantum computing as being at that same early stage of experimentation as blockchain was. Financial services companies are perhaps even more acutely aware of the potential impact of quantum computing on data security because the nature of banking regulation means data has to be stored and kept safe for many years, adds Pattni.

While cybersecurity remains a clear concern for clients, specific use cases are still being worked out. Again, experimentation is key, according to Pattni, who says: “I think we’ are still at that very early stage in terms of experimentation where quantum is concerned.” According to Gartner, 40% of large companies are planning to create initiatives around quantum computing by 2025, but even with accelerator programmes and research and development budgets, very specific use cases are still proving hard to identify.

Financial services, particularly those which work across multiple markets, stand to benefit greatly from efficiencies enabled by quantum computing given that it enables the modelling of multiple permutations of different scenarios or values to solve the most efficient outcomes in a fraction of the time it would take classical computing.

Pattni believes this could be particularly useful in the cross-border fraud detection space, saying: “Real-time payments mean the window to look at fraud needs to be in real time too.” As AI is increasingly integrated into banking systems, the interface between AI and quantum computing is also a testing ground. Pattni says risk calculation is an area that investment banks are looking at.

“It requires incredibly high levels of compute power to run multiple risk scenarios that regulators don’t like, so that is another area where quantum computing could be applied, but it is still really early days of experimenting with applications,” he adds.

Finance’s first movers in quantum computing adoption

EY’s 2022 Quantum Readiness survey, produced in collaboration with the UK’s National Quantum Computing Centre, found that 81% of senior UK executives expect quantum computing to play a significant role in their industry by 2030. Despite this, most companies are taking a ‘watch and see’ approach. However, there are those in the finance sector taking a pioneering approach by testing the technology and ramping up investment in a calculated bet that quantum computing will, in fact, live up to its hype.

US investment bank Goldman Sachs is actively researching how quantum computing can be applied to the pricing of complex derivatives. Computing a price within a complicated contract or statistical model can be an expensive process. Derivatives are so common in finance that even a small improvement in pricing them, or in calculating related quantities, could be very valuable, according to William Zeng, head of quantum research for Goldman Sachs, who made the claim in September 2022 for Microsoft Azure’s quantum blog.

In March 2022, Spain’s CaixaBank’s life insurance and pensions company, VidaCaixa, announced that it is using Canadian quantum computing company D-Wave’s cloud service to build a quantum computing application for its investment portfolio selection and allocation activities, as well as its portfolio hedging.

According to CaixaBank, this is the first time a financial services company has applied quantum computing in investment hedging in the insurance sector. What normally took the bank several hours of computing time was reduced to just minutes, representing up to a 90% decrease. This time reduction facilitates increased modelling complexity, which is better adapted to real-time markets, optimises invested capital while maintaining constant risk levels and improves the hedging decision-making process. The Spanish banking group is evaluating whether to use the application in other areas of its operations over the coming months.

In March 2022, HSBC announced it will join the IBM Quantum Accelerator programme to progress potential quantum use cases in pricing and portfolio optimisation to advance its net-zero goals and to mitigate risks, including identifying and addressing fraudulent activity. The collaboration will also include knowledge transfer through internal training programmes, as well as actively recruiting quantum computing research scientists to build a dedicated capability within its innovation team.

Elsewhere, Standard Chartered has embarked upon research into quantum computers as part of an academic partnership with the Universities Space Research Association. The partnership is already actively developing what is known as the Quantum Computing System for Financial Services, and the bank will use it to address the security challenges posed by a super-powerful quantum computer.

Post-quantum security a pressing matter

Both IBM and Google have road maps to create quantum computers capable of defeating current encryption by 2030, according to GlobalData. Despite the cybersecurity industry developing quantum-resistant encryption before that time, future quantum computers could decrypt data harvested today. As a result, GlobalData expects companies to implement quantum security solutions in 2022, particularly as cybersecurity has become front of mind for business leaders.

Over the past 12 months, interest in quantum security has grown considerably in the financial services sector, according to Duncan Jones, head of cybersecurity at quantum computing company Quantinuum. “This is partly driven by the stream of announcements from the US government highlighting the urgent need to combat the quantum threat alongside the business opportunities,” he says.

In addition, as more quantum-enabled business use cases emerge, so too do the cybersecurity concerns. Jones and his team at Quantinuum are working on ways to remedy this. Quantinuum’s partnership with cybersecurity software company PureVPN uses Quantinuum’s cyber platform, Quantum Origin, to create and deploy encryption keys generated using a verifiable quantum process, which are more secure than keys from unverified, classical computing processes.

Every technology advance creates a commensurate cybersecurity challenge and quantum-proofing financial services companies will continue to be a concern alongside the business growth opportunities, according to Jones. “Financial services companies are realising there is a new quantum baseline for security and are factoring this into their cyber planning,” he adds.

In July 2022, it became public knowledge that US investment bank JPMorgan Chase had hired assistant professor Dr Charles Lim – a world-renowned expert in next-generation, quantum-resistant communication networks at the National University of Singapore – to lead the bank’s quantum communications and cryptography. The move not only demonstrates how quantum computing has become a business concern but also highlighted a global race for talent in the field, serving as a warning to other financial services companies that they may want to ramp up their search for quantum computing talent. Historically, financial services has attracted the brightest and the best with attractive compensation, but the sector is now competing with commensurate employee offerings by Big Tech. A battleground for quantum computing talent is set to continue.

Credit rating financial services company Moody's Analytics announced in September 2022 that it is establishing the Moody's Analytics Quantum Computing Team, which is perhaps a sign that quantum computing has become part of the financial services establishment. Early adoption of this technology may seem like a choice in 2022, but it may prove vital in future-proofing financial services companies against the changes that it will bring to the sector. As with any emerging technology there are first movers and those that follow the trend – it is still too soon to tell which approach will reap the most benefits.

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What are important areas in quantum research?

What companies are leading in developing quantum computing?

What fields can quantum computers advance?

IBM has made significant advancements, including the development of the first 1,000-qubit quantum chip in 2023, focusing on miniaturization and accuracy to enhance quantum systems for applications such as cryptography and optimization.

Title:

Content: 3 Quantum Computing Stocks That Could Grow Your Wealth

Advertisement

  • Quantum computing stocks offer growth potential in emerging technology.
  • IBM (IBM): Leader in quantum systems development, focusing on miniaturization and accuracy.
  • Intel (INTC): Applying transistor-based design to quantum computing with silicon spin qubits.
  • IonQ (IONQ): Developing trapped ion quantum systems with strong technological advantages.

Quantum computing stocks are working toward creating and selling quantum computers and other quantum products. These technologies are based on principles of quantum mechanics. This includes superposition and entanglement to perform operations that a classical processor cannot. These stocks provide a way to enter a field expected to transform many industries.

Thus, investing in quantum computing stocks is quite promising, considering the development of the industry. Some of the breakthroughs in quantum computing hardware include the creation of superconducting qubits and error correction software for larger quantum computers. There has been progress in increasing the qubit coherence times and combining classical and quantum computing to solve real-life problems.

Many of these quantum computing stocks trade at reasonable valuations. Now is a great time for investors to consider these options to grow their wealth. So here are three quantum computing stocks to consider.

IBM (IBM)

Source: shutterstock.com/LCV

IBM (NYSE:IBM) is one of the leading companies in the race toward quantum computing. It’s constantly pushing forward to create efficient quantum systems. The company’s delivery of the first 1,000-qubit quantum chip in 2023 proved incredible advancements are being made in this field.

What’s more, IBM’s approach has changed significantly since the company decided to focus on the miniaturization of quantum chips and their increased accuracy rather than increasing the number of qubits. While quantum computing still has a long way to go before it is practically usable, it has the potential to be used in fields such as cryptography, optimization, and simulation. This is where computing accuracy is paramount.

Thanks to its technical competence, cooperation with other industries, and conceptual approach to the development of quantum computing, IBM has the potential to lead the way forward.

Financially and technically, IBM pays a solid and growing dividend and has a low beta, making it a defensive pick in one’s portfolio.

Intel (INTC)

Intel (NASDAQ:INTC) has become one of the frontrunners in the race to build quantum computers through the application of transistor-based design and semiconductor manufacturing. Thus, by transferring the methods for creating and verifying conventional chips to silicon-based quantum computers, Intel has made a significant leap forward in its creation.

This is because the company is using silicon spin qubits, which are somewhat similar to the familiar semiconductor transistors. This allows the company to use its advanced CMOS fabrication facilities to place millions or even billions of these qubits on a single chip.

Intel’s progress in developing a 12-qubit silicon chip on a 300mm wafer with an impressive 95% yield rate proves its capacity to meet the stability standards of quantum computers. Also, Intel has perfected the cryogenic wafer probing technique. This allows it to test its quantum devices and make necessary adjustments faster.

INTC could be one of the top quantum computing stocks to consider to include an award-winning brand your portfolio.

IonQ (IONQ)

IonQ (NYSE:IONQ) is a leading developer of quantum computing systems using trapped ions. This approach could potentially enhance the reliability of its quantum computations.

IonQ has a strong technological advantage and owns 74 US-issued patents and 163 pending applications covering its quantum computing solutions. It is also engaged in the process of developing its quantum hardware for the commercial market, through which is available on the major cloud platforms and has signed several strategic partnerships,

One of the best things about IONQ is its financials are in good shape. This is more than what can be said for other companies that are exploring more experimental strategies.

As per its Q1 results, IonQ has high gross margins and increasing orders for quantum systems. The company expects to achieve net income before seeking more capital and thus prepare for long-term development. These factors make IONQ one of those quantum computing stocks to buy.

On the date of publication, Matthew Farley did not have (either directly or indirectly) any positions in the securities mentioned in this article. The opinions expressed are those of the writer, subject to the InvestorPlace.com Publishing Guidelines.

Matthew started writing coverage of the financial markets during the crypto boom of 2017 and was also a team member of several fintech startups. He then started writing about Australian and U.S. equities for various publications. His work has appeared in MarketBeat, FXStreet, Cryptoslate, Seeking Alpha, and the New Scientist magazine, among others.

Article printed from InvestorPlace Media, https://investorplace.com/2024/07/3-quantum-computing-stocks-that-could-grow-your-wealth/.

©2024 InvestorPlace Media, LLC

What are important areas in quantum research?

What companies are leading in developing quantum computing?

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

What fields can quantum computers advance?

IonQ is advancing quantum computing with its trapped ion systems, which offer strong technological advantages and are accessible via major cloud platforms, while the company continues to maintain financial stability and increase orders for its quantum systems.

What are important areas in quantum research?

What companies are leading in developing quantum computing?

PsiQuantum introduced a novel fault-tolerant quantum computing architecture in 2023, achieving a 700x reduction in computational resource requirements for breaking Elliptic Curve Cryptography, highlighting the potential of photonic quantum computing systems.

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Content: <img height="1" width="1" style="display:none" src="https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=1126676760698405&ev=PageView&noscript=1">
Home Business Wire PsiQuantum publishes paper projecting a 700x reduction in the computational resource requirements...

PsiQuantum publishes paper projecting a 700x reduction in the computational resource requirements for breaking Elliptic Curve Cryptography using a fault tolerant quantum computer

PsiQuantum’s latest paper describes a more efficient method to break Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) which is widely used for secure communications. This approach uses techniques especially applicable to photonic architectures, and reduces the number of gate operations required to break an ECC key by up to 80% as well as a 700x reduction in computation time relative to the state-of-the-art quantum algorithms.

PALO ALTO, Calif.–(BUSINESS WIRE)–PsiQuantum announced today in a new publication, a thorough resource count for how large a quantum computer is needed to impact a commonly used cryptosystem – namely Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) – considering a novel fault-tolerant quantum computing architecture that the company recently introduced1. This active volume architecture leverages long-range connections within the quantum computer and results in a 700x reduction in the computational resource requirements for breaking ECC keys relative to state-of-the-art quantum algorithms. This is also orders of magnitude less time to compute than the billions of years required by conventional computers to perform the equivalent task for a 256-bit ECC key.

Secure digital communications, which underpin our modern use of the internet, rests on the success of public-key cryptographic systems. These cryptographic systems work by allowing a user to provide a public key, with which anyone can securely encode messages to them. These messages can then only be decoded with a secret private key held by the user. These keys for encoding and decoding are built from mathematical operations which are easy to apply (for the encoding), but hard to reverse (for the decoding). The difficulty of the decoding relies on the fact that reversing these mathematical operations is an impractically time-consuming task for conventional computers.

Two prominent such schemes are RSA and elliptic curve cryptography (ECC). In RSA, the mathematical operation used to provide the public and private keys centers around the ease of multiplying two prime numbers, compared with the difficulty of the inverse process – recovering these prime factors. The approach taken by ECC is a little more obscure, but the concept is similar. Public key encoding can be performed using a mathematical operation known as elliptic curve point multiplication, and reversing this process to decode the messages is hard without information contained in a private key.

Both RSA and ECC keys could be easily broken using large-scale quantum computers. Algorithms have been discovered for quantum computers that can, unlike conventional computers, efficiently reverse the mathematical operations at the heart of RSA and ECC. Several research papers have explored quantum algorithms for the generation of RSA and ECC keys in the past decades. Surprisingly, although it involves more mathematically complex operations, breaking 256-bit ECC keys is easier than breaking 2048-bit RSA keys, thanks to the shorter keys needing fewer resource-intensive arithmetic operations.

In this paper, PsiQuantum uncovered architecture-independent improvements to existing ECC quantum algorithms that reduce the number of gates required for breaking ECC keys by up to 80%. The team also conducted a resource estimate for implementing ECC quantum algorithms using PsiQuantum’s newly unveiled active volume architecture technique (read more) which led to a reduction in the number of quantum operations needed to crack an ECC key by up to 700x.

The active volume compilation technique is especially applicable to photonic architectures, like that of PsiQuantum’s. This is because the technique relies on the ability to have long-range connections within the quantum computer and currently only photonic architectures have this feature. Unlike matter-based qubits such as ion traps or superconducting qubits, photons have the ability to be easily non-locally connected using conventional optical fiber, as widely used in the telecommunications industry.

So, are all our secrets at immediate risk of being stolen? Not yet. Despite these breakthroughs, cracking 256-bit ECC keys still requires quantum computers having millions of physical qubits. Even though photonic quantum computers can reduce the size of the required system, this still requires a machine much larger than what we have today. Nevertheless, researchers are actively preparing for that eventuality with the development of post-quantum cryptography schemes such as lattice cryptography, and the recommendation of using longer RSA or ECC keys in the meantime. These approaches are suspected to be secure against quantum algorithms, and moreover other developing technologies can actually offer encryption schemes that are provably secure against quantum algorithms.

Prof. Terry Rudolph, Chief Architect and Co-Founder at PsiQuantum, said:

“These results illustrate a characteristic property of the field of quantum computing, which is that while much progress is made through slow and painful incremental development, it is also not surprising to see huge leaps forward by an order of magnitude or more. Because of this unpredictability, as well as the high potential impact of the technology, companies and organizations which are developing quantum computers carry a serious responsibility to ensure that quantum computing is deployed in a responsible and appropriately transparent way. This is why we are choosing to publish our methods in the public domain.”

VADM (Ret.) Robert D. Sharp, former Director of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, said:

“I applaud and am comforted by PsiQuantum’s relentless commitment to ensuring that we maintain our competitive edge in strategic technologies like quantum computing; one with such widespread applications and – arguably – some of the most profound national security implications the US and our allies will face this century. Beyond being impressed by what the company is doing, I appreciate how thoughtfully and strategically they’re doing it – learning rapidly and iteratively, and approaching the technology as a committed and transparent partner to the US and allied governments as they reach critical milestones.”

About PsiQuantum

Powered by breakthroughs in silicon photonics and fault-tolerant quantum architecture, PsiQuantum is building the first utility-scale quantum computer to solve some of the world’s most important challenges. PsiQuantum’s approach is based on single-photon qubits, which have significant advantages at the scale required to deliver a fault-tolerant, general-purpose quantum computer. With their photonic chips manufactured in a world-leading semiconductor fab, PsiQuantum is uniquely positioned to deliver quantum capabilities reaching the scale needed to drive advances in climate technologies, pharmaceuticals, healthcare, finance, energy, agriculture, transportation, communications, and beyond. To learn more, visit www.psiquantum.com.

Follow PsiQuantum: LinkedIn

Link to paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08585

© 2023 PsiQuantum. PsiQuantum and the PsiQuantum logo are registered or pending registration trademarks of PsiQuantum, Corp., in the United States and other countries.

1 https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08585

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What advantages do quantum computers have over conventional computers?

What are important areas in quantum research?

What are the potential threats of quantum computers?

threatening national security through breaking encryption

What fields can quantum computers advance?

The development of quantum computing has revealed critical lessons, such as the importance of addressing challenges like quantum decoherence and error correction, which are essential for improving qubit stability and achieving practical quantum advantage.

Title:

Content: Doubling a qubit’s life, Yale scientists prove a key theory of quantum physics

Researchers at Yale have for the first time, using a process known as quantum error correction, substantially extended the lifetime of a quantum bit — a long-sought-after goal and one of the trickiest challenges in the field of quantum physics.

Led by Yale’s Michel Devoret, the experiment proves — decades after its theoretical foundations were proposed — that quantum error correction works in practice.

Quantum error correction is a process designed to keep quantum information intact for a period of time longer than if the same information were stored in hardware components without any correction.

The results were published March 21 in Nature.

Information in classical computing comes in the form of bits corresponding to ones or zeros. In quantum computing, information is stored in special devices with quantum properties that are known as quantum bits, or “qubits.”

In the lab of Devoret, the Frederick W. Beinecke Professor of Applied Physics, these qubits are constructed with superconducting circuits cooled to temperatures 100 times lower than those in outer space.

The qubits can each represent a one or a zero, or — confoundingly — both one and zero at the same time.

This “quantum parallelism” is one of the properties that enables quantum computers to make calculations that will potentially be orders of magnitude faster than what is possible on classical supercomputers and transform multiple industries.

Quantum systems, though, are fragile. They are bedeviled by a fundamental phenomenon of decoherence, a process in which the information stored in qubits quickly loses its quantum properties as a result of their interactions with the surrounding environment.

Quantum error correction, which was theoretically discovered in 1995, offers a means to combat this decoherence. Employing redundancy, it protects the quantum bit of information by encoding it in a system larger than what, in principle, is needed to represent a single qubit.

This larger system, however, makes the effect of the surrounding environment even more invasive and the encoded qubit even more fragile. Because of this effect, and complications from the additional components required to perform error correction, this process had never been able to definitively extend the lifetime of a quantum bit in practice.

In fact, just breaking even with an uncorrected qubit is a rare event, researchers say. Contrary to theoretical promises, in most experiments, error correction accelerates the decoherence of quantum information.

“For the first time, we have shown that making the system more redundant and actively detecting and correcting quantum errors provided a gain in the resilience of quantum information,” Devoret said. “Our experiment shows that quantum error correction is a real practical tool. It’s more than just a proof-of-principle demonstration.”

Devoret’s group has managed to more than double the lifetime of quantum information. Their error-corrected qubit lived for 1.8 milliseconds — things happen fast in the quantum realm.

They achieved their results using an error-correction code that was invented in 2001. “It gives you a sense of the delay between the theoretical proposals and practical realization of them in our field,” Devoret said.

Volodymyr Sivak, the lead author of the paper, said that this performance was achieved in part by employing a machine-learning agent that tweaked the error correction process to improve the outcome.

“There is no single breakthrough that enabled this result,” said Sivak, a former Ph.D.  student in Devoret’s lab and now a research scientist at Google. “It’s actually a combination of a whole bunch of different technologies that were developed in the past few years, which we combined in this experiment.”

The practical success of quantum computing will hinge on being able to create quantum bits of extremely high quality using quantum error correction. “Our experiment validates a cornerstone assumption of quantum computing, and this makes me very excited about the future of this field,” said Sivak.

Other authors of the paper (all affiliated or formerly affiliated with Yale) are Alec Eickbusch, Baptiste Royer, Shraddha Singh, Ioannis Tsioutsios, Suhas Ganjam, Alessandro Miano, Benjamin Brock, Andy Ding, Luigi Frunzio, Steven Girvin, and Robert Schoelkopf.

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What are the challenges in quantum computing research?

sensitivity to environment
high error rates

Past successes, such as achieving quantum supremacy by Google, IBM, and Chinese researchers, underscore the need for higher-quality qubits and scalable error correction to overcome current limitations and unlock broader applications.

Title:

Content: Google, IBM and China have already achieved quantum supremacy. Now they face another challenge: the correction of errors

Quantum supremacy is no longer at the center of the debate. It was at the end of 2019 because it came to light that the Google team led by John Martinis had managed to achieve it using its Sycamore quantum processor, and no one had done it until that moment. The noise that this news caused when it broke was justified.

But a year later, in December 2020, the group of Chinese researchers led by Jian-Wei Pan published an article in Science showing that I had also reached using its Zuchongzhi superconducting processor. And a year later, in November 2021, IBM followed suit and announced that it had reached this milestone using its 127-qubit Eagle quantum processor.

At this point no one doubts that quantum computers have come a long way. And, furthermore, they have done it in a real record time if we bear in mind that the first solid theoretical proposals arrived in the mid-1990s. And they are already capable of solving a few problems (very few still). in much less time than the most advanced supercomputers we currently have.

In fact, this is what quantum supremacy consists of: in solving in a short period of time, a few minutes or a few hours, a problem in which a classical supercomputer would spend many years. Even several centuries. Or millennia. Right now it is not too important whether these problems have practical applications or not. Whether or not they are relevant. We are still establishing the foundations of quantum computing, and the important thing is to face the challenges that are around the corner.

In search of higher quality qubits

One of the biggest challenges facing researchers involved in the development of quantum computing is delaying the onset of quantum decoherence. This phenomenon occurs when the necessary conditions for a system that is in an entangled quantum state to be maintained disappear.

Perhaps a slightly simpler way of describing it is to see it as a system that stops behaving as dictated by the rules of quantum mechanics when certain conditions are met, beginning to behave from that moment on as dictated by the rules of classical physics. . When does quantum decoherence appear? quantum effects disappear. And, therefore, also the advantages that they bring in the context of quantum computing.

The time it takes for quantum decoherence to appear is closely linked to the quality of the qubits

This phenomenon is very important because it helps us understand why many macroscopic physical systems do not exhibit quantum effects. Or, what is the same, why in our daily environment we cannot observe the counterintuitive effects of quantum mechanics. In any case, what is really relevant is that as the the quality of the qubits of a quantum processor, the longer it takes for quantum decoherence to appear. And, for this reason, we have more time available to carry out operations with it.

The two qubit fabrication technologies that are currently giving us the best results are superconducting qubits, which benefit greatly from recent advances in silicon lithography, and ion traps. However, some research groups also have other very promising technologies on the table that are worth pursuing, such as neutral atoms or the ions implanted in macromolecules.

IBM already has a 127-qubit superconducting quantum processor, and by the end of 2023 it plans to have Condor ready, a promising quantum chip with no less than 1,121 qubits.

We already brush the correction of errors with the tips of our fingers

The other big challenge facing quantum computing right now is error correction. Quantum computers make errors when carrying out some operations, and when this happens, the results they return to us are not correct, of course. The problem is that implementing a quantum error correction protocol it’s not trivial. And furthermore, if they abound, it is essentially impossible to correct them and simultaneously prevent the quantum processor’s efficiency from sinking.

Fortunately, we have good news. As we told you a few days ago, three independent research groups have managed to perfect superconducting qubits that have an accuracy greater than 99%. This simply means that they make mistakes very infrequently, and the good news is that when they are so infrequent it is easier to correct them. Much easier.

When the incidence of errors is less than 1%, it is much easier for quantum fault-correction protocols to carry out their task

In fact, these research groups ensure that when the incidence of errors is less than 1% quantum fault-correction protocols find it much easier to do their job. At the moment they are working with only one or two qubits, and these quantum processors are too simple to solve significant problems, but if they manage to scale this technology to many more qubits, quantum computers could leave behind one of the biggest challenges they currently face. .

As we have just seen, quantum computing is advancing at a breakneck pace. The entry of private companies in this sector you are greatly accelerating your progress, but before we get carried away with enthusiasm, it is important that we keep in mind that there are other challenges that are also crucial to solve.

Two of the most substantial are the need to control qubits more precisely, and also the importance of implementing new quantum algorithms that they are able to help us tackle the problems that we cannot solve with the most powerful classical supercomputers that we have today. Still, the future for quantum computing is hopeful. And, above all, very promising.

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What are important areas in quantum research?

new types of qubits
implementations of quantum processors

What are the challenges in quantum computing research?

What have been the landmark achievements in quantum computing?

Google's Sycamore quantum supremacy experiment

Technical challenges such as error correction and scalability remain significant, with advancements in qubit quality and fault-tolerant systems being critical for unlocking the full potential of quantum computing.

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  1. Hardware
  2. Quantum
April 25, 2023

Investment in quantum technology hit a record $2.35bn last year

Billions of dollars have been invested in quantum technology since 2001 with the majority of that investment happening since 2020.

By Ryan Morrison

Quantum technology companies attracted more than $2.35bn in private investment last year, slightly breaking the record set in 2021. A new report by McKinsey suggests this investment could be well placed, as companies deploying quantum stand to gain $1.3trn in value by 2035. To unlock this potential companies have to focus on attracting top talent and scaling up the speed and accuracy of qubits. One expert says public and private sector organisations have a role to play in solving the talent problem.

The McKinsey report suggests four industries are likely to see the earliest impact – automotive, chemicals, financial services and life sciences. This is because these areas have high compute needs and complex problems where quantum advantage is likely to come earlier.

A significant amount of investment in quantum technology is going to start-ups that came into the industry in the past two years. According to McKinsey, 68% of the money put into quantum since 2001 has been invested in the last two years

As of last year, that investment is being spread over fewer new companies. In 2021, 41 quantum technology start-ups were founded, dropping to 19 in 2022 which, according to McKinsey suggests money is going to established start-ups rather than new companies, which could be tied to difficulties in attracting new talent.

The report suggests investors are looking for companies “ready to scale”, with four of the ten largest investment deals since 2001 closed in 2022. Some of these have been worth up to $500m and seven of the ten largest deals in 2022 were worth more than $100m.

Public sector investment is also growing rapidly with the US committing $1.8bn in 2022, the UK will spend £2.5bn over a decade and the EU has $1.2bn for quantum on the table. These are all dwarfed by the estimated $15.2bn public investment in quantum announced by the Chinese government.

Another reason for the redirection of investment towards more established companies could be tied to the slowdown in major scientific breakthroughs, the report authors speculated.

Many of the early-stage quantum technology companies are formed out of university projects and in 2022 the number of published papers on quantum technology declined by 61% between 2020 and 2021. There was another decline, of about 5% between 2022 and 2021. This, they wrote, could be due to challenges becoming harder to solve.

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Need for ‘fault -olerant’ quantum machines

The next stage in quantum computing requires both a ramp-up in qubit numbers and quality to create “fault-tolerant” processors capable of solving real-world problems more accurately and faster than classical computers. The problem is that while qubit numbers have been growing steadily, the quality hasn’t kept pace.

IBM has gone from a 20-qubit processor in 2019 to announcing a 1,000+ qubit machine due for release next year, but it also has a second track of processors with better quality qubits but far fewer actual qubits on each chip.

“In each of the five main approaches to quantum computers, difficult challenges remain,” the authors wrote. This is across all the main types of qubit being developed. For example, in photonics these devices still “leak” photons which results in computation failures and high error rates. In superconducting systems like those used by IBM and Google there are issues scaling up the control and cooling systems to handle potentially thousands of qubits.

These problems have to be solved to unlock the economic value the technology holds, the report authors declared. As economic value depends on speedup, which depends on algorithm complexity, execution time and problem size.

Achieving this scale-up will require top talent and while the talent gap is “significant”, McKinsey suggests it is narrowing in quantum technologies. “Our analysis shows that nearly two-thirds of open jobs in the industry could be filled with new masters’-level graduates in 2022.”

There are still shortages though, with OECD figures showing 717 active job postings last year and 450 master's-level graduates with degrees applicable to those vacancies. This was better than in 2021 when there were 851 job vacancies and just 290 graduates.

Talent isn't evenly spread. Based on density per million inhabitants the EU and UK are top destinations for graduates in quantum technology-relevant fields with 303 per million graduating in the EU in 2020 and 217 per million in the UK.

Ekaterina Almasque, general partner at VC fund OpenOcean, told Tech Monitor the quantum industry was “in its growth phase”, making it extremely challenging to find talent with the necessary skills across a range of technologies and services. “Most individuals working in the industry today were introduced to the concept of quantum computing at a relatively late stage," Almasque says. "While this will change naturally as the industry becomes more established, the private and public sector stakeholders of quantum computing must work together to improve this.”

She adds: “From a European perspective, many pioneering quantum computing businesses are pushing to become world leaders. For Europe to properly establish and maintain a lead in quantum computing, there must be a broad, strategic initiative for early education in quantum computing.”

  • Ryan Morrison writes a new weekly newsletter, Quantum Untangled, looking at the practical applications of quantum computing and interviewing leading figures from the industry. Sign up here.

Read more: How will the UK develop quantum computer regulation?

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What are important areas in quantum research?

What are the challenges in quantum computing research?

The high cost of hardware and infrastructure, which can exceed millions of dollars for even basic setups, poses another major obstacle, as seen in India’s efforts to establish quantum research facilities with limited funding compared to global leaders.

A shortage of skilled quantum computing professionals affects countries like Australia and the global industry overall, prompting initiatives such as specialized education programs and partnerships between academia and industry to address the talent gap.

Universities and academic institutions play a pivotal role in advancing quantum computing research globally by fostering innovation, developing algorithms, and training the next generation of quantum scientists and engineers.

Title:

Content: Newswise — Quantum researchers at the University of Bristol have dramatically reduced the time to simulate an optical quantum computer, with a speedup of around one billion over previous approaches.

Quantum computers promise exponential speedups for certain problems, with potential applications in areas from drug discovery to new materials for batteries. But quantum computing is still in its early stages, so these are long-term goals. Nevertheless, there are exciting intermediate milestones on the journey to building a useful device. One currently receiving a lot of attention is “quantum advantage”, where a quantum computer performs a task beyond the capabilities of even the world’s most powerful supercomputers.

Experimental work from the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) was the first to claim quantum advantage using photons - particles of light, in a protocol called "Gaussian Boson Sampling" (GBS). Their paper claimed that the experiment, performed in 200 seconds, would take 600 million years to simulate on the world's largest supercomputer.

Taking up the challenge, a team at the University of Bristol’s Quantum Engineering Technology Labs (QET Labs), in collaboration with researchers at Imperial College London and Hewlett Packard Enterprise, have reduced this simulation time down to just a few months, a speedup factor of around one billion.

Their paper “The boundary for quantum advantage in Gaussian boson sampling”, published today in the journal Science Advances, comes at a time when other experimental approaches claiming quantum advantage, such as from the quantum computing team at Google, are also leading to improved classical algorithms for simulating these experiments.

Joint first author Jake Bulmer, PhD student in QET Labs, said: “There is an exciting race going on where, on one side, researchers are trying to build increasingly complex quantum computing systems which they claim cannot be simulated by conventional computers. At the same time, researchers like us are improving simulation methods so we can simulate these supposedly impossible to simulate machines!”

“As researchers develop larger scale experiments, they will look to make claims of quantum advantage relative to classical simulations. Our results will provide an essential point of comparison by which to establish the computational power of future GBS experiments,” said joint first author, Bryn Bell, Marie Curie Research Fellow at Imperial College London, now Senior Quantum Engineer at Oxford Quantum Circuits.

The team’s methods do not exploit any errors in the experiment and so one next step for the research is to combine their new methods with techniques that exploit the imperfections of the real-world experiment. This would further speed up simulation time and build a greater understanding of which areas require improvements.

“These quantum advantage experiments represent a tremendous achievement of physics and engineering. As a researcher, it is exciting to contribute to the understanding of where the computational complexity of these experiments arises. We were surprised by the magnitude of the improvements we achieved – it is not often that you can claim to find a one-billion-fold improvement!” said Jake Bulmer.

Anthony Laing, co-Director of QET Labs and an author on the work, said: “As we develop more sophisticated quantum computing technologies, this type of work is vital. It helps us understand the bar we must get over before we can begin to solve problems in clean energy and healthcare that affect us all. The work is a great example of teamwork and collaboration among researchers in the UK Quantum Computing and Simulation Hub and Hewlett Packard Enterprise.”

Further information

The Quantum Engineering Technology Labs (QET Labs) The QET Labs at the University of Bristol launched in April 2015 and encompass the activity of over 100 academics, staff and students. The aim is to maximise opportunities for new scientific discoveries that underpin engineering and technology development. The QET Labs bring together the Quantum Engineering Centre for Doctoral Training (QE-CDT), the Quantum Technology Enterprise Centre (QTEC) and the research teams of their staff and students. Working together, we aim to transform science into real concept demonstrators and entrepreneurial innovation that will be the springboard for the commercial success of quantum technologies.

Bristol Quantum Information Institute

Quantum information and its translation into technologies is one of the most exciting research activities in science and technology today. Long at the forefront of the growing worldwide activity in this area, the Bristol Quantum Information Institute crystallises our research across the entire spectrum, from theory to technology. With our expert cross-disciplinary team, including founders of the field, we have expertise in all major areas of theoretical quantum information science and in experiment. We foster partnerships with the private sector and provide superb teaching and training for the future generation of quantum scientists and engineers and the prototypes of tomorrow.

The Quantum Computing & Simulation Hub

The Quantum Computing & Simulation Hub (QCS) is a collaboration between 17 UK universities, working with an extensive network of academic, industrial, and governmental partners. It is one of four hubs in the UK National Quantum Technologies Programme, which represents £1 billion of public and private investment to accelerate the translation of quantum technologies into the marketplace. The Hub is focused on the critical research challenges for quantum computing, across a broad range of hardware and software disciplines. As well as addressing the technical challenges in providing quantum computing and simulation at scale, the Hub engages with industries, end users, government, and citizens to help the UK become ‘quantum ready’. For more information visit https://www.qcshub.org

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Science Advances

Prominent institutions such as Harvard University, MIT, and the University of Oxford are recognized for their leadership in quantum computing research, while China's University of Science and Technology has achieved significant milestones in quantum communication and computing.

Title:

Content: The present and future of quantum computing
New Research 2022 / 12 / 13 19: 16: 07 Edited by: Yuansheng
The limitations of contemporary supercomputers, as well as their implications for academia and institutions around the world, are drawing the attention of the scientific community.
For example, researchers can use current techniques to perform more complex simulations, such as those that focus on chemistry and the reactive properties of each element.
However, as the complexity of these interactions increases, they become more challenging for current supercomputers.
Due to the limited processing power of these devices, it is nearly impossible to complete these types of calculations, forcing scientists to choose between speed and precision when conducting these studies.
To provide some context for the breadth of these experiments, let ’ s start with the example of hydrogen atom modeling.
With only one proton and one electron in hydrogen, researchers can easily perform chemical reactions manually or rely on computers to complete calculations.
However, depending on the number of atoms and whether the electrons are entangled, the process becomes more difficult.
To write out every conceivable result of an element like thulium, which contains a staggering 69 electrons, all twisted together, would take more than 20 trillion years.
Obviously, this time is too long for us, and we need a new way out.
Quantum computers open the door to a whole new world of possibilities.
The equations needed to simulate chemistry have been known to the scientific community since the 1930s, but it has only recently begun to build computers with the ability and reliability to perform these calculations.
Today ’ s quantum computers provide the speed researchers need to mimic all aspects of chemistry, making them significantly predictive and reducing the need for laboratory testing.
Colleges and universities may be able to use quantum computers to augment existing knowledge of chemistry.
Consider the potential time and cost savings that could be achieved if quantum computers were able to eliminate the need for laboratory testing during research.
Moreover, since the computational power to master chemical properties did not exist previously, this step could lead to a major step forward in chemistry previously unknown to the world
01. Quantum computing in practice
Many companies are already using quantum computing.
For example, IBM is working with Mercedes-Benz, ExxonMobil, CERN, and Mitsubishi Chemical to implement quantum computing into their products and services:
Mercedes-Benz
Mercedes-Benz is exploring quantum computing to create better batteries for its electric vehicles.
The company hopes to shape the future of modern electric vehicles by implementing quantum computing in its products and making an impact on the environment by implementing quantum computing in its products in an effort to be carbon neutral by 2039.
Simulating what ’ s going on inside a battery is incredibly difficult, even with today ’ s most advanced computers.
However, using quantum computing technology, Mercedes-Benz can more accurately simulate chemical reactions in car batteries.
Exxon Mobil
ExxonMobil is using quantum algorithms to more easily discover the most efficient routes for transporting clean combustion fuels around the world.
Without quantum computing, it would be almost impossible to compute all routing combinations and find the most efficient routing combinations.
European Centre for Nuclear Research
The European Centre for Nuclear Research (CERN) is trying to discover the secrets of the universe.
Using quantum computing, CERN can find algorithms to pinpoint complex events in the universe in a more efficient way.
For example, quantum computing could help CERN figure out patterns in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) data.
Mitsubishi Chemical
A team from Mitsubishi Chemical and Keio University is working on a key chemical step for lithium-oxygen batteries: lithium superoxide rearrangement.
They are using quantum computers to "perform accurate simulations of what happens inside a chemical reaction at the molecular level".
Advantages and disadvantages of quantum computing
Quantum computing has the potential to revolutionize industries such as finance, pharmaceuticals, artificial intelligence, and automotive in the coming years, fundamentally changing the world around us.
The value of quantum computers comes from the probabilistic way in which they operate.
By using the probabilistic computing style directly instead of simulating it, computer scientists have shown potential applications for fast search engines, more accurate weather forecasts, and precise medical applications.
In addition, quantum computers represent the original motivation for the development of quantum computing and are very useful in directly simulating quantum mechanics.
Perhaps the main appeal of quantum computing is that it can solve problems faster, making it ideal for applications that need to handle large amounts of data (for example, aerospace logistics, drug manufacturing, molecular research, or other fields that use canonical processes at the atomic level).
However, creating a powerful quantum computer is not an easy task and involves many drawbacks.
The sensitivity of quantum computing systems to extreme temperatures is one of the main drawbacks.
In order for the system to function properly, it must be near absolute zero temperature, which poses a major engineering challenge.
Moreover, quantum bit quality is not where it needs to be.
After a given number of instructions, qubits can produce inaccurate results, and quantum computers lack error correction to solve this problem.
Because of the number of wires or lasers required to make each qubit, keeping control is difficult, especially if the goal is to create a chip with a million qubits.
And quantum computing is very expensive: the cost of a single qubit can be as high as $10,000 or so.
Finally, if standard information systems and encryption methods are used for malicious purposes, they will be overwhelmed by the processing power of quantum computers.
These computers ’ reliance on the principles of quantum physics allows them to decrypt the most secure data (e.g., bank records, government secrets, and internet / email passwords).
Cryptography experts around the world will need to develop encryption techniques that can withstand possible attacks from quantum computers.
Impact of Quantum Computing on Higher Education
The education community is always looking for new opportunities for growth and prosperity.
Many higher education institutions have begun extensive research into quantum computing, using the unique properties of quantum physics to usher in a new era of technology, including computers capable of performing currently impossible computations, ultra-secure quantum networks, and exotic new quantum materials.
Oxford University
Researchers at the University of Oxford are interested in quantum research because of its huge potential in areas such as healthcare, finance and security.
The university is recognized worldwide as a pioneer in the field of quantum science.
Oxford and York universities demonstrate first working pure state NMR quantum computer
Harvard University
Researchers at Harvard University have established a community group, the Harvard Quantum Initiative for Science and Engineering, with the goal of making significant progress in science and engineering related to quantum computers and their applications.
According to research conducted by the group, the “second quantum revolution ” will build on the first quantum revolution, which is responsible for the development of global communications, technologies such as GPS flight, and medical breakthroughs such as magnetic resonance imaging.
University of Maryland
Researchers from the University of Maryland's Department of Physics, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and the Physical Sciences Laboratory are part of the Joint Quantum Institute "dedicated to the goal of controlling and utilizing quantum systems."
Institute of Technology
MIT researchers have built a quantum computer and are working on areas such as quantum algorithms and complexity, quantum information theory, measurement and control, and applications and connectivity.
University of California, Berkeley
Researchers at the Center for Quantum Computing and Information at the University of California, Berkeley are working on basic quantum algorithms, cryptography, information theory, quantum control, and experiments with quantum computers and quantum devices.
University of Chicago Quantum Exchange
Researchers at the University of Chicago Quantum Exchange are focusing on developing new ways to understand and utilize the laws of quantum mechanics. CQE encourages collaboration, joint projects and information exchange between research groups and collaborating institutions.
China University of Science and Technology
Researchers at the University of Science and Technology of China are exploring quantum optics and quantum information.
Areas of major interest include quantum foundations, free space and fiber-based quantum communication, superconducting quantum computing, supercooled atomic quantum simulations, and quantum metrology theory and theory-related concepts.
One broad impact on higher education is that quantum computing will open up new careers for tomorrow ’ s students.
In addition, this technology will allow for accurate forecasting of the overall growth of the job market and the demand for skilled and knowledgeable workers in all fields.
In the near future, the power of quantum computing will be unleashed on machine learning.
In the field of education, quantum-driven algorithms will make informed decisions about student learning and deficiencies, just as quantum computing promises to revolutionize medical classification and diagnosis.
In addition, quantum computing will power a new era of individual learning, knowledge and achievement.
This will be achieved by processing large amounts of student data in a timely manner, and quantum computers may eventually have the ability to control programs designed to accommodate students ’ unique achievements and abilities, as well as backfilling specific areas where students may need help.
These aspects of quantum computing are critical to achieving the goal of truly personalized learning.
Through the cloud, you can access any of the relatively small number of physical quantum subcomputers in the world.
These computers include the 20 + IBM Quantum System One, which is currently installed more in the United States, Germany and Japan, and more are planned in the United States, South Korea and Canada.
Anyone with an internet connection can log on to a quantum computer and be educated on the basics of quantum programming.
For example, IBM offers a variety of quantum-centric education programs, including access to quantum computers, teaching support, summer schools, and hackathons.
The IBM Quantum Educator and Investigator Program and Qubit ’ s “Introduction to Quantum Computing ” are just two examples of quantum computing resources that are accessible to educators and students alike.
Such initiatives are absolutely necessary.
Colleges and universities around the world need to collaborate to bridge the current knowledge gap in quantum education and prepare the next generation of scientists and engineers.
04 、 Conclusion
The quantum computing revolution is happening.
We have just entered a new era of computing.
Next generation computing is not the next generation of hardware, but the next generation of algorithms and computing
Quantum computers use quantum mechanics principles to solve problems.
Compared to classical computers, the state of a quantum system is inherently probabilistic.
This means that quantum computers can handle many times more computations than conventional computers.
05, extended reading
The main players in quantum computing can be divided into four categories: the first category is international technology giants, such as IBM, Google, Honeywell, etc.; the second category is quantum computing startups, such as Rigetti, IonQ, etc.; the third category is national scientific research institutes, such as Fermilab, Argonne National Laboratory, and the Institute of Quantum Information and Quantum Technology Innovation. University of Cambridge, University of Science and Technology of China, Harvard University, etc.
Today's quantum computers can only deal with one or a few aspects of the problem, and they have not yet reached the level of generality.
Quantum technology companies not only need to invest heavily in developing quantum computers, but also need to have many researchers designing and manufacturing quantum hardware and software to support these machines.
In the future, general quantum computers need to work on the underlying quantum physics equipment, quantum computer architecture, quantum resource scheduling, upper quantum programming language, quantum algorithms and quantum application software.
The following are typical representatives of the quantum computing industry regarding the latest technological and commercial advances in quantum computing.
The information provided herein is for general guidance and informational purposes only, and the contents of this article should not be considered investment, business, legal or tax advice under any circumstances.
This article is from the WeChat public account: new research (ID: chuxinyanjiu), author: Yousef Fazea, compiled by: Tang Shi
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Collaborations between academia, industry, and government, such as the IIT Madras partnership with Mphasis in India, demonstrate how universities are creating hubs for quantum research and promoting applied studies to address real-world challenges.

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IIT Madras, Mphasis to boost applied research in quantum computing

New Delhi, July 22 (IANS) The Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT-M) and information technology solutions provider Mphasis on Friday signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to accelerate applied research in quantum computing in the country.

As part of the MoU, Mphasis granted Rs 21 crore to the IIT-M for fundamental and applied research in quantum technologies and to set up a quantum lab that addresses real-world business and societal challenges.

The initiative was aimed at creating a hub for quantum science and technology that produces top-quality graduates; promoting fundamental and applied research in quantum technologies; democratising access to education in quantum technologies; assisting start-ups aligned to relevant domains; developing and attracting talent to the quantum ecosystem by offering a limited number of high-value top-up scholarships to students who excel in research; and supporting higher education and students whose research in quantum science and specific quantum architectures will be recognised and have a significant societal impact.

“This partnership will create a consortium of government, academia, and industry that will focus on research, bringing together multidisciplinary teams to solve challenges currently limiting the industrial applications of quantum science and technologies. This hub or quantum centre will also collaborate with global universities and disseminate its research findings through workshops, peer-reviewed papers, and conferences,” said Prof. Mahesh Panchagnula, Dean (Alumni and Corporate Relations), IIT Madras.

The partnership will fortify India’s leadership in quantum information, develop comprehensive training, and create quality resources for education and training in quantum computing.

In addition, the collaboration will also democratise quantum learning through training programmes tailored to specific industries, online certification programmes through the National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL), and continuing education through IITM’s web enabled MTech programme on Quantum Science and Technology (QuST).

“Quantum technology is at the brim; revolutionising quantum computing, sensing, and communication is leading to the emergence of new businesses and business models. Our collaboration with IIT Madras and the Government of India will enable us to harness the vast potential of quantum computing, enabling top capabilities and skill development for the future,” said Srikanth Karra, Chief Human Resources Officer (CHRO) at Mphasis.

–IANS

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The U.S. Department of Energy has funded a collaboration between Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, UC Berkeley, and Caltech to develop QUANT-NET, a quantum network testbed that integrates quantum computing and communication technologies.

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Berkeley Lab, UC Berkeley, Caltech to Build Quantum Network Testbed

(Credit: iStock)

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) and the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) will be home to a cutting-edge quantum network testbed, thanks to a new five-year, $12.5 million funding award from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Led by personnel from Berkeley Lab’s Scientific Networking Division/ESnet, UC Berkeley, and Caltech, the R&D collaboration will also leverage quantum development efforts at Berkeley Lab and beyond.

The goal is to build a distributed quantum network between Berkeley Lab and UC Berkeley that will help realize the DOE’s vision of establishing a nationwide quantum Internet and support the U.S. National Quantum Initiative. Quantum networks leverage the quantum properties of light to encode much more information than the “ones and zeros” of traditional computing. The quantum Internet will enable future capabilities, including distributed quantum sensing, upscaling quantum computing, and enabling highly secure communications.

“Berkeley Lab has always been a global leader in developing advanced networks for research,” said Berkeley Lab Director Mike Witherell. “With this award, we will be advancing the design of the quantum Internet and furthering the DOE Office of Science mission to deliver scientific discoveries and major scientific tools that transform our understanding of nature.”

The DOE announced the funding award on August 19, with a total commitment of $61 million for several quantum information system projects, including another quantum network testbed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory ($12.5 million), five new Nanoscale Science Research Centers ($30 million), and ongoing development of new building blocks for the quantum Internet ($5 million).

The Berkeley-based project, dubbed QUANT-NET (Quantum Application Network Testbed for Novel Entanglement Technology), will focus on building a software-controlled, application-focused quantum computing network link between Berkeley Lab and UC Berkeley. The three-node distributed testbed will feature an entanglement swapping substrate over optical fiber and will be managed by a quantum network protocol stack. The collaboration will also demonstrate entanglement between small-scale quantum computers at the two testbed locations.

“These demonstrations will require seamless integration of a host of different technologies, ranging from quantum information processing with trapped ions, color centers, and superconducting systems, to ultra-highly efficient conversion of quantum information from atoms to light and routing it through a fiber network,” said co-investigator Hartmut Häffner, associate professor of physics at UC Berkeley. “We envision that this work will pave the way toward a quantum Internet for quantum communication applications and allow us to connect different quantum computers to create larger and more powerful ones.”

The idea for QUANT-NET was born out of the 2020 DOE Quantum Internet Blueprint workshop, where representatives from DOE national laboratories, universities, industry, and other U.S. agencies came together to define a roadmap for building the first nationwide quantum Internet. Quantum networking is poised to revolutionize how information gets transmitted between quantum systems, locally and over long distances, and is expected to have a major impact on large-scale sensing experiments, making it of key interest to DOE mission areas, such as astronomy, materials discovery, and life sciences.

“The funded project will lead the way in developing distributed quantum applications using a scalable quantum internet prototype. The focus on systems integration in the proposal was to pave a path toward useful operational deployment and showcase the value generated from building the quantum Internet,” said Inder Monga, director of the Scientific Networking Division and of ESnet, a DOE ASCR user facility. He co-chaired the 2020 DOE blueprint workshop and is principal investigator on the QUANT-NET project.

The project also builds on ESnet’s legacy of supporting game-changing research and innovation testbed projects, Monga added. “Ten years ago, we built the Advanced Network Initiative’s 100G testbed for research, and today we are working with FABRIC to build a nationwide testbed for cutting-edge networking and distributed systems research with the National Science Foundation,” he said. “We will leverage all of this expertise and experience to build QUANT-NET.”

The project brings together world-leading expertise in quantum technologies, optics, materials, networks, testbed operations, and other assets from Berkeley Lab, UC Berkeley, and Caltech.

“We have a diverse, talented, multidisciplinary team with focus and intensity to carry out this challenging project,” said co-investigator Maria Spiropulu, professor of physics at Caltech. “We are especially excited to build our testbed while fostering research public-private partnerships with an eye on the quantum industries of the future and the relevant workforce development needed for the Nation to be competitive. And the future is now!”

Additional co-investigators on the QUANT-NET project are Thomas Schenkel of Berkeley Lab and Alp Sipahigil of UC Berkeley.

ESnet is a DOE Office of Science user facility.

# # #

Founded in 1931 on the belief that the biggest scientific challenges are best addressed by teams, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and its scientists have been recognized with 14 Nobel Prizes. Today, Berkeley Lab researchers develop sustainable energy and environmental solutions, create useful new materials, advance the frontiers of computing, and probe the mysteries of life, matter, and the universe. Scientists from around the world rely on the Lab’s facilities for their own discovery science. Berkeley Lab is a multiprogram national laboratory, managed by the University of California for the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Science.

DOE’s Office of Science is the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States, and is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time. For more information, please visit energy.gov/science.

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

China has adopted a 'curve overtaking' strategy, investing heavily in quantum information technology and leading globally in quantum patents across computing, communication, and sensing technologies.

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

The race to achieve quantum supremacy raises concerns about cybersecurity, as quantum computers could eventually crack existing encryption methods, prompting countries to engage in 'steal now, decrypt later' strategies to secure future advantages.

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U.S. May Include AI and Quantum Computing in Chinese Tech Ban

The U.S. may be looking to tighten its technological noose on China beyond semiconductors. According to Bloomberg's sources, the Biden administration has been holding internal and external discussions on further cutting China off from high-tech solutions that might impact national and worldwide security. Foremost are the fields of A.I. software and quantum computing, whose potential for worldwide disruption is still under assessment despite breakneck advances. Further sanctions would add power to existing ones, including China's quantum computing companies (to a degree).

One thing both technological spaces have in common is that they're still nascent: every day greets us with yet another quantum computing or AI-related headline. Efforts to regulate China's access to such rapidly-changing technologies leave the Biden administration between a rock and a hard place. Sanctions targeting China have been shown to have nefarious effects on the world at large and American semiconductor companies in particular, not just on its intending recipient.

Another element any sanctions would have to consider is the technological fields themselves. Essentially, what specific elements for each technology could be sanctioned that would hit China the most and the rest of the world the least? What price - if any - would U.S. companies pay for tightening the noose?

Companies in the quantum computing space might tell you otherwise, but the current approaches to the field showcase the number of potential sanction venues. Should the Biden administration produce sanctions for any kind of quantum computing approach - from superconducting qubits to ion chains? What would it do to the quantum computing research and product market if the sanctions only focussed on certain technologies, disproportionately hitting some companies while leaving others off the hook? What if a new quantum computing (or A.I.) approach surfaces?

Despite the cost and difficulty in perceiving the magnitude of the required U.S. regulatory intervention, China's efforts in the quantum computing space should give the U.S. pause. The number of accusations flying around regarding I.P. and state secret thefts, paired with China's clear interest in leading the space's research and development, open up the doors to immense privacy and national security concerns.

When quantum computing lurches past its current NISQ (Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum Era), it will enable any actor to field a way to crack currently-applied encryption algorithms. This includes data in motion and data at rest - especially any data that has been already stolen in what is known as a "steal now, decrypt later" attack. Nobody knows the petabytes (?) of intercepted data just lying in wait for the moment that a quantum computer is around to destroy their current encryption schemes. The impact of being the first to crack quantum computing cannot be overstated - especially if it's done by an actor that feels it has a score to settle, even more so when standards for post-quantum encryption are still being discussed.

China has shown incredible resilience despite the ever-tightening sanctions. Even after being cut from the latest manufacturing technologies, the country's OceanLight supercomputer managed to stand side by side with the AMD-made Frontier in disputing the finalist prize for the Gordon Bell award. The award is directly related to A.I. workloads, and China managed to field a supercomputer powered by 14nm-era hardware to perform work deemed relevant enough for prize contention. It's extremely likely that China will continue on this road. As they say: where there's a will, there's a way.

Freelance News Writer

Francisco Pires is a freelance news writer for Tom's Hardware with a soft side for quantum computing.

What are the potential threats of quantum computers?

threatening national security through breaking encryption

What fields can quantum computers advance?

Efforts to address these concerns include calls for international cooperation and regulation, such as proposals for global treaties to prevent the development of dangerous AI and quantum systems, emphasizing the need for ethical standards and responsible innovation.

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Artificial intelligence is worrying the world.
G7 leaders face complex choices
20-05-2023 | 09: 00
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Artificial intelligence raises international concerns that have prompted G7 leaders to raise the issue at their summit that began Friday in Japan, where leaders discuss complex options to fine tune this advanced technology that scientists expect will make a difference in human societies and pose a challenge to the security of countries.
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In recent months, the dangers of generative artificial intelligence (AI) capable of creating text, images and videos have caught the attention of many countries and even tech workers who have spoken of the urgent need for “global regulation ” of the industry.
Despite the talk of some countries and regulatory bodies about their orientation to regulate artificial intelligence, the development of this technology exceeds everyone, especially in light of the feverish competition between the giants of technology.
A report in the National Interest magazine warned that “AI regulation ” would not be a priority on the agenda of G7 leaders, arguing that it could mean“ a missed opportunity to address rapid innovation in this area that will have inevitable social implications. ”
Relations between the United States and China, enhanced cooperation in the Pacific, and the Ukraine conflict may steal the limelight at the summit, but leaders of these countries should agree to develop "an agreement or treaty prohibiting the development of dangerous AI systems" and set regulatory standards that ensure competition between companies and not stifle innovation, but keep it within the framework of maximizing benefits to humanity.
If G7 leaders do not do so, "humanity could reap serious consequences", the report said, noting that it is important to control the rollout of "advanced AI models, allowing legislators" to counter any surprises, noting that we may see a race to develop this technology between the United States and China.
Professor of artificial intelligence, Ashraf al-Najjar, believes that there is an urgent need for a unified global policy to regulate artificial intelligence to ensure the safe and responsible use of this new technology, noting that this technology is not limited by geographical boundaries and its applications and effects can reach all countries.
Al-Najjar believes that “the global framing of artificial intelligence will undoubtedly contribute to unifying the standards and rules governing the use of its technologies, which will help reduce harmful or unethical uses. ”
Economist specialized in the communications and information technology sector, Wasfi Safadi, said that the world is in a state of "panic about this, and despite the emergence of many technologies during the past years, but artificial intelligence has raised interest similar to dealing with the file of international nuclear armament, everyone wants to put red lines so that developers do not cross them."
He stresses that there are fears "of advanced artificial intelligence systems and their impact in general, while some also warn of the possibility of developing these systems for themselves, as if they become a separate mind that cannot be controlled by humans, in a simulation similar to what we see in science fiction films."
Apart from the development of artificial intelligence for itself, its current capabilities are enormous and sophisticated, which if used in the "dark side" may be "disastrous results," so the leaders of the Group of Seven countries, and even the rest of the countries, should develop a "unified global policy to regulate artificial intelligence" to maximize its benefits and minimize its disadvantages, according to Safadi.
OpenAI CEO Sam Altman stressed to the U.S. Senate on Tuesday the need for regulatory frameworks for artificial intelligence.
At a hearing on the impact of artificial intelligence, he urged Congress to impose new rules on big tech companies, despite sharp political divisions that have for years hampered legislation aimed at regulating the internet sector.
“We believe regulatory intervention by governments will be necessary to mitigate the risks of increasingly powerful models, ” Altman said, citing challenges such as misinformation and job cuts.
One day you may pass through one of the world's airports, the distance between one gate and another may take 15 minutes.
In this short time you enjoy looking left and right, but your privacy may have been compromised, and you don ’ t know.
ChatGBT has sparked widespread interest in generative AI in the world, but posting false images on social media, more realistic than real images, created from apps like MedJourney, has warned of the dangers of manipulating public opinion.
“OpenAI was founded on the belief that artificial intelligence has the potential to improve almost every aspect of our lives, but it also creates serious risks. ”
But Altman stressed that OpenAI ’ s artificial intelligence would be able to address “some of the biggest challenges facing humanity, such as climate change and cancer recovery. ”
Al-Najjar explains that the global regulation of AI will face many challenges, especially "in the implementation of global policy, in light of differences in laws and cultures between different countries, not to mention issues related to sovereignty and international competition."
He added that starting the international dialogue on artificial intelligence and working to develop a global regulatory framework that respects human values and rights in ways that maintain security, stability and justice globally is an urgent necessity, which requires joint action and international cooperation to develop common laws and standards applicable in different countries to ensure that the application is consistent and fair.
Al-Najjar points out that any legal framework has to define "acceptable uses of AI, and limit liability in case of harm or abuse, which is why it is important to make efforts in public awareness and education to ensure access to safe and responsible use of various AI applications."
American tech giants are demanding that its use be framed as they announce new AI services every week.
Christina Montgomery, IBM ’ s vice president of trust and privacy, called for regulation of the industry without hindering innovation.
“Life-changing technology ” or“ disruptive technology ” may be revealing new developments in our world, but these developments will not be without a tax that may affect different users and communities.
In April, Google President Sundar Pichai said that “in the long term it will be necessary to develop a global regulation ” but that“ we are still at the beginning. ”
At the end of March, more than 1,000 figures demanded that research on artificial intelligence be halted for six months, including Elon Musk, who is also developing an artificial intelligence company, and Yoval Noa Harari, a thinker convinced that artificial intelligence could destroy humanity.
Tristan Harris, Google ’ s former chief ethics officer, said: “We don ’ t want a world where five companies put humanity on the AI plane without thinking about the future we want. ”
Samer al-Moubayed, a technology expert specializing in robotics and artificial intelligence, said it would be difficult to "reach consensus in strategies between different countries regarding artificial intelligence, and despite talk of the need to organize it, there is a global race currently underway in which everyone seeks to gain a competitive advantage and even a monopoly on technology."
Al-Moubayed, CEO of Farhat Robotics, a company specialized in manufacturing artificial intelligence robots, explains to Al-Hurra that "the countries that will adopt artificial intelligence systems will see progress in the coming period faster than the rest of the countries, and this may create a kind of gap between the developed countries themselves and the countries that do not have this technology."
He identified three things related to artificial intelligence that need to be regulated at a global level, which include:
Making technology available to everyone
Ensure the existence of international platforms and institutions that facilitate easy access to AI technology for all countries, and maximize its benefits in developing countries rather than in developed countries, especially in the areas of education and health care.
Making the truth available to all
Provide global tools in which AI developers collaborate with countries or international institutions in order to ensure the distinction between what is “real and what is made by AI ”, by reducing the spread of false news and misinformation.
Intellectual Property Guarantees
Create a global standard for defining intellectual property rights, distinguishing those ideas developed by humans from those generated by generative AI systems, especially with the capabilities provided by applications to create new designs and systems for technical problems.
In Europe, the alarm is being sounded above all by researchers, experts and regulators, and anti-AI rhetoric has multiplied in recent weeks.
Meanwhile, the EU is making progress on its “artificial intelligence law ”.
Last week, the European Parliament approved a framework that must be voted on in June.
But it will take years before it is put into practice.
The text will force generative AI systems such as ChatGT to have prior permission and transparency of their algorithms and data.
Without specifying the reasons, Google this week announced the deployment of ChatGPT ’ s rival Bard software in 180 countries.
But not in the European Union.
Artificial intelligence does not only raise the concerns of users and countries, as the leaders of companies giants of technology have also become afraid of its applications, according to an expert in cybersecurity and digital transformation, Roland Abi Najm, confirmed to the site "Alhurra".
"But companies continue to develop AI systems and compete to excel," he said, noting that some applications have the ability to "think or plan in a human-like way to make decisions based on more logical considerations."
"The leaders of the countries in the G7 and even the rest of the countries around the world, must reach the formula of an international agreement that regulates the general principles of dealing with artificial intelligence, which will determine the scope of work for companies to ensure the reduction of the misuse of this technology."
He pointed out that "everyone is waiting for such an international agreement, but the greatest reliance remains on the mechanisms of its implementation and implementation," noting that "there are differences and differences in the treatment of countries currently with this file, where there are differences between the general principles spoken by European countries and the United States, compared to what is talked about in China or Russia."
With technological advances, artificial intelligence (AI) has become one of its fastest advances.
The idea of a machine that learns and makes independent decisions may seem very interesting, but how exactly does it work?
“Since the advent of the Internet, websites and social networks until now, the world has not been able to reach a unified policy to deal with these developments, will countries be able to develop a global public policy for artificial intelligence? ”
In early May, the White House alerted the CEOs of US tech giants to their “moral ” responsibility to protect users from the potential social risks of artificial intelligence.
US Vice President Kamala Harris has invited the heads of Google, Microsoft, OpenAI and Anthropica to a meeting at a time when regulation of critical artificial intelligence still rests with the companies themselves.
Harris relayed to them the concern of the administration of President Joe Biden that these companies are racing to develop technology that could lead to serious harm to society.
Harris said in a statement: “As I have shared with the CEOs of companies that are at the forefront of American innovation in artificial intelligence, the private sector has an ethical, moral and legal responsibility to ensure the safety and security of their products. ”
She noted that artificial intelligence is capable of “improving people ’ s lives and addressing the biggest challenges that society faces ”, but it is also capable of“ at the same time. ”
“It dramatically increases security and safety risks, violates civil rights and privacy, and undermines public trust and faith in democracy. ”
Companies must “comply with existing laws to protect the American people ” and ensure the security of their products.
Biden has previously urged Congress to pass laws that would place stricter restrictions on the tech sector, but he is unlikely to see such efforts go too far amid the political divide in the United States.
The White House has urged new steps to “promote responsible American AI innovation, ” including a $140 million fund to expand AI research and a rating system to work with big companies to“ correct ” some of the AI controversies.
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Economic competitiveness is deeply impacted by quantum computing, as nations investing heavily in this field aim to create high-tech jobs and position themselves as leaders in sectors like finance, healthcare, and environmental modeling.

What fields can quantum computers advance?

Quantum computing is expected to revolutionize industries such as cybersecurity, finance, and healthcare by enabling breakthroughs in encryption, fraud detection, portfolio optimization, and drug discovery.

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Content: Quantum Computing Market was valued at nearly USD 234.06 billion by 2032

Prudour Private Limited

Updated · Mar 06, 2023

Quantum Computing Market Overview

Published Via 11Press: Quantum computing is a rapidly developing market that is revolutionizing how we approach computing and data processing. By employing principles of quantum mechanics to perform computations, quantum computers are capable of solving problems that classical computers may find impossible or impracticable to resolve.

The global quantum computing market size is forecast to reach USD 234.06 billion by 2032 from USD 10.13 billion in 2022, rising at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 36.89% during the forecast period.

At present, the quantum computing market is dominated by a few major players such as IBM, Google, Microsoft, and Honeywell. These firms are investing heavily in quantum computing research and development as well as creating quantum computing hardware and software systems.

The quantum computing market is expected to have a profound effect on industries such as healthcare, finance, logistics, and energy. Some key applications of quantum computing include drug discovery, supply chain optimization, financial modeling, and climate modeling.

Though the quantum computing market is promising, it still faces several obstacles such as high costs of hardware, a shortage of skilled experts in this area, and technical difficulties when building large-scale quantum computers. With ongoing research and development efforts, however, these problems should be overcome within the coming years, leading to even greater growth and innovation in this space.

Key Takeaways

  • The global quantum computing market size was valued at USD 234.06 billion in 2022 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of around 36.89% from 2022 to 2032.
  • Quantum computing is capable of solving problems that would be intractable or impossible for classical computers to solve.
  • The quantum computing market is dominated by a few major players, including IBM, Google, Microsoft and Honeywell.
  • The quantum computing market is expected to have a profound effect on numerous industries, such as healthcare, finance, logistics and energy.
  • Quantum computing has many important applications such as drug discovery, supply chain optimization, financial modeling and climate modeling.
  • The quantum computing market remains plagued by several obstacles, such as the high cost of quantum computing hardware, lack of qualified quantum computing experts and technical difficulties in building and running large-scale quantum computing systems.
  • Research and development are expected to overcome these obstacles within the next couple of years, propelling even greater growth and innovation in the quantum computing market.

Request For Sample Report: https://market.us/report/quantum-computing-market/request-sample/

Regional Snapshot

  • North America: North America is currently the leading market for quantum computing, with the United States playing a major role. Major companies such as IBM, Google, and Microsoft are driving this growth through their presence and investment in research and development activities related to quantum computing. This region boasts numerous key players such as IBM, Google, and Microsoft which are driving demand within this region.
  • Europe: Europe is an increasingly important market for quantum computing, with countries such as the UK, Germany, and France investing heavily in research and development. Through partnerships between quantum computing companies and other technology firms as well as the growing adoption of quantum computing across various industries, this region’s market is experiencing rapid expansion.
  • Asia Pacific: The quantum computing market in Asia Pacific is expected to experience significant growth over the coming years due to increased investments in research and development by countries like China, Japan, and South Korea. Furthermore, there have been an increasing number of collaborations between companies using quantum computing with academic institutions as well as its increasing adoption across industries like healthcare and finance – all contributing factors for market expansion within this region.
  • The Rest of the World: Countries such as Brazil, South Africa, and the UAE are expected to experience significant growth in the quantum computing market over the coming years due to increased investments in research and development efforts as well as the growing adoption of quantum computing across various industries. These factors are fueling this region’s meteoric rise in this region.

Drivers

  • Quantum Computing Gaining Adoption in Various Industries: Quantum computing is seeing an uptick in popularity across a range of industries, such as healthcare, finance, logistics, and energy – as companies seek to use their power to solve complex problems and gain an edge in competition.
  • Investments in Quantum Computing Research and Development: Governments, academic institutions, and private companies have made substantial investments in quantum computing research and development, spurring innovation and progress within the field.
  • Growing Number of Partnerships and Collaborations: There has been an uptick in partnerships and collaborations between quantum computing companies and other technology firms, as well as academic institutions and research organizations. This trend is propelling the development of new quantum computing hardware and software systems, as well as its adoption across various industries.
  • Increasing Access to Cloud-Based Quantum Computing Services: The growing availability of cloud-based quantum computing services is making it simpler for companies and researchers to utilize this cutting-edge technology, spurring adoption and innovation within the field.

Restraints

  • Limited Access to Qualified Quantum Computing Experts: Unfortunately, there is currently a shortage of highly experienced quantum computing specialists, making it challenging for companies to construct and sustain quantum computing systems.
  • Technical Challenges in Building and Maintaining Large-Scale Quantum Computing Systems: The development of large-scale quantum computing systems is still in its early stages, so there are numerous technical obstacles that must be overcome, such as noise reduction, error correction, and scalability.
  • Limited Quantum Computing Applications: Although the list of potential applications for quantum computing is growing, the number of practical ones that have been developed and implemented remains limited. This can make it challenging for companies to justify investing in quantum computing technology.
  • Regulatory Challenges: Quantum computing technology may face regulatory restrictions, particularly around data privacy and security. This could create additional obstacles to the adoption and investment in the technology.

Opportunities

  • Growing Number of Partnerships and Collaborations: The growing number of partnerships and collaborations among quantum computing companies, other technology firms, academic institutions, and research organizations is creating opportunities for the development of new quantum computing hardware and software systems as well as its adoption across various industries.
  • Advancements in Quantum Computing Hardware and Software: With the rapid progress being made in the development of quantum computing hardware and software, new opportunities will present themselves for applying this technology across various industries and fields.
  • The growing availability of cloud-based quantum computing services: Cloud-based quantum computing services are making it simpler for companies and researchers to access and utilize quantum computing technology, spurring adoption and innovation within the field.
  • Growth of Quantum Computing as a Service: As more companies and researchers embrace the potential of quantum computing, cloud-based quantum computing services are creating exciting new business opportunities for those offering these solutions.
  • Potential for Breakthroughs in Areas such as Drug Discovery, Finance, and Energy: Quantum computing holds the potential to unravel complex issues in fields like drug discovery, finance, and energy – leading to major breakthroughs and advances. This presents companies with unique opportunities for those who can develop and implement quantum computing solutions in these sectors.

Challenges

  • Technical Challenges in Constructing and Running Large Quantum Computing Systems: As quantum computing systems continue to emerge, numerous technical obstacles must be overcome such as noise reduction, error correction, and scalability. These issues make it challenging for companies to construct and run these massive quantum computers efficiently.
  • Limited Access to Qualified Quantum Computing Experts: There is currently a shortage of highly experienced quantum computing professionals, making it difficult for companies to construct and maintain quantum computing systems. This shortage could potentially restrict the growth of this industry in the coming years.
  • Quantum computing Applications: While quantum computing has many potential uses, the number of practical applications that have been created and implemented remains limited. This could make investing in quantum computing technology and research on practical applications an attractive prospect.

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Recent Developments

  • Google Claims Quantum Supremacy: In 2019, Google claimed to have achieved quantum supremacy by performing a calculation on its quantum computer that even the most powerful supercomputers would take thousands of years to complete. This was seen as an important milestone in the advancement of quantum computing technology.
  • IBM Launches Quantum Computing Program for Students: In 2020, IBM unveiled a quantum computing program specifically tailored towards students that provides them with access to IBM’s resources and tools, as well as a platform for learning and collaboration.
  • Honeywell Achieves Quantum Computer Record Performance: On March 20, 2021, Honeywell revealed its creation of a quantum computer with an astonishing quantum volume of 512. This feat marked an amazing advancement in quantum computing technology and demonstrated how rapidly progress has been made since then.
  • Amazon Web Services Announces Quantum Computing Service: On June 2021, Amazon Web Services (AWS) announced the launch of its own quantum computing service called Amazon Bracket. This offering gives customers access to various vendors’ hardware as well as tools and resources for developing and testing quantum algorithms.

Key Market Segments

Type

  • Hardware
  • Software
  • Services

Application

  • Defense
  • Healthcare & pharmaceuticals
  • Chemicals
  • Banking & Finance
  • Energy & power

Key Market Players

  • D-Wave Systems
  • Google
  • IBM
  • Intel
  • Microsoft
  • 1QB Information Technologies
  • Anyon Systems
  • Cambridge Quantum Computing
  • ID Quantique
  • IonQ
  • QbitLogic
  • QC Ware
  • Quantum Circuits
  • Qubitekk
  • QxBranch
  • Rigetti Computing

Nature Insights

  • Progress is being made in the development of quantum computing hardware: Despite the challenges facing large-scale quantum computing systems, progress is being made on quantum computing hardware. This includes creating quantum processors with increasingly more qubits and creating new materials suitable for use in quantum computers.
  • Quantum computing software is still in its early stages: While progress is being made with quantum computing hardware, software development for quantum computation remains at a standstill. This presents an immense challenge to the industry as developing efficient quantum algorithms is essential to realizing its full potential.
  • Collaboration is essential to the advancement of quantum computing: Collaboration between companies, academic institutions, and research organizations is essential for progress in this industry. This includes joint efforts to develop new hardware and software systems as well as collaborations that promote quantum computing across various industries.

Report Scope

Report Attribute Details
The market size value in 2022 USD 10.13 Bn
Revenue forecast by 2032 USD 234.6 Bn
Growth Rate CAGR Of 36.89%
Regions Covered North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa, and the Rest of the World
Historical Years 2017-2022
Base Year 2022
Estimated Year 2023
Short-Term Projection Year 2028
Long-Term Projected Year 2032

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FAQ.

What is quantum computing?

Quantum computing is a type of processing data using quantum mechanics. It relies on principles such as superposition, entanglement, and interference which enable quantum computers to perform calculations that would be impossible with classical computers.

What are some potential applications of quantum computing?

Quantum computing holds great promise for revolutionizing industries such as drug discovery, finance, energy, and logistics. Potential uses include creating new drugs and materials, optimizing supply chains and logistics networks, and even improving weather forecasting models with greater precision.

What are some of the challenges facing the quantum computing market?

The quantum computing market faces numerous obstacles, such as technical difficulties in building and running large-scale quantum computers, high costs associated with quantum computing hardware, a scarcity of highly qualified quantum experts, and an absence of practical applications developed and deployed.

Who are some of the major players in the quantum computing market?

Major companies operating within this space include IBM, Google, Microsoft, Honeywell, Intel, and Rigetti Computing. These firms are actively developing and commercializing quantum computing hardware and software systems.

What is the outlook for the quantum computing market?

Overall, analysts anticipate a bright future for quantum computing, with continued investment and innovation anticipated in the coming years. Though still in its early stages of development, its potential advantages are immense - leading to rapid industry growth over the coming years.

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What advantages do quantum computers have over conventional computers?

extremely complex calculations
extremely fast calculations

What fields can quantum computers advance?

Cultural factors, such as national pride and the desire to showcase technological leadership, play a significant role in shaping quantum computing strategies, as seen in China's announcement of its Wuyan quantum computer system.

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

Political priorities, including national security and international competitiveness, drive countries like the United States and China to invest heavily in quantum computing, reflecting the strategic importance of this field in global power dynamics.

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Quantum Tech Needed To Secure Critical Data From Quantum Decryption

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In 2021, Booz Allen Hamilton analysts surmised that China will surpass Europe and the US in quantum-related research and development and that Chinese hackers could soon target heavily encrypted datasets such as weapon designs or details of undercover intelligence officers with a view to unlocking them at a later date when quantum computing makes decryption possible.

In the report titled “Chinese threats in the quantum era”, BAH said “encrypted data with intelligence longevity, like biometric markers, covert intelligence officer and source identities, social security numbers, and weapons’ designs, may be increasingly stolen under the expectation that they can eventually be decrypted,” the report says. It says “state-aligned cyber threat actors” will start to steal or intercept previously unusable encrypted data. Chinese could hack data for future quantum decryption, report warns | Hacking | The Guardian

In fact, as reported earlier this month by the Financial Times, Chinese researchers are claiming that they have used a quantum computer to break RSA encryption, which if true, would be years ahead of expectations. Though the Chinese claims have yet to be proven (if ever), it underscores that there is a significant amount of work going on quantum research to achieve that goal and that current estimates of when anyone may break RSA encryption may be more hopeful than reality based. *Financial Times January 4, 2023

Recently, Tim Callan, a chief experience officer at cybersecurity company Sectigo, told DailyMail.com that quantum computers — which already exist could one day 'make the encryption we use today no longer fit for purpose'. He noted that “The evolution of quantum computers creates a significant threat to data security, and their immense processing power is capable of breaking encryption at great speed, leaving important data vulnerable, everything from bank account details to medical records to state secrets.” He said that 'this scenario is so alarming that specialists refer to it as the "Quantum Apocalypse.” The Quantum Apocalypse is 'just YEARS away', experts say | Daily Mail Online

The event has also been referred to as Q-Day by quantum researchers where large-scale quantum computers will be able to use Shor's algorithm to break all public key systems that employ integer factorization-based (and other) cryptography.

The urgency of a Q-Day or Quantum Apocalypse was a subject of a lecture of mine for The Economist conference, “A look into Commercialising Quantum 2022 in London”. There is little doubt that quantum computers will be able to perform faster and more precise computations than classical computers and could pose geo-military threats if in the wrong hands. And that the same computing power that allows complex problems to be solved can, in turn, be applied to undermine cybersecurity. This is because current cybersecurity protocols typically use pseudo-random numbers to encrypt sensitive information such as passwords, personal data, and quantum computers can crack the methods traditional computers use to generate random numbers, posing a significant threat to any organization using standard encryption tools.

FtChinese researchers claim to find way to break encryption using quantum computers

This month, the IBM Institute for Business Value issued report titled Security in the Quantum Era” The report examines the reality of quantum risk and the need for “enterprise adoption of quantum-safe capabilities to safeguard the integrity of critical applications and infrastructure as the risk of decryption increases.”

The IBM report states that quantum computing poses an “existential risk” to classical computer encryption protocols, and notes that cybercriminals are potentially already exfiltrating encrypted data with the intention of decrypting it once quantum computers advance as part of “harvest now, decrypt layer attacks.” IBM: Quantum computing poses an ‘existential threat’ to data encryption | VentureBeat

My personal advice, in view of the recognition of the decryption threat, is to get ready now because quantum computing will be here soon enough, and it is time for businesses, organizations and governments to protect their data for that inevitability. The good news is that we do not have to wait for technological solutions to be developed as quantum tech can battle quantum threats and there are already capabilities on the market for defense. Also, for more on quantum technologies, please see my article in FORBES: “The Quantum Era Is Arriving, And It Will Be Transformational! The Quantum Era Is Arriving, And It Will Be Transformational ! (forbes.com)

One company called Quantum Computing Inc. (QCI) (NASDAQ:QUBT), is ahead of the game and operates a full-stack quantum solutions company that is on a mission to accelerate the delivery quantum information processing hardware systems with both performance and cybersecurity benefits. With their existing quantum photonics technology offerings, it is already feasible for the company to replace classical type computing with entropy quantum computing to strengthen key sources for any cryptographic task. About Us | Quantum Computing Inc.

Quantum Computing Inc uses a Quantum Photonic System (QPS) to leverage pure, non-linear, optical properties to create a core quantum photonics technology that can be deployed at room temperature, in ordinary server room type environments. Their QPS methods and systems already have demonstrated the ability to deliver high precision computations in solving complex business optimization problems, powerful single-photon measurements in remote sensing applications such as Lidar and they have demonstrated 3-D quantum imaging capabilities using visible and near infrared, eye-safe radiation.

QCI’s Entropy Quantum Computer (EQC) system is specifically focused in addressing real-world optimization problems at a scale (11,000 Qubits) with full connectivity between variables (high density). Today, this sits in comparison with the more typical small-scale problems using limited connectivity among qubits that alternative quantum systems use to showcase their technologies. Bottom line is that today, the EQC provides results that will allow industries to scale faster as this new quantum photonic technology continues to advance.

Moreover, their entropy quantum computer operates at low power levels (< 80 Watts) and is a small compact design to fit in rack mounted or table-top configurations – offering very low SWAPc specifications (Size, Weight, Power and Cost). no quantum experts to calibrate and keep it running.

The CEO of Quantum Computing Inc , Robert Liscouski says that this same Quantum Photonic technology “can also be leveraged to provide Quantum Encryption + Quantum Authentication on the same platform and is a full solution to replace public-private key cryptography that is vulnerable to evolving quantum threats.” QCI’s patent on Quantum Private Communication methodology addresses the concerns of key distribution approaches with trusted third-party authentication / validation and provides a pure hardware alternative approach involving no mathematics or algorithms or pseudo random numbers. Patented approaches using entangled photons and correlated true quantum random numbers generated from the quantum entropy source are combined in a methodology that ensures ONLY intended recipients of information are properly authenticated in a trustless system approach.

Mr. Liscouski notes that the threat to public key cryptography, if it is broken by Shor’s algorithm, could leave critical infrastructure, financial & banking systems, healthcare, and transportation all vulnerable to attack. With QPS, that threat is mitigated both on current classical or from near-term quantum systems with the company’s existing technologies such as its quantum random number generator, and a new photonic physically unclonable function chip that provides a unique authentication “quantum fingerprint” for the user.

This quantum photonic platform is welcomed as the West is amid a “Quantum Computing Supremacy Race” especially with China that can exponentially change the geo-political balance of the world.

China has recently announced some eye-opening milestones on their quantum communications capabilities and Chinese researchers announced last year that they set a new quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) world record of 102.2 km (64 miles), smashing the previous mark of 18 km (11 miles). Researchers break world record for quantum-encrypted communications (engadget.com) The Chinese are heavily investing (estimated to be the many $billions) in all areas of quantum research and are demonstrating results.

Investment is also growing in quantum in the US and in Europe and with Asian allies. The Japanese government recently announced that intends to enter the global quantum computing race by putting its first domestically produced quantum computer into service within the current fiscal year ending March 2023. “The government strategy aims to reach 10 million quantum technology users in Japan by 2030 and to create an environment where it can be used in such varied fields as medicine, banking and new materials development.” Tokyo proposes first domestic quantum computer use by March 2023 | The Japan Times

The U.S. Government, including NSA, DOD, DHS, NIST have been preparing for a potential Q-Day by requiring new quantum proof standards for algorithms. “NSA views quantum-resistant (or post-quantum) cryptography as a more cost effective and easily maintained solution than quantum key distribution. For all these reasons, NSA does not support the usage of QKD or QC to protect communications in National Security Systems and does not anticipate certifying or approving any QKD or QC security products for usage by NSS customers. This is a perfect time and opportunity for QCI’s Quantum Private Communication Network and other post quantum technology applications to be to tested and deployed in the Zero-trust environment. National Security Agency/Central Security Service > Cybersecurity > Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and Quantum Cryptography QC (nsa.gov)

Stopping the threat of adversaries decrypting valuable data extracted from networks, agencies, data centers, and companies, by adversaries has also become a legislative priority. In December of 2022 Congress, passed the Quantum Computing Cybersecurity Preparedness Act into law. The legislation, directs the Office of Management and Budget “to prioritize the migration of federal information technology systems to post-quantum cryptography and come up with guidance for the federal assessment of critical systems based on the standards that the National Institute of Standards and Technology will issue for post-quantum cryptography.” This is a great step as it mandates forward thinking about our quantum era and the security implications of not being prepared.

Governments are not the only players. Industry, including Intel, Google, IBM, D-Wave, and others are very active in investments in quantum capabilities and approaches. Academia is also getting more involved in quantum. In an important development, scientists with the Chicago Quantum Exchange (CQE) at the University of Chicago’s Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering announced that they’ve connected the city of Chicago and suburban labs with a quantum network. The Chicago network will be opened to academia and industry as one of the nation’s first publicly-available testbeds for quantum security technology. Chicago expands and activates quantum network, taking steps toward a secure quantum internet | Chicago Quantum Exchange

The University of Chicago and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology are two leading universities to follow for more on quantum developments. Also, for researchers, The Quantum Security Alliance and IEEE Quantum are two good resources that bring academia, industry, and US government entities together to identify, define, collaborate on quantum computing technology innovations. Welcome to Quantum Security Alliance About - IEEE Quantum

Certainly, quantum technology, especially quantum computing, has amazing potential that could revolutionize everything from communications, real-time data analytics, bio tech, genomic sequencing, and materials sciences. Quantum computing will also accelerate us into the future by impacting the landscape of artificial intelligence and the Metaverse. But with the good, we have to plan and prevent the bad, most critically data which is the lifeblood of economies and commerce. Starting now, a quantum proof cybersecurity path is an important one to follow.

Chuck Brooks is President of Brooks Consulting International, is a globally recognized thought leader and subject matter expert Cybersecurity and Emerging Technologies. Chuck is also an Adjunct Faculty at Georgetown University’s Graduate Applied Intelligence Program and the Graduate Cybersecurity Risk Management Programs. Cyber Express named Chuck “Cybersecurity Person of the Year” for 2022. LinkedIn named Chuck as one of “The Top 5 Tech People to Follow on LinkedIn.” He was named as one of the world’s “10 Best Cyber Security and Technology Experts” by Best Rated. He is also a Cybersecurity Expert for “The Network” at the Washington Post, Visiting Editor at Homeland Security Today, Expert for Executive Mosaic/GovCon, and a Contributor to FORBES.  Chuck has an MA from the University of Chicago, and a BA from DePauw University.

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What fields can quantum computers advance?

The quantum computing 'arms' race underscores the need for collaboration, innovation, and ethical considerations as nations and corporations strive to harness the transformative potential of this groundbreaking technology.

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Content: Egypt News
Former ICT Minister Dr. Mohamed Salem writes on "Trends in Digital Transformation 2024"
Thank you for reading the news about "Ministers Information" Dr. Mohamed Salem, former Minister of Communications, writes about "Trends of Digital Transformation 2024" and now with the details of the news
Cairo - Samia Sayed - written by Hind Mokhtar
Wednesday ، 17 July 2024 10: 15 AM
The Information and Decision Support Center at the Council of Ministers continues to recruit leading experts and specialists in various fields through its "By an Expert", a bi-monthly electronic publication that discusses one of the topics on the scene from all aspects to provide an integrated vision on this subject from the point of view of an expert. “Artificial where? ”
The center pointed out that in light of the rapid development of artificial intelligence technologies, increasing reliance on its applications in various fields and vital sectors such as information and communication technology, transport and health care systems, in addition to improving production efficiency in various industries, which will contribute to a revolution in business delivery and service delivery and improve the quality of human life.
By the end of 2024, digital transformation trends are expected to advance thanks to the increasing integration of AI systems, as companies and organizations attempt to develop these systems, avoid errors, address challenges by using AI systems in everyday life, and derive actionable insights that help make more accurate decisions and respond to threats proactively.
Based on this, this publication seeks to highlight the trends of digital transformation during 2024 by addressing the development of artificial intelligence applications during 2023 and clarifying the factors governing this field, as well as addressing the most prominent expectations of digital transformation during 2024 at various levels of productivity, technology, legislation and ethics.
Dr. Salem discussed the development of artificial intelligence applications in 2023 and explained the factors governing this field, which was the announcement of the application of "CHAT GPT" at the end of 2022 using the technology of "generative transformers", but is basically the beginning of a radical change in the uses of artificial intelligence and its applications because of the axis and basis of its work, which opens the way for the machine to surpass human intelligence.
- The unprecedented rate of development in this field as a result of the availability of the necessary infrastructure to achieve this, from telecommunications infrastructure through quantum computing technologies to the experts and human capabilities available to deal with the huge amounts of data needed by these applications.
- Provide the necessary funding, more than 95% of which is directed to the production of these applications (the remaining 5% at most are used to counter the negative effects of artificial intelligence).
The unprecedented competition is also between the tech giants Google and Microsoft ’ s wholly-backed OpenAI on the one hand and rival countries such as China and Russia on the other.
- The huge investment in this area at the level of governments and countries, especially here to mention China, which leads this area - although the Americans deny it at the time and admit it at the other time - it is enough to know that the Chinese central reserve of hard currency in December was 3.24 trillion dollars.
Finally, it is certain that the rate of use of artificial intelligence for military purposes has become unprecedented, but the development of this field in relation to military capabilities is always subject to secrecy because it concerns matters related to the national security of countries.
Based on the above, Dr. Mohamed Salem pointed through his article to the most prominent expectations of digital transformation during the current year 2024 at various levels, highlighting the current concerns of the development of artificial intelligence applications, making them out of human control, as follows:
Productively: As is currently the case with the use of Chat GPT and its advanced ability to produce written texts that achieve the desired goals, the next generation of generative artificial intelligence will become multimedia, these applications will be able to coordinate various inputs such as text, audio, melodies and visual signals, and also be able to write complex novels and even design musical symphonies and produce some films, which is revolutionary and opens the field for companies to promote Productivity, support innovation and stimulate creativity.
- Technologically: Quantum artificial intelligence will develop, artificial intelligence in general needs a huge computing capacity and there is no more capable of quantum computing to achieve this, which explains the current boom in the production of research in this area and also the silent and fierce competition between China with its research giant and American IT poles, such as IBM and Google AI in the development of quantum computing. AI capabilities are enormous, especially in areas that require solving complex problems that quantum computing can handle.
The unprecedented development of artificial intelligence is not only a major source of attraction for its users around the world, but it is now receiving great attention from policymakers and leaders around the world. By 2024, leading countries in this field have begun to propose and even start enacting AI legislation such as China, the European Union, the United States and India. “Unintended for artificial intelligence. ”
Ethically: The growing footprint of AI in our lives presents a myriad of ethical dilemmas; as AI mechanisms increasingly intervene and guide decisions in many areas that affect human life in indirect and sometimes direct ways, it is essential that development in this area has the maximum transparency and justice protected by global agreements and solid laws adhered to by all.
Dr. Mohamed Salem explained that the current era of artificial intelligence has changed all the pivotal technologies that preceded it in terms of its unprecedented development and penetration in daily life and the most dangerous of all is its negative effects that can threaten human existence, and as we live currently and watch the discussions and proposals that result from them. It is politically possible to agree to stop this progress, as it is likely that no one will abide by it in the face of fierce competition between countries.
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