Australia has emerged as a global leader in quantum computing, with the government allocating nearly a billion dollars to foster a robust quantum ecosystem.

China has made significant strides in quantum computing, investing at least $15.3 billion in public funds and unveiling a 504-qubit chip in April 2023.

The United States and China are at the forefront of the quantum computing race, driven by substantial investments and technological advancements.

Analysts from Booz Allen Hamilton predicted in 2021 that China would surpass Europe and the United States in quantum-related research and development.

Japan has set ambitious goals in quantum computing, planning to deploy its first domestically produced quantum computer by March 2023 and aiming for 10 million quantum technology users by 2030.

Global investment in quantum technology has exceeded $36 billion, with China contributing $15 billion to this total.

China leads the world in quantum information technology investment, allocating $15.3 billion as of 2022, far outpacing Europe’s $8.4 billion and the United States’ $3.7 billion.

China has constructed the world’s largest quantum laboratory as part of its extensive investment in quantum information technology.

North America remains the leading market for quantum computing, with the United States playing a pivotal role due to the presence of major companies like IBM, Google, and Microsoft.

Europe is also a significant player in quantum computing, with countries such as the UK, Germany, and France heavily investing in research and forming partnerships with technology firms.

The Asia-Pacific region is poised for substantial growth in quantum computing, driven by investments from countries like China, Japan, and South Korea, as well as collaborations between companies and academic institutions.

IonQ, a U.S.-based company, is advancing trapped ion quantum computing, although scaling this technology remains a challenge.

IBM has made significant advancements in quantum computing, developing processors such as Eagle, Osprey, and Condor, with plans to introduce a 1386-qubit Kookaburra by 2025.

Google achieved a milestone in 2019 with its Sycamore processor, demonstrating quantum supremacy by performing a calculation in 200 seconds that would take a supercomputer 10,000 years.

Industry leaders like Intel, Google, IBM, and D-Wave are heavily investing in quantum computing capabilities.

Honeywell achieved a record quantum volume of 512 in 2021, marking a significant step forward in quantum computing technology.

Amazon Web Services launched its quantum computing service, Amazon Bracket, in 2021, providing access to hardware and tools for developing quantum algorithms.

China has achieved 'quantum computing superiority' in both superconducting and photonic quantum systems, making it the only country to do so.

The 'Zuchongzhi II' superconducting quantum computing prototype in China solved the 'random line sampling' problem tens of thousands of times faster than the fastest supercomputer.

China's 'Jiuchang II' photonic quantum computing prototype solved the 'Gaussian Bose sampling' problem 100 billion billion billion times faster than the fastest supercomputer.

The University of Science and Technology of China has outperformed competitors like Google and IBM in demonstrating quantum computing superiority in both superconducting and optical systems.

China leads the world in quantum technology patent applications, accounting for 52.3% of the global total.

China holds a commanding lead in patents for quantum computing (52.8%), quantum communication (43.2%), and quantum sensing (56.6%).

China's third-generation autonomous superconducting quantum computer, 'Origin Wukong,' has attracted over 8 million visits worldwide since its launch.

'Origin Wukong' is equipped with 72-bit autonomous superconducting quantum chips and has successfully completed over 178,000 computing tasks for users in 120 countries.

China's 'Origin Wukong' quantum computer marks the country's transition from laboratory research to industrial applications, with a localization rate exceeding 80%.

The Jiuzhang 3.0 quantum computer prototype in China uses 255 detected photons and holds a world-leading position in quantum computing research.

The Jiuzhang 3.0 quantum computer is 10 quadrillion times faster than the world's fastest supercomputers in solving Gaussian boson sampling problems.

China has delivered its first practical quantum computer system, the 24-qubit Wuyan system, to a customer, becoming the third country after Canada and the United States to achieve this milestone.

The Wuyan system, developed by Origin Quantum Computing Technology, highlights China's progress in quantum computing and its ambition to lead in this field.

Australia's Silicon Quantum Computing and Diraq are leveraging silicon-based approaches, embedding phosphorus atoms and trapping electrons on silicon transistors, respectively.

Quantum Brilliance, an Australian company, uses synthetic diamonds for quantum computing, enabling room-temperature operation.

PsiQuantum, co-founded by Australian professors, is advancing photonic quantum computing with substantial government support.

The development of scalable quantum control technology during China's Jiuzhang project lays the groundwork for fault-tolerant universal quantum computers.

Superconducting qubits, used in systems like the Wuyan, are easier to control with microwaves and can leverage existing semiconductor chip fabrication methods for scalability.

The global race to develop fault-tolerant quantum computers involves multiple technologies, including photonics, trapped ions, and neutral atoms, with no clear winner yet.

Quantum computing innovation is advancing rapidly, but achieving systems capable of solving problems beyond classical computers will require at least a million qubits and significant progress in scaling and error correction.

India is lagging in quantum computing but has the potential to catch up with sufficient investment and breakthroughs.

India's National Mission on Quantum Technology and Applications (NMQTA) has a proposed budget of Rs 8,000 crore and is expected to launch soon.

India's Department of Science and Technology initiated the QUEST program, funding 50 scientists with a combined budget of Rs 200 crore for quantum research.

India faces challenges in scientific procurement due to policies requiring waivers for importing high-tech equipment, which delays research progress.

Quantum computing is anticipated to play a critical role in strategic areas such as secure communications, drug discovery, financial modeling, and climate change mitigation.

Quantum key distribution (QKD), a secure communication method resistant to quantum computer attacks, is being developed by Indian startups.

Strategic applications of quantum computing may require domestic capabilities, as reliance on foreign cloud-based systems could limit access to the best technologies.

China ranks first in the number of quantum technology patents overall, but the United States leads in quantum computing patents with 43%, compared to China's 12%.

The United States has higher-quality patents in quantum technology, with a top score of 5 compared to China's highest score of 3.5, as measured by Relecura star ratings.

Australia has emerged as a global leader in quantum computing, with the government allocating nearly a billion dollars to foster a robust quantum ecosystem.

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Content: Chandeliers, ‘qubits’ and Schrödinger’s cat: Inside the bizarre world of quantum computing

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Chandeliers, ‘qubits’ and Schrödinger’s cat: Inside the bizarre world of quantum computing

In the quantum realm, the laws of physics are different. Now its mind-bending tech could soon transform our lives. How does it work?

It was 2009, and a group of scientists had crowded around a tiny monitor in a Sydney physics laboratory. The team, led by electrical engineer Andrea Morello, held their collective breath and peered at a single flat line on the screen. Then, in the blink of an eye, the line changed: it was a series of blips, like a heartbeat. They’d hit paydirt. “When you see that symbol, you’re in the game,” recalls physicist Charles Tahan.

Welcome to the quantum world, a subatomic realm – yes, smaller than an atom – where the laws of physics are, well, different. The experiment made Morello and his team the first in the world to show that a quantum computer could be made using not diamonds, not the superconductor niobium, but everyday silicon. “To show you could do that, 100 different things had to go right,” says Tahan.

Quantum computing is one of the key technologies defining this century. Its proponents say it will do for computers what the car did to the horse and buggy. It will upend encryption and molecular biology. In theory, it could even possibly find cures for cancer. Australia is among the world leaders in a quantum computing gold rush, with Prime Minister Anthony Albanese saying his government is “serious about building a strong quantum ecosystem” and investing nearly a billion dollars.

Yet despite eye-watering outlays worldwide, quantum computing is still in its infancy, part of a mind-bending world that physicists are only beginning to fully grasp. What is it? And how will it make a difference to our lives?

How does a quantum computer work (and why did Alice in Wonderland have the jump on it?)

It’s often remarked that it looks like a beautiful chandelier, or a wedding cake. And IBM’s quantum computer, one of the world’s largest, is certainly an intriguing object, an intricate dome of golden wires and graceful tubes suspended from a ceiling.

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The part we can see, though, is really just the control and support system for a microchip (currently a version called Condor) buried deep inside. The glittering exoskeleton is there to keep its tiny heart as cold as possible – a hundred times colder than the coldest depths of space – and to feed information in and out, the process that makes it a “computer” and not just a science experiment.

The chip itself is smaller than a postage stamp, with several layers of circuitry and metal sandwiched in a tiny square, cooled to improve conductivity and to eliminate “noise”, the bugbear of many such devices. But even what we see here is not where the action happens. For that, we have to go deeper still, down into the chip and well beyond what’s visible through even the most powerful microscope, beyond the layers of individual atoms, into the atoms themselves.

‘The truth is the universe doesn’t run by the rules that we see every day – gravity, you bounce a ball and it falls. It runs on these other rules: quantum mechanics.’

In the subatomic realm of electrons, protons and photons, things happen very differently. Indeed, these tiny particles have no use for Newton’s laws of physics, nor even many of Einstein’s. “The truth,” says Tahan, “is the universe doesn’t run by the rules that we see every day – gravity, you bounce a ball and it falls. It runs on these other rules: quantum mechanics.”

Why these particles behave as they do in the quantum realm is a difficult concept to get your head around. Even Einstein resisted aspects of it, famously arguing that “God does not play dice with the Universe”. It was a misstep. “Because he didn’t believe in the completeness of quantum mechanics,” says Morello, “he lost a lot of productive years because he didn’t understand how it is possible that this thing is true.”

Many leading physicists investigated the concept from the early 1900s, including some familiar from popular culture today, notably Einstein and Neils Bohr (portrayed in Oppenheimer), Werner Heisenberg (whose name Walter White stole for his drug-chemist alter ego in Breaking Bad) and Viennese physicist Erwin Schrödinger, of the famous cat experiment (explained below).

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Lewis Carroll, meanwhile, may have had the jump on quantum physics with his ideas in the Alice books, as James Renner observed in The Wall Street Journal in 2015. “We speak of going down the wormhole into a mysterious world that defies Newtonian physics, where once Alice went down the rabbit hole into a mysterious world that had much the same effect. Now we speak of quantum particles being in two places at once or even Schrödinger’s cat being alive and dead at the same time, long after the Cheshire Cat’s grin was magically displaced from its body.”

The quantum realm has only truly begun to reveal itself to us relatively recently. In 1964, the Irish-born physicist John Bell published one of the most important theorems, which, according to Professor Andrew Whitaker in Physics World, “opened up the possibility of experimental philosophy, the study of what are normally thought of as philosophical issues in experiments. Not only do these experiments probe the deepest and most profound aspects of quantum theory, they also provide information on the fundamental nature of the universe.”

At the time, Bell’s theorem could not be tested in a lab. That would come in the late 1960s and early 1970s when experimentalists such as John Clauser began to show that the weirdness Bell had described on paper actually occurred in the real world. Which, at the time, was considered quite rude. One eminent physicist “was highly offended by my impertinent effort and told me that it was tantamount to professing a disbelief in quantum physics,” Clauser later recalled.

He and other apostates continued their work because he found some of the predictions “sufficiently bizarre that I could not accept them without seeing experimental proof”. Working with leftover lab equipment – “physics department scrap” – he went on to provide experimental evidence that refuted even Einstein’s theories. “I was very sad to see that my own experiment had proven Einstein wrong,” he said. Clauser would go on to win the 2022 Nobel Prize for Physics alongside Alain Aspect and Anton Zeilinger for their groundbreaking experiments with so-called “entangled” particles.

Quantum physicists still despair at the difficulties of explaining their weird world to outsiders. “Many writers fall back on boilerplate that makes physicists howl in agony,” wrote computer scientist Scott Aaronson in The New York Times in 2019. Unfortunately, says Gerard Milburn, a quantum physicist from the University of Queensland, “The quantum world lies beyond the reach of natural language.”

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But we’ll give it a go. Chiefly, particles in the quantum realm aren’t tied down to being in one place or state in the way bigger things are in the outside world, such as cats, which tend to be in one place at once. They obey different rules entirely. The first way to understand this oddness harks back to high-school science and how light can behave as both a particle and a wave. Photons – bursts of light – can act like ball bearings, with position and momentum. Yet light also behaves like a wave washing over a beach in a way that a ball bearing can’t. That’s a quantum physics party trick.

What is Schrödinger’s cat?

The most famous primer for quantum mechanics is the paradox of Schrödinger’s cat, a mind experiment devised by Schrödinger in 1935. A hypothetical cat goes into a box with a vial of poison gas, which has a 50-50 chance of killing it. You close the box and can’t see inside. So, without opening the box, you can’t know whether the poison has killed the cat or not. Therefore, posited Schrödinger, puss is neither dead nor alive but both – until you open the box.

In quantum mechanics, this state is called “superposition”. It’s impossible to describe properly without a background in higher-level mathematics, which we lack, but it generally means not knowing whether, say, an electron is over here, or over there, or – cat-like – in both places at the same time. Another way of looking at it is to visualise a coin spinning on its side. Until it stops and lands on one side or another, it’s not heads or tails but both.

At least, kind of.

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“Every explanation we give in lay terms is in some way wrong,” says Stephen Bartlett, a theoretical quantum physicist and director of the University of Sydney Nano Institute. “People often say a quantum superposition is in the value zero and the value one at the same time. That’s sort of right, and sort of not right.” Says Morello: “This is where language is failing us, right? If you’re trying to say that in plain English, it sounds really weird. But if you actually think about, you know, the mathematics of it, and the actual physical embodiment of that, it actually makes perfect sense.” Suffice to say, a real cat cannot find itself in “superposition”: this is a state that can exist only in the subatomic world.

How is this useful (and what’s a qubit)?

In a conventional computer, information is encoded as voltages that pass around the system thanks to millions of tiny transistors – essentially, gates or switches that turn on and off. A quantum computer is similar except that instead of using transistors as switches it uses subatomic particles, such as electrons or photons, that can have many more states than simply on or off, according to their position, momentum, spin direction and polarisation. Once harnessed – and there are many ways of doing that – these particles-as-switches are called “qubits”, a play on the word “bit”, the smallest unit of data that a computer can process and store.

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Information can be encoded on qubits in various ways: for his computers, Morello uses silicon and strong magnetic fields like those found in MRI machines. “The stuff that I build in my lab is actually a small silicon chip the size of a fingernail,” he says, “but the whole infrastructure around it is quite fancy. It’s a very powerful refrigerator that cools down the chip to [just] above absolute zero.

Critically, qubits can relate to other qubits in a state called “entanglement”. This enables quantum computers to perform multiple calculations simultaneously – which is their superpower. Schrödinger described entanglement as “the characteristic trait of quantum mechanics, the one that enforces its entire departure from classical lines of thought”. Sceptical Einstein called entanglement “spooky action at a distance”. Gerard Milburn says entanglement is great for building a computer “because if you want to have all these switches, having them strongly correlated is exactly what you want. And if you can control those correlations, you can do computation.”

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It’s these characteristics that have scientists and engineers excited. Not because quantum computers will necessarily take over from the conventional miracles we so rely on today but because they can do some particular things that transistor-based machines either struggle with or fail at completely. Today’s supercomputer might try to simulate molecular behaviour with “brute force”, says IBM’s quantum department. “But as it moves past the simplest, most straightforward molecules available, the supercomputer stalls. Quantum algorithms take a new approach to these sorts of complex problems, creating multidimensional computational spaces.”

‘Calculations that are completely impossible … would rapidly become possible on a quantum computer.’

This might include modelling how a drug might affect a virus, how new materials in aeroplanes might react to stress, or the exact process necessary to create a perfect chemical reaction.

“Calculations that are completely impossible – not just on present-day conventional computers but any conceivable future conventional computer – would rapidly become possible on a quantum computer,” says Andrew Doherty, professor of physics at Sydney University. “These are things where the application of that computer would be transformative to people’s lives without every home, you know, having a laptop quantum computer.”

Whether quantum computing will also revolutionise artificial intelligence is less certain. AI works by drawing from a huge amount of data, which is not something that naturally fits on a quantum computer, says Morello. “The problem with quantum computers in general and, in particular, with applications to AI is that loading data into them and reading data out of them is slow and cumbersome and prone to errors. It’s a bottleneck.”

Why is it so hard to build quantum machines?

Creating the qubits is hard, whatever material you start with. Interfacing with them via tiny wires like the golden lattice in IBM’s machines is hard. Getting accurate information from them is hard: “noise”, in the form of vibration or spurious electromagnetic signals, makes them behave badly and give poor results – “decoherence”, in physics speak.

Much of Andrew Doherty’s team’s work these days is in figuring out how to reduce this noise to acceptable levels and compensating for the errors that noise produces. “Compared to our conventional computers, quantum technology [computers] are very noisy devices,” he says. “They go wrong one time in 1000 as opposed to one time in an astronomically huge number of uses of [normal computers].”

Teams around the world are working on multiple approaches both to building the machines and compensating for their eccentricities, from labs in Australia to the tech giants Google, Microsoft and IBM – its Quantum Lab relies on superconducting qubits made from aluminium and niobiumand the Chinese government.

Some versions, such as IBM’s and Morello’s, chill the atoms to keep them as stable as possible. In contrast, the Australian company Quantum Brilliance is working with synthetic diamonds because they work at room temperature. “Unlike other materials,” says co-founder Marcus Doherty (no relation to Andrew), “diamond’s incredible hardness means that even at room temperature, there isn’t enough thermal energy in the environment to create vibrations that destroy the quantum properties of qubits.”

‘People are working really hard to try to find different mathematical problems that they think maybe quantum computers can’t crack.’

Another key moment in the quantum timeline came in 1994 when US mathematician Peter Shor showed that a quantum computer could crack encryption standards safeguarding everything from national intelligence systems to bank accounts. “He devised an algorithm, in theory, that he would need to run on a quantum computer,” says Bartlett. “And if you could build a quantum computer of sufficient size, then yeah, all information security falls apart.” Cybersecurity experts call that scenario Q-Day. “At the moment, people are working really hard to try to find different mathematical problems that they think maybe quantum computers can’t crack,” says Bartlett.

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In 2001, IBM made a seven-qubit device controlled through radio frequency pulses to demonstrate Shor’s Theorem. IBM’s prototype wasn’t given a huge task, managing to calculate that three times five was … wait for it ... 15. Yet this was considered a great success, even if it had shades of the famous supercomputer Deep Thought from Douglas Adams’ Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, which ponders the question of “life, the universe and everything” for thousands of years before giving the answer: 42.(Adams also dreamed up the Infinite Improbability Drive for a spaceship called the Heart of Gold, which used quantum theory to allow it to cross through every point in the universe simultaneously, allowing interstellar travel without all that “tedious mucking about in hyperspace”.)

Then, in 2019, Google claimed its 54-qubit Sycamore processor had performed a calculation in 200 seconds that would have taken the world’s most powerful supercomputer 10,000 years – a breakthrough some breathlessly likened to the Wright brothers’ first flight in 1903. Others were more sceptical, saying it would be many more years before quantum computers would have enough qubits – and be stable enough – to do anything actually useful. IBM said it could simulate Google’s experiment in two-and-a-half days on a “normal” computer, albeit if it had access to the Oak Ridge Summit supercomputer, a beast occupying an area the size of two basketball courts. IBM’s shimmering Eagle, meanwhile, had just 127 qubits; its successors, Osprey and now Condor, have pushed the bar to over 1000 and it plans for 1386 qubits in its Kookaburra in 2025.

Yet most of these devices are still basically proofs of concept, says Morello, the first step to manufacturing and miniaturising, as we saw with today’s transistor-based computers, which started out as rooms full of valves and cables. In the post-World War II era, says Andrew Doherty, “computers took up office floors of buildings in Manhattan and people put paper cards into them to program them. Out came numbers that even my childhood pocket calculator could have calculated right.” Many hundreds of billions of dollars have gone into developing computer technology, in packaging it for convenience and getting the components to work reliably, he says. “That whole engineering thing has got to grow up around these quantum technologies.”

Already, Marcus Doherty’s Quantum Brilliance has installed a quantum computer at the Pawsey Supercomputing Centre in Perth and is about to export computers, at this stage for customers to experiment with quantum computing and work out how to make it useful. In the future, finding commercial applications for a quantum computer will require tailoring it, at least initially, says UNSW’s Maja Cassidy, a former quantum researcher for Microsoft. “People have to go in and understand a company’s problem, how they’re using classical computing and … work out what section might be enhanced by the quantum computer.”

Who is leading the quantum race?

China is the only other nation giving the United States a run for its money. Its leader, Xi Jinping, put accelerating quantum technology in his 2021 five-year plan. McKinsey & Company estimates China has spent at least $15.3 billion in public funds on quantum research. That partly came to fruition in April with the Chinese Academy of Science’s unveiling of a 504-qubit chip, still half the size of IBM’s biggest.

For its part, Australia got a head start with quantum research in the 1990s. Today, two major spinoffs from UNSW research are pursuing silicon-based quantum computing: Silicon Quantum Computing (SQC), led by Professor Michelle Simmons, and Diraq, led by Professor Andrew Dzurak. SQC’s approach involves embedding phosphorus atoms within a wafer of silicon. Dzurak’s approach involves trapping electrons on silicon transistors. Both have the advantage of silicon chips already being ubiquitous. “Today, in our phones and our laptops, the silicon chips that are in those have upwards of a billion transistors on them,” says Dzurak. “The benefit of the technology that we’ve developed is that we are also able to get millions, and ultimately billions, of quantum bits onto a single silicon chip.”

‘Computers as we know them today are an absolutely mind-blowing achievement. So any technology that has the ambition of being an alternative or being better than that has a phenomenally high bar to clear.’

Other leading players in Australia include Q-CTRL, which is working on controlling and enhancing quantum hardware; quantum security company QuintessenceLabs; and Doherty’s Quantum Brilliance, which used its synthetic diamonds in the world-first integration of a two-qubit quantum device into a supercomputer at room temperature in 2022.

Meanwhile, out of the University of Queensland came early gains in “photonic” quantum computing, which harnesses particles of light – photons – as qubits. In April, the federal and Queensland governments jointly set aside $940 million in share purchases, grants and loans for PsiQuantum, a Silicon Valley company whose founders include Australian professors Jeremy O’Brien and Terry Rudolph. Unlike ions or electrons, photons are not charged, Bartlett says, so are not sent haywire by electromagnetic forces – but they are hard to manipulate and measure.

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Another approach involves “trapped ion” quantum computing, pursued by US company IonQ: physicists take an atom, flick off an electron so it is positively charged, then suspend the resulting ion within an electromagnetic field and manipulate the ion with lasers. But Bartlett says this approach will be hard to scale, given the technology to suspend millions of ion qubits doesn’t yet exist.

In April, the federal government also announced $18 million for the University of Sydney to establish Quantum Australia, a research consortium between several universities headed by Bartlett. “It used to be a small research community,” he says. “You absolutely needed to speak the common language of everyone else, which were the rules of physics. Now we are really seeing quite a bit of specialisation.”

Even if quantum computers develop practical uses, they will likely live in vast, super-cooled server farms where land and power are cheap. We’ll communicate with them through our everyday devices, much as we download and upload data from cloud servers, Netflix, TikTok, DropBox, whatever, today. The real challenge for quantum computing, says Morello, is that the alternative is “really, really good”. “Computers as we know them today are an absolutely mind-blowing achievement. So any technology that has the ambition of being an alternative or being better than that has a phenomenally high bar to clear.”

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China has made significant strides in quantum computing, investing at least $15.3 billion in public funds and unveiling a 504-qubit chip in April 2023.

How much have countries and blocs invested in quantum computing?

What are important areas in quantum research?

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

The United States and China are at the forefront of the quantum computing race, driven by substantial investments and technological advancements.

Analysts from Booz Allen Hamilton predicted in 2021 that China would surpass Europe and the United States in quantum-related research and development.

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In 2021, Booz Allen Hamilton analysts surmised that China will surpass Europe and the US in quantum-related research and development and that Chinese hackers could soon target heavily encrypted datasets such as weapon designs or details of undercover intelligence officers with a view to unlocking them at a later date when quantum computing makes decryption possible.

In the report titled “Chinese threats in the quantum era”, BAH said “encrypted data with intelligence longevity, like biometric markers, covert intelligence officer and source identities, social security numbers, and weapons’ designs, may be increasingly stolen under the expectation that they can eventually be decrypted,” the report says. It says “state-aligned cyber threat actors” will start to steal or intercept previously unusable encrypted data. Chinese could hack data for future quantum decryption, report warns | Hacking | The Guardian

In fact, as reported earlier this month by the Financial Times, Chinese researchers are claiming that they have used a quantum computer to break RSA encryption, which if true, would be years ahead of expectations. Though the Chinese claims have yet to be proven (if ever), it underscores that there is a significant amount of work going on quantum research to achieve that goal and that current estimates of when anyone may break RSA encryption may be more hopeful than reality based. *Financial Times January 4, 2023

Recently, Tim Callan, a chief experience officer at cybersecurity company Sectigo, told DailyMail.com that quantum computers — which already exist could one day 'make the encryption we use today no longer fit for purpose'. He noted that “The evolution of quantum computers creates a significant threat to data security, and their immense processing power is capable of breaking encryption at great speed, leaving important data vulnerable, everything from bank account details to medical records to state secrets.” He said that 'this scenario is so alarming that specialists refer to it as the "Quantum Apocalypse.” The Quantum Apocalypse is 'just YEARS away', experts say | Daily Mail Online

The event has also been referred to as Q-Day by quantum researchers where large-scale quantum computers will be able to use Shor's algorithm to break all public key systems that employ integer factorization-based (and other) cryptography.

The urgency of a Q-Day or Quantum Apocalypse was a subject of a lecture of mine for The Economist conference, “A look into Commercialising Quantum 2022 in London”. There is little doubt that quantum computers will be able to perform faster and more precise computations than classical computers and could pose geo-military threats if in the wrong hands. And that the same computing power that allows complex problems to be solved can, in turn, be applied to undermine cybersecurity. This is because current cybersecurity protocols typically use pseudo-random numbers to encrypt sensitive information such as passwords, personal data, and quantum computers can crack the methods traditional computers use to generate random numbers, posing a significant threat to any organization using standard encryption tools.

FtChinese researchers claim to find way to break encryption using quantum computers

This month, the IBM Institute for Business Value issued report titled Security in the Quantum Era” The report examines the reality of quantum risk and the need for “enterprise adoption of quantum-safe capabilities to safeguard the integrity of critical applications and infrastructure as the risk of decryption increases.”

The IBM report states that quantum computing poses an “existential risk” to classical computer encryption protocols, and notes that cybercriminals are potentially already exfiltrating encrypted data with the intention of decrypting it once quantum computers advance as part of “harvest now, decrypt layer attacks.” IBM: Quantum computing poses an ‘existential threat’ to data encryption | VentureBeat

My personal advice, in view of the recognition of the decryption threat, is to get ready now because quantum computing will be here soon enough, and it is time for businesses, organizations and governments to protect their data for that inevitability. The good news is that we do not have to wait for technological solutions to be developed as quantum tech can battle quantum threats and there are already capabilities on the market for defense. Also, for more on quantum technologies, please see my article in FORBES: “The Quantum Era Is Arriving, And It Will Be Transformational! The Quantum Era Is Arriving, And It Will Be Transformational ! (forbes.com)

One company called Quantum Computing Inc. (QCI) (NASDAQ:QUBT), is ahead of the game and operates a full-stack quantum solutions company that is on a mission to accelerate the delivery quantum information processing hardware systems with both performance and cybersecurity benefits. With their existing quantum photonics technology offerings, it is already feasible for the company to replace classical type computing with entropy quantum computing to strengthen key sources for any cryptographic task. About Us | Quantum Computing Inc.

Quantum Computing Inc uses a Quantum Photonic System (QPS) to leverage pure, non-linear, optical properties to create a core quantum photonics technology that can be deployed at room temperature, in ordinary server room type environments. Their QPS methods and systems already have demonstrated the ability to deliver high precision computations in solving complex business optimization problems, powerful single-photon measurements in remote sensing applications such as Lidar and they have demonstrated 3-D quantum imaging capabilities using visible and near infrared, eye-safe radiation.

QCI’s Entropy Quantum Computer (EQC) system is specifically focused in addressing real-world optimization problems at a scale (11,000 Qubits) with full connectivity between variables (high density). Today, this sits in comparison with the more typical small-scale problems using limited connectivity among qubits that alternative quantum systems use to showcase their technologies. Bottom line is that today, the EQC provides results that will allow industries to scale faster as this new quantum photonic technology continues to advance.

Moreover, their entropy quantum computer operates at low power levels (< 80 Watts) and is a small compact design to fit in rack mounted or table-top configurations – offering very low SWAPc specifications (Size, Weight, Power and Cost). no quantum experts to calibrate and keep it running.

The CEO of Quantum Computing Inc , Robert Liscouski says that this same Quantum Photonic technology “can also be leveraged to provide Quantum Encryption + Quantum Authentication on the same platform and is a full solution to replace public-private key cryptography that is vulnerable to evolving quantum threats.” QCI’s patent on Quantum Private Communication methodology addresses the concerns of key distribution approaches with trusted third-party authentication / validation and provides a pure hardware alternative approach involving no mathematics or algorithms or pseudo random numbers. Patented approaches using entangled photons and correlated true quantum random numbers generated from the quantum entropy source are combined in a methodology that ensures ONLY intended recipients of information are properly authenticated in a trustless system approach.

Mr. Liscouski notes that the threat to public key cryptography, if it is broken by Shor’s algorithm, could leave critical infrastructure, financial & banking systems, healthcare, and transportation all vulnerable to attack. With QPS, that threat is mitigated both on current classical or from near-term quantum systems with the company’s existing technologies such as its quantum random number generator, and a new photonic physically unclonable function chip that provides a unique authentication “quantum fingerprint” for the user.

This quantum photonic platform is welcomed as the West is amid a “Quantum Computing Supremacy Race” especially with China that can exponentially change the geo-political balance of the world.

China has recently announced some eye-opening milestones on their quantum communications capabilities and Chinese researchers announced last year that they set a new quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) world record of 102.2 km (64 miles), smashing the previous mark of 18 km (11 miles). Researchers break world record for quantum-encrypted communications (engadget.com) The Chinese are heavily investing (estimated to be the many $billions) in all areas of quantum research and are demonstrating results.

Investment is also growing in quantum in the US and in Europe and with Asian allies. The Japanese government recently announced that intends to enter the global quantum computing race by putting its first domestically produced quantum computer into service within the current fiscal year ending March 2023. “The government strategy aims to reach 10 million quantum technology users in Japan by 2030 and to create an environment where it can be used in such varied fields as medicine, banking and new materials development.” Tokyo proposes first domestic quantum computer use by March 2023 | The Japan Times

The U.S. Government, including NSA, DOD, DHS, NIST have been preparing for a potential Q-Day by requiring new quantum proof standards for algorithms. “NSA views quantum-resistant (or post-quantum) cryptography as a more cost effective and easily maintained solution than quantum key distribution. For all these reasons, NSA does not support the usage of QKD or QC to protect communications in National Security Systems and does not anticipate certifying or approving any QKD or QC security products for usage by NSS customers. This is a perfect time and opportunity for QCI’s Quantum Private Communication Network and other post quantum technology applications to be to tested and deployed in the Zero-trust environment. National Security Agency/Central Security Service > Cybersecurity > Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and Quantum Cryptography QC (nsa.gov)

Stopping the threat of adversaries decrypting valuable data extracted from networks, agencies, data centers, and companies, by adversaries has also become a legislative priority. In December of 2022 Congress, passed the Quantum Computing Cybersecurity Preparedness Act into law. The legislation, directs the Office of Management and Budget “to prioritize the migration of federal information technology systems to post-quantum cryptography and come up with guidance for the federal assessment of critical systems based on the standards that the National Institute of Standards and Technology will issue for post-quantum cryptography.” This is a great step as it mandates forward thinking about our quantum era and the security implications of not being prepared.

Governments are not the only players. Industry, including Intel, Google, IBM, D-Wave, and others are very active in investments in quantum capabilities and approaches. Academia is also getting more involved in quantum. In an important development, scientists with the Chicago Quantum Exchange (CQE) at the University of Chicago’s Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering announced that they’ve connected the city of Chicago and suburban labs with a quantum network. The Chicago network will be opened to academia and industry as one of the nation’s first publicly-available testbeds for quantum security technology. Chicago expands and activates quantum network, taking steps toward a secure quantum internet | Chicago Quantum Exchange

The University of Chicago and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology are two leading universities to follow for more on quantum developments. Also, for researchers, The Quantum Security Alliance and IEEE Quantum are two good resources that bring academia, industry, and US government entities together to identify, define, collaborate on quantum computing technology innovations. Welcome to Quantum Security Alliance About - IEEE Quantum

Certainly, quantum technology, especially quantum computing, has amazing potential that could revolutionize everything from communications, real-time data analytics, bio tech, genomic sequencing, and materials sciences. Quantum computing will also accelerate us into the future by impacting the landscape of artificial intelligence and the Metaverse. But with the good, we have to plan and prevent the bad, most critically data which is the lifeblood of economies and commerce. Starting now, a quantum proof cybersecurity path is an important one to follow.

Chuck Brooks is President of Brooks Consulting International, is a globally recognized thought leader and subject matter expert Cybersecurity and Emerging Technologies. Chuck is also an Adjunct Faculty at Georgetown University’s Graduate Applied Intelligence Program and the Graduate Cybersecurity Risk Management Programs. Cyber Express named Chuck “Cybersecurity Person of the Year” for 2022. LinkedIn named Chuck as one of “The Top 5 Tech People to Follow on LinkedIn.” He was named as one of the world’s “10 Best Cyber Security and Technology Experts” by Best Rated. He is also a Cybersecurity Expert for “The Network” at the Washington Post, Visiting Editor at Homeland Security Today, Expert for Executive Mosaic/GovCon, and a Contributor to FORBES.  Chuck has an MA from the University of Chicago, and a BA from DePauw University.

Follow me on Twitter or LinkedInCheck out my website

Japan has set ambitious goals in quantum computing, planning to deploy its first domestically produced quantum computer by March 2023 and aiming for 10 million quantum technology users by 2030.

Global investment in quantum technology has exceeded $36 billion, with China contributing $15 billion to this total.

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India is not too late in quantum computing: Tata Institute of Fundamental Research's Rajamani Vijayaraghavan

Investment in quantum tech has crossed $36 billion globally. It is billed to be the next big thing in tech after semiconductors and artificial intelligence. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) scientist says India is lagging, but can catch up

April 06, 2023 / 11:23 AM IST

Professor Rajamani Vijayaraghavan

When Professor Rajamani Vijayaraghavan was not present at a quantum tech conference in New Delhi last week, he was missed by his peers.

As scientists, bureaucrats, military officers and startup executives gathered for a conversation on the way forward for India’s quantum technology ambitions, the general feeling was that Vijayaraghavan should have been there.

Quantum computing taps the unique behaviour of quantum physics to solve certain problems that are too complex for traditional computing.

If semiconductor technology was the first giant leap in computing and Artificial Intelligence is the current disruptor, it is probably going to be quantum technology next. Quantum computing, conceived by Nobel Prize-winning physicist Richard Feynman in the early 1980s, was mostly studied in university labs in the US and Europe until the turn of the millennium.

As advances took place, tech behemoths like Google, International Business Machines (IBM) and Intel threw their hat in the ring with billions of dollars in investment. According to an estimate, China has invested $15 billion even as global funding in the technology has topped $36 billion.

At the New Delhi conclave last week, a senior defence official said the wars of the future will be fought on the quantum front. While sizeable quantum computers do not yet exist, the fear among governments and industry is that it will be a Y2K moment once the technology comes to life.

Apart from strategic affairs, quantum tech is also expected to play a central role in areas like drug discovery, financial modelling, weather forecasting and fighting climate change.

Moneycontrol spoke with Professor Vijayaraghavan, a quantum computing scientist at Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) who returned to the country a decade ago after studying at the universities of Cambridge, Yale and Berkeley, to take stock of India’s progress in the area.

Edited excerpts:

At the quantum tech conclave in Delhi last week, it seemed as though most Indian quantum start-ups are working on secure communications rather than quantum computing. Why so?

See, in terms of the technology required for doing quantum key distribution (for secure communications), or associated areas like quantum random number generators, it is now fairly well developed internationally. Also, the essential tools and core pieces of hardware and things you need are relatively low-cost and easily available, compared to quantum computing.

If you shift to quantum computing, even if you just take a very basic estimate, it needs about a million dollars just to set up a very basic lab. This was the kind of funding that was given to me when I started in TIFR about 10 years ago, just to have a very basic setup and do simple experiments.

I'm not even talking about the resources you need to develop prototypes and technology. And even this $1 million is an underestimate, because there are other facilities, which were already existing in the institute for device fabrication, clean rooms, and other tools. If I count all of those, then you are talking about a couple of million dollars, at the very least, to get started.

Now, of course, a company could hire these resources from other places. But such facilities don't exist in India, and as of now, even internationally, they are limited, where a company with no infrastructure of their own, but just the idea and expertise could go to a place and say, hey, you know, here is my design, manufacture this for me, and we will put it together.

Experts say that India first missed the bus in taking a lead in semiconductor technology and now even in artificial intelligence. They say it is now or never if we want to be leaders in quantum computing. What is your take?

I broadly agree with it, but let me expand on that. Before something becomes close to technology, there is decades of basic research where they are not even thinking about technology. I started my PhD in the year 2001, i.e. over 22 years back. And that was a turning point when the field of quantum computing was taking off. That was on the back of basic research in quantum computing from the 1980s.

It is absolutely true that if you want to do this, you have to do it now. And with this particular technology, we are not so far behind. Barring a few areas where things have sort of more or less been figured out, we still need several breakthroughs. Even though it looks like IBM has reached so many qubits (a qubit is the basic unit of information in quantum computing) and Google that many, they still don't have a useful quantum computer today. None of these quantum computers that exist anywhere in the world are really useful in the sense that they can replace something to do the work much better.

At how many qubits do you think we can solve real world problems better than existing supercomputers?

It really depends on what you mean by qubits. So there is this notion of physical qubits and logical qubits. The difference is that physical qubits are unstable. Unlike conventional bits in our regular computers, which are extremely stable, and you don't have to worry about them at all, these things are not stable. They actually randomly change their state and give rise to errors. And this happens over a certain timescale, which can be as short as 10s of microseconds or a few milliseconds.

Today’s quantum computers are essentially limited in how long you can use them, or essentially, what is the longest calculation you can run before you can't trust the results of what the computer is outputting. This is a fundamental problem across all quantum computing platforms today. There are some clear paths to solve this, but it is not clear which particular method would win.

And this is where I want to go back to my earlier point that India is not too late. If we invest now, we could create those breakthroughs that can make this technology useful. If enough people start working, and it's not just one or two people in the entire country, then you can hope that these breakthroughs can happen here. And then that will allow us to take a lead in some areas.

In your estimate, how many people are working on quantum computing in India vis-a-vis the US or other countries?

For superconducting qubit research, as of now, there are four people in India. I was the first one who started about 10 years ago, and then two others started maybe about six and four years ago, and one has just joined.

In the US, there are at least 20 or more academic labs, in addition to Google, IBM, or national labs like Fermilab, and I'm not even counting theoretical groups. Many of them have been working for over 20 years or so. And you know, similarly, in Europe, there will be at least 10 to 15 labs just in superconducting quantum computing.

If you look into some of the other subfields like trapped ion quantum computing, it's even smaller.

One of the major issues in advanced research is brain drain. Many of our best researchers still tend to settle abroad. Is more funding alone going to solve this to an extent? What tipped the scales for you to return?

Decisions about moving back to India can be very complicated, you know. There are all kinds of personal and professional reasons, but the point is very simple. You cannot attract someone to come to India to work in a field that requires a certain level of investment by telling them that we will not give it to you.

For me, I always wanted to come back to India and do something if it is possible. And once I finished my PhD, I started looking around and realised that there are lots of labs, which are fairly high-tech and at the cutting edge. Funding seemed to have improved in the previous few years or decade. It was important that I would be able to do the kind of research I was interested in doing rather than compromise. If that had not happened, I would have taken up a job abroad.

Has the funding scenario gotten better since then?

It's now becoming better, at least among the bigger institutes, but it's still quite a challenge. There is no real guarantee that you will get the kind of funding needed for experimental quantum research, and we are trying to solve this problem with the new funding programmes.

There is a reluctance to invest so much money in a new person. The idea of a startup grant is very clear in the West – your offer letter clearly says that you will get $1 million and you have to spend it in the next four to five years… everything is spelt out. We are not able to do that.  You have to keep your fingers crossed and hope for the best.

This actually does pose a barrier to entry because it's not competitive. If I have offers from an Indian institute, where everything is ambiguous, and some other foreign Institute, where everything is clearly spelt out, then it is very difficult to make a decision in favour of the former. Unless, of course, there are personal reasons to be in the country.

It should be a much more streamlined process for the government to disburse funds now as many new advanced research and academic institutes have come up. What are we missing here?

Oh, no. It is not easy at all. The bigger institutes have some advantages in terms of flexibility of using their funds, but it is not easy to get big grants. Currently, the amount that you can get for a standard Department of Science and Technology (DST) project is Rs 10 lakh-50 lakh. That’s the typical range. Special programmes can provide bigger funding but they are rare.

Usually, it is easier to get big funding when a new institute is being built to set up new facilities. From thereon, things get tougher as you reach a steady state. Look, you need investment if you want to work in quantum tech. Of course, one can make a call that ‘Okay, we cannot afford this research, so we will not do it.’ But if you want to, there is no other option, you have to find ways to support this.

A few years back, the DST started a programme called QUEST (Quantum Enabled Science and Technology) where 50 scientists got funded with a combined funding of about Rs 200 crores. It was the first major effort in funding quantum tech research where an individual group could have hoped to get something of the order of Rs. 5 to 10 crore, which is the minimum you need to set up a lab working in quantum tech.

Was this part of the Rs 8,000 crore quantum national mission announced in the 2020 budget?

No, this was a different programme where the first discussions started in 2017 and the money started coming in  2019-2020. Unfortunately, it was right in the middle of the pandemic, when you know, things were shut, and we couldn't spend the money. On top of that, as part of the pandemic-related things, the government made it very difficult to import things.

The National Mission on Quantum Technology and Applications (NMQTA) with a proposed budget of Rs 8,000 crore is expected to launch sometime soon. Probably, you know, in the next few months. We have been working on it.

Can you tell us more about the import policy?

It was introduced in the summer of 2020. This was not a science policy. This was a government procurement policy. You know, on the face of it, it seems like a good idea. They wanted to encourage Indian industry and push for self-reliance. On paper, it sounds great. And it might even work for certain types of government procurement.

They're basically saying that if you're supported by government funds, you have to prioritise Indian-manufactured goods. And the way they implemented it is by saying that if something costs more than Rs 5 lakh and you want to import it, you have to go through a new procedure and get a waiver before you can even float a global tender.

In the beginning, we were surprised, and we said, okay, maybe they just didn't think about scientific procurement. So, in a few months, they will fix it but it didn't happen. It took about six to seven months before some exception was given. But there is no blanket exception given for scientific procurement.

They reduced the number of signatures required by one and made some exceptions. Unfortunately, even there, because of a lack of clarity, every institute has interpreted the rules differently. And we are definitely facing a lot of problems still. In the best-case scenario, we are still wasting about three months just to get approval to import an item.

Does most scientific procurement happen from abroad?

The problem is to assume that there is an Indian option and we are actively choosing not to use it. That is not the case for 99 percent or even more. It is a well-known fact that for scientific high-tech equipment, there is no manufacturing happening in India… there are no companies which exist. But, we have to now prove it with paperwork to get the waiver. Even if we invest Rs 8,000 crore, it won’t work if these kinds of policies are not fixed. We are wasting a bulk of the time just doing this paperwork, and not actually doing research.

It might be more fruitful if you create opportunities in the nation for companies to come together and manufacture at least some of the things in India. But, when you have not had a manufacturing base in a certain technology for decades, how can you start doing that overnight? And in many cases, it might not even make economic sense for a company because it's a niche market.

Is it possible for India to build an indigenous quantum computer?

In today's globalised world, nothing is going to be fully indigenous. For superconducting qubits, you can innovate the design of the chip and make it here, but the lithographic machines and dilution refrigerators have to come from outside.

There is a section which says we can just use quantum computing on the cloud that foreign tech companies provide. Isn’t there a possibility that the use cases of quantum on the cloud will be limited?

As I said earlier, none of the available quantum computers are doing anything useful better than classical computers at present. When it happens in the future, and it will, you might be able to use cloud-based systems for many applications. On one hand, we can continue to be just a leader in the software layer. One could decide that we will develop the best quantum software in the world, but we will never develop any hardware.

The problem really comes when you start talking about strategic applications – whether the cloud company will provide you with the best systems they have access to. That's the fundamental question we have to ask ourselves.

We don’t have a quantum computer, but startups are providing a solution called quantum key distribution (QKD) for secure communications. How do we know it is really secure if they have not been tested against a quantum computing hack?

QKD fundamentally relies on the fact that if somebody tries to interfere, you will know. And the trick in any secret communication is that if two parties can exchange a key without anybody else knowing, then the information you transmit using encoding based on that key is secure. Quantum key distribution is a method where the laws of physics guarantee that the key you have exchanged has not been intercepted by anybody else. Because the moment somebody intercepts, you will know and you will discard that key. It cannot be broken by even a quantum computer. So you don't need to test it against a quantum computer.

A bureaucrat was saying that enterprises are concerned that they might be sold classical computing solutions in the garb of quantum tech. So the government is trying to bring a quantum certification programme. Would it have the bandwidth to do such accreditation?

You have to look at this slightly differently. There are things in quantum which are impossible in classical. So if whatever you're purchasing is actually carrying out that task, it cannot do it the classical way. And if there are applications where both classical and quantum can do that, then it is unclear why you would bother unless there is a cost advantage or a performance advantage for the quantum solution.

As a business or an enterprise that wants some problem solved, you will put the problem statement, and the quantum company will say this is the solution. So, why do you care what is inside? The bureaucrat was probably referring to quantum communication systems where you want some central body to verify that the system is really secure and meets certain standards. I believe the government is setting up such bodies for various quantum technologies.

Deepsekhar Choudhury Deepsekhar covers tech and startups at Moneycontrol. Tweets at @deepsekharc

How large are global investments in quantum computing?

How much have countries and blocs invested in quantum computing?

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

China leads the world in quantum information technology investment, allocating $15.3 billion as of 2022, far outpacing Europe’s $8.4 billion and the United States’ $3.7 billion.

Title:

Content: Quantum technology, known as the powerful engine of next-generation technology, has become increasingly competitive in recent years. According to an article published by Korean media on quantum information technology, quantum technology is not only fiercely competitive, but the scale of investment is also rapidly increasing.
However, according to statistics, in addition to sweeping half of the world's quantum technology patents, China ranks first in the world in the scale of investment in quantum information technology.
According to a South Korean media report, China's basic science and system research and development force of quantum information technology is rapidly growing and has become a competitor on par with the United States and Europe.
And to achieve this kind of technological leap, can not be separated from huge investment.
The data shows that China ranks first in the world in terms of investment in quantum information technology and has built the world ’ s largest quantum laboratory.
As of 2022, China ’ s investment in quantum information technology has reached $15.3 billion, far exceeding Europe ’ s $8.4 billion and the United States ’ $3.7 billion.
South Korean media cited China's often used "curve overtaking" strategy, and pointed out that the rapid development of electric vehicles in recent years as an example, in the 1980s, mainland enterprises officially entered the commercial vehicle industry, and imitated Germany, the United States and other developed countries.
However, with the fastest perception of automotive electrification trends and bold push, China has successfully entered the leading group of global electric vehicles.
The article pointed out that if it is said that in the field of electric vehicles, China and the United States and Europe have launched a parallel competition, in the field of quantum information technology as a future technology, China is also playing a competitive role with the United States and Europe.
Judging from the global patent application volume on quantum information technology, China is leading the world with its huge investment.
At present, China's patent applications account for 52.3%, which has an absolute advantage.
After China, it is followed by Japan (13.8%), the European Union (13.8%), the United States (10%), and South Korea (3.6%).
Looking at the breakdown, China has an absolute advantage in quantum computer patents (52.8% of the world's total), quantum communication (43.2% of the world's total), and quantum sensing (56.6% of the world's total), especially in quantum cryptographic communication.
Source: China has swept half of the world ’ s quantum technology patent investment scale is the world ’ s first
# Quantum # Technology # China # Patent # Quantity

How large are global investments in quantum computing?

How much have countries and blocs invested in quantum computing?

China invested $15.3B
U.S. invested $3.7 B
Europe invested $8.4 B

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

China has constructed the world’s largest quantum laboratory as part of its extensive investment in quantum information technology.

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

North America remains the leading market for quantum computing, with the United States playing a pivotal role due to the presence of major companies like IBM, Google, and Microsoft.

Title:

Content: Quantum Computing Market was valued at nearly USD 234.06 billion by 2032

Prudour Private Limited

Updated · Mar 06, 2023

Quantum Computing Market Overview

Published Via 11Press: Quantum computing is a rapidly developing market that is revolutionizing how we approach computing and data processing. By employing principles of quantum mechanics to perform computations, quantum computers are capable of solving problems that classical computers may find impossible or impracticable to resolve.

The global quantum computing market size is forecast to reach USD 234.06 billion by 2032 from USD 10.13 billion in 2022, rising at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 36.89% during the forecast period.

At present, the quantum computing market is dominated by a few major players such as IBM, Google, Microsoft, and Honeywell. These firms are investing heavily in quantum computing research and development as well as creating quantum computing hardware and software systems.

The quantum computing market is expected to have a profound effect on industries such as healthcare, finance, logistics, and energy. Some key applications of quantum computing include drug discovery, supply chain optimization, financial modeling, and climate modeling.

Though the quantum computing market is promising, it still faces several obstacles such as high costs of hardware, a shortage of skilled experts in this area, and technical difficulties when building large-scale quantum computers. With ongoing research and development efforts, however, these problems should be overcome within the coming years, leading to even greater growth and innovation in this space.

Key Takeaways

  • The global quantum computing market size was valued at USD 234.06 billion in 2022 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of around 36.89% from 2022 to 2032.
  • Quantum computing is capable of solving problems that would be intractable or impossible for classical computers to solve.
  • The quantum computing market is dominated by a few major players, including IBM, Google, Microsoft and Honeywell.
  • The quantum computing market is expected to have a profound effect on numerous industries, such as healthcare, finance, logistics and energy.
  • Quantum computing has many important applications such as drug discovery, supply chain optimization, financial modeling and climate modeling.
  • The quantum computing market remains plagued by several obstacles, such as the high cost of quantum computing hardware, lack of qualified quantum computing experts and technical difficulties in building and running large-scale quantum computing systems.
  • Research and development are expected to overcome these obstacles within the next couple of years, propelling even greater growth and innovation in the quantum computing market.

Request For Sample Report: https://market.us/report/quantum-computing-market/request-sample/

Regional Snapshot

  • North America: North America is currently the leading market for quantum computing, with the United States playing a major role. Major companies such as IBM, Google, and Microsoft are driving this growth through their presence and investment in research and development activities related to quantum computing. This region boasts numerous key players such as IBM, Google, and Microsoft which are driving demand within this region.
  • Europe: Europe is an increasingly important market for quantum computing, with countries such as the UK, Germany, and France investing heavily in research and development. Through partnerships between quantum computing companies and other technology firms as well as the growing adoption of quantum computing across various industries, this region’s market is experiencing rapid expansion.
  • Asia Pacific: The quantum computing market in Asia Pacific is expected to experience significant growth over the coming years due to increased investments in research and development by countries like China, Japan, and South Korea. Furthermore, there have been an increasing number of collaborations between companies using quantum computing with academic institutions as well as its increasing adoption across industries like healthcare and finance – all contributing factors for market expansion within this region.
  • The Rest of the World: Countries such as Brazil, South Africa, and the UAE are expected to experience significant growth in the quantum computing market over the coming years due to increased investments in research and development efforts as well as the growing adoption of quantum computing across various industries. These factors are fueling this region’s meteoric rise in this region.

Drivers

  • Quantum Computing Gaining Adoption in Various Industries: Quantum computing is seeing an uptick in popularity across a range of industries, such as healthcare, finance, logistics, and energy – as companies seek to use their power to solve complex problems and gain an edge in competition.
  • Investments in Quantum Computing Research and Development: Governments, academic institutions, and private companies have made substantial investments in quantum computing research and development, spurring innovation and progress within the field.
  • Growing Number of Partnerships and Collaborations: There has been an uptick in partnerships and collaborations between quantum computing companies and other technology firms, as well as academic institutions and research organizations. This trend is propelling the development of new quantum computing hardware and software systems, as well as its adoption across various industries.
  • Increasing Access to Cloud-Based Quantum Computing Services: The growing availability of cloud-based quantum computing services is making it simpler for companies and researchers to utilize this cutting-edge technology, spurring adoption and innovation within the field.

Restraints

  • Limited Access to Qualified Quantum Computing Experts: Unfortunately, there is currently a shortage of highly experienced quantum computing specialists, making it challenging for companies to construct and sustain quantum computing systems.
  • Technical Challenges in Building and Maintaining Large-Scale Quantum Computing Systems: The development of large-scale quantum computing systems is still in its early stages, so there are numerous technical obstacles that must be overcome, such as noise reduction, error correction, and scalability.
  • Limited Quantum Computing Applications: Although the list of potential applications for quantum computing is growing, the number of practical ones that have been developed and implemented remains limited. This can make it challenging for companies to justify investing in quantum computing technology.
  • Regulatory Challenges: Quantum computing technology may face regulatory restrictions, particularly around data privacy and security. This could create additional obstacles to the adoption and investment in the technology.

Opportunities

  • Growing Number of Partnerships and Collaborations: The growing number of partnerships and collaborations among quantum computing companies, other technology firms, academic institutions, and research organizations is creating opportunities for the development of new quantum computing hardware and software systems as well as its adoption across various industries.
  • Advancements in Quantum Computing Hardware and Software: With the rapid progress being made in the development of quantum computing hardware and software, new opportunities will present themselves for applying this technology across various industries and fields.
  • The growing availability of cloud-based quantum computing services: Cloud-based quantum computing services are making it simpler for companies and researchers to access and utilize quantum computing technology, spurring adoption and innovation within the field.
  • Growth of Quantum Computing as a Service: As more companies and researchers embrace the potential of quantum computing, cloud-based quantum computing services are creating exciting new business opportunities for those offering these solutions.
  • Potential for Breakthroughs in Areas such as Drug Discovery, Finance, and Energy: Quantum computing holds the potential to unravel complex issues in fields like drug discovery, finance, and energy – leading to major breakthroughs and advances. This presents companies with unique opportunities for those who can develop and implement quantum computing solutions in these sectors.

Challenges

  • Technical Challenges in Constructing and Running Large Quantum Computing Systems: As quantum computing systems continue to emerge, numerous technical obstacles must be overcome such as noise reduction, error correction, and scalability. These issues make it challenging for companies to construct and run these massive quantum computers efficiently.
  • Limited Access to Qualified Quantum Computing Experts: There is currently a shortage of highly experienced quantum computing professionals, making it difficult for companies to construct and maintain quantum computing systems. This shortage could potentially restrict the growth of this industry in the coming years.
  • Quantum computing Applications: While quantum computing has many potential uses, the number of practical applications that have been created and implemented remains limited. This could make investing in quantum computing technology and research on practical applications an attractive prospect.

Grow your profit margin with Market.us Get this Report

Recent Developments

  • Google Claims Quantum Supremacy: In 2019, Google claimed to have achieved quantum supremacy by performing a calculation on its quantum computer that even the most powerful supercomputers would take thousands of years to complete. This was seen as an important milestone in the advancement of quantum computing technology.
  • IBM Launches Quantum Computing Program for Students: In 2020, IBM unveiled a quantum computing program specifically tailored towards students that provides them with access to IBM’s resources and tools, as well as a platform for learning and collaboration.
  • Honeywell Achieves Quantum Computer Record Performance: On March 20, 2021, Honeywell revealed its creation of a quantum computer with an astonishing quantum volume of 512. This feat marked an amazing advancement in quantum computing technology and demonstrated how rapidly progress has been made since then.
  • Amazon Web Services Announces Quantum Computing Service: On June 2021, Amazon Web Services (AWS) announced the launch of its own quantum computing service called Amazon Bracket. This offering gives customers access to various vendors’ hardware as well as tools and resources for developing and testing quantum algorithms.

Key Market Segments

Type

  • Hardware
  • Software
  • Services

Application

  • Defense
  • Healthcare & pharmaceuticals
  • Chemicals
  • Banking & Finance
  • Energy & power

Key Market Players

  • D-Wave Systems
  • Google
  • IBM
  • Intel
  • Microsoft
  • 1QB Information Technologies
  • Anyon Systems
  • Cambridge Quantum Computing
  • ID Quantique
  • IonQ
  • QbitLogic
  • QC Ware
  • Quantum Circuits
  • Qubitekk
  • QxBranch
  • Rigetti Computing

Nature Insights

  • Progress is being made in the development of quantum computing hardware: Despite the challenges facing large-scale quantum computing systems, progress is being made on quantum computing hardware. This includes creating quantum processors with increasingly more qubits and creating new materials suitable for use in quantum computers.
  • Quantum computing software is still in its early stages: While progress is being made with quantum computing hardware, software development for quantum computation remains at a standstill. This presents an immense challenge to the industry as developing efficient quantum algorithms is essential to realizing its full potential.
  • Collaboration is essential to the advancement of quantum computing: Collaboration between companies, academic institutions, and research organizations is essential for progress in this industry. This includes joint efforts to develop new hardware and software systems as well as collaborations that promote quantum computing across various industries.

Report Scope

Report Attribute Details
The market size value in 2022 USD 10.13 Bn
Revenue forecast by 2032 USD 234.6 Bn
Growth Rate CAGR Of 36.89%
Regions Covered North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa, and the Rest of the World
Historical Years 2017-2022
Base Year 2022
Estimated Year 2023
Short-Term Projection Year 2028
Long-Term Projected Year 2032

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FAQ.

What is quantum computing?

Quantum computing is a type of processing data using quantum mechanics. It relies on principles such as superposition, entanglement, and interference which enable quantum computers to perform calculations that would be impossible with classical computers.

What are some potential applications of quantum computing?

Quantum computing holds great promise for revolutionizing industries such as drug discovery, finance, energy, and logistics. Potential uses include creating new drugs and materials, optimizing supply chains and logistics networks, and even improving weather forecasting models with greater precision.

What are some of the challenges facing the quantum computing market?

The quantum computing market faces numerous obstacles, such as technical difficulties in building and running large-scale quantum computers, high costs associated with quantum computing hardware, a scarcity of highly qualified quantum experts, and an absence of practical applications developed and deployed.

Who are some of the major players in the quantum computing market?

Major companies operating within this space include IBM, Google, Microsoft, Honeywell, Intel, and Rigetti Computing. These firms are actively developing and commercializing quantum computing hardware and software systems.

What is the outlook for the quantum computing market?

Overall, analysts anticipate a bright future for quantum computing, with continued investment and innovation anticipated in the coming years. Though still in its early stages of development, its potential advantages are immense - leading to rapid industry growth over the coming years.

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What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

Europe is also a significant player in quantum computing, with countries such as the UK, Germany, and France heavily investing in research and forming partnerships with technology firms.

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

The Asia-Pacific region is poised for substantial growth in quantum computing, driven by investments from countries like China, Japan, and South Korea, as well as collaborations between companies and academic institutions.

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

IonQ, a U.S.-based company, is advancing trapped ion quantum computing, although scaling this technology remains a challenge.

What are important areas in quantum research?

What are the challenges in quantum computing research?

What companies are leading in developing quantum computing?

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

IBM has made significant advancements in quantum computing, developing processors such as Eagle, Osprey, and Condor, with plans to introduce a 1386-qubit Kookaburra by 2025.

What are important areas in quantum research?

What companies are leading in developing quantum computing?

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

What seminal quantum computers/ processors have been developed?

Google achieved a milestone in 2019 with its Sycamore processor, demonstrating quantum supremacy by performing a calculation in 200 seconds that would take a supercomputer 10,000 years.

What advantages do quantum computers have over conventional computers?

extremely fast calculations
extremely complex calculations

What are important areas in quantum research?

What companies are leading in developing quantum computing?

What have been the landmark achievements in quantum computing?

Google's Sycamore quantum supremacy experiment

Industry leaders like Intel, Google, IBM, and D-Wave are heavily investing in quantum computing capabilities.

What are important areas in quantum research?

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

Honeywell achieved a record quantum volume of 512 in 2021, marking a significant step forward in quantum computing technology.

What are important areas in quantum research?

Amazon Web Services launched its quantum computing service, Amazon Bracket, in 2021, providing access to hardware and tools for developing quantum algorithms.

What are important areas in quantum research?

What companies are leading in developing quantum computing?

China has achieved 'quantum computing superiority' in both superconducting and photonic quantum systems, making it the only country to do so.

Title:

Content: China's quantum computing superiority experiment selected as one of the top ten advances in international physics
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On December 21, the American Physical Society announced ten major advances in the field of physics in 2021. Pan Jianwei, Zhu Xiaobo, Lu Chaoyang, and others completed the "Zuchongzhi II" and "Jiuchang II" quantum computing superiority experiments and "Jiuchang II" And...
According to the China Science Daily, on October 25, the famous physics journal Physical Review Express published two major achievements of the academician Pan Jianwei team of China University of Science and Technology on quantum computing.
Among them, they successfully built the 66-bit programmable superconducting quantum computing prototype "Zuchongzhi II" to achieve the rapid solution of the "random line sampling" problem, tens of thousands of times faster than the current fastest supercomputer, making China reach the "quantum computing superiority" milestone for the first time in the superconducting quantum system.
In the photonic system, on the basis of the world's first "nine chapters" optical quantum computing prototype to achieve "quantum computing superiority", they developed the "nine chapters two" of 113 photons 144 mode, realizing the phase programmable function, the "Gaussian Bose sampling" problem solving speed is 100 billion billion billion times faster than the current fastest supercomputer, once again refreshing the world record.
This series of achievements makes China the only country in the world to achieve the milestone of "quantum computing superiority" in both physical systems at the same time.
According to the American Physical Society, the research team of the University of Science and Technology of China stood out from the competition with Google and IBM, providing convincing experimental arguments and demonstrating superior quantum computing superiority in their superconducting and optical quantum computers.
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What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

What have been the landmark achievements in quantum computing?

China's "Zu Chongzhi-2" quantum supremacy experiment

The 'Zuchongzhi II' superconducting quantum computing prototype in China solved the 'random line sampling' problem tens of thousands of times faster than the fastest supercomputer.

What advantages do quantum computers have over conventional computers?

extremely fast calculations
extremely complex calculations

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

What have been the landmark achievements in quantum computing?

China's "Zu Chongzhi-2" quantum supremacy experiment

China's 'Jiuchang II' photonic quantum computing prototype solved the 'Gaussian Bose sampling' problem 100 billion billion billion times faster than the fastest supercomputer.

What advantages do quantum computers have over conventional computers?

extremely fast calculations
extremely complex calculations

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

What have been the landmark achievements in quantum computing?

China's "Jiuzhang-2" quantum supremacy experiment

The University of Science and Technology of China has outperformed competitors like Google and IBM in demonstrating quantum computing superiority in both superconducting and optical systems.

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

China leads the world in quantum technology patent applications, accounting for 52.3% of the global total.

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

China holds a commanding lead in patents for quantum computing (52.8%), quantum communication (43.2%), and quantum sensing (56.6%).

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

China's third-generation autonomous superconducting quantum computer, 'Origin Wukong,' has attracted over 8 million visits worldwide since its launch.

Title:

Content: People 's Daily Online > > Economy and Technology
"Origin Goku" stable operation shows what
May 12, 2024 08: 54 | Source: Economic Daily
Small number
Original title: "The source of Goku" stable operation shows what
As of May 7, China's third-generation autonomous superconducting quantum computer "Origin Wukong" has attracted more than 8 million visits worldwide.
Previously, it was successfully connected to three supercomputing centers such as the Yangtze River Delta hub Wuhu cluster computing power public service platform, marking the formal completion of China's "four calculations in one" system of general computing, intelligent computing, supercomputing and measurement.
What does the stable operation of "Origin Goku" show?
"Genyuan Wukong" is China's third-generation autonomous superconducting quantum computer, equipped with 72-bit autonomous superconducting quantum chips.
The computer is named "Wukong", which means that it is as powerful as the traditional Chinese mythological figure Sun Wukong and can change 72 times.
"Benyuan Wukong" was independently developed by the Benyuan Quantum team and launched on January 6 this year. Since the launch of the line, the average daily global visit is about 66,700 times, and the average daily completion of nearly 1,500 computing tasks.
Quantum computing is a cutting-edge emerging technology that has great potential in artificial intelligence, biomedicine, financial analysis and other fields.
If the general purpose traditional computer is compared to a bicycle, the quantum computer is like an airplane.
To break down 300 large numbers, it takes 150,000 years to make use of a trillionth of a conventional computer, and 1 second to make use of a trillionth of a quantum computer.
The biggest advantage of quantum computers is their powerful computing power, but compared with traditional computers, the technology is immature, the manufacturing cost is high, and the reliability is not strong.
China's quantum computing technology is in the transition stage from laboratory research and development to industrial application.
"Genyuan Wukong" equipped with hardware, chips, operating systems and application software are autonomous and controllable, and the localization rate is more than 80%, which marks the basic formation of China's superconducting quantum computer industry chain.
In the four months since its launch, "Benyuan Wukong" has successfully completed more than 178,000 computing tasks for users in 120 countries, and countries with quantum computers such as the United States, Japan and Canada have shown great concern for "Benyuan Wukong", among which the frequency of visits by US users is much higher than that of other countries.
In the field of quantum computing, developed countries led by the United States have started early, developed rapidly and have a high degree of industrial maturity, and have gradually established a "quantum computing ecological chain."
For example, in 2017, IBM led the establishment of the Quantum Computing Industry Alliance (IBM Quantum Network), which has more than 250 members from the United States, Japan, South Korea, Germany, Australia and other countries, involving Fortune 500 companies, start-ups and academic institutions.
However, although China started late in the quantum field, it has made rapid progress.
A recent paper on global quantum information technology patents shows that from 2003 to 2022, China's quantum information technology patent applications accounted for 37% of the global total, surpassing the proportion of the United States slightly more than 28%.
"Origin Wukong" is the first large-scale and long-term opening of China's quantum computing power to the world, indicating that China has officially entered the "usable" era of quantum computing power.
Looking forward to the future, let the "Wukong" further play the power of the "source", it will take many efforts.
We should focus on making up for the shortcomings and strength of the weak, so that the key instruments and equipment of quantum computing can be fully replaced in China. We should support the building of the quantum chip industry chain and build a quantum computing power network. To change the situation of shortage of talents in the quantum field.
Computing power is the new quality of productivity in the digital economy era, who has mastered the advanced computing power, who has mastered the "winning chance" of development.
On the international science and technology track of quantum computers, the layout and development of independent industrial chains is an inevitable choice for us to face the forefront of world science and technology, the main battlefield of the economy, and the major needs of the country.
(Editor: Yang Xi, Chen Jian)
Public Number ： People 's Network Finance
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What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

What seminal quantum computers/ processors have been developed?

'Origin Wukong' is equipped with 72-bit autonomous superconducting quantum chips and has successfully completed over 178,000 computing tasks for users in 120 countries.

What advantages do quantum computers have over conventional computers?

What are important areas in quantum research?

What seminal quantum computers/ processors have been developed?

China's 'Origin Wukong' quantum computer marks the country's transition from laboratory research to industrial applications, with a localization rate exceeding 80%.

What are important areas in quantum research?

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

What seminal quantum computers/ processors have been developed?

The Jiuzhang 3.0 quantum computer prototype in China uses 255 detected photons and holds a world-leading position in quantum computing research.

Title:

Content: LINE

Text:AAAPrint
Sci-tech

China secures world-leading computational power with freshly unveiled quantum computer prototype

2023-10-12 08:59:07Global Times Editor : Li Yan ECNS App Download

Introductory illustration to the Jiuzhang 3.0 quantum computer prototype. (Photo/Courtesy of University of Science and Technology of China)

With the successful development of the Jiuzhang 3.0 quantum computer prototype, which makes use of 255 detected photons, China continues to hold a world-leading position in the field of quantum computer research and development, lead scientists for the program told the Global Times on Wednesday.

The research team, composed of renowned quantum physicists Pan Jianwei and Lu Chaoyang from the University of Science and Technology of China in collaboration with the Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology under the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Parallel Computer Engineering Technology Research Center, announced the successful construction of a 255-photon-based prototype quantum computer named Jiuzhang 3.0 early Wednesday morning.

The quantum computing feat accomplished by the team of talents achieves a speed that is 10 quadrillion times faster in solving Gaussian boson sampling (GBS) problems compared with the world's fastest supercomputers.

According to a press release Pan's team provided to the Global Times on Wednesday, this achievement has once again "renewed the world record in the field of optical quantum information technology, solving the mathematical problem of Gaussian boson sampling 10 quadrillion times faster than the current fastest supercomputer in the world, taking an important step toward the development of quantum computers."

The study was published online in the journal Physical Review Letters early Wednesday morning.

Meanwhile, according to the publicly disclosed optimal algorithm, the speed of Jiuzhang 3.0 in processing Gaussian boson sampling is one million times faster than its predecessor, the 133-photon-based Jiuzhang 2.0. Jiuzhang 2.0 could calculate the most complex sample in 1 microsecond, while the current fastest supercomputer Frontier would take more than 20 billion years to do the same calculation, according to the press release.

Lu Chaoyang, a key member of the research team, explained that quantum computing is specially designed for solving highly complicated calculations while the simpler calculations are the job of regular computers. This is why the comparison was made between the Jiuzhang 3.0 and supercomputers.

Currently, the prototype is used for calculation of graph theory related problems and in the future it will also be used in the field of material design, Lu told the Global Times on Wednesday.

According to the scientist, developing quantum computers is one of the biggest challenges at the forefront of current world technology. During Jiuzhang's research and development, scalable quantum control technology has been developed, providing a technical foundation for the development of fault-tolerant universal quantum computers.

"This paves the way for universal quantum computers, which is estimated by the academic community to be achieved in 10-15 years, said Lu.

In 2021, the team led by Pan developed the 133-photon-based Jiuzhang 2.0 and a 66-qubit programmable superconducting quantum computing system named Zuchongzhi 2.1, making China the only country to achieve a quantum computational advantage in two mainstream technical routes - one via photonics quantum computing technology and the other via superconducting quantum computing technology.

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What are important areas in quantum research?

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

The Jiuzhang 3.0 quantum computer is 10 quadrillion times faster than the world's fastest supercomputers in solving Gaussian boson sampling problems.

What advantages do quantum computers have over conventional computers?

extremely fast calculations
extremely complex calculations

China has delivered its first practical quantum computer system, the 24-qubit Wuyan system, to a customer, becoming the third country after Canada and the United States to achieve this milestone.

Title:

Content: Computing

INTERNATIONAL NEWS

China Delivers Its First Practical Quantum Computer System to a Customer

China’s Science Ministry on Monday announced that the country’s first practical quantum computer was delivered to a user, which the agency didn’t identify, a year ago.

The 24-qubit Wuyan system based on superconducting technology was built by Origin Quantum Computing Technology, a company founded in 2017 by two of the country’s leading quantum physicists, Guo Guoping and Guo Guangcan. A qubit in the quantum world performs functions akin to bits in the digital world.

With the on-premises installation of the Wuyan system, China became the third country, after Canada and the United States, to deliver a complete quantum computer system to a customer.

Some skeptics questioned the timing of the announcement.

“Quantum technology has a high priority for national security in China. If this were something very important, I doubt it would be disclosed like this in a transparent way by Chinese authorities,” explained Weifeng Zhong, a senior research fellow at the Mercatus Center of George Mason University in Fairfax, Va.

“The fact that it was delayed for a year suggests that they realize now that it’s not important to national security, so they’re trying to use it to build China’s image as a technology leader at a time when they’re trying to open up their economy to the rest of the world,” Zhong told TechNewsWorld.

Important Step

However, Hodan Omaar, a senior AI policy analyst at the Center for Data Innovation, a think tank studying the intersection of data, technology, and public policy, in Washington, D.C., maintained the announcement shows that China has made an important step in its quantum development.

“Overcoming technical challenges on the path toward large-scale quantum computers will depend on the ability to scale the number of qubits in quantum systems, much like modern classical computers have depended on the growth in the number of transistors in superconducting chips,” Omaar told TechNewsWorld.

“Investing in near-term quantum computing applications helps bolster the development of longer-term use cases of the technology, thereby helping to improve competitiveness,” she added.

Skip Sanzeri, co-founder and COO of QuSecure, a maker of quantum-safe security solutions in San Mateo, Calif., called the announcement “formidable” because China is stating that they have a fully functional quantum computer, albeit the qubit count is low.

“Nonetheless, error correction and noise reduction are two significant factors in ensuring that a quantum computer can process data and provide applications that we can rely on,” Sanzeri told TechNewsWorld. “By announcing that they have been able to get to this level shows that China is making progress towards larger quantum computers.”

Bucking a Trend

The Wuyan system appears to be on par with other systems in the market, noted Heather West, a senior research analyst at IDC’, an international market research company.

“The fact that they sold a 24 qubit system to someone isn’t that different from what we’re seeing elsewhere around the world,” West told TechNewsWorld.

Delivering a standalone system like the Wuyan is actually bucking the current trend in the market.

“Most quantum computers that people are accessing today are accessed through the cloud,” explained Doug Finke, an analyst with Global Quantum Intelligence, an international market intelligence firm.

“This Wuyan computer is being delivered to a customer in an on-premise situation,” Finke told TechNewsWorld. “On-premise has a lot of disadvantages. You have to worry about maintenance. You have to worry about spare parts. You have to worry about calibration.”

“In addition,” he continued, “quantum computing innovation is so fast that they become obsolete in about two years. So few people want an on-premise quantum computer. They’re much more comfortable with the cloud.”

Superconducting Challenges

The Wuyan system is built using superconducting chip technology, one of the earliest technologies for quantum computers. Since its introduction, other technologies have been explored. They include photonics, trapped ions, and neutral atoms.

“At the moment, no one knows which technology will be the winner or if there’ll be a combination of technologies that will combine for efficacious quantum applications,” Sanzeri said.

“Superconducting is very difficult,” he explained. “It requires near zero Kelvin refrigeration.”

“The electrons used in superconducting quantum computers are very hard to manage due to very short coherence times,” he continued. “That’s why they must be cooled to such a low temperature.”

Other methods are managing longer coherence times and a faster path to the desired goal of 1,000 error-corrected qubits, he added.

“The million-dollar question is what technology will win the race to the fault-tolerant quantum computer,” West said. “There might not be one winner. There might not be one system that comes out on top. It might be that certain kinds of systems are better than others at solving certain kinds of problems.”

Long View

Omaar countered that superconducting chips have a number of advantages over competing technologies.

“First, superconducting qubits are solid-state electrical circuits that are easier to control because they are manipulated using microwaves,” she said. “Scientists can therefore use easily accessible commercial microwave devices and equipment in superconducting quantum computing applications.”

“Second,” she continued, “because preparing superconducting circuits is based on the existing method for fabricating semiconductor chips, the development of high-quality devices can leverage advanced chip-making technologies, which is good for manufacturing and scalability.”

Despite developments like China’s Wuyan system, the arrival of a quantum computer that can tackle problems beyond the capacity of silicon computers appears to be years away.

“What quantum computers are going to be best for is solving complex, intractable problems beyond the scope of classical compute technology,” West said. “Those problems are years away from a quantum computer solving.”

“To get to that, we need at least a million qubits,” she continued. “That’s going to take a lot of work in scaling and stabilizing the qubits. Qubits are very sensitive to outside noise. As a result, the error rates are high in the technology we have.”

Despite the exuberance exhibited by many, we’re still in the early days of quantum computing, added Richard Stiennon, founder and chief research analyst at IT-Harvest, a cybersecurity industry analyst firm in Birmingham, Mich.

“There are many physical constraints on quantum computing that require precision in length of pathways — we are talking microns — and resistance to forces — footsteps can interfere with it. Supercooled chips just add to the complexity,” Stiennon told TechNewsWorld.

“I put it in the same realm as developing usable nuclear fusion as an energy source,” he said. “Hundreds of billions of dollars and decades to show a glimmer of progress.”

John P. Mello Jr. has been an ECT News Network reporter since 2003. His areas of focus include cybersecurity, IT issues, privacy, e-commerce, social media, artificial intelligence, big data and consumer electronics. He has written and edited for numerous publications, including the Boston Business Journal, the Boston Phoenix, Megapixel.Net and Government Security News. Email John.

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What are important areas in quantum research?

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

The Wuyan system, developed by Origin Quantum Computing Technology, highlights China's progress in quantum computing and its ambition to lead in this field.

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

Australia's Silicon Quantum Computing and Diraq are leveraging silicon-based approaches, embedding phosphorus atoms and trapping electrons on silicon transistors, respectively.

What are important areas in quantum research?

implementations of quantum processors
new types of qubits

Quantum Brilliance, an Australian company, uses synthetic diamonds for quantum computing, enabling room-temperature operation.

What are important areas in quantum research?

PsiQuantum, co-founded by Australian professors, is advancing photonic quantum computing with substantial government support.

The development of scalable quantum control technology during China's Jiuzhang project lays the groundwork for fault-tolerant universal quantum computers.

What are important areas in quantum research?

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

What seminal quantum computers/ processors have been developed?

Superconducting qubits, used in systems like the Wuyan, are easier to control with microwaves and can leverage existing semiconductor chip fabrication methods for scalability.

What are important areas in quantum research?

implementations of quantum processors
new types of qubits

The global race to develop fault-tolerant quantum computers involves multiple technologies, including photonics, trapped ions, and neutral atoms, with no clear winner yet.

What are important areas in quantum research?

implementations of quantum processors
new types of qubits

Quantum computing innovation is advancing rapidly, but achieving systems capable of solving problems beyond classical computers will require at least a million qubits and significant progress in scaling and error correction.

What are important areas in quantum research?

What are the challenges in quantum computing research?

India is lagging in quantum computing but has the potential to catch up with sufficient investment and breakthroughs.

India's National Mission on Quantum Technology and Applications (NMQTA) has a proposed budget of Rs 8,000 crore and is expected to launch soon.

India's Department of Science and Technology initiated the QUEST program, funding 50 scientists with a combined budget of Rs 200 crore for quantum research.

India faces challenges in scientific procurement due to policies requiring waivers for importing high-tech equipment, which delays research progress.

Quantum computing is anticipated to play a critical role in strategic areas such as secure communications, drug discovery, financial modeling, and climate change mitigation.

What advantages do quantum computers have over conventional computers?

What fields can quantum computers advance?

climate change solutions
security
finance

Quantum key distribution (QKD), a secure communication method resistant to quantum computer attacks, is being developed by Indian startups.

Strategic applications of quantum computing may require domestic capabilities, as reliance on foreign cloud-based systems could limit access to the best technologies.

China ranks first in the number of quantum technology patents overall, but the United States leads in quantum computing patents with 43%, compared to China's 12%.

Title:

Content: Alert
Ukraine claims another top Russian general killed.
Quantum technology patent layout: China No. 1 again?
【 Li Shulian / Editorial Department of North American Intellectual Property News 】
* If you would like to reprint this article, please contact the North American Intellectual Property Journal
Reading the title of this article, the reader may find it strange: Why add a question mark?
In the past issue, the North American Intellectual Property Journal has done a lot of patent investigation reports in different technology fields. Among them, many high-tech technologies, including 5G, 6G, AI, rare earth, 3rd generation semiconductor... etc., China ranked first in the number of patents.
On the other hand, when it comes to the number of patents in some fields in China, there are many people who question: “How much does not mean anything, and what is the quality? ” Therefore, the second purpose of the title plus the question mark is to question China ’ s quantum technology patent layout in addition to the number one, is the quality also No. 1?
In order to write this survey report, the author reviewed several quantum technology patent investigation reports in recent years, and found that although China is far ahead in the overall number of quantum technology patents, there is still a lot of room for growth in some individual fields.
For example, in the field of quantum computing, the US patent volume greatly surpassed Japan (14%) and China (12%), ranking third, to occupy the top spot with 43%.
In addition, in the field of space quantum technology patents, China and the United States can be said to be in the middle, the United States slightly better, but China is expected to surpass it in the short term.
Category Introduction
According to Relecura Technologies Pvt.
Ltd. ’ s 2021 patent investigation report “Quantum Technologies: A Review of the Patent Landscape ” (the“ Report ”) notes that some experts divide quantum technology into two generations.
The first generation includes transistors based on the principles of quantum mechanics, laser lasers, etc.; the second generation includes quantum computers, quantum communications, etc.
The report to be presented in this article is all about the second generation of quantum technology.
Quantum technology is a general term that covers a wide range of technologies and is looking for new applications every day.
With the advancement of big data analysis and machine learning, we can easily comprehensively analyze the patent layout of quantum technology.
The report examines 44,394 patents filed in the field of quantum technology over the past five years (2015-2020), which were obtained using a consolidated query from the Relecura patent database.
The report divides the important technologies of quantum technology into three categories, namely (1) nanotechnology: quantum dot, (2) quantum computing: quantum annealing, error correction, and (3) quantum cryptography: quantum key distribution.
Two other technical areas, superconducting devices and quantum sensing, were also discussed.
As can be seen from Figure 1, many patents cover two or more technical areas.
Most of the patents fall in the fields of nanotechnology and electrical components, while quantum computing, quantum communication, and quantum cryptography are symmetric overlaps between almost every two fields.
Country Ranking
The report shows that by the end of 2020, China dominated the number of patents in quantum technology, with the exception of quantum computing, holding several times the number of patents in every other field than quantum computing. Although the United States and China are only a few hundred patents in the field of quantum computing, China is still the first in the field.
(See Figure 3)
Patent Quality Survey
As mentioned at the beginning of the article, in addition to the number of patents, patent quality is also important.
Therefore, the Report uses Relecura star ratings to rate all statistical patents, a customized scoring system that takes into account key patent parameters such as forward and backward citations, geographic location, and patent family values.
Ratings range from 0 to 5 in 0.5 increments.
It was found that the highest score for patents in China was 3.5, while the highest score for patents in the United States was 5.
The normal distribution of the Star Report can be seen in Figure 4.
The report pointed out that this can prove that the US patent is more valuable.
About 68% of the normal distribution is concentrated within the standard deviation from the mean.
U.S. patents range from 1.37 to 2.81 and China from 1.13 to 2.27.
One of the key factors determining the importance of a patent comes from its forward citation.
The 8,935 U.S. patents in the category accounted for 71,755 forward citations, while there were only 44,612 forward citations out of 23,360 Chinese patents.
(For more information, please refer to North American Intellectual Property Journal No. 305; welcome to subscribe to North American Intellectual Property Journal e-newsletter.)
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Russia uses intellectual property as retaliation for sanctions
As a counterattack against countries that support and support Ukraine, Russia has taken a rare approach to using intellectual property as a national war strategy.
The Russian government issued a decree in early March saying that Russian companies are no longer obliged to provide damages to owners of patents, utility models and industrial designs in “unfriendly ” countries that have imposed sanctions on Russia.
National Team of Quantum Science and Technology in Taiwan
Academia Sinica has been deploying quantum technology for many years. Dean Liao Junzhi said that since 2019, it has been recognized that quantum technology has been surging around the world, so before the outbreak began at the end of 2019, the Academia Sinica held a series of brainstorming meetings, and in early 2020, it was held in the form of a video conference, inviting experts to discuss how to develop quantum technology.
When discussing "why to develop quantum technology, there is no reason to do it", I found that there are many reasons to do it.
The most important thing is that after decades of efforts, the entire scientific and technological community has pushed quantum technology to the point of quantum 2.0, and began to be able to use some of the special characteristics of quantum (such as quantum superposition, quantum entanglement and other technologies) to complete new applications, progress is very fast, almost every week there will be new technological breakthroughs.
Risks and business opportunities under net-zero carbon targets cannot be ignored by any industry
This magazine's previous article (three major thrust in succession, how to solve the inflation problem?) has analyzed that the "green inflation" caused by the high price of alternative energy will be the key point of the global economy in the next few years.
However, from the perspective of climate change as a whole, the price increase is probably only the slightest impact. With the increasing intensity of global warming, the call for zero carbon emissions is getting higher and higher, and the pressure on the vast technology manufacturing industry has been formed.
Health Care and Biotechnology Industry Prospects in 2022
In the past year (2021), the world is still affected by COVID-19, mutant viruses Delta and Omicron have once again impacted the medical resource system, and the biotech pharmaceutical industry has continued to develop test agents and vaccines, and the medical care field has begun to widely apply smart medicine.
Mergers and acquisitions are one of the trends and growth strategies of the global CDMO industry. It is expected to bring a stronger wave of mergers and acquisitions to the healthcare and biotech industries in 2022, and the global CDMO production value will reach US $106.6 billion in 2025.
Is China about to set up an Intellectual Property Court of Appeal?
The United States, Japan, and even Taiwan have set up a special appeals court for intellectual property cases such as patents and trademarks, while mainland China intends to further transform the existing intellectual property court in the Supreme People's Court into a court specializing in intellectual property appeals after a three-year trial.
What is the reason for doing this?
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What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

The United States has higher-quality patents in quantum technology, with a top score of 5 compared to China's highest score of 3.5, as measured by Relecura star ratings.

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?