"Several companies, including Google, IBM, Microsoft, Amazon, and others, are leading in quantum computing development, with potential implications for Web3 cyber resilience."

Companies such as IBM, International Business Machines Corporation, IonQ, and Bleximo Corp are leading in quantum computing development, with potential implications for Web3 cyber resilience.

"China and the US are among the countries leading in quantum computing development, with other countries such as Japan, Netherlands, and Finland also being involved."

The US and China are the leading countries in the development of quantum computing, with significant investments in the sector.

IBM is currently leading in quantum computing development with 127 qubits, while China, the E.U., and the U.S. are investing heavily in the field.

Google achieved quantum supremacy using its Sycamore quantum processor, led by John Martinis, as reported at the end of 2019.

Eternal Mind Inc's quantum computing data center is located in the United States, specifically at the former Loring Air Force Base in Maine.

Finland has launched its first operational 5-qubit quantum computer, marking a significant step in the country's quantum computing journey.

The University of Science and Technology of China is a key player in developing quantum computing technologies, as evidenced by its research team's successful construction of a prototype quantum computer.

The University of Sussex, Google, IBM, and Microsoft are among the organizations leading the development of quantum computers, with achievements such as solving complex academic problems and creating experimental quantum machines.

China is currently leading in state funding for quantum technologies, having invested $15.3 billion in 2022.

Canada is investing in quantum computing through a partnership with Xanadu Quantum Technologies Inc., with the goal of developing a photonic-based, fault-tolerant quantum computer.

"Several companies, including Google, IBM, Microsoft, Amazon, and others, are leading in quantum computing development, with potential implications for Web3 cyber resilience."

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The Silent Quantum Threat To Web3 Cyber Resilience

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If you are worried about DeFi’s war with cyber-hackers and the cyber-marauders at the gates of Web3, take a deep breath. Quantum computing is coming and could render today’s digital cryptography used in DeFi and Web3 useless.

The emerging generation of quantum computers currently under development will have the potential to hack Web3, very quickly. The cybersecurity and financial consequences of this could be unprecedented. The solutions are not straightforward and forthcoming and require complex work and most importantly, community consensus.

The Next Generation Of Computing - Quantum

Quantum computing is the next generation of computing machines and techniques that are very different from current computers, known in the jargon as classical computers. Quantum computers are more powerful for certain calculations. This means that calculations that would take thousands of years on today’s supercomputers are accomplished instantly by quantum ones.

Amongst these calculations are very useful applications like simulating drugs and their effect in organisms over time avoiding lab tests, financial forecasting and better predicting market behaviors to better avoid crisis, and many innovations across business and society.

Nevertheless, the most attractive application to cyber-criminals and the most concerning to society, is the capacity of these computers to hack the current cryptography of the Internet, telecommunications, and blockchain networks, jeopardizing our Web3 identities, digital assets, and their stores of value.

What Makes Quantum Computers So Different And Powerful?

Today’s classical computers are binary because their basic units of information are bits which can be either in a 0 or 1 value. The equivalent in quantum computing is quantum bits, or qubits, a basic unit of information. Qubits leverage two phenomena from quantum physics: entanglement, and superposition, and are used to do parallel computing exponentially faster than a classical binary computer.

For calculations that can be modelled, 50 computations on a quantum computer could achieve a result that would require a staggeringly large number of computations, 1,125,899,906,842,624 on any of today’s computers and at a millennium’s pace (N2^N=2^50) for all of you math enthusiasts.

Web3 is an emerging concept that assembles different constituent technologies, protocols, and principles. One of these principles is the use of RDF, OWL, XLM and other languages and protocols to enable a machine-readable web suitable for AI, which was defined as the “Semantic Web” over two decades ago by Tim Berners-Lee, the Web’s founding father.

A big constituent of Web3 is the use of blockchain technology for decentralized and trusted peer-to-peer interactions and value exchanges. Digital wallets as personal, private, and portable key, data, and asset management tools are a key constituent to using the blockchain. Different combinations of these technologies, protocols, and principles are being used by a new generation of applications and platforms, which together are the main constituents to Web3.

Among the most popular use cases emerging in the world of Web3 commerce are cryptocurrencies, stablecoins, DeFi, DAO’s, and NFT’s. Soon we will be using different forms of tokenized money including central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), and we will be trading and investing in tokenized real-world assets like real estate, gold, and automobiles in real time – amongst all sorts of other things – everything that can be tokenized will be tokenized in Web3.

We will be able to own and present ourselves from our digital wallets with our “digital ID”, driver’s license, health records and certificates, and diplomas which will be verifiable against secure blockchain networks. Many Web3 applications use blockchain networks as an additional layer of the Internet protocol, something which Berners-Lee is less enthusiastic about.

Blockchain networks allow for cryptographic proofs of off-chain data and information, like real estate, to be immutably recorded and universally verifiable, making use cases compelling for government and business registries. Blockchain technology also allows for assets and value to be represented by on-chain tokens so they can be traded against each other or against any form or tokenized money eliminating any post-trade settlement and clearing process.

Blockchain Technology – The Weakest Link With Quantum Computing?

As appealing as it all sounds, blockchain networks are today possibly the most vulnerable technology to attacks by quantum computers. In 2016, the National Institute for Standards in Technology (NIST) and the National Security Agency (NSA) began to warn about the seriousness of the quantum threat.

NIST warns, “If large-scale quantum computers are ever built, they will be able to break many of the public-key cryptosystems currently in use.”

“A sufficiently large quantum computer, if built, would be capable of undermining all widely-deployed public key algorithms used for key establishment and digital signatures,” echoes the NSA.

Public-key cryptosystems and algorithms referred to by NIST and NSA are essentially the mechanisms that we use to encrypt our telecommunications over the phone or the Internet and to control our assets in blockchain networks.

In simple terms, when we send any communication over the Internet such as an email, a transaction from our wallet to a node, or a communication between nodes, we are encrypting the information with the recipient’s public key so the recipient can decrypt it with their private key. Similarly, when we send a transaction to a blockchain we sign it with our private key, so we can for instance, prove that we are the owner of certain amount of bitcoin we want to transfer.

Marcos Allende Lopez, CTO of LACNet, says, “What NIST and NSA warnings reflect is that quantum computers can discover any of those private keys from our public keys. Most prominent blockchain networks, such as Bitcoin or Ethereum, rely on an Elliptic Curve public-key algorithm. This algorithm, as well as others such as RSA and Discrete Logarithm frequently used to encrypt communications over the Internet, are already proven to be breakable by quantum computers.

Allende is a quantum physicist who leads the technical work in blockchain, Web3, and quantum technologies at the Inter-American Development Bank and has designed and piloted an implementation of a quantum-resistant blockchain. Addressing the delegates and the Necker Blockchain Summit this summer, Allende warned, “If quantum hacking has not happened already is only because quantum computers are not large enough yet.”

In 2013, Vitalik Buterin, the founder of Ethereum, pitched, “If you have bitcoins in an address you never use they are safe, otherwise, anyone can steal them.”

This happens when someone makes a transaction, and their public key is exposed to the entire network. However, in July at the Eth 2.0 conference, Butterin admitted that, not only is there not a plan or roadmap for Ethereum to become quantum-resistant, but that the solution is not even know yet and the problem is being postponed to solve more urgent matters such as scalability, interoperability, or costs until quantum computers are ready.

The New Quantum Digital Space Race

Since 2000, private and public entities have competed in a race to develop quantum computers that could scale. At present, IBM leads the race with 127 qubits, however, the number of qubits for breaking current cryptography and being relevant for other disruptive applications is estimated to be in the order of thousands, and at least between 1,000 and 3,000, or more.

Current implementations do not achieve “error correction”, meaning that errors are propagated without the control that is necessary to scale, however, many experts predict quantum computing at scale is just around the corner.

China has invested as much as $11 billion in quantum between 2019 and 2021 followed by $5 billion by the E.U. and $3 billion by the U.S. Every global superpower understands that this may be the next most valuable technology on the road to digital dominance.

The truth is that the quantum threat is in general not well understood in the Web3 world, and the solutions are very complex to implement. Replacing current cryptographic algorithms with one of the new quantum-resistant public-key algorithms that NIST has recently standardized in July 2022 would be almost impossible.

Alternatively, adding a quantum-resistant signature into every transaction might be more feasible but requires consensus, is technically difficult to implement, and could have very negative consequences such as reducing processing throughput, considerably.

“As difficult as it might seem, the time to act is now. By using blockchain technology we are already exposed to the hack today, crack tomorrow practice,” asserts Allende in an industry call to action.

Being realistic, are we really expecting those that achieve building large quantum computers to disclose their projects and users? A strategist might posit that cyber-criminals will silently use quantum computing to strategically hack communications and assets without being noticed as a quantum computer. It is not an enigma to find out cases when this has happened in the past.

As devotees of the Netflix series Game of Thrones know, “winter is coming.” When is the right time to start making Web3 quantum cyber-resilient if not now? An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.

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What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

What fields can quantum computers advance?

Companies such as IBM, International Business Machines Corporation, IonQ, and Bleximo Corp are leading in quantum computing development, with potential implications for Web3 cyber resilience.

What are important areas in quantum research?

What companies are leading in developing quantum computing?

What fields can quantum computers advance?

"China and the US are among the countries leading in quantum computing development, with other countries such as Japan, Netherlands, and Finland also being involved."

The US and China are the leading countries in the development of quantum computing, with significant investments in the sector.

Title:

Content: Monday, 25 March 2024 02: 58 GMT
UAE invests in ‘ quantum computing ’ to look to the future
(MENAFN- Al-Bayan)
The UAE is investing in the sector of quantum computing, which is expected to reach a global market value of $1 trillion in 2035, as one of the fastest expanding fields of technology in the world and because of its innovative applications capable of solving challenges in many sectors, because of its strength and speed in calculating physical phenomena, compared to traditional computers.
The UAE aims to invest in quantum computing to enable innovation and a knowledge and sustainable economy through the Quantum Research Center and UAE institutes and universities to explore the future of this vital sector. The Institute of Technology Innovation ’ s (TII) Quantitative Research Center is working to build the first quantum computer in the UAE, according to the Interregional Center for Strategic Analytics in Abu Dhabi.
The UAE has quickly realized the benefits of the quantum computing sector in all sectors and fields, especially in the economy and scientific research, as part of the country ’ s long-term strategies to keep pace with the global technological development represented by the fourth industrial revolution and artificial intelligence, which will change the face of the world in the coming years.
IDC expects global investments in quantum computing to reach $16.4 billion by the end of 2027, with a compound annual growth rate of 11.5%, which includes investments by the public and private sectors and R & D spending from technology, services and finance companies.
There is growing interest in quantum computing by global government agencies, with 14 of them (13 countries plus the European Union) announcing multi-year initiatives that will generate billions of dollars for quantum computing research.
The center said that the UAE is among the 50 projects working to create an attractive investment environment for investments in new and future sectors, including quantum computing technology.
According to Accenture Middle East, quantum computing technology is advancing rapidly, making it a promising technology sector.
The US and China dominate the quantum computing sector to take advantage of the features of the new technological revolution that has enabled scientists to study the basic particles of matter, whose applications have multiplied across different fields despite their relative novelty, promising radical transformations for any industry dependent on speed and processing power, including aerospace, automotive, medicine and others.
Quantum computing technologies have a huge market value, with quantum computing alone expected to reach a global market value of $1 trillion by 2035.
Quantum technology has played a role in many areas, including complex mathematical models, simulations, electronic devices, CT scanners and many others, as it has the potential to revolutionize the way humans communicate and process information at record speeds.
The most prominent areas of use of quantum computing can be found in many fields of military, communications and medicine, and can address economic crises and challenges quickly, and there is no doubt that quantum computing technology can change the map of national industries.
Major technology companies are leading efforts to develop quantum computing, with Google Research Lab and IBM, which built one of the largest quantum computers in the field, and the Chinese University of Science and Technology has developed a quantum computer that is 10 billion times faster than the computer developed by Google.
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IBM is currently leading in quantum computing development with 127 qubits, while China, the E.U., and the U.S. are investing heavily in the field.

What companies are leading in developing quantum computing?

Google achieved quantum supremacy using its Sycamore quantum processor, led by John Martinis, as reported at the end of 2019.

Title:

Content: Google, IBM and China have already achieved quantum supremacy. Now they face another challenge: the correction of errors

Quantum supremacy is no longer at the center of the debate. It was at the end of 2019 because it came to light that the Google team led by John Martinis had managed to achieve it using its Sycamore quantum processor, and no one had done it until that moment. The noise that this news caused when it broke was justified.

But a year later, in December 2020, the group of Chinese researchers led by Jian-Wei Pan published an article in Science showing that I had also reached using its Zuchongzhi superconducting processor. And a year later, in November 2021, IBM followed suit and announced that it had reached this milestone using its 127-qubit Eagle quantum processor.

At this point no one doubts that quantum computers have come a long way. And, furthermore, they have done it in a real record time if we bear in mind that the first solid theoretical proposals arrived in the mid-1990s. And they are already capable of solving a few problems (very few still). in much less time than the most advanced supercomputers we currently have.

In fact, this is what quantum supremacy consists of: in solving in a short period of time, a few minutes or a few hours, a problem in which a classical supercomputer would spend many years. Even several centuries. Or millennia. Right now it is not too important whether these problems have practical applications or not. Whether or not they are relevant. We are still establishing the foundations of quantum computing, and the important thing is to face the challenges that are around the corner.

In search of higher quality qubits

One of the biggest challenges facing researchers involved in the development of quantum computing is delaying the onset of quantum decoherence. This phenomenon occurs when the necessary conditions for a system that is in an entangled quantum state to be maintained disappear.

Perhaps a slightly simpler way of describing it is to see it as a system that stops behaving as dictated by the rules of quantum mechanics when certain conditions are met, beginning to behave from that moment on as dictated by the rules of classical physics. . When does quantum decoherence appear? quantum effects disappear. And, therefore, also the advantages that they bring in the context of quantum computing.

The time it takes for quantum decoherence to appear is closely linked to the quality of the qubits

This phenomenon is very important because it helps us understand why many macroscopic physical systems do not exhibit quantum effects. Or, what is the same, why in our daily environment we cannot observe the counterintuitive effects of quantum mechanics. In any case, what is really relevant is that as the the quality of the qubits of a quantum processor, the longer it takes for quantum decoherence to appear. And, for this reason, we have more time available to carry out operations with it.

The two qubit fabrication technologies that are currently giving us the best results are superconducting qubits, which benefit greatly from recent advances in silicon lithography, and ion traps. However, some research groups also have other very promising technologies on the table that are worth pursuing, such as neutral atoms or the ions implanted in macromolecules.

IBM already has a 127-qubit superconducting quantum processor, and by the end of 2023 it plans to have Condor ready, a promising quantum chip with no less than 1,121 qubits.

We already brush the correction of errors with the tips of our fingers

The other big challenge facing quantum computing right now is error correction. Quantum computers make errors when carrying out some operations, and when this happens, the results they return to us are not correct, of course. The problem is that implementing a quantum error correction protocol it’s not trivial. And furthermore, if they abound, it is essentially impossible to correct them and simultaneously prevent the quantum processor’s efficiency from sinking.

Fortunately, we have good news. As we told you a few days ago, three independent research groups have managed to perfect superconducting qubits that have an accuracy greater than 99%. This simply means that they make mistakes very infrequently, and the good news is that when they are so infrequent it is easier to correct them. Much easier.

When the incidence of errors is less than 1%, it is much easier for quantum fault-correction protocols to carry out their task

In fact, these research groups ensure that when the incidence of errors is less than 1% quantum fault-correction protocols find it much easier to do their job. At the moment they are working with only one or two qubits, and these quantum processors are too simple to solve significant problems, but if they manage to scale this technology to many more qubits, quantum computers could leave behind one of the biggest challenges they currently face. .

As we have just seen, quantum computing is advancing at a breakneck pace. The entry of private companies in this sector you are greatly accelerating your progress, but before we get carried away with enthusiasm, it is important that we keep in mind that there are other challenges that are also crucial to solve.

Two of the most substantial are the need to control qubits more precisely, and also the importance of implementing new quantum algorithms that they are able to help us tackle the problems that we cannot solve with the most powerful classical supercomputers that we have today. Still, the future for quantum computing is hopeful. And, above all, very promising.

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What are important areas in quantum research?

What companies are leading in developing quantum computing?

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

What have been the landmark achievements in quantum computing?

Google's Sycamore quantum supremacy experiment

Eternal Mind Inc's quantum computing data center is located in the United States, specifically at the former Loring Air Force Base in Maine.

Title:

Content: AI Quantum Computing Data Center holds grand opening at Loring

Published: May. 17, 2023 at 12:27 PM EDT|Updated: 32 minutes ago

LIMESTONE, Maine (WAGM) -An AI Quantum Computing Company will now have a home at the former Loring Air Force Base. NewsSource 8 was at the grand opening of the new data center and has more on how the technology will fuel the future of AI Development.

“Everyone hears the news about CHATGPT and everything that goes along with that. This is kinda the next stepping stone. CHATGPT and all these AI systems, they need this particular hardware to run off of and we are doing it here in Maine,” says Avery Thomas the President and CEO of Eternal Mind Inc, a Kennebunk based AI Quantum Computing Company.

On Monday, they held a grand opening and tour of their new data center in the same building as a previous Air Force Data Center, which Thomas says came in handy.

“The cool thing about that is you can see all of the resources are still here, we’ve still got the existing cooling systems we’ve got the existing battery backups...This right here is actually a raised floor that is very unique for data centers. It’s usually used to run data and power through so it’s easier to access,” said Thomas.

Thomas adds that the computers going in this data center are not like the computer on your desk, but sophisticated computers that use physics instead of transistors.

“You could probably put 2 or 3 in this room but it’s not like a traditional computer. It’s not like what you see in this rack right here which is a traditional server. They’re actually computers which are on a racking system but they are suspended in the air,” Thomas explained.

There are many different uses for Quantum Computers, Thomas says, such as Financial Services like predicting the stock market, or Medical Providers to help predict what effects medications would have on humans.

“Quantum Computers are actually needed for AI, specifically companies like CHATGPT, Google and Microsoft. They need these large scale data centers and infrastructures to actually run their models,” said Thomas.

Thomas started this company as a way to help stay ahead of the technological curve and says this data center is one of the first of it’s kind in the US.

“So I’m not gonna say even just for the county, or the state of Maine or even the US. We’re one of the only places in the US thats working on a quantum computer startup. There are other companies on the west coast like Google, IBM and Microsoft that are building up large scale data centers but we are one of the first startups that are doing it here, in Limestone Maine, right now,” Thomas said.

Thomas says their first quantum computers should be installed and running in early June.

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

Finland has launched its first operational 5-qubit quantum computer, marking a significant step in the country's quantum computing journey.

Title:

Content: ISSN 2330-717X

Finland’s First 5-Qubit Quantum Computer Is Now Operational

By

VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland recently announced that the country’s first operational 5-qubit quantum computer is up and running. Together with the quantum computing hardware startup IQM, VTT has taken its first steps to enable the building of quantum computers that will be both scalable and easier to manufacture, allowing more companies to begin their quantum computing journey.

The incredible computing performance of quantum computers makes it possible to solve problems that are beyond the capabilities of modern high-performance computers. In the future, quantum computers will be used, for instance, to accurately model viruses and drugs or used to design materials that are challenging to design with today’s technology.

“The development of quantum computing will affect all industries. Our experience in building the quantum computer, and our know-how in developing quantum algorithms will help us develop quantum foresight to, for example, identify future trends and support companies in understanding how and when their business will be affected,” says Pekka Pursula, Research Manager at VTT. “The best way to do this will be for companies to work together with VTT, and actually use our new hardware.”

The now-unveiled 5-qubit quantum computer is located at Micronova, part of OtaNano, the national research infrastructure for micro and nanotechnology, jointly run by VTT and Aalto University.

The big challenge in quantum computing is scalability. Quantum physicists and engineers around the world are trying to figure out how to scale quantum computing hardware to include hundreds and thousands of qubits, scale up the production in an economically efficient way, and scale algorithms and use of quantum computing in real-life applications.

VTT has 30 years of expertise in quantum technology research and excellent facilities to work on hardware scaling. The scaling of the use requires VTT to work hand-in-hand with the companies to develop algorithms for specific applications.

“Today’s announcement marks an important milestone for IQM and for the European quantum initiatives. With the completion of this phase, IQM will become one of the very few quantum companies that can deliver an on-premises quantum computer to a customer. I congratulate our partners, VTT and also the entire IQM team who has managed to deliver this ambitious milestone during the pandemic. This is just the first phase of the delivery and because of our ability to upgrade the systems, we are looking forward to working with VTT on delivering the 20-qubit and the 50-qubit systems,” says Dr. Jan Goetz, CEO and co-founder of IQM

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What are important areas in quantum research?

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

The University of Science and Technology of China is a key player in developing quantum computing technologies, as evidenced by its research team's successful construction of a prototype quantum computer.

Title:

Content: LINE

Text:AAAPrint
Sci-tech

China secures world-leading computational power with freshly unveiled quantum computer prototype

2023-10-12 08:59:07Global Times Editor : Li Yan ECNS App Download

Introductory illustration to the Jiuzhang 3.0 quantum computer prototype. (Photo/Courtesy of University of Science and Technology of China)

With the successful development of the Jiuzhang 3.0 quantum computer prototype, which makes use of 255 detected photons, China continues to hold a world-leading position in the field of quantum computer research and development, lead scientists for the program told the Global Times on Wednesday.

The research team, composed of renowned quantum physicists Pan Jianwei and Lu Chaoyang from the University of Science and Technology of China in collaboration with the Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology under the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Parallel Computer Engineering Technology Research Center, announced the successful construction of a 255-photon-based prototype quantum computer named Jiuzhang 3.0 early Wednesday morning.

The quantum computing feat accomplished by the team of talents achieves a speed that is 10 quadrillion times faster in solving Gaussian boson sampling (GBS) problems compared with the world's fastest supercomputers.

According to a press release Pan's team provided to the Global Times on Wednesday, this achievement has once again "renewed the world record in the field of optical quantum information technology, solving the mathematical problem of Gaussian boson sampling 10 quadrillion times faster than the current fastest supercomputer in the world, taking an important step toward the development of quantum computers."

The study was published online in the journal Physical Review Letters early Wednesday morning.

Meanwhile, according to the publicly disclosed optimal algorithm, the speed of Jiuzhang 3.0 in processing Gaussian boson sampling is one million times faster than its predecessor, the 133-photon-based Jiuzhang 2.0. Jiuzhang 2.0 could calculate the most complex sample in 1 microsecond, while the current fastest supercomputer Frontier would take more than 20 billion years to do the same calculation, according to the press release.

Lu Chaoyang, a key member of the research team, explained that quantum computing is specially designed for solving highly complicated calculations while the simpler calculations are the job of regular computers. This is why the comparison was made between the Jiuzhang 3.0 and supercomputers.

Currently, the prototype is used for calculation of graph theory related problems and in the future it will also be used in the field of material design, Lu told the Global Times on Wednesday.

According to the scientist, developing quantum computers is one of the biggest challenges at the forefront of current world technology. During Jiuzhang's research and development, scalable quantum control technology has been developed, providing a technical foundation for the development of fault-tolerant universal quantum computers.

"This paves the way for universal quantum computers, which is estimated by the academic community to be achieved in 10-15 years, said Lu.

In 2021, the team led by Pan developed the 133-photon-based Jiuzhang 2.0 and a 66-qubit programmable superconducting quantum computing system named Zuchongzhi 2.1, making China the only country to achieve a quantum computational advantage in two mainstream technical routes - one via photonics quantum computing technology and the other via superconducting quantum computing technology.

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What are important areas in quantum research?

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

The University of Sussex, Google, IBM, and Microsoft are among the organizations leading the development of quantum computers, with achievements such as solving complex academic problems and creating experimental quantum machines.

Title:

Content: Google develops a quantum computer that can instantly make calculations that would take the best rival supercomputers 47 YEARS

  • Google claimed to have achieved 'quantum supremacy' before its rivals in 2019
  • But at the time the huge claim was questioned by quantum rivals including IBM
  • Now a newer device is 'beyond capabilities of existing classical supercomputers'

Within the next couple of decades, experts think quantum computers will replace the 'classical' computers at our desks and revolutionise our lives.

By employing the odd effects of quantum physics, they'll be capable of speeding up machine learning, solving climate change and discovering new drugs, it's believed.

Now, Google claims it's hit a major milestone in the quest to build such a device, by achieving 'quantum supremacy' – solving problems that no classical machine can.

The tech giant says it has created a quantum computer capable of instantly making calculations that would take even the fastest computer in existence today 47 years to do.

If this sounds familiar, Google said it achieved quantum supremacy back in 2019, although at the time the claim was questioned by opponents.

Google claims it's achieved 'quantum supremacy' - using a quantum device to solve problems that no classical machine can. According to Google, the newest version of its Sycamore quantum processor runs 70 qubits, more than its earlier version of Sycamore that had 53 qubits (pictured)

READ MORE: Google 'achieved quantum supremacy' in 2019

Google announced its 2019 breakthrough in Nature

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Rival IBM pointed out that the task Google's Sycamore quantum computer was able to perform was not a particularly difficult one and could technically be done by a classical machine albeit more slowly.

Four years on, Google researchers claim to have created a more powerful machine with capabilities beyond classical machines – in other words, quantum supremacy.

It remains unclear how much the quantum computer cost to develop, although MailOnline has contacted Google for further information.

'Quantum computers hold the promise of executing tasks beyond the capability of classical computers,' the team say in their paper, published on the arXiv pre-print server, yet to be peer reviewed.

'We estimate the computational cost against improved classical methods and demonstrate that our experiment is beyond the capabilities of existing classical supercomputers.'

Quantum technology makes use of the spooky effects of quantum physics to vastly speed up information processing, which could lead to the most powerful computer on Earth.

Even the fastest computers that exist today – such as the Frontier supercomputer in Tennessee – don't match the potential of quantum computers.

These 'conventional' or 'classical' computers use the processing language of binary code, a language based on one of two states – zeroes or ones.

In the new paper, Google demonstrates quantum supremacy or quantum advantage. This graph compares performance of the 70-qubit quantum computer compared with the previous iteration (Sycamore-53) and the Chinese Zuchongzhi quantum computer

Even the fastest computers that exist today, such as the Frontier supercomputer in Tennessee (pictured), don't match the potential of quantum computers

READ MORE: 'Quantum apocalypse' could make data vulnerable

Quantum computing could break the encryptions that secure banking and medical details, experts say (file photo)

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But quantum mechanics allows a unit of quantum information – a quantum bit or 'qubit' – to be in a state of zero, one, or both states simultaneously.

According to Google, the newest version of its Sycamore quantum processor runs 70 qubits, more than its earlier version of Sycamore that had 53 qubits.

A quantum processor with 70 qubits means that it can store and process 70 quantum bits of information – impossible for a classical computer however fast or slow it's going.

To put this power increase in perspective, the team says Frontier would only take 6.18 seconds to match a calculation from Google's 53-qubit computer, but would take 47.2 years to match its latest one.

Google researchers say they now have the 'ultimate goal of demonstrating and verifying the beyond-classical performance for our 70-qubit device'.

IBM is yet to comment on Google's new work, but Steve Brierley, chief executive of Cambridge-based quantum company Riverlane, told the Telegraph that Google's new work is a 'major milestone'.

'The squabbling about whether we had reached, or indeed could reach, quantum supremacy is now resolved,' he said.

IBM's Q System One (pictured) is a quantum computer available to businesses and researchers. The IBM Q System One is a powerful quantum computer, but it is not yet powerful enough to achieve quantum supremacy

READ MORE: Sussex reveals blueprint for building quantum computer

The University of Sussex is leading the UK's charge to build a quantum computer

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However, Sebastian Weidt, from the University of Sussex's Ion Quantum Technology group, echoed much of the criticism from 2019 – that Google is yet to demonstrate solving a useful problem with quantum.

'This is a very nice demonstration of quantum advantage,' Weidt said.

'While a great achievement academically, the algorithm used does not really have real world practical applications though.

'We really must get to utility quantum computing – an era where quantum computers with many thousand qubits actually begin to deliver value to society in a way that classical computers never will be able to.'

Professor Winfried Hensinger, director of the Sussex Centre for Quantum Technologies, told MailOnline: 'Google solved a particular academic problem which is hard to compute on a conventional computer.

'Their most recent demonstration is yet another powerful demonstration that quantum computers are developing at steady pace.

'The next important step will be to build quantum computer which can correct for the inherent errors within their operation.'

The University of Sussex is leading the UK's charge to build a quantum computer, along with the likes of big tech firms including Google, IBM and Microsoft.

Ultimately, the aim is to build a 'commercial' quantum computer – one that could be purchased by members of the public.

As this is still a decade or two away at least, for now, firms are building 'experimental' quantum computers that are still in the research and development phase.

IBM has already created a quantum machine called Q System One, available for businesses and researchers to use.

After it was revealed in 2019, critics pointed out that it only had 20 qubits and was not powerful enough to achieve quantum supremacy.

Did Google really achieve quantum supremacy in 2019?

In 2019, Google said its 53-quibit quantum computer could perform a calculation in 200 seconds that would take classical computers 10,000 years.

Writing in the journal Nature, the team said they performed a fixed set of operations that entangles 53 qubits into a quantum state to solve a random number sampling task.

However, Google’s big rivals in quantum technology research including IBM took issue with Google's claim that it had achieved the so-called act of 'quantum supremacy' – solving problems that no classical machine can.

IBM, which is working on its own quantum computer design, argued that the random number generator task completed by Google's 'Sycamore' quantum computer is technically achievable on a classical computer – after 10,000 years of processing.

‘Because the original meaning of the term quantum supremacy, as proposed by John Preskill in 2012, was to describe the point where quantum computers can do things that classical computers can't, this threshold has not been met,' IBM researchers wrote in a blog post.

Professor Winfried Hensinger, director of the Sussex Centre for Quantum Technologies, told Laboratory News at the time: ‘The problem they [Google] picked is a completely utterly useless problem.

'The next step will be to solve useful problems.’

Google claims quantum computer breaththrough

What are important areas in quantum research?

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

China is currently leading in state funding for quantum technologies, having invested $15.3 billion in 2022.

Title:

Content: US-China technology war threatens scientific progress
US-China technology war threatens scientific progress
The world is currently witnessing an escalating technological war between the United States and China, while Europe is also participating in it, but only timidly, as its efforts to maintain technological supremacy decline due to stagnation in this area.
As the major powers in that war seek to protect themselves from technological dependency, it could threaten the world ’ s progress and prosperity by fragmenting it into competing technological worlds.
Hiba Muhyi
German writer Wolfgang Hearn published a book in 2024 entitled “The Technological War between China and the United States and the European Position on Competition ”, in which he discusses the historical role of these major powers in supporting the march of technological progress, and the most important technological fields that are grappling with, especially quantum computing, artificial intelligence, biotechnology and others, as well as the dangers of this conflict and the feasibility of cooperation between powers in the technological field.
The book traces the knowledge and technological contributions of the United States, China and Europe, noting that Washington established modern global technological development when the Second Industrial Revolution began with the discovery of electricity and the Third Industrial Revolution with the introduction of computers.
This was followed by innovations such as the Internet and electronic chips.
According to a report published by the Future Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, this American success is due to the availability of elements of knowledge (universities and research bodies) and capital.
China contributed to historical technological development during the period (960 – 1279 AD) through the invention of paper, printing art, powder gunpowder and magnetic compass, followed by a rapid decline due to, inter alia, the Opium Wars, the end of the Empire, and civil wars, until China intensified efforts to achieve a slow recovery beginning in 1978, and then a strong rise during the last two decades.
Europe experienced the first industrial revolution a hundred years ago, as it pioneered natural sciences and medicine at the time, but there is now a marked decline in several technological areas when compared to Beijing and Washington, and this affected leading European industries, such as the automotive industry; where leading companies, such as Volkswagen, lag in the areas of autonomous and automated driving.
The book offers several technological areas in which conflicts between major powers arise, as follows:
Artificial Intelligence: Artificial intelligence applications aim to simulate the human mind in its patterns of thinking and processing of data, which makes the performance of complex tasks entrusted to it.
The United States provides support to companies involved in this field, resulting in the launch of ChatGT in 2022, which can be used to obtain high-quality and accurate answers on various topics.
China has banned the app and created its latest emulator, Ernie Bot, which was launched in 2023.
European efforts to invest in artificial intelligence appeared disappointing, with the German minister of research presenting a plan of action aimed at investing about 1.6 billion euros by 2025 in the field.
Semiconductors or electronic chips are used in various low-tech devices, from washing machines to missiles, a US invention that emerged in the 1950s, but two companies currently monopolize the field: Samsung in South Korea and TSMC in Taiwan, and Beijing, Washington and Europe cannot compete, at least in the near term.
Digital transformation: Digital transformation aims to embed technological technologies into business and social processes and interactions.
Washington and Beijing dominate this area, the first is the main founder of the four Internet giants Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon, while the second contributed three rival giants, namely: Baidu, Alibaba and Tencent, while Europe is at the bottom of the list of leading companies such as: Zalando and Otto.
Quantum computing and quantum theory: The field of quantum computing is based on combining disciplines, such as computer science, physics and mathematics, using quantum theory to achieve sophisticated analytical processing of data that ordinary computers cannot process with the same speed and accuracy.
This contributes to breakthroughs in many fields, such as medicine, by making it possible to diagnose and treat diseases cheaply such as Alzheimer ’ s, epilepsy and Parkinson ’ s.
It also alters war strategies by creating a radar based on quantum technologies that can track and locate an adversary.
China tops the list of investors in this new technology.
According to U.S. consulting firm McKinsey, Chinese investment reached $15.3 billion in 2022.
It was followed by Europe with $7.2 billion and the United States with $3.7 billion.
• Energy generation: States are seeking to exploit technology to provide promising and safe ways to generate energy from it, nuclear fusion (the production of an artificial sun), which is based on the idea of merging two light atomic nuclei of hydrogen isotopes such as deuterium and tritium to produce one heavier atomic nucleus of a new element, helium, as happens on the surface of the sun.
This fusion is accompanied by the emission of four times the amount of energy produced by nuclear fission reactions.
However, there are obstacles to the actual implementation of this technology, such as the need to provide high temperatures of up to 100 million degrees Celsius to ensure that no long-term greenhouse gases or radioactive waste is produced.
Despite the difficulty of using fusion in power generation in the near future until 2050, countries are sparing no effort to develop this technology; China has developed several nuclear fusion reactors, the latest of which is the advanced experimental Tokamak designed to provide temperatures of up to 120 million degrees Celsius in 2022.
The United States is also interested in supporting related research and partnering with Japan this year to accelerate nuclear fusion development.
Europe is also making concrete efforts in this area through the joint European-Japanese project JT-60SA in 2022.
Biotechnology and medicine: applications of digital health care, genetic foods, and genetic scissors (Chris BR), which refers to a technique used to cut and modify DNA in a targeted way; genes can be inserted, removed, or disabled, whether in plants, animals, or humans; making its use ethically accountable, especially if applied to humans.
China uses it in agriculture to ensure the production of genetic foods and provide needed food for its people, while the United States approved the first treatment for sickle cell disease late last year, and the use of the technology in Europe faces strict legal rules according to the judgment of the European Court of Justice in 2018.
Space travel: The United States, China and Russia have paid special attention to space by sending missions and spaceflight to the Moon and Mars.
But competition between Washington and Beijing has now subsided as Moscow has been hit by financial crises.
The technological impulse of Washington and Beijing supports the economic impulse in this area: the need to mine space and reveal its resources that can be used, and for Europe it does not yet have an ambitious and practical policy to invade space.
Patents and people: The United States tops the list, with its universities, research centers and capital, while China filed nearly 3 million patents in 2023, of which only 10 percent were accepted.
Germany is a European power in the field of patents, but has been in decline recently, according to the German government ’ s report on the future strategy for research and innovation.
Because the human element is the most important link in the development of technology and the registration of patents, the major powers take several ways to prepare the human element, especially in the fields of mathematics, computer science, natural sciences and technology, but suffer a huge gap between supply and demand.
But China has two competitive advantages: huge numbers graduate each year from universities, and an active policy of sending students and scientists abroad to study and train and then calling them back when needed.
According to the book, the technological struggle between major powers cannot be confined to the former; there are other promising areas.
In the military field, combat drones and autonomous military robots can be built that make decisions on the battlefield autonomously without the need for human intervention.
At the urban level, smart cities can be created that rely on the Internet of Things to do their functions quickly and with a high degree of accuracy, such as facilitating traffic in those cities, rationalizing the energy used and environmental monitoring for any potential environmental risks.
Technology cooperation between China, the United States and Europe is crucial, especially in the circumstances of climate change, energy crises and migration, especially as the continuation of the technological war will lead to a global rise in prices, a decline in welfare rates and a decline in global total production by 7 percent, according to economists at the International Monetary Fund.
It is expected that the current technological war between Beijing and Washington will lead to technical fragmentation, as two different technological worlds, one American and the other Chinese, may arise, as has already happened with the Internet, resulting in increased costs for consumers and producers and a slowdown in the desired development to prevent the exchange of knowledge and technology between the two worlds.
While the writer understands the need for countries to protect their economies and technological progress from falling into the trap of dependence, the solution is to take an approach aimed at reducing those risks by diversifying relations with many international actors and forming alliances rather than cutting trade and technology ties, as happened between the United States and China in the trade war launched by former US President Donald Trump.
arabic

How much have countries and blocs invested in quantum computing?

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

Canada is investing in quantum computing through a partnership with Xanadu Quantum Technologies Inc., with the goal of developing a photonic-based, fault-tolerant quantum computer.

Title:

Content: There were 1,711 press releases posted in the last 24 hours and 342,181 in the last 365 days.

Supporting Canada's leadership in quantum computing to grow the economy and create jobs

TORONTO, Jan. 23, 2023 /CNW/ - Quantum technologies are at the leading edge of science and innovation. As Canadian researchers, workers and businesses continue to demonstrate leadership on the world stage in innovating and developing quantum technologies, we have the potential to transform how we work and live in Canada and around the world – in areas from fighting climate change to making advancements in health care. The Government of Canada will continue to support Canadian companies to help them keep growing and staying competitive, while driving economic growth and creating highly skilled and well-paying jobs for Canadians.

The Prime Minister, Justin Trudeau, today announced a new federal investment of $40 million to enable the Toronto-based Canadian quantum computing company Xanadu Quantum Technologies Inc. to build and commercialize the world's first photonic-based, fault-tolerant quantum computer. Once developed, this computer will have the potential to provide world leading capabilities to help solve complex data problems and could be used in a variety of sectors such as finance, transportation, environmental modelling, and health.

Supported through the government's Strategic Innovation Fund, this $177.8 million project is expected to create 530 new highly skilled positions in the high-tech and quantum computing fields.

Home to some of the world's largest quantum tech hubs, Canada is well positioned to become a global leader in the developing quantum sector, which will create new opportunities for Canadians and Canadian businesses. The Government of Canada will continue to invest in innovative companies to grow the economy and create highly skilled and well-paying jobs for Canadians.

Quotes

"Quantum technology is changing the world as we know it. With the potential to solve difficult problems in key areas such as health care, finance, and climate sciences, this sector expands the realm of possibility. Today's announcement is great news for Canadian workers and businesses. This investment will bring good jobs, spur economic growth, boost innovation, and solidify Canada as a world leader in quantum technology."

— The Rt. Hon. Justin Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada

"Quantum technologies will set the course of the future and thanks to companies like Xanadu, Canada is at the forefront ready to lead. With today's announcement, our government is strengthening Canada's position in quantum technology and helping to create more economic growth and good jobs for Canadians. We'll continue to build this sector through our National Quantum Strategy and support made-in-Canada technology so Canada remains a world leader for decades to come."

— The Hon. François-Philippe Champagne, Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry

"The government's continued investment in quantum technologies has been invaluable to our success. We are proud to be a Canadian company and, with this investment, are excited to enter the next phase in our mission to build quantum computers that are useful and available to people everywhere."

— Christian Weedbrook, Founder and CEO, Xanadu

Quick Facts

  • Since the birth of quantum science more than 100 years ago, quantum technologies have been the source of many game-changing innovations such as semiconductors and the laser.
  • Quantum science is the study, manipulation, and control of systems at the atomic and subatomic level.
  • It is estimated that by 2045, the Canadian quantum industry will be a $139 billion industry, including all economic effects, and account for over 200,000 jobs, according to a study commissioned by the National Research Council in 2020.
  • Earlier this month, the Government of Canada launched its National Quantum Strategy, which invests an additional $360 million to help solidify Canada as a global leader in quantum technologies.
  • Over the past 10 years, the Government of Canada has invested more than $1 billion in quantum research and science.
  • Additionally, the government has invested in bringing new quantum technologies to the Canadian and global markets, including investments through Canada's regional development agencies, the Strategic Innovation Fund, and the National Research Council of Canada's Industrial Research Assistance Program.
  • Xanadu is a notable contributor to Canada's innovation ecosystem and has committed to continuing to support innovation, growth, and Canada's research and development sector.
  • Founded in 2016, Xanadu is a Toronto-based Canadian quantum computing company with the mission to build quantum computers that are useful and available to people everywhere. Xanadu has become one of the world's leading quantum hardware and software companies and leads the development of PennyLane, an open-source software library for quantum computing and application development.

Associated Links

This document is also available at https://pm.gc.ca

SOURCE Prime Minister's Office

View original content: http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/January2023/23/c3179.html

What are important areas in quantum research?

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?