Ocean acidification has various effects on marine life, including coral bleaching, changes in fish behavior, and impacts on shellfish and crustaceans, due to the destabilization of the ocean's pH caused by excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Ocean acidification, caused by increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations, has a significant impact on marine life, affecting species such as fish, corals, phytoplankton, and microorganisms, and causing changes to their behavior, physiology, and ecosystems.

Ocean acidification can have negative effects on marine life, particularly organisms that rely on calcium carbonate for their shells and skeletons, such as coral, shellfish, and crustaceans.

Ocean acidification has significant impacts on various marine organisms, including fish, corals, shellfish, and crustaceans, with effects ranging from changes in behavior to coral bleaching and changes to phytoplankton and microorganisms.

"Ocean acidification has various effects on marine life, including fish behavior changes, coral bleaching, and impacts on phytoplankton, shellfish, crustaceans, and other species. It is essential to address ocean acidification and its multifaceted impacts on marine ecosystems through continued monitoring, research, and international cooperation."

Ocean acidification is caused by increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which affects marine life by destabilizing the ocean's pH.

Ocean acidification is caused by the increase in global atmospheric CO2 concentrations, primarily due to anthropogenic activities, which influences the seawater carbonate system and impacts the marine ecosystem.

Ocean acidification is caused by increased carbon dioxide, primarily due to anthropogenic emissions, which alters carbonate chemistry in marine ecosystems.

Ocean acidification is caused by increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which is absorbed by the ocean, leading to a decrease in the aragonite saturation state, a measure of ocean acidification.

Ocean acidification is caused by increased carbon dioxide, primarily due to anthropogenic emissions, which is supported by coral records, in-situ measurements, and model predictions.

Ocean acidification impacts marine ecosystems, including coral reefs, which are home to a significant portion of all known marine species.

Ocean acidification impacts marine ecosystems, including creatures that require calcium to build their shells and skeletons, such as corals.

Ocean acidification impacts marine ecosystems, including the seawater carbonate system, and has far-reaching consequences for marine life.

"Ocean acidification can have significant implications for marine ecosystems and calcifying organisms, including those that rely on calcium carbonate for their shells and skeletons."

Ocean acidification, caused by human activities, has a significant impact on marine ecosystems and life, including coral reefs, as evidenced by a study in the Western Pacific that showed a decrease in pH levels.

Increased ocean heat can cause wide-scale coral bleaching, death of marine life, and elevation of sea level.

Increased ocean heat can result in wide-scale coral bleaching, death of marine life, and elevation of sea level, which can have a significant impact on marine ecosystems, including those inhabited by cephalopods and octopuses.

Increased ocean heat can lead to wide-scale coral bleaching, death of marine life, and elevation of sea level, all of which are related to the impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems.

Increased ocean heat can lead to wide-scale coral bleaching, death of marine life, and elevation of sea level, highlighting the need to raise awareness about the impact of ocean acidification on marine life.

Increased ocean heat can lead to coral bleaching, habitat destruction, and potentially affect a wide range of marine life, including cephalopods and marine mammals.

Ocean acidification is a pressing issue that affects marine life, particularly creatures that rely on calcium to build their shells and skeletons. To address this problem, biological removal of CO2 and international cooperation are necessary.

Ocean acidification is caused by increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations, impacting marine ecosystems, and addressing it requires international cooperation and biological removal of CO2.

Ocean acidification, caused by increased CO2, affects marine life, including cephalopods, and can be addressed through international cooperation and biological removal of CO2.

"Biological removal of CO2 through primary production can help offset the negative impact of ocean acidification, and international cooperation is necessary to address this global issue."

Ocean acidification can be addressed through biological removal of CO2 and international cooperation, which involves reducing CO2 emissions and promoting coordinated research efforts and policies to mitigate its impact on marine life.

Ocean acidification kills marine life and affects biodiversity by disrupting the ocean's pH balance and impacting creatures that rely on calcium for their shells and skeletons.

"Ocean pollution, including ocean acidification, has a negative impact on marine ecosystems, leading to the killing of marine life and affecting biodiversity."

Ocean pollution can have a significant impact on marine ecosystems, including killing marine life and affecting biodiversity, which can lead to unfavorable conditions for organisms that rely on calcium carbonate for their shells and skeletons.

Ocean acidification can have detrimental effects on marine ecosystems, including killing marine life and affecting biodiversity, which can impact a wide range of species, including potentially cephalopods and octopuses.

Ocean pollution, including ocean acidification, can harm marine life and affect biodiversity, leading to a decline in global fishery resources and damaging marine ecosystems.

The study on ocean acidification was published in Scientific Reports and the Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, highlighting its impact on coral reefs and potentially other marine life.

The study on ocean acidification was published in Scientific Reports and Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, and it discusses the impact of increased CO2 levels on marine ecosystems.

A study on ocean acidification was published in Scientific Reports and Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, which found that biological removal of CO2 through primary production helps offset the negative impact of freshwater dilution on ocean acidification.

A study on ocean acidification in the Mediterranean region revealed knowledge gaps and uneven research distribution, with certain organisms being understudied, and highlighted the need for consistent policies and coordinated governance.

A study on ocean acidification in the Macaronesian archipelago found that temperature changes, biological activity, and advection processes influence CO2 levels, and the area behaves as a CO2 sink during winter, but with strong outgassing over the Cape Blanc filament.

Ocean acidification affects early life stages of marine life, including those that require calcium to build shells and skeletons, such as corals.

Ocean acidification may have a significant impact on early life stages of marine organisms, particularly those that rely on calcium carbonate for their shells and skeletons.

Ocean acidification has a significant impact on early life stages of marine life, making them more vulnerable to changes in their environment.

Ocean acidification is predicted to intensify, and early life stages of marine life are likely to be the most affected.

Ocean acidification affects many marine organisms, especially those that rely on calcification, and it is inferred that early life stages are most vulnerable.

Climate change affects marine life by impacting oxygen levels, as seen in corals that lose their main source of oxygen when they expel algae due to stress from rising water temperatures.

Climate change affects marine life by altering ocean chemistry, including changes in carbonate systems, which can impact oxygen levels and overall ecosystem health.

Climate change affects marine life through various factors, including ocean acidification, which can have significant implications for marine ecosystems and calcifying organisms.

Climate change affects marine life by altering oxygen levels in the ocean, which is influenced by factors such as temperature changes, biological activity, and advection processes.

Climate change affects marine life by causing a decrease in pH levels and acidification of the ocean, which can impact oxygen levels and ultimately affect marine life.

Ocean acidification impacts marine life by affecting their ability to form shells, leading to thinner and smaller shells.

Ocean acidification, caused by increased CO2 levels, affects shell formation in marine organisms, leading to thinner and smaller shells.

Ocean acidification can lead to unfavorable conditions for marine organisms that rely on calcium carbonate for their shells and skeletons, resulting in thinner and smaller shells.

Ocean acidification has a detrimental effect on marine organisms that rely on shell formation, resulting in thinner and smaller shells.

Ocean acidification causes a change in seawater chemistry, leading to thinner and smaller shells in marine organisms, including cephalopods like cuttlefish and octopuses, making them more vulnerable to predators and environmental stressors.

Ocean acidification affects marine calcifiers, including clams, mussels, and oysters, by making it harder for them to build their shells.

Ocean acidification threatens marine calcifiers, including clams, mussels, and oysters, by reducing the availability of calcium needed to build their shells and skeletons.

Ocean acidification, caused by increased CO2 levels, affects marine calcifiers such as clams, mussels, and oysters by altering the seawater carbonate system, which is crucial for their survival.

Ocean acidification has various effects on marine life, including coral bleaching, changes in fish behavior, and impacts on shellfish and crustaceans, due to the destabilization of the ocean's pH caused by excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Title:

Content: Earth to Us

Meet the Miami-Based Artist Devoted to Coral Conservation

On a crisp November afternoon, Brazilian artist and marine researcher Beatriz Chachamovits stands before a group of eager children at the Jewish Community Center in Davie, Florida. When she begins by asking, “Does anyone know what a coral is?”, 25 voices chorus back countless answers. Chachamovits smiles, and it’s clear she’s in her element.

This marine-ecology lesson and coral-sculpting workshop is part of Chachamovits’s initiative Modeling the Reef, a public education project for young children in South Florida designed to create awareness around coral-reef conservation. “I want the future stewards of the ocean to fall in love with it,” she tells Vogue.

Coral reefs are one of the most biodiverse ecosystems on earth. They’ve been on the planet for an estimated 500 million years. And though they only make up 1% of the ocean, they’re home to 25% of all known marine species, including turtles, octopuses, lobsters, oysters, sea stars, and thousands of variegated fish. Reefs are essential coastal barriers that provide protection from land erosion, floods, and storms. They are valuable sources of food, medicine, economic support, and cultural heritage to more than a billion people. Yet the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration predicts that by 2050 most coral reefs around the world will be close to gone.

Growing up in landlocked São Paulo, Chachamovits didn’t have much access to the ocean during her childhood. It wasn’t until her late- teenage years, during a trip to Bahía, a coastal state in northeastern Brazil, that she first encountered corals up close. “I remember I dove into a tiny underwater cave where the light came in beautifully, making corals of all colors and sizes shimmer,” Chachamovits recalls. “There were small schools of fish and miniature shrimps gathering sea dust. Within the glittering sand, there was a magnificent spotted ray and all sorts of creatures swaying from side to side. I had never witnessed such harmony and precision. At that moment, I realized that was my purpose. I thought, Why isn’t anyone talking about this? I felt transformed.”

Now, the Miami-based artist has devoted her career to educating others about the urgent issues related to coral-reef decline by translating scientific studies into gorgeous artworks. Through breathtaking drawings, sculptures, and installations, Chachamovits illuminates many of the dangers coral reefs confront today, including coral bleaching, plastic pollution, and ocean acidification. “Art is a powerful instrument to make others feel something, to make them care. And I’m interested in creating dry dives as a way of showing a veiled ecosystem that most people don’t have access to,” she explains.

One of her most celebrated artworks, Carcass (2020), is an entirely handmade ceramic piece that features pure white endangered coral species surrounded by camouflaged toothbrushes, water bottles, and other items of trash made from the same material. Despite its undeniable beauty, the mesmerizing milky sculpture conjures feelings of sadness as it illustrates coral bleaching, a devastating phenomenon that has affected more than 75% of the world’s reefs and has been harsh enough to kill 30% of them.

“People often think corals are minerals or plants,” Chachamovits says. “They have no idea that corals are animals.” In fact, she goes on to clarify, corals are colonial organisms composed of thousands of individual animals called polyps. Tropical corals, which live in shallow waters and make up barrier reefs, have a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae algae that live on their tissues, providing food, oxygen, and extraordinary bright colors. In return, corals supply the algae with the environment they need to thrive.

Rising water temperatures due to global warming have deeply affected this relationship by causing severe stress in corals. “When corals are stressed, algae create toxins instead of food, which makes corals expel them out of their tissue. What is left is transparent tissue that reveals their calcareous bones. And that loss of color is what we know as bleaching,” Chachamovits explains. Studies have shown that stabilizing water temperatures could reverse some cases of bleaching. But without algae, corals lose their main source of food and oxygen, become susceptible to disease, and eventually die.

Bleaching is not the only threat coral reefs currently face. To Kill With Water (2017), another piece by Chachamovits, features a series of coral clay figures within water-filled acrylic tanks that, over time, melt before the viewer’s eyes. This work illustrates ocean acidification—a destabilization of the ocean’s pH caused by excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere—and demonstrates the effects of CO2 pollution on ocean creatures who, like most corals, require calcium to build their shells and skeletons.

In 2018, Chachamovits moved to Florida to be closer to the third-largest barrier reef in the world. It goes on for more than 360 miles, stretching from Dry Tortugas National Park in Key West to the St. Lucie Inlet in Martin County. This ecosystem, teeming with underwater wonders, is home to around 1,400 species, though today most of the reef is at grave risk due to overfishing, climate change, rapid development, and disease. Chachamovits is currently working on a permanent piece for the Phillip and Patricia Frost Museum of Science that will illustrate the changes between a healthy and a struggling reef and highlight endangered species of Florida’s ecosystem, including many the Frost’s Coral Lab is currently working to protect. The artwork is set to be revealed in early 2022.

Chachamovits is intent on effectively using art as an instrument for change. “I always worry if what I’m doing is enough,” she says. The increased threats to coral often fill her with worry and hopelessness. Yet she believes these feelings propel her to create more and better work that has a tangible effect on marine conservation. Beyond stoking awareness and action from her viewers, Chachamovits’s artificial reef sculptures have played a part in rebuilding damaged reefs.

Since 2019, when she created her first artificial reef, To Replenish With Water, for the Underwater Museum of Art in Florida, she has been enamored with these human-made structures meant to be placed under the ocean to mirror actual coral reef environments. “Artificial reefs perform a crucial role in deflating tourism on natural reefs. They provide new structures for corals to attach to and grow, they generate nursing spaces and new homes for reef animals, and help control sea levels in coral depleted areas,” she explains. Though they are highly expensive to make and entail numerous permits to be deployed underwater, Chachamovits’s goal is to share the power of these installations with new generations. She is currently fundraising for the final phase of her Modeling the Reef initiative to result in a large-scale reef model, using pieces created by her students. The installation will ultimately sit at the bottom of the ocean and serve as an artificial base for real coral growth.

Despite the devastating reality corals face today, Chachamovits’s work with young students is one thing that helps her believe in a better future. “Teaching is one of my gifts,” she says. “By teaching, we can inspire younger generations to understand the problems they’re living in today. We are in uncharted territories, so as an environmental artist and a concerned human for our planet, teaching is one of the things I can do to give us a chance.”

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their survival
it will alter their key behaviors

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

What is the main cause of ocean acidification?

water absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

Ocean acidification, caused by increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations, has a significant impact on marine life, affecting species such as fish, corals, phytoplankton, and microorganisms, and causing changes to their behavior, physiology, and ecosystems.

Title:

Content: There were 974 press releases posted in the last 24 hours and 451,057 in the last 365 days.

Editorial: the changing carbonate systems in coastal, estuarine, shelf areas and marginal seas

Editorial on the Research Topic
The changing carbonate systems in coastal, estuarine, shelf areas and marginal seas

Global atmospheric CO2 concentrations have increased from 320 ppm in the 1960s to the present-day value of 420 ppm, primarily due to anthropogenic activities. This increase influences the seawater carbonate system, impacting the marine ecosystem. There are still gaps that need to be resolved for predicting how these marine systems respond to current and future CO2 levels. Any actions to mitigate the change in pH will require adaptive management of multiple stressors across several spatial scales. Combined, these perspectives yield a more comprehensive picture of events during ocean acidification (OA).

This Research Topic brings together articles from different regions, including coastal, estuarine, and shelf areas and marginal seas, all susceptible to changing atmospheric conditions, riverine inputs, air-sea CO2 exchanges, and multiple acid-base reactions that can alter carbonate chemistry. Articles on the long-term trends of CO2 system descriptors and the interactions with calcifying organisms were also sought. The present Research Topic is primarily based on original articles devoted to carbonate systems in the marginal seas, but it is a pity that some interesting papers dealing with freshwater inflows, estuaries, and related coastal areas were not accepted.

Fransson et al. examined the effects of glacial and sea-ice meltwater on ocean acidification in the waters near the 79 North Glacier (79 NG) and the northeast Greenland shelf. The researchers investigated various ocean acidification factors and the influence of freshening, primary production, and air-sea CO2 exchange. One of the key findings was that the biological removal of CO2 through primary production played a crucial role in offsetting the negative impact of freshwater dilution on the aragonite saturation state (ΩAr), which is a measure of ocean acidification. This compensation effect was most pronounced in 2012, especially in the vicinity of the 79 NG front, where there was a significant presence of glacial meltwater and surface stratification. In 2016, a different scenario was observed, with a more homogenized water column due to sea-ice meltwater. In this case, the compensation effect of biological CO2 removal on ΩAr was weaker compared to 2012. The study also suggests that in the future, with ongoing climate and ocean chemistry changes, the increasing influence of meltwater may surpass the mitigating effects of biological CO2 removal. This could lead to unfavorable conditions for organisms that rely on calcium carbonate for their shells and skeletons. Thus, all the proposed factors need to be closely monitored as they could have significant implications for marine ecosystems and calcifying organisms in the face of ongoing environmental changes.

In a study by You et al., the researchers assessed ocean acidification in the Western Pacific using boron isotopic analysis in a large tropical coral core from Lanyu Islet in Southeast Taiwan. They used a well-preserved coral skeleton (Porites lobata) for detailed major and trace element analysis, including boron (B) and its isotopes (δ11B), as well as stable isotopes of oxygen (O) and carbon (C). Their primary objective was to investigate environmental changes during the period from 1991 to 1997. The coral records revealed a distinct temporal trend in sea surface temperatures (SSTs) based on elemental/calcium ratios on both annual and monthly scales. Notably, the most temperature-sensitive proxy, Mg/Ca-SSTs, indicated a significant warming trend during the study period. The researchers also observed subtle changes in the annual δ11B record, corresponding to a pH decrease of approximately 0.2 units. This change was consistent with other coral records in the Pacific, in-situ measurements of pH and pCO2, and model predictions, highlighting the impact of human-induced ocean acidification. When combined with Mg/Ca-SST data, the intra-annual coral data exhibited a clear seasonal cycle, with higher pH levels during the winter, aligning with surface ocean pCO2 patterns. These chemical and isotopic findings in corals underscore the value of marine biogenic carbonates as informative tools for reconstructing oceanic pH changes.

Rivaro et al. investigated freshwater inflow into the Ross Sea in Antarctica, particularly through the eastern gate and along the Ross Ice Shelf. They conducted a survey during the austral summer of 2019-20 to assess the contribution of Amundsen Sea Water (ASW) to salinity variations. The researchers used data on total alkalinity (AT), pH, temperature, and salinity to analyze the properties of the carbonate system, including total inorganic carbon, pCO2, and the calcium carbonate saturation state of aragonite and calcite (Ω), along with the Revelle factor. They also estimated anthropogenic carbon (Cant) using the TrOCA method to gain insights into the carbon cycle and its impact on ocean acidification due to atmospheric CO2 uptake. The study found that changes in the carbonate chemistry of surface waters were primarily influenced by physical properties. AT and pH were effective indicators of the entry of ASW, demonstrating limited mixing between different water masses in the shelf area. Additionally, shelf waters were enriched in Cant, leading to levels lower than what was estimated for shelf waters generated in the western Ross Sea.

Ingrosso et al. investigated the factors influencing the absorption of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (Cant) in the Ross Sea, an area known for its capacity to absorb carbon due to its cold waters, high primary productivity, and unique circulation on the Antarctic continental shelf. The researchers focused on the carbonate system to assess the current levels of anthropogenic carbon and understand how physical and biological processes regulate Cant sequestration along the shelf-slope continuum. They found that the Winter Water mass, formed during convective events, contained high levels of Cant due to the mixing of layers during the cold season. In contrast, the older and less-ventilated Circumpolar Deep Water entering the Ross Sea had minimal anthropogenic carbon contributions. The study also revealed variations in Cant content between different areas, such as polynyas and the shelf break, influenced by their distinct hydrographic and biological characteristics. The intense microbial activity in these regions consumed a significant portion of particulate organic carbon, leading to the release of CO2 into the intermediate and deep layers of the continental shelf zone. The findings underscored the importance of summer biological activity over the Ross Sea shelf in facilitating the transfer of anthropogenic CO2 between organic and inorganic carbon pools. This process contributed to ocean acidification in the upper mesopelagic zone and the long-term sequestration of Cant in the deep ocean.

Hassoun et al. conducted a comprehensive review of ocean acidification (OA) research in the Mediterranean region using data from the United Nations’ International Atomic Energy Agency’s Ocean Acidification International Coordination Center (OA-ICC) database and an extensive survey. Their analysis revealed several important knowledge gaps in understanding OA trends and biological impacts in the semi-enclosed and densely populated Mediterranean Sea. These gaps are attributed to disparities in OA research capabilities among Mediterranean countries and the intricate, long-term interactions among biological, chemical, and physical factors. The study highlighted an uneven distribution of OA research efforts across the region, with the Algero-Provencal and Ionian sub-basins being the least studied areas. Furthermore, the carbonate system in coastal zones remains inadequately quantified, and there is a scarcity of long-term time series data in the Mediterranean, making it challenging to assess OA trends along the coast. While certain groups of organisms, such as autotrophs (algae, phanerogams, phytoplankton), mollusks, and corals, have received considerable attention in research, others, including microbes, small mollusks (particularly pteropods), and sponges, have been relatively understudied. Despite available resources and agreements for enhanced and coordinated OA governance, there is a lack of consistent OA policies in the Mediterranean Sea. To address these challenges, the article offers recommendations based on their literature review and insights from the Mediterranean OA scientific community.

Curbelo-Hernández et al. conducted an analysis of the carbon dioxide (CO2) system, anthropogenic carbon (Cant) inventory, and air-sea CO2 fluxes (FCO2) in the waters surrounding the Macaronesian archipelago. They found that variations in CO2 levels were primarily influenced by temperature changes, biological activity, and advection processes driven by differences in the Canary Upwelling System, mixed layer depth, mesoscale activity, and circulation patterns. Surface CO2 levels (fCO2,sw) were found to be influenced by biological production and the injection of CO2-rich water in tropical waters, while temperature fluctuations played a significant role in subtropical waters. The study also examined the factors that control changes in the total inorganic carbon normalized to a constant salinity (NCT) in the upper ocean. The research revealed an increase in the uptake and storage of anthropogenic carbon compared to preexisting levels, as calculated using the TrOCA 2007 approach, which served as an upper limit for NCT. The importance of the organic carbon pump diminished in subtropical waters, while the carbonate pump had minimal contribution. Regarding FCO2, the area behaved as a CO2 sink during the winter, but strong outgassing was observed over the Cape Blanc filament. To enhance understanding in this region, the authors compared their data with existing datasets (SOCAT and GLODAP) and provided a new set of equations for calculating fCO2,sw, Cant, and FCO2 in the Macaronesian area.

All these studies emphasize the urgency of addressing ocean acidification and its multifaceted impacts on marine ecosystems. They call for continued monitoring, research, and international cooperation to better understand and mitigate the effects of rising CO2 levels on our oceans and the life they support.

Ogrinc N., Giani M. & Faganeli J., 2023. Editorial: the changing carbonate systems in coastal, estuarine, shelf areas and marginal seas. Frontiers Marine Science 10: 1325363. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2023.1325363. Article.

Like this:

Like Loading...

Related

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

How does elevated water acidity affect fish ability to survive?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

What is the main cause of ocean acidification?

water absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

Ocean acidification can have negative effects on marine life, particularly organisms that rely on calcium carbonate for their shells and skeletons, such as coral, shellfish, and crustaceans.

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

What do shellfish use to build their shells?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Ocean acidification has significant impacts on various marine organisms, including fish, corals, shellfish, and crustaceans, with effects ranging from changes in behavior to coral bleaching and changes to phytoplankton and microorganisms.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

How does elevated water acidity affect fish ability to survive?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

"Ocean acidification has various effects on marine life, including fish behavior changes, coral bleaching, and impacts on phytoplankton, shellfish, crustaceans, and other species. It is essential to address ocean acidification and its multifaceted impacts on marine ecosystems through continued monitoring, research, and international cooperation."

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their survival
it will alter their key behaviors

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Ocean acidification is caused by increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which affects marine life by destabilizing the ocean's pH.

What is the main cause of ocean acidification?

water absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

Ocean acidification is caused by the increase in global atmospheric CO2 concentrations, primarily due to anthropogenic activities, which influences the seawater carbonate system and impacts the marine ecosystem.

What is the main cause of ocean acidification?

water absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

Ocean acidification is caused by increased carbon dioxide, primarily due to anthropogenic emissions, which alters carbonate chemistry in marine ecosystems.

What is the main cause of ocean acidification?

water absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

Ocean acidification is caused by increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which is absorbed by the ocean, leading to a decrease in the aragonite saturation state, a measure of ocean acidification.

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

What is the main cause of ocean acidification?

water absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

Ocean acidification is caused by increased carbon dioxide, primarily due to anthropogenic emissions, which is supported by coral records, in-situ measurements, and model predictions.

What is the main cause of ocean acidification?

water absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

Ocean acidification impacts marine ecosystems, including coral reefs, which are home to a significant portion of all known marine species.

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Ocean acidification impacts marine ecosystems, including creatures that require calcium to build their shells and skeletons, such as corals.

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

What do shellfish use to build their shells?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Ocean acidification impacts marine ecosystems, including the seawater carbonate system, and has far-reaching consequences for marine life.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

How does elevated water acidity affect fish ability to survive?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

"Ocean acidification can have significant implications for marine ecosystems and calcifying organisms, including those that rely on calcium carbonate for their shells and skeletons."

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

What do shellfish use to build their shells?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Which ocean creatures have trouble forming shells due to ocean acidification?

Ocean acidification, caused by human activities, has a significant impact on marine ecosystems and life, including coral reefs, as evidenced by a study in the Western Pacific that showed a decrease in pH levels.

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Increased ocean heat can cause wide-scale coral bleaching, death of marine life, and elevation of sea level.

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Increased ocean heat can result in wide-scale coral bleaching, death of marine life, and elevation of sea level, which can have a significant impact on marine ecosystems, including those inhabited by cephalopods and octopuses.

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Increased ocean heat can lead to wide-scale coral bleaching, death of marine life, and elevation of sea level, all of which are related to the impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems.

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Increased ocean heat can lead to wide-scale coral bleaching, death of marine life, and elevation of sea level, highlighting the need to raise awareness about the impact of ocean acidification on marine life.

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Increased ocean heat can lead to coral bleaching, habitat destruction, and potentially affect a wide range of marine life, including cephalopods and marine mammals.

Title:

Content: Rapid warming of Indian ocean could lead to catastrophic outcomes: Study

The heat content of the Indian Ocean, from the surface to a depth of 2,000 meters, is currently increasing at the rate of 4.5 zetta-joules per decade.

Press Trust of India New Delhi
4 min read Last Updated : Apr 28 2024 | 1:54 PM IST

The Indian Ocean is expected to experience surface warming of 1.4 degrees Celsius to 3 degrees Celsius between 2020 and 2100, which will push it into a near-permanent heatwave state, intensify cyclones, affect the monsoon, and lead to a rise in sea levels, according to a new study.

The study, led by Roxy Mathew Koll, a climate scientist at the Pune-based Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), showed that marine heatwaves (periods of abnormally high ocean temperatures) are projected to increase from 20 days per year (during 1970-2000) to 220-250 days per year, pushing the tropical Indian Ocean into a basin-wide near-permanent heatwave state by the end of the 21st century.

Click here to follow our WhatsApp channel

Marine heatwaves cause habitat destruction due to coral bleaching, seagrass destruction, and loss of kelp forests, affecting the fisheries sector adversely. They also lead to the rapid intensification of cyclones.

The rapid warming in the Indian Ocean is not limited to the surface. The heat content of the Indian Ocean, from the surface to a depth of 2,000 meters, is currently increasing at the rate of 4.5 zetta-joules per decade and is predicted to increase at a rate of 16-22 zetta-joules per decade in the future, the study titled "Future projection for the tropical Indian Ocean" said.

"The future increase in heat content is comparable to adding the energy equivalent of one Hiroshima atomic bomb detonation every second, all day, every day, for a decade," Koll said.

The maximum warming will occur in the northwestern Indian Ocean, including the Arabian Sea, while there will be reduced warming off the Sumatra and Java coasts.

Amid the accelerated ocean warming, the seasonal cycle of surface temperatures is projected to shift, which could increase extreme weather events over the Indo-Pacific region.

While the maximum basin-average temperatures in the Indian Ocean ranged from 26 degrees Celsius to 28 degrees Celsius throughout the year during 1980-?2020, the minimum temperatures by the end of the 21st century will be between 28.5 degrees Celsius and 30.7 degrees Celsius year-round, under a high emission scenario.

Sea surface temperatures above 28 degrees Celsius are generally conducive to deep convection and cyclogenesis. Heavy rainfall events and extremely severe cyclones have already increased since the 1950s and are projected to increase further with increasing ocean temperatures, the authors said.

The increased ocean heat could also lead to a rise in sea level. Thermal expansion of water contributes to more than half of the sea level rise in the Indian Ocean, which is larger than the contribution from glacier and sea-ice melting.

The Indian Ocean Dipole, a phenomenon that affects the monsoon and cyclone formation, is also predicted to change. The frequency of extreme dipole events is predicted to increase by 66 per cent whereas the frequency of moderate events is to decrease by 52 per cent by the end of the 21st century.

The authors of the study predicted that ocean acidification will intensify, with surface pH decreasing from a pH above 8.1 to below 7.7 by the end of the century. Surface chlorophyll and net primary productivity are also predicted to decline, with the strongest decrease of about 8-10 per cent in the western Arabian Sea.

"The projected changes in pH may be detrimental to the marine ecosystem since many marine organisms, ?particularly corals and organisms that depend on calcification to build and maintain their shells, ?are sensitive to the change in ocean acidity. The change may be easier to fathom when we realise that a 0.1 fall in human blood pH can result in rather profound health consequences and multiple-organ failure," Koll said.

Bordered by 40 countries, and home to a third of the global population, changes to climate in the Indian Ocean region have major societal and economic impacts.

Currently, the Indian Ocean and its surrounding countries stand out globally as the region with the highest risk of natural hazards, with coastal communities vulnerable to weather and climate extremes.

Topics :Global WarmingIndian Oceanweatherheat

First Published: Apr 28 2024 | 1:54 PM IST

Next Story

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Ocean acidification is a pressing issue that affects marine life, particularly creatures that rely on calcium to build their shells and skeletons. To address this problem, biological removal of CO2 and international cooperation are necessary.

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

What do shellfish use to build their shells?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Ocean acidification is caused by increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations, impacting marine ecosystems, and addressing it requires international cooperation and biological removal of CO2.

What is the main cause of ocean acidification?

water absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

Ocean acidification, caused by increased CO2, affects marine life, including cephalopods, and can be addressed through international cooperation and biological removal of CO2.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

What is the main cause of ocean acidification?

water absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

"Biological removal of CO2 through primary production can help offset the negative impact of ocean acidification, and international cooperation is necessary to address this global issue."

Ocean acidification can be addressed through biological removal of CO2 and international cooperation, which involves reducing CO2 emissions and promoting coordinated research efforts and policies to mitigate its impact on marine life.

Ocean acidification kills marine life and affects biodiversity by disrupting the ocean's pH balance and impacting creatures that rely on calcium for their shells and skeletons.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

How does elevated water acidity affect fish ability to survive?

What do shellfish use to build their shells?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

"Ocean pollution, including ocean acidification, has a negative impact on marine ecosystems, leading to the killing of marine life and affecting biodiversity."

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

How does elevated water acidity affect fish ability to survive?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Ocean pollution can have a significant impact on marine ecosystems, including killing marine life and affecting biodiversity, which can lead to unfavorable conditions for organisms that rely on calcium carbonate for their shells and skeletons.

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

What do shellfish use to build their shells?

Ocean acidification can have detrimental effects on marine ecosystems, including killing marine life and affecting biodiversity, which can impact a wide range of species, including potentially cephalopods and octopuses.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Ocean pollution, including ocean acidification, can harm marine life and affect biodiversity, leading to a decline in global fishery resources and damaging marine ecosystems.

Title:

Content: Sun. Nov 20th, 2022

This is a small proportion in view of conservatively projected $step one

Because the within , more than twenty four mil km2, or 17 %, off seas around national legislation (to two hundred nautical kilometers of shore) have been included in safe areas, over doubling in the the quantity since 2010

On average, one.dos percent regarding federal search finances are spent on water research between 2013 and you can 2017, having amounts anywhere between 0.02 per cent so you’re able to nine.5 %. 5 trillion contribution of the ocean towards the all over the world economy inside 2010.

Of a lot Says enjoys ratified or acceded into United nations Meeting on feeld review Rules of your Ocean (168 events) as well as using plans (150 people toward Agreement regarding the utilization of Area XI of your Us Seminar on the Rules of one’s Water and 91 functions towards United nations Fish Stocks Arrangement). Numerous Claims features followed these products thanks to court, policy and you may institutional buildings, but further advances becomes necessary in a number of developing places, particularly the least set up regions.

Waters and you can fisheries went on to help with the global population’s monetary, public and you can environment means whenever you are distress unsustainable exhaustion, environment destruction and you may carbon dioxide saturation and you may acidification. Current jobs to guard trick marine surroundings and you can quick-measure fishers and you may buy sea technology commonly yet , fulfilling the new immediate need to include that it huge, sensitive capital.

The ocean assimilates up to 23 % of your own yearly pollutants from anthropogenic carbon dioxide toward surroundings, helping to alleviate the impacts regarding weather change on the planet, although not, ultimately causing a bringing down pH and you can acidification of one’s water. A separate water acidification analysis portal suggests an increase in variability into the pH plus the acidity of one’s waters of the 10 to 31 per cent in the period 2015–2019.

The brand new sustainability off globally fishery info continues to decline, regardless if at the a diminished rates, with the ratio regarding fish stocks within biologically alternative account from the 65.8 % when you look at the 2017, down out of 90 per cent when you look at the 1974 and you may 0.8 fee area less than 2015 profile.

The new expansion away from protected elements having marine biodiversity and you can established rules and you may treaties that prompt in control entry to ocean resources are still insufficient to fight new undesireable effects regarding overfishing, increasing ocean acidification due to weather changes and you may worsening seaside eutrophication

Because the within , how many parties to the Arrangement towards Port State Procedures to get rid of, Deter and you can Eliminate Unlawful, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing – the original joining in the world agreement you to particularly needs illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing – risen to 66 (like the Eu) away from 58 in the earlier year, and you will nearly 70 % out of nations stated rating at the top of the fresh implementation thereof.

The share of alternative marine grab fisheries remained steady at around the globe height, with regional adaptation, representing the biggest contribution with the GDP within the Pacific brief isle development States and you will the very least build countries, averaging 1.55 and 1.15 percent, correspondingly, in 2011 to help you 2017.

Once the vast amounts of somebody count on oceans due to their livelihood and you may dinner source as well as on the fresh new transboundary characteristics regarding waters, improved jobs and you can interventions are needed to cut and you can sustainably have fun with water information at all profile.

  • Water acidification is caused by new consumption off atmospheric Carbon-dioxide of the the sea, and this change this new chemical substances constitution of one’s seawater. Long-label observations from ocean acidification for the past thirty years has found the typical increase from acidity regarding 26 per cent given that pre-commercial times, and also at which rates, a rise off a hundred to help you 150 % try predicted from the the termination of the newest century, having really serious effects to possess marine life.
https://atlanticfinancialmanagement.co.uk/

By tushar

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

How does elevated water acidity affect fish ability to survive?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

The study on ocean acidification was published in Scientific Reports and the Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, highlighting its impact on coral reefs and potentially other marine life.

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

The study on ocean acidification was published in Scientific Reports and Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, and it discusses the impact of increased CO2 levels on marine ecosystems.

A study on ocean acidification was published in Scientific Reports and Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, which found that biological removal of CO2 through primary production helps offset the negative impact of freshwater dilution on ocean acidification.

A study on ocean acidification in the Mediterranean region revealed knowledge gaps and uneven research distribution, with certain organisms being understudied, and highlighted the need for consistent policies and coordinated governance.

A study on ocean acidification in the Macaronesian archipelago found that temperature changes, biological activity, and advection processes influence CO2 levels, and the area behaves as a CO2 sink during winter, but with strong outgassing over the Cape Blanc filament.

Ocean acidification affects early life stages of marine life, including those that require calcium to build shells and skeletons, such as corals.

At what stage of life are calcium carbonate-based organisms most vulnerable to changes in water pH?

What do shellfish use to build their shells?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Ocean acidification may have a significant impact on early life stages of marine organisms, particularly those that rely on calcium carbonate for their shells and skeletons.

At what stage of life are calcium carbonate-based organisms most vulnerable to changes in water pH?

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

What do shellfish use to build their shells?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Which ocean creatures have trouble forming shells due to ocean acidification?

Ocean acidification has a significant impact on early life stages of marine life, making them more vulnerable to changes in their environment.

At what stage of life are calcium carbonate-based organisms most vulnerable to changes in water pH?

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

How does elevated water acidity affect fish ability to survive?

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Ocean acidification is predicted to intensify, and early life stages of marine life are likely to be the most affected.

At what stage of life are calcium carbonate-based organisms most vulnerable to changes in water pH?

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

How does elevated water acidity affect fish ability to survive?

Ocean acidification affects many marine organisms, especially those that rely on calcification, and it is inferred that early life stages are most vulnerable.

At what stage of life are calcium carbonate-based organisms most vulnerable to changes in water pH?

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

How does elevated water acidity affect fish ability to survive?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Climate change affects marine life by impacting oxygen levels, as seen in corals that lose their main source of oxygen when they expel algae due to stress from rising water temperatures.

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Climate change affects marine life by altering ocean chemistry, including changes in carbonate systems, which can impact oxygen levels and overall ecosystem health.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

How does elevated water acidity affect fish ability to survive?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Climate change affects marine life through various factors, including ocean acidification, which can have significant implications for marine ecosystems and calcifying organisms.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

How does elevated water acidity affect fish ability to survive?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Climate change affects marine life by altering oxygen levels in the ocean, which is influenced by factors such as temperature changes, biological activity, and advection processes.

Climate change affects marine life by causing a decrease in pH levels and acidification of the ocean, which can impact oxygen levels and ultimately affect marine life.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

How does elevated water acidity affect fish ability to survive?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Ocean acidification impacts marine life by affecting their ability to form shells, leading to thinner and smaller shells.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

Ocean acidification, caused by increased CO2 levels, affects shell formation in marine organisms, leading to thinner and smaller shells.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

What is the main cause of ocean acidification?

water absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

Ocean acidification can lead to unfavorable conditions for marine organisms that rely on calcium carbonate for their shells and skeletons, resulting in thinner and smaller shells.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

What do shellfish use to build their shells?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Ocean acidification has a detrimental effect on marine organisms that rely on shell formation, resulting in thinner and smaller shells.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

it slows their growth
it can kill shellfish

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Which ocean creatures have trouble forming shells due to ocean acidification?

Ocean acidification causes a change in seawater chemistry, leading to thinner and smaller shells in marine organisms, including cephalopods like cuttlefish and octopuses, making them more vulnerable to predators and environmental stressors.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Ocean acidification affects marine calcifiers, including clams, mussels, and oysters, by making it harder for them to build their shells.

Ocean acidification threatens marine calcifiers, including clams, mussels, and oysters, by reducing the availability of calcium needed to build their shells and skeletons.

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

What do shellfish use to build their shells?

Ocean acidification, caused by increased CO2 levels, affects marine calcifiers such as clams, mussels, and oysters by altering the seawater carbonate system, which is crucial for their survival.

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

What is the main cause of ocean acidification?

water absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere


"Syria's traditional glassblowing, particularly in Damascus, has a rich history and cultural significance, with a unique craft that has evolved over time, using various materials and techniques, and is now in need of urgent safeguarding by UNESCO."

"Traditional glassblowing in Syria is a significant part of the country's cultural heritage and national identity, with a long history dating back to the Phoenicians. The craft has evolved over time in Damascus and is closely tied to other traditional Syrian crafts."

"Syrian traditional glassblowing is a unique and culturally significant craft that has been listed by UNESCO as in need of urgent safeguarding. The craft has a rich history, dating back to the Phoenicians, and features distinctive designs and materials."

Traditional craftsmen in Syria face challenges such as high production costs and increased income taxes, which have led to a decline in the production of handicrafts.

The decline of traditional crafts in Syria, including glassblowing, is largely due to economic and security conditions, prompting efforts to preserve and protect these heritage crafts.

The crisis of traditional craftsmen in Syria, including glassblowers, began around 2008 due to economic decline, leading to a decline in the number of craftsmen and threatening the disappearance of traditional professions.

Damascus families are involved in preserving traditional Syrian crafts, including glass decoration and Damascene brocade, through exhibitions and seminars that showcase these handicrafts.

The disappearance of traditional crafts in Syria, including glassblowing, could lead to significant economic and cultural losses, emphasizing the need to preserve these crafts.

Syria's traditional glassblowing is a craft that has been impacted by the country's difficult economic and security conditions, leading to a decline in the number of craftsmen and shops.

Glassblowing was invented by Syrian craftsmen in the 1st century BC.

"Syria's traditional glassblowing, particularly in Damascus, has a rich history and cultural significance, with a unique craft that has evolved over time, using various materials and techniques, and is now in need of urgent safeguarding by UNESCO."

Title:

Content: Samples of the Damascene Literary Heritage Attend an Exhibition and Seminar in the Culture of Infection
Damascus-Sana
In the exhibition “Heritage Crafts are Inherited by the Fragrance of History ” hosted by the Adawi Cultural Center, the artworks varied between glass decoration, Damascene brocade and various handicrafts.
The exhibition was followed by an introductory seminar on these arts for the Sheikhs of Carr and craftsmen specialized in these professions under the supervision of the handicraft trainer Rowaa Yousef.
Youssef Lassana explained that the exhibition was dedicated to traditional professions in general and handicrafts, especially such as brocade, painting on glass, Islamic motifs and handicrafts to maintain their continuity and importance.
Mohammed Bassam Rayhan Sheikh Al-Karar in painting on glass and decoration spoke in his intervention about the history of this craft, its forms, fields of work and materials used in it, pointing out that the glass, which was the first to be invented by the Phoenicians, evolved in Damascus throughout history and was painted on the mishkat and lanterns using oxides and various materials, thermal colors, acrlik and others.
The Damascene brocade craftsman Mohammed Rankous explained in his intervention that this cloth is made of natural silk and golden reed yarns and attributed to Damascus because it took its character, heritage and environment, such as the painting of Omar Khayyam, the Levantine Rose, grape clusters, the lover and the beloved, and the octagonal geometric drawings, pointing out that this craft entered the cultures of different civilizations.
Nasruddin Mohammed is a graduate of applied arts and a drawing teacher who participated in paintings for his students from children and boys. In his intervention, he explained the history of the Damascene plant decoration, its methods, types and schools such as Andalusian, Persian and Damascene, and its differences in decoration, diggings, mirrors and miniatures, indicating that its history dates back to the Andalusian civilization, which was its main creativity in palaces and buildings.
Mohammed Sabha is a bridal craftsman who participated in a group of decorative glass works for brides and explained that he has completed a model of a waterfall flowing from an electric mountain that is operated by hand from cardboard, wood and cork inspired by his ideas.
Rana Ayoub participated in a group of works of three-dimensional models and miniatures of the Levant environment. She explained that she chose this environment because she grew up and lived in it and adored it. It is necessary to inform future generations of their heritage and history, pointing out that she works with cork, wood, natural materials, gypsum, ceramic paste and others.
Bilal Ahmed

"Traditional glassblowing in Syria is a significant part of the country's cultural heritage and national identity, with a long history dating back to the Phoenicians. The craft has evolved over time in Damascus and is closely tied to other traditional Syrian crafts."

"Syrian traditional glassblowing is a unique and culturally significant craft that has been listed by UNESCO as in need of urgent safeguarding. The craft has a rich history, dating back to the Phoenicians, and features distinctive designs and materials."

Traditional craftsmen in Syria face challenges such as high production costs and increased income taxes, which have led to a decline in the production of handicrafts.

Title:

Content: What is the reality of traditional and traditional professions in Syria?
DAMASCUS – The traditional professions and crafts in Syria were not immune to the repercussions of the war. In light of the difficult economic and security conditions that the country has been witnessing for more than a decade, these professions are suffering from an unprecedented decline related to production and market conditions, which makes them today threatened with extinction.
The head of the Union of Craftsmen in the province of Latakia Jihad Pro, in a recent statement to the local newspaper Al-Watan, the decline of the production of handicrafts and handicrafts of various kinds by 50% within the province, considering the high costs of production inputs and increased income taxes as direct reasons for this decline.
Bassam Qalaji, head of the artisanal association for confectionery in Damascus, told the local newspaper Global last month that more than half of the confectionery craftsmen had stopped producing and switched to other professions due to low demand and insufficient profits.
Successive statements reveal the reality of Syrian traditional and traditional crafts, which are suffering under the weight of the economic decline that the country is suffering from.
This situation has prompted thousands of craftsmen to close their workshops and shops and switch to other jobs, or migrate and move their work abroad, amid the real threat of the disappearance of many traditional traditional traditional professions and handicrafts, which constitute vital sectors of the economic sector in the country and an integral part of its cultural identity.
What are the main reasons for this decline?
How does it affect the economic life of the country?
Lack of support and unequal competition
Anton, a 42-year-old Damascene craftsman and former owner of a mosaic workshop in rural Damascus, says his struggle for years to keep his workshop open, producing and selling enough to pay its workers has been futile.
He adds in an interview with Al Jazeera Net: "I tried hard to maintain the workshop and its workers for as long as possible, but the constant high prices of wood (local and imported) in an inappropriate manner, the long interruption of electricity (16-18 hours a day), and the low demand for mosaic in the domestic and foreign market, all factors forced me to lay off workers, and later to close the workshop after months, during which I received only two orders."
In addition to these factors, Anton attributed the low demand for "original" mosaics and other handicrafts and heritage artifacts (copperware, damask, antika, textiles) to:
The reality of the market at the moment in the absence of tourists.
• The decline of external demand for the commodity as a result of the interruption of trade relations with foreign markets.
• Migration of brokers and traders and thus reduced export.
• Unequal competition.
With heritage products becoming “more than luxury ” for Syrians suffering from poor purchasing power (average monthly salaries of about $20), and the lack of support for craftsmen and awareness of the importance and authenticity of these products by trade unions and government agencies, Syria ’ s craftsmen face major challenges to continue their craft.
Although there are no accurate figures on the number of craftsmen who have been driven by working conditions to emigrate outside the country, the head of the Damascus Craftsmen ’ s Union, Ali Qarmashti, revealed in an interview with the local news website Click News last year that the percentage of Damascene craftsmen migrating has become very high, especially among young people.
Repellent economic and social policies
In addition to the direct economic factors that led to the decline of traditional crafts during the past few years, represented by the high prices of raw materials, the poor reality of services, and the decline of the sale and purchase movement, there were indirect factors that affected these crafts.
Syrian economist Younis Karim believes that the artisan crisis began in 2008 after being subjected to great pressures due to the change of the general economic orientation in the country.
He said in an interview with Al Jazeera Net: "Since 2008, the authorities have put their hands on the spread of these industries due to the importance of their geographical location, and work to change their features in favor of wealthy investors, or provide them as donations to countries that Damascus seeks to establish bilateral relations with."
According to the expert, the reality of the work of traditional crafts after 2011 became more complex and difficult with "the continued adoption of economic and social policies by the regime that restrict the owners of these crafts, exclude them from support, take their places of deployment, in addition to the cessation of exhibitions and the difficulty of participating in external events because of the political positions of the regime.
Karim explains that the family and social disintegration suffered by Syrians as a result of large-scale migration during the last decade was an added reason for the decline of these crafts, which “relied on inheritance between generations of the same family as a tradition followed by Syrian craftsmen long ago. ”
Kilo to Piece and Pieces
It seems that some traditional crafts and crafts are in the same trench with traditional crafts in their war against extinction, where the owners of many traditional crafts are no less original than those of heritage, especially the confectioners from the high costs of raw materials in production, high costs of energy stands, and successive losses due to the reluctance of citizens to buy expensive Arabic sweets.
Suhaib, 55, owner of a sweets shop in the Jazmatiya area of Damascus, told Al Jazeera Net: "Days pass without selling a total of a kilo of various items, and two years ago the stagnation of goods in the shop became a familiar phenomenon to us, and had it not been for the holiday seasons, and some occasions and weddings held here and there, we would have closed long ago."
Al-Halwani Al-Damascene adds in an interview with Al-Jazeera Net: "Our profits, and the profits of most of the shops of Halwanis in Damascus, have decreased by a large percentage since the beginning of the economic crisis in the country."
Al-Halwani pointed out that the price of a kilo of some varieties of Arabic sweets has exceeded 400 thousand pounds recently, adding: "Which is not able for Syrians to buy, so we have become selling methods in which we rely on small quantities, so we sell baklava, crystal, shaped, asian, brominated and other items in ounces, grain (piece) and two grains to keep the sales movement, and do not stop customers from our shop."
As for the reasons why sweets in Damascus stopped working and many of them emigrated outside the country, Al-Halwani said: “Many reasons start from the large annual taxes that are inconsistent with high operating costs and low profits, in addition to the high prices of commercial electricity and fuel needed to operate shops and laboratories, the huge increase in the prices of raw materials, the high wages of workers, and the reluctance of customers to buy these sweets except on occasions. ”
High prices
Prices of food, nuts and other components of Arabic sweets have risen by varying rates recently, as the price of a kilo of animal margarine reached 150 thousand pounds ($equivalent to about 2511 pounds), while the price of a kilo of pistachio love rose to 300 thousand, and the price of a kilo of walnuts to 120 thousand.
The prices of popular sweets such as Al-Barazek and Al-Ma ’ amoul in Damascus markets, by the holy month of Ramadan, were between 100 and 130 thousand pounds per kilo, while the prices of medium and luxury sweets such as “Al-Belouria ”,“ Al-Mashkeel ”, “Kool and Shakour ”,“ Aish Al-Bulbul ” and “Baklava ” ranged between 250 and 500 thousand per kilo, which is equivalent to the salary of a Syrian employee in the public sector.
The head of the artisanal association for confectionery industry, Bassam Qalaji, attributed this rise in confectionery prices to the government lifting subsidies on oil derivatives, which led to a direct increase in costs by 150%, pointing out that raising the price of electricity by 5 times will lead to an increase in the price of about 650 products.
Qalaji said in a statement to the local newspaper Al-Watan last month that the largest number of confectionery craftsmen emigrated, and their first destination was Algeria followed by Germany.
In March last year, the head of the artisanal association for the confectionery industry revealed that 70% of the workshops of the confectionery industry were closed due to the economic crisis and the low demand for sweets and refreshments.
A severe blow to the economy
This gradual disappearance of traditional crafts is a painful blow to the Syrian economy, says economist Younis Karim, “For decades these crafts have been the largest incubator of Syrian labor, and their contribution to the economy before 2011 ranged from 40 to 50%. ”
This is what Matanios Habib, a researcher and former Syrian oil minister, said in a research paper entitled “The private sector in Syria ” (2005), when he pointed out that the private industrial sector in Syria tended to invest in crafts for fear of nationalization policies, whether during the era of Syrian-Egyptian unity (1958-1961) or after the revolution of March 8 (1967).
Karim stresses that the crisis of workers in traditional crafts, such as confectioners and others, dates back to before 2011, specifically to the period between 2007 and 2009, when there was “an attempt by the regime to pressure the owners of traditional crafts and crafts by forcing them to pay taxes, and to keep them away from city centers in favor of large investors. ”
Younis Karim believes that the gradual demise of these crafts will have negative effects on the Syrian economy because of their role in "providing job opportunities beyond those provided by large laboratories and their excellence in ease of operation and achievement, and the ability to spread.
Source: The Island

The decline of traditional crafts in Syria, including glassblowing, is largely due to economic and security conditions, prompting efforts to preserve and protect these heritage crafts.

The crisis of traditional craftsmen in Syria, including glassblowers, began around 2008 due to economic decline, leading to a decline in the number of craftsmen and threatening the disappearance of traditional professions.

Damascus families are involved in preserving traditional Syrian crafts, including glass decoration and Damascene brocade, through exhibitions and seminars that showcase these handicrafts.

The disappearance of traditional crafts in Syria, including glassblowing, could lead to significant economic and cultural losses, emphasizing the need to preserve these crafts.

Syria's traditional glassblowing is a craft that has been impacted by the country's difficult economic and security conditions, leading to a decline in the number of craftsmen and shops.

Glassblowing was invented by Syrian craftsmen in the 1st century BC.

Title:

Content: Bella Hadid flashes her toned figure in shorts and a cropped sports top while showing off her creative side as she learns the art of glassblowing

It appears Bella Hadid has found a new hobby that showcases her artistic side.

On Sunday, the catwalk queen took to her Instagram page and posted a step-by-step video of herself making her own glass piece, using classic glassblowing technique in a workshop.

Considering the extreme temperatures it takes to make glass from beginning to end, Bella opted to keep her cloths to a minimum and wore skimpy white shorts with a cropped purple sports top.

Showing her creative side: Bella Hadid, 25, learned the classic art of glassblowing to make her own glass piece and posting a video on her Instagram page on Sunday

Glass is made from the process of heating sand to an extremely high temperature so that it turns into a moldable liquid. When it solidifies, a piece of glass is formed in whatever shape the creator has molded it into.

In the video, viewers will find Bella at the stage where she's working to shape the molten red hot material.

She can be seen sitting down and jabbing a long, sharp wrench-like tool with her scorching hot material, which was attached to a hollow blow pole about three feet long.

She was concerned with safety and wore goggles to protect her eyes.

Shaping: The video shows Bella at the stage where she's working to shape the molten red hot material that is attached to a blow pole

Working it: An instructor can be heard voicing a couple of tips as she spins that object around to the point where a small hole begins to form

Dose of heat: By the end of the first clip, Bella gets up and gives the hot material another dose of intense heat by placing it into a fiery furnace

An instructor can be heard voicing a couple of tips as she spins that object round and round to the point where a small hole begins to form.

By the end of the first clip, Bella gets up and gives the hot material another dose of intense heat by placing it into the fiery furnace.

For the next phase, the instructor assists Bella and slowly spins the blow pole while she sands down the still-molten red piece with two black blocks.

The heat is so intense that you can see steam floating into the air as they continue the sanding-down process.

Honing it: For the next phase, the instructor assists Bella and slowly spins the blow pole while she sands down the still molten red piece with two black blocks

Team work: Bella and the instructor work together to begin molding the molten hot object into shape with those two black blocks

Trippy: Bella gave her 53.7 million Instagram fans and followers a look at how her glass piece is looking at this stage of the process

More intense heat: At one point, the Washington, DC, native can be seen kneeling down using a small propane tank to heat up the object to make a few more changes

At one point, the Washington, DC, native can be seen kneeling down using a small propane tank to heat up the object to make a few more changes.

'Oh yeah, that's the one right there,' a man's voice from behind the camera can be heard saying as they continue to spin the object while jabbing it with that sharp tool.

As the process continues, Bella sits down, spinning the blow pole back and forth as it rests in a round plate that she holds with her right hand.

'It's a perfect shape,' the instructors says in encouragement.

'Here it is, ladies and gentlemen,' the man continues just as Bella gets up to blow into the pole to expand the molten hot material out to form some sort of glassware or vase.

Example: The catwalk queen drew out the shape of her piece she was trying to attain with chalk

Rounding it out: As the process continues, Bella sits down and spins the blow pole back and forth as it rests in a round plate that she holds with her right hand

Major phase: 'Here it is, ladies and gentlemen,' the man from behind the camera continues as Bella starts blowing into the pole

Expanding: Bella then process of blowing into the pole to expand the molten material out to form some sort of glassware

Old technique: Glassblowing is the practice of shaping a mass of glass that has been softened by heat by blowing air into it through a tube, or in this case a pole

The final clips shows a closeup of Bella spinning the glass while adding a few intricate touches to the piece with a prong-like tool.

Glassblowing is the practice of shaping a mass of glass that has been softened by heat by blowing air into it through a tube

It was was invented by Syrian craftsmen in the area of Sidon, Aleppo, Hama and Palmyra in the 1st century BC, according to Britannica.

The technique has remained essentially the same to the present day.

Ancient art form: Glassblowing was was invented by Syrian craftsmen in the area of Sidon, Aleppo, Hama and Palmyra in the 1st century bc, according to Britannica

Lovin' it: The glassblowing technique has remained basically the same to the present day

Advertisement

Bella Hadid flashes her toned figure in shorts and a crop top while learning the art of glassblowing

No comments have so far been submitted. Why not be the first to send us your thoughts, or debate this issue live on our message boards.