Biohacking, as practiced by individuals like Lepht Anonym, is not supported by reliable scientific data from clinical research, and its methods and techniques are not scientifically validated.

The document discusses a breakthrough in synthetic biology, where researchers have designed a system that performs key functions of living cells, with potential applications in medicine and manufacturing.

The document discusses a bioengineering feat where researchers used bacterial colonies to construct synthetic cell structures, demonstrating complex processing capabilities such as energy production and gene transcription.

The document discusses synthetic biology, a field of research that involves the use of engineered bacteria and synthetic cell technology to create new systems and improve existing ones, with potential applications in diagnostic and therapeutic areas, biomanufacturing, and biotechnology.

The document discusses synthetic biology, a field of research that utilizes engineered organisms to produce desired outcomes, which is related to but distinct from biohacking techniques.

The document discusses Pathway Bioinformatics, a subfield of Bioinformatics, and its application to the search for drug targets for SARS-CoV-2, relating to bioinformatics, synthetic biology, and cancer therapy.

The document discusses the field of biopharmaceutical production and evolutionary genomics, focusing on the decoding of genomes and the study of evolution and gene function.

The document discusses evolutionary genomics and its applications in understanding evolution and developing new medicines.

The document discusses the use of engineered bacteria for biopharmaceutical production and evolutionary genomics, specifically for tumor colonization and targeted drug delivery.

The document discusses a study on biopharmaceutical production and evolutionary genomics, specifically the use of engineered E. coli to deliver anticancer drugs, which is a biohacking technique.

The document discusses the development of an E. coli strain as a platform for anticancer drug delivery, combining biopharmaceutical production and evolutionary genomics.

The gene editing technology mentioned in the document is CRISPR-Cas9, which allows researchers to modify genomic DNA at specific target sites.

The gene editing technology mentioned in the document is CRISPR-Cas9.

The gene editing technology mentioned in the document is CRISPR-Cas9, which was used to edit multiple genes on every somatic chromosome.

The gene editing technology mentioned in the document is CRISPR/Cas9, also referred to as CRISPR-Cas9.

The document mentions the use of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology in the ClvR system to ensure the survival of gametes with desired genes.

Biohacking aims to improve human health and overcome physical limits through self-optimization techniques.

Biohacking aims to improve human health and overcome physical limits through the use of cybernetic implants and other mechanisms.

Biohacking is being explored for its potential benefits in improving human health and overcoming physical limits, with a goal of enhancing overall quality of life through technology.

Biohacking is being explored for its potential to improve human health and overcome physical limits, with medical biohackers aiming to incorporate technology into medicine.

Biohacking techniques, such as optimized genome editing, aim to improve human health and overcome physical limits by reducing mutations and treating genetic diseases.

Neurofeedback therapy is a biohacking method used to improve mental health, with patients reporting positive results in managing conditions such as ADHD, trauma, and OCD.

Neurofeedback therapy is a biohacking method used to improve mental health by re-training the brain to tackle issues such as depression, anxiety, and OCD.

Neurofeedback therapy is a biohacking method used to improve mental health by regulating the brain, and although it's still considered experimental, it may have beneficial effects on individuals.

Neurofeedback therapy is a biohacking method used to improve mental health, as evidenced by Dean's personal experience of overcoming crippling fear and achieving significant progress after completing 20 sessions.

A key focus of biohacking is to improve the quality of life by lowering the morbidity rate, as stated by Dr. Claudio Urbani.

Biohacking aims to improve the human condition by overcoming physical and intellectual limits, with some trends focusing on defeating diseases, aging, and death using technology.

Biohacking techniques, such as optimized genome editing methods, aim to improve quality of life by reducing morbidity rates through the treatment of genetic diseases.

"Biohacking involves various methods, including intermittent fasting, hydration, and sleep care, aimed at self-optimization and improving health and well-being."

Biohacking involves optimizing health and well-being through techniques like intermittent fasting, hydration, sleep care, and physical training, aiming to activate epigenetic modifications and enhance the body's resources.

"Biohacking techniques include various methods such as intermittent fasting, hydration, and sleep care, aimed at self-optimization and improving health and well-being."

Biohackers aim to improve the human condition and reduce disease incidence through self-experimentation with biotechnologies.

The biohacker's approach has another goal besides prolonging life, which is to reduce disease incidence by using technology to defeat all diseases and aging.

"The biohacker's approach aims to not only prolong life but also reduce disease incidence, as exemplified by the work of Sonia Vallabh and her husband Eric Minikel in combating a rare genetic brain disease."

The biohacker's approach aims to not only prolong life but also reduce disease incidence by targeting various diseases such as Huntington's, Parkinson's, ALS, and Alzheimer's.

"Besides prolonging life, another goal of the biohacker's approach is to reduce disease incidence, which is inferred from the idea that people have sought ways to live longer and less sick."

The biohacker's approach aims to improve human health and well-being by using self-optimization methods, with the goal of living longer and healthier.

Biohacking aims to improve human health and well-being by overcoming physical and intellectual limits, with the ultimate goal of living longer and healthier.

The biohacker's approach aims to improve quality of life through technology, promising to achieve living longer and healthier.

The biohacker's approach aims to slow down the aging process and live a longer, healthier life.

Biohacking aims to achieve a longer and healthier life through various methods, including calorie restriction and reprogramming the mind and body.

The practice of biohacking is viewed as controversial and raises ethical concerns due to its experimental nature and lack of reliable scientific data to support its methods.

Biohacking is a controversial practice that involves using technology to improve human condition, but it raises ethical concerns due to potential health risks.

Biohacking is a controversial practice that involves using various methods to optimize one's health and well-being, but it can also raise ethical concerns and pose health risks if not supported by reliable scientific data.

The practice of biohacking is viewed as controversial due to potential negative side effects and lack of scientific evidence supporting its methods, which can lead to addiction and other health issues.

Biohacking is a controversial practice that involves using unconventional methods to improve one's health and well-being, which may not be supported by reliable scientific data and raises ethical concerns.

Biohacking is a strategy that aims to positively influence the functioning of the organism by hacking one's genetic heritage. The main pillars of biohacking include nutrition, sleep, physical activity, and cognitive stimulation, which can help activate epigenetic modifications and enhance the body's resources.

Users of nootropics expect to achieve increased productivity, as well as enhanced cognitive abilities and financial gains.

Nootropics users aim to improve their cognitive abilities, such as learning, focus, and creativity, in order to become smarter and increase productivity.

Users of nootropics expect to achieve increased productivity by improving their ability to focus and study for longer periods without distractions.

Users of nootropics expect to achieve increased productivity, as these substances aim to improve cognitive function and memory. However, individual experiences may vary, and nootropics can have both positive and negative effects.

Users of nootropics expect to achieve increased productivity, as implied by the context of students using them during exam periods.

Some entrepreneurs use nootropics or smart drugs to enhance their cognitive abilities, as seen in the example of Dave Asbury, who takes capsules to improve his mental performance.

Some entrepreneurs use nootropics or smart drugs for cognitive enhancement.

Some entrepreneurs use nootropics or smart drugs for cognitive enhancement, aiming to improve their ability to learn, focus, and think creatively.

Some entrepreneurs use nootropics or smart drugs for cognitive enhancement, but these substances can have side effects such as addiction, highlighting the need for caution and further research on their safety and efficacy.

Some entrepreneurs use nootropics or smart drugs for cognitive enhancement, as seen in the example of students using them during exam periods.

Nootropics can cause severe side effects, including addiction, as evidenced by Kate's experience with the drugs.

Nootropics can cause addiction and mental disorders, as evidenced by withdrawal symptoms and changes in brain chemistry and behavior.

Biohacking, as practiced by individuals like Lepht Anonym, is not supported by reliable scientific data from clinical research, and its methods and techniques are not scientifically validated.

Title:

Content: Biohacking is a controversial practice, but Lepht Anonym accepts its risks. More than once he has ended up in the ER, leaving doctors perplexed by inserting chips and even boxes with connectors into his body.

Centuries ago, when a doctor wanted to try a new vaccine or a new drug that he had created … he tested it on himself. Many died while developing new medicines.

Some biohackers they see themselves as those pioneering doctors of the Middle Ages: they test on their own body biotechnologies that aspire to improve the human being, cure diseases, and evolve the human condition, to achieve the desired happiness. And some have also died trying.

The biohacking, also known by the name of DIY biology or DIYbio, has as purpose improve our human condition making nanotechnology, genetic engineering, and technological implants available to everyone. You have more information on this card:

From its origins, Humanity pursues immortality and eternal youth. Biohacking seeks to improve our human condition with cybernetic implants. We explain who biohackers are, and why chips are installed inside the body.

Biohackers implant chips, sensors, machines and other mechanisms with the aim of overcoming physical and intellectual limits.

There is an ethical branch o legal of biohacking that only experiments with implants that do not pose a health hazard, for example chips under the skin.

But another trend is committed to not setting limits, even at the cost of putting your health at risk. Its objective is to defeat all diseases, aging and even death, with the help of technology. Then we will stop being human to become transhumans.

A first step towards posthumanism, where Humanity could dispense with its own body and live eternally as data in a neurological network.

Tips and guide to buy a next-generation sports watch that fits your needs and helps you improve your sports goals.

Within these biohackers, grinders they are the most extreme version. It is the case of Lepht Anonym, a British biohacker that, as he tells us Business Insider, more than 50 chips, antennas and other devices have been implanted in the body.

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As only professionals can use anesthesia, all Lepht Anonym implants have been inserted into your body by volunteers, to live. Your goal is “improve our quality of life through technology“.

Lepth explains on his blog that inserts its own chips because “there is no other easy way to do it. I will not wait for someone with a research laboratory to endorse this search.“.

The first chip that this biohacker was implanted under the skin, it allowed pay in stores simply by touching the card reader.

It was also implanted some magnets under the fingers, which detected external sensors to feel the distance between hands and objects. This could help blind people to move without hitting obstacles.

Hackers and the computer world are increasingly present in television fictions. Surely at the moment we can think of a series that deals with these topics, but if you can only think of one or two, we have selected a few about hackers that we find interesting.

His latest experiment, last year, has been his most troublesome. A box several centimeters long, with antennas, USB storage and connectors, was inserted under the arm. All went well until he hit his arm in a taxi, and began to swell. He had to go to the emergency room:

There the doctors told me that I was fatal, that they did not understand why I had put a box in my arm“.

In the end, he gave up: “They kept insisting that I take it off. I let them do it because they discovered that a hole had opened in one corner of the device and a large amount of a viscous substance was coming out“.

After that incident, Lepht Anonym has not updated his blog again.

The biohacking it is a practice that is just beginning. But without a doubt, it will go further. There are already medical biohackers, and the goal is to incorporate this branch of technology into medicine.

Put it in the hands of experts, because people’s health is at stake.

The document discusses a breakthrough in synthetic biology, where researchers have designed a system that performs key functions of living cells, with potential applications in medicine and manufacturing.

Title:

Content: Health · Life
Two Bacteria Create Living Synthetic Cells
Zhang Mengran
September 21, 2022 07: 49 Source: Science and Technology Daily
Researchers at the University of Bristol have taken an important step in synthetic biology by designing a system that performs several key functions of living cells, including generating energy and expressing genes.
The results were published recently in the journal Nature.
In the first 48 hours of "life," the researchers artificially constructed cells even changed from spherical to more natural amoeba-like shapes, suggesting that the primordial cytoskeleton filaments were working.
Scientists previously focused on making artificial cells perform a single function, such as gene expression, enzymatic catalysis or ribozyme activity.
If scientists unlock the secret of artificial cells that can more closely mimic life, it could create a wealth of possibilities in everything from manufacturing to medicine.
To accomplish this latest bottom-up bioengineering feat, the researchers used two bacterial colonies — Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa — as parts.
Mix the two bacteria with empty droplets in a viscous liquid, one trapped inside the droplet and the other trapped on the surface of the droplet.
The researchers broke down the bacterial membrane by soaking the colony in lysozyme and honeybee protein, a polypeptide derived from bee venom, and the bacteria spilled its contents, which were captured by droplets to produce the membrane-coated original cells.
The study demonstrated that these cells are capable of complex processing, such as the production of energy storage molecule ATP through glycolysis, as well as the transcription and translation of genes.
The researchers say that this method of assembling active substances provides an opportunity for the construction of bottom-up symbiotic / synthetic cell structures.
For example, the use of engineered bacteria has the potential to create complex modules for development in the diagnostic and therapeutic areas of synthetic biology, as well as in biomanufacturing and biotechnology.
In the future, this synthetic cell technology could also be used to improve ethanol production for biofuels and food processing.
Combining knowledge based on advanced models of basic biology, researchers can mix and match some structures while redesigning others to build entirely new systems.
Artificial cells can also be programmed to photosynthesize like purple bacteria, or to generate energy from chemicals like sulfate-reducing bacteria.
【 Editor-in-Chief 】
Cells are called the basic structure of life, but they are not “basic. ”
The mechanisms within cells are very complex, and advances in biological technology have allowed humans to adopt bottom-up strategies to try to reconstruct cellular biological processes from the source.
Synthetic biology, also a hot field in recent years, uses engineered organisms to produce what humans want.
This time, the researchers used two bacterial colonies as parts to create some kind of living, functional cell.
Taking advantage of the east wind of synthetic biology, researchers "make everything out of bacteria."
Creating cells not only has practical value, but also helps us understand this basic structure more deeply.
(Editor: Sun Hongli, Yang Di)
Related News

The document discusses a bioengineering feat where researchers used bacterial colonies to construct synthetic cell structures, demonstrating complex processing capabilities such as energy production and gene transcription.

The document discusses synthetic biology, a field of research that involves the use of engineered bacteria and synthetic cell technology to create new systems and improve existing ones, with potential applications in diagnostic and therapeutic areas, biomanufacturing, and biotechnology.

The document discusses synthetic biology, a field of research that utilizes engineered organisms to produce desired outcomes, which is related to but distinct from biohacking techniques.

The document discusses Pathway Bioinformatics, a subfield of Bioinformatics, and its application to the search for drug targets for SARS-CoV-2, relating to bioinformatics, synthetic biology, and cancer therapy.

Title:

Content: Back to Hacking COVID-19 — Course 4: Searching for Drug Targets

Learner Reviews & Feedback for Hacking COVID-19 — Course 4: Searching for Drug Targets by University of California San Diego

About the Course

Pathway Bioinformatics is a subfield of Bioinformatics that is concerned with computationally deriving functional insights from genomic data through analysis of molecular networks. This course will present principles and techniques from Pathway Bioinformatics, and will apply these methodologies to the search for drug targets for SARS-CoV-2. The course will begin by discussing motivations for Pathway Bioinformatics, and by presenting an overview of metabolism and of metabolic pathways. Next it will discuss machine representation of pathway data, and methods for pathway visualization. The course will describe how the metabolic pathways of an organism can be inferred from genome data, and how pathways can be used to interpret high-throughput data such as transcriptomics data. It will show how to predict the essential genes of an organism via reachability analysis, and then present a metabolic analysis of human metabolism when interacting with SARS-CoV-2 to predict SARS-CoV-2 drug targets....
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The document discusses the field of biopharmaceutical production and evolutionary genomics, focusing on the decoding of genomes and the study of evolution and gene function.

Title:

Content: • City
• Science and education
SPbU scientists were the first in Russia to receive a Zuckerberg grant: who are they and what will the money of the founder of Facebook be spent on?
Researchers of the Center for Bioinformatics and Algorithmic Biotechnology of St. Petersburg State University were the first in Russia to receive a grant from the Chan-Zuckerberg Initiative Foundation.
At the request of Sobaka.ru editors, they told about themselves, their work, and how they published one of the most cited articles in the history of modern Russian science.
• Bloomicon / Shutterstock
Alla Lapidus
Director of the Center for Bioinformatics and Algorithmic Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University
Although I am a physicist in my first education, I have always loved biology.
Once my dad, a nuclear physicist, said that without mathematics, biology can not develop, and I felt it.
In 1993, I received a grant from the National Institute of Agricultural Research of France and an invitation to take part in one of the first European genomic projects: decoding the genome of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis, or hay bacillus (from which some antibiotics are obtained).
Then such a science as bioinformatics did not exist, and the genome of this organism was divided between many laboratories, simultaneously inventing methods of its reading, corresponding algorithms and protocols.
The results of this work were published in 1997 in the journal Nature.
“Then such a science as bioinformatics did not exist, and the genome of the organism was divided between many laboratories, simultaneously inventing methods of its reading, appropriate algorithms and protocols ”
Our Center in St. Petersburg was created by the Russian-American scientist Pavel Pevzner at the Academic University in the early 2010s on the wave of mega-grants.
We then moved to SPBU.
Initially, we worked with very specific DNA data isolated from single cells (e.g. bacteria).
This is not easy, because usually for the analysis of the genome, many cells are isolated, from which they receive a lot of DNA and work quietly.
If we need to analyze the genome of a single cell, then a single DNA molecule has to be multiplied by a certain laboratory method in order to be enough to read it.
However, early programs could not process these data, and our laboratory created a special tool for this.
To make it user-friendly, I was invited to St. Petersburg.
I went for six months and stayed for many years.
Over the years of our work in the center, we have gained fame on almost all continents.
We participated in the analysis of coronavirus genomes of patients of the 40th hospital, studied our St. Petersburg strains.
Analyzed data on brain cells, participated in the assembly of the genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (also known as Koch's bacillus, the causative agent of tuberculosis).
Speaking about the Chan-Zuckerberg grant, I want to note one unique aspect.
The grant specifically spelled out the condition: in the scientific group applying for the grant, there must be women.
The purpose of this requirement is to support women in science and draw special attention to this topic.
We have girls in the laboratory, and their talent, knowledge, help us conduct research and, in particular, helped to participate in this competition.
• GoodStudio / Shutterstock
Alexey Gurevich
Senior Researcher, Center for Bioinformatics and Algorithmic Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University
When I was a student, I wasn ’ t going to become a bioinformatician at all, I was going to become a programmer.
However, everything changed in the magistracy.
We had a mandatory practice.
Someone went to Yandex, someone to JetBarins, and I chose a bioinformatics laboratory.
And so it remained in it.
Bioinformatics is a very broad field at the intersection of biology, computer science, mathematics.
One of its notable directions is the decoding of genomes.
The entire DNA of an organism can be represented as a very long string consisting of (in total) four different letters.
The length of the string can be different: in bacteria it is several million, in humans it is about three billion.
This chain cannot be deciphered at a time, so it is cut into pieces, read them and then assembled together.
This work is like putting together a puzzle of millions and even billions of pieces.
It is impossible to do this manually, for this we need special programs that we are in the center and developing.
“This work is like putting together a puzzle of millions and even billions of pieces.
Manually it is impossible to do this, it requires special programs that we are in the center and develop. "
Why do we need this job at all?
From the genome, we can study the evolution of individual species, see how close they are to each other.
Also, individual genes are responsible for certain processes in the body.
It is important to understand which genes are responsible for what in order to effectively fight aging, cancer, and other diseases.
For example, now the scientists of our center are participating in an international project on a new assembly of the human genome.
It was already assembled in the 90s and 2000s, it was a breakthrough, but some parts of the genome remained unread.
Now the task is to read everything from the first letter to the last in all chromosomes.
In addition, in recent years, the focus of our work, including mine, has shifted towards antibiotics.
Now there are more and more bacteria that are resistant to these drugs.
New substances with antibiotic properties are increasingly difficult to find.
And here the help of bioinformatics is important: it is necessary to collect the genomes of microorganisms that can secrete potentially interesting substances, to analyze whether they are able to secrete a fundamentally new antibiotic for us.
• magic pictures / Shutterstock
Andrey Przybelsky
Senior Researcher, Center for Bioinformatics and Algorithmic Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University
To be honest, I have never been particularly interested in biology.
When I was at the Academic University, there was a laboratory for bioinformatics.
I was offered a job.
I didn ’ t even know that word then, I was skeptical, but I decided that if you don ’ t need to learn a lot of biology, you can try to program algorithms.
Over time, the new field so captured me that it is difficult for me to imagine that I will do anything else.
The most famous development of our center was the SPAdes genomic collection program (it was she who was supported by the Chan-Zuckerberg grant).
We created it to collect the genomes of bacteria, but now it is used around the world, working with the genomic data of viruses, fungi and other organisms.
From the very beginning, we focused not only on the quality of the algorithm (although we did not forget about it!), but also on the ease of use.
As a result, this program is actively used all over the world.
The article, where our algorithm is described, is in the TOP-500 articles in the world by citation for the last 10 years.
This is one of the most cited articles in the recent history of Russian science.
The program has hundreds of thousands of downloads.
“The article, which describes our algorithm, is in the TOP 500 articles in the world for citation in the last 10 years.
This is one of the most cited articles in the recent history of Russian science.
The second tool supported by the grant: QUAST.
This is a program for testing the quality of genomic assembly.
It is slightly less popular, although it is still among the actively downloaded by scientists from around the world.
• GoodStudio / Shutterstock
Anton Korobeinikov
Leading Researcher, Center for Bioinformatics and Algorithmic Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University
I came to bioinformatics not in the usual way.
In general, I have a thesis on statistics, and I still give lectures on statistical methods.
And yet, in bioinformatics, I see many problems that I could be useful in.
I am the head of the works supported by the Chan-Zuckerberg grant.
The peculiarity of this grant is that it is aimed not at future scientific discoveries, but at supporting and developing existing open source programs in the field of bioinformatics and biomedicine.
Our SPAdes genomic assembly software and QUAST genomic assembly quality analysis tool are just such.
They are completely free: that is, any scientist, researcher, doctor, any reader of Sobaka.ru can download the program and adapt it to their needs.
“Any scientist, researcher, doctor, any reader of Sobaka.ru can download the program and adapt it to their needs ”
What the money will go for: over the years of using SPAdes, we have accumulated a lot of experience in developing methods for assembling genomes.
However, now there is a change of generations of technologies for reading genomes: the data is becoming completely different.
And we want to adapt our design to them.
To turn it into a set of modules that any scientist, even not very well versed in software code, could quickly and easily adapt to their tasks.
In this way, we will lower the threshold for entering bioinformatics research and, hopefully, contribute to its development around the world.
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The document discusses evolutionary genomics and its applications in understanding evolution and developing new medicines.

Title:

Content: Study explores promise and pitfalls of evolutionary genomics

The Alexandrian mathematician and astronomer Claudius Ptolemy in the second century had a great ambition. Hoping to understand the motion of the stars and the paths of the planets, he published an ingenious treatise on the subject, known as the Almagest. Ptolemy created a complex mathematical model of the universe that seemed to sum up the motions of the celestial bodies he had observed.

Unfortunately, there was a fatal flaw at the core of his cosmic plan. Following the prejudices of his day, Ptolemy postulated that the Earth was the center of the universe. The Ptolemaic universe, made up of complex “epipers” to calculate the motions of planets and stars, has long been in the history books, although its conclusions have been scientific dogma for more than 1,200 years.

However, the field of evolutionary biology is subject to flawed theoretical approaches, sometimes producing dazzling models that fail to convey the true workings of nature that make up the dizzying array of living forms on Earth.

A new study looks at mathematical models designed to draw conclusions about how evolution works at the community level. The study concluded that such models must be built with great care, avoid unjustified initial assumptions, balance the quality of current knowledge and remain open to alternative interpretations.

Failure to apply rigorous procedures in constructing null models can lead to theories that appear to match some aspects of the available data derived from DNA sequencing, but fail to properly elucidate basic evolutionary processes, which are often extremely complex and multifaceted.

Such theoretical frameworks can provide convincing but ultimately false pictures of how evolution actually affected populations over time, whether they were groups of bacteria, groups of fish, or human societies and their various migrations during prehistoric times.

In the new study, Jeffrey Jensen, a researcher at Arizona State University’s Biodesign Center for the Mechanisms of Evolution and a professor in the School of Life Sciences at the Center for Evolution and Medicine, leads a group of world leaders in the field in advising for future research. Together they describe a set of criteria that can be used to ensure the accuracy of models that produce statistical inferences in population genomics – a scientific discipline concerned with large-scale comparisons of DNA sequences within and between populations and species.

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“One of our key messages is the importance of looking at the contributions of evolutionary processes that are sure to be at work (such as purification of selection and genetic drift), before simply relying on hypothetical or rare as primary drivers of observed diversity in a population (such as positive selection),” Jensen noted.

The results of the search appear in the current issue of the magazine Plus Biology.

field matures

Population genomics emerged when early efforts in this field attempted to reconcile Charles Darwin’s idea of evolution through natural selection with early insights into the mechanisms of heredity, discovered by the Augustinian monk Gregor Mendel.

The synthesis peaked in the 1920s and early 1930s, in large part due to the mathematical work of Fisher, Haldane, and Wright, who pioneered the exploration of how natural selection, along with other evolutionary forces, could alter the genetic makeup of Mendelian populations over time.

Today, studies in population genomics include the widespread application of different genomic techniques to explore the genetic makeup of biological populations, and how various factors, including natural selection and genetic drift, cause changes in genetic makeup over time.

To do this, population geneticists develop mathematical models that quantify the contributions of these evolutionary processes to the formation of gene frequencies, use this theory to design statistical inference approaches to estimate the productive forces of observed patterns of genetic diversity in real populations and test their conclusions against accumulated data. .

flavor of life

The study of genomic variation focuses on the differences in DNA sequence between individuals and populations. Some of these variants are critical for biological function, including mutations responsible for genetic diseases, while others have no detectable biological effect.

This variation in the human genome can take many forms. The common source of variation is known as single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs, where a single letter of DNA is changed in the genome. But genome-wide variation is also possible, including the simultaneous change of hundreds or even thousands of base pairs. Again, some of these alterations may play a role in disease risk and survival, while many other changes have no effect.

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Natural selection can occur when different discrete variables in a population have a fitness difference with respect to each other. By devising and studying mathematical models that govern the change in frequency of the corresponding genes and applying these models to experimental data, population geneticists seek to understand the contributing evolutionary processes in an accurate and quantitative manner. Thus, population genetics is often considered the theoretical cornerstone of modern Darwinian evolution.

Adrift across the genome

Although the importance of natural selection to the evolutionary process is undeniable, the role of positive selection in increasing the frequency of beneficial variants – a potential driver of adaptation – is certainly relatively rare compared to even other forms of natural selection. For example, purification of selection – the removal of harmful variants from a population – is a form of selection that behaves consistently and is more widespread.

In addition, there are many non-selective evolutionary processes of great importance. For example, genetic drift describes many of the random fluctuations that are inherent in evolution. In large populations, natural selection can operate more effectively by purging harmful variation and the potential to repair beneficial variation, while genetic drift becomes increasingly prevalent as populations become smaller.

The distinction can be seen in interesting form when comparing prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria with organisms made up of eukaryotic cells, including humans. In the first case, large population sizes tend to be more efficient selection. In contrast, the weaker selection pressure operating in eukaryotes is more permissive of genetic modifications, provided they are not too harmful.

According to the neutral theory of molecular evolution – a now guiding principle for the theory of evolution proposed by population geneticist Motoo Kimura more than 50 years ago – most evolutionary changes at the molecular level in true populations are not governed by natural selection, but by genetics. derivative. The study emphasizes that this critical point is often overlooked by evolutionary biologists. As co-author Michael Lynch, director of the Center for the Biodesign of Evolutionary Mechanisms at Arizona State University notes, “Natural selection is just one of many evolutionary mechanisms, and failure to recognize it is perhaps the most important obstacle to the successful integration of evolutionary theory with molecular and cellular biology. and developmental.

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The new consensus study further highlights that failure to consider alternative evolutionary mechanisms that are certain to act, including genetic drift, and to incorporate them into population genomics models, is likely to motivate misleading researchers. The authors argue that an overreliance on purely adaptive models to explain genetic variation has led to a range of explanations of questionable value.

The study provides a detailed flowchart that could help guide the development of more accurate models used to draw evolutionary inferences, based on genetic data. Biological parameters that differ between species include not only evolutionary variables such as clan size, mutation rates, recombination rates, population structure and history, but also how the genome itself is organized and life history traits, including mating behaviour. All of these factors play a vital role in determining the observed molecular variability and evolution.

“While these many considerations may seem daunting to some researchers, it is important to note that many excellent research groups at ASU and around the world are actively working to improve our understanding of these basic evolutionary parameters, providing ongoing enhancement to inference, for example, mutations and Recombination rates,” Susan Pfeiffer, associate professor at the Center for Evolution and Medicine and the Biodesign Center for the Mechanisms of Evolution, added, “recombination rates.”

While theoretical models of population genomics have proliferated alongside relatively sparse genomic data, an avalanche of data made possible by rapid and inexpensive DNA sequencing of organisms across the tree of life has radically changed the field. Careful and discreet use of this goldmine of genomic data will aid in the development of more rigorous models to unravel many of the remaining mysteries of evolution.

The document discusses the use of engineered bacteria for biopharmaceutical production and evolutionary genomics, specifically for tumor colonization and targeted drug delivery.

Title:

Content: Opportunistic Colonizers: Selectively Targeting Tumor Cells with Bacteria

C@ECN-PL delivers CXB to tumor cells via liposomes anchored to the cell surface and promotes immune cell recruitment to the tumor. The self-lysis circuit ensures that C@ECN-PL does not accumulate within the tumor microenvironment. CXB and DOX suppress ant

USA, July 1, 2024 /EINPresswire.com/ -- Live bacteria can be applied in cancer therapy given their ability to deplete nutrients and induce cell death in tumors. However, the interaction between bacteria and tumor cells is risky and can exacerbate the inflammatory response and the expression of anti-apoptotic genes. Now, researchers from China have engineered a strain of Escherichia coli (C@ECN-PL) with liposomes and a self-lysis circuit to optimize targeted tumor cell killing and improve biosafety.

Researchers probing the next frontiers in cancer therapy have turned to bacteria given their ability to inhibit tumor proliferation by colonizing tumors. Crucially, the Achilles heel of this approach is suboptimal treatment efficiency caused by the bacteria-induced inflammatory response. The concern is the ensuing signaling cascade spurs cyclooxygenase II (COX-2) upregulation in the tumor microenvironment. COX-2 promotes anti-apoptotic gene expression in tumor cells and resistance to chemotherapy and immunotherapy.

To overcome this limitation, researchers are exploring how engineered bacteria can optimize the process of tumor colonization and targeted drug delivery while maximizing biosafety. Salmonella engineered to target tumors have delivered positive results in the laboratory but were highly toxic and produced insufficient therapeutic effects in clinical trials. Moving forward, the developments being pursued to improve the efficiency of these bacterial vectors include surface modifications, molecular modifications, and chemical encapsulation.

Recently, a team of researchers in China engineered a strain of Escherichia coli (E. coli) with liposomes to deliver an anticancer drug and explored its ability to colonize the tumor microenvironment. The team was helmed by Dr. Jiaofang Huang from the State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering at East China University of Science and Technology. “The tumor microenvironment is hypoxic (oxygen deprived) so it lends itself to being colonized by anaerobic microbes. Optimizing this colonization to deliver anticancer drugs, and doing so safely, holds great promise in oncology,” says Dr. Huang when questioned about his motivation to pursue the research. The study (doi: 10.34133/bdr.0038) was published in BioDesign Research on 25 June 2024.

To overcome limitations inherent to bacterial vectors, the team developed an E. coli strain (C@ECN-PL) as their anticancer drug delivery platform. E. coli Nissle 1917 (ECN) was engineered with a hypoxia-induced lysis circuit expressed via the pGEX-Pvhb-Lysis plasmid. This self-lysis circuit ensured that drug delivery in the oxygen-deprived tumor microenvironment could be coupled with minimal unintended bacterial proliferation. The anti-inflammatory COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib (CXB) was sequestered in liposomes electrostatically anchored to the surface of ECN cells (C@ECN). Drug delivery systems based on liposomes have been trialed before but were found to be hampered by low drug utilization at the target. This occurred due to reticuloendothelial clearance and an inability to penetrate the dense tumor extracellular matrix. It is worth noting that CXB is toxic so delivering it via liposomes secured to bacteria curbed any unwanted inflammatory response, ensured targeted delivery, and minimized toxicity. The team was keen to understand if C@ECN-PL could increase the sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapy drugs and tested the effect of C@ECN-PL combined with doxorubicin (DOX) on tumor cells.

“When we tested our C@ECN-PL drug delivery platform in the lab, we found it delivered CXB accurately to tumor cells. Furthermore, our engineered bacterial vector was less toxic, minimized CXB’s adverse effects, and increased the action of DOX toward tumor cells,” explains Dr. Huang when discussing the study’s significant findings, “Following our experiments in mice, we were satisfied to find C@ECN-PL colonized the tumor microenvironment and was safely eliminated from this region via activation of the self-lysis circuit. Additionally, we measured strong inhibition of COX-2 by CXB and increased tumor cell sensitivity to DOX during our research.”An important finding was ECN’s ability to act as an immune adjuvant. The team found it reversed tumor-induced suppression and successfully recruited CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ cells to the tumor microenvironment.

Dr. Huang is buoyed by the potential of C@ECN-PL to revolutionize drug delivery in oncology. “Subduing the inflammatory response against ECN and ensuring biocompatibility remains crucial to its success. However, I’m confident future developments will make the ECN platform more robust and allow us to deliver a broad range of drugs spanning small molecules, RNA, and proteins,” he concludes.

DOI
10.34133/bdr.0038

Original Source URL
https://spj.science.org/doi/10.34133/bdr.0038

Lucy Wang
BioDesign Research
email us here

The document discusses a study on biopharmaceutical production and evolutionary genomics, specifically the use of engineered E. coli to deliver anticancer drugs, which is a biohacking technique.

The document discusses the development of an E. coli strain as a platform for anticancer drug delivery, combining biopharmaceutical production and evolutionary genomics.

The gene editing technology mentioned in the document is CRISPR-Cas9, which allows researchers to modify genomic DNA at specific target sites.

Title:

Content: ABOVE: Researchers investigated the inadvertent genotoxicity that arises from CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing in T cells and stumbled upon a solution. ©iStock, LadadikArt

Thanks to gene editing tools such as CRISPR-Cas technologies, researchers can now insert, delete, or replace genomic DNA at specific target sites to inactivate genes, acquire new traits, and correct genetic mutations.1 The well known CRISPR-Cas9 system relies on a guide RNA that directs the Cas9 enzyme to a desired DNA sequence, which the enzyme cuts, forming double-strand breaks (DSB). One important application for CRISPR-Cas9 technology is potentially boosting the immune response in patients with cancer by engineering autologous T cells to target and destroy tumor cells.2

While CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing enables advanced T cell therapies, scientists have safety concerns.3 Improper DSB repair can lead to the loss of Cas9-targeted chromosomes, but these unintended effects remain largely unexplored. “There were a couple of papers in the field that showcased this [chromosome loss], but nothing that was very comprehensive,” said Connor Tsuchida from the University of California, Berkley and founder of the biotech company Stealth Startup. In his recently published paper in Cell, Tsuchida and his colleagues reported how widespread the Cas9-induced chromosomal loss was when editing human T cells.4

To investigate how Cas9 gene editing affected T cells, the researchers targeted the first exon of the TRAC locus, which encodes the T cell receptor on chromosome 14. As expected, DNA sequencing results showed that the intended locus was edited. However, when the researchers analyzed the cells’ transcriptome-wide single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data, they detected reduced gene dosage on chromosome 14 and found that five to 20 percent of the T cells exhibited partial or whole chromosome loss.

To further look at the chromosome loss phenomenon, Tsuchida and his colleagues used CRISPR-Cas9 to edit multiple genes on every somatic chromosome. They found that chromosome loss occurred for almost 90 percent of all targets, no matter where the edit occured. Taken together, these results suggested that chromosome loss from T cell genome editing is a general feature of Cas9 editing across target sites.

The researchers then assessed the consequences of Cas9-induced chromosome loss. They monitored edited cells in vitro for two to three weeks, a timeframe similar to current clinical adoptive T cell therapy manufacturing protocols, and found that although these cells survived, they had detectable levels of chromosome loss throughout and showed reduced proliferation and fitness. Therefore, compromised T cells with Cas9-induced chromosome loss could persist long enough during cell therapy manufacturing to end up in patients. The researchers also saw significant overexpression of two gene modules in these cells: the p53 DNA damage response and general apoptosis pathways.

The researchers wondered if they could find evidence of engineered T cell chromosome loss in existing clinical trials.2 They investigated scRNA-seq data throughout a trial completed in 2020, where patients with advanced, refractory cancer received CRISPR-Cas9-edited T cells, called NY-ESO-1 transduced CRISPR 3X edited cells (NYCE cells). “We didn't find any [chromosome loss] at all, which was surprising for us,” said Tsuchida.

After investigating several factors that may explain this discrepancy, Tsuchida and his colleagues found a key difference in the clinical trial’s T cell engineering protocol. In Tsuchida’s study, and in nearly all other clinical trials testing genome-edited T cells, CRISPR editing occurred after T cell activation and stimulation. In contrast, the NYCE cells were edited before activation, which may have decreased chromosome loss.

“The important part is that [Tsuchida’s team] demonstrated a way to mitigate unintended chromosome loss by changing the protocol,”  said Ayal Hendel, a CRISPR editing researcher from Bar-Ilan University, who was not involved with this study. “They demonstrated that if you first take the T cells, induce edits, and only later start with the activation … you get less chromosome loss. This is the main new aspect of this paper.”

To further understand the difference between these two protocols, the researchers looked at TP53 expression. This gene encodes the p53 protein involved in the DNA damage response and T cell activation. They found that TP53 expression after CRISPR-Cas9 editing inversely correlated with rates of chromosome loss. The researchers speculated that when engineering NYCE cells, high TP53 expression may have favored cells with intact chromosomes. Modulating p53 while following the NYCE protocol may help protect CRISPR-engineered cells against aneuploidy. “[Treating cells] with small molecules that either activate p53 or inactivate an inhibitor of p53 before genome editing … may [offer] transient protection,” Tsuchida hypothesized. “It's something we are interested in getting into.”

References:

  1. Xu Y, et al. CRISPR-Cas systems: Overview, innovations and applications in human disease research and gene therapy. Comput Struct Biotechnol J. 2020;18:2401-2415.
  2. Stadtmauer EA, et al. CRISPR-engineered T cells in patients with refractory cancer. Science. 2020;367(6481):eaba7365.
  3. Nahmad AD, et al. Frequent aneuploidy in primary human T cells after CRISPR-Cas9 cleavage. Nat Biotechnol. 2022;40(12):1807-1813.
  4.  Tsuchida CA, et al. Mitigation of chromosome loss in clinical CRISPR-Cas9-engineered T cells. Cell. 2023;186(21):4567-4582.e20.

The gene editing technology mentioned in the document is CRISPR-Cas9.

The gene editing technology mentioned in the document is CRISPR-Cas9, which was used to edit multiple genes on every somatic chromosome.

The gene editing technology mentioned in the document is CRISPR/Cas9, also referred to as CRISPR-Cas9.

The document mentions the use of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology in the ClvR system to ensure the survival of gametes with desired genes.

Title:

Content:
This article has been reviewed according to Science X's editorial process and policies. Editors have highlighted the following attributes while ensuring the content's credibility:

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A new CRISPR-driven technology for gene drive in plants

Weeds are a pesky irritant for most home gardeners, but in large agricultural settings, weeds can pose an especially deadly problem. For example, Amaranthus palmeri, known as Palmer's pigweed, has evolved in many areas to be completely resistant to modern herbicides, enabling it to take over fields of corn, soybeans, and other important crops. To make pigweed susceptible to herbicides again, you would need to change its genetics.

Spreading a specific genetic trait through a , even if that trait does not benefit those who carry it, is the purpose of a "gene drive." Gene drives can be used for many different applications. These are divided into two broad categories: population modification and population suppression.

Population modification can make mosquitos immune to, and therefore unable to spread, malaria, or make a crop more heat-tolerant in anticipation of climate change. Population suppression can be used to bring about local reduction or elimination of a weed or invasive species.

But any gene editing program needs to have strict built-in controls to keep the modifications localized to a specific area and to prevent other species from accidentally inheriting modified genes.

Now, Caltech researchers have developed a new gene drive technology, called ClvR (pronounced "cleaver"), that can be specifically customized to plant species, preventing accidental gene editing in cross-pollination situations.

Crucially, the technology can be designed to be self-limiting, only spreading the desired genes for a limited number of generations, thereby limiting their spread in time and space. The work is the first engineered gene drive in and the first to enable species-specific modification as well as the first to act at the level of plant sex cells.

A paper describing the new study was published in the journal Nature Plants on June 17. The research was conducted in the laboratory of Bruce Hay, professor of biology and biological engineering.

How do you genetically engineer a plant so that its offspring definitely will have a certain gene of interest? When breeding plants and animals, one of the two copies of a gene present in a parent is randomly inherited by a progeny.

Gene drive tips the inheritance scales in favor of one of these copies: the one on which the DNA responsible for bringing about gene drive is located. This results in its spread to high frequency in the population over time.

ClvR ensures that the genes of interest are passed on by affecting a plant's sex cells, or gametes. The ClvRsystem uses CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology to ensure that if a gamete does not contain the desired gene, it will not survive. In this way, any future offspring will come from gametes with the desired gene.

The system works by using a so-called "toxin/antidote" paradigm. Cas9 (the "toxin") is programmed to destroy, in the adult stage, a gene required for gamete survival, essentially ensuring its death. But the catch is, gametes carrying ClvR are also provided with an undamaged version of the same target gene (the "Rescue" or "antidote"), which functions like an antidote to a poison, leading to the survival of ClvR-bearing gametes.

That Rescue—the key to the gamete's survival—is also linked to a cargo gene, the gene of interest that a researcher wants to spread into the plant population. In other words, the cargo gene hitchhikes along with the Rescue gene. This ensures that only the gametes that contain both will survive—essentially forcing the cargo gene into the population.

"There are two ways to win a race: Be better than all the other competitors or trip all of the other racers up," says Hay. In this case, the ClvR system trips up all other competing chromosomes that could be inherited by progeny by ensuring that only sex cells with the desired cargo survive.

Importantly, the ClvR system is customizable for different circumstances. The toxin and antidote genes can be chosen to be specific for the desired plant species, so that if the genetic information gets passed into another species, nothing will happen.

Additionally, the "cargo" gene can be designed for various purposes—for example, this gene could re-sensitize pigweed to herbicide or make an endangered plant more heat tolerant or disease resistant—a form of evolutionary rescue.

Finally, the ClvR system can also be engineered to bring about local suppression or elimination of a weed or invasive species through the creation of a high frequency of sterile females, which leads to a population collapse.

"The ClvR system provides a general species-specific tool for altering the genetics of plant populations in ways that can contribute to global challenges such as and resilience in endangered native species and ecologies threatened by and climate change," says Hay. "We are excited to collaborate with others on these problems."

More information: Georg Oberhofer et al, Cleave and Rescue gamete killers create conditions for gene drive in plants, Nature Plants (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01701-3

Journal information: Nature Plants

Citation: A new CRISPR-driven technology for gene drive in plants (2024, June 27) retrieved 27 June 2024 from https://phys.org/news/2024-06-crispr-driven-technology-gene.html
This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.

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Biohacking aims to improve human health and overcome physical limits through self-optimization techniques.

Biohacking aims to improve human health and overcome physical limits through the use of cybernetic implants and other mechanisms.

Biohacking is being explored for its potential benefits in improving human health and overcoming physical limits, with a goal of enhancing overall quality of life through technology.

Biohacking is being explored for its potential to improve human health and overcome physical limits, with medical biohackers aiming to incorporate technology into medicine.

Biohacking techniques, such as optimized genome editing, aim to improve human health and overcome physical limits by reducing mutations and treating genetic diseases.

Title:

Content: Health · Life
Optimizing "gene scissors" can greatly reduce mutations
Zhang Jiaxin
April 12, 2023 08: 11 Source: Science and Technology Daily
The CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing process has side effects, including unwanted mutations and cytotoxicity.
Researchers at Kyushu University and Nagoya University School of Medicine in Japan have developed an optimized genome editing method that can greatly reduce mutations and thus more effectively treat genetic diseases, according to a paper published in the journal Nature Biomedical Engineering.
One of the drawbacks of CRISPR-Cas9-centered genome-editing techniques is mutation and off-target effects.
This is usually caused by enzymes targeting genomic sites with sequences similar to the target sites.
Similarly, mutations at the chromosomal level occur when genes are altered, which hampers clinical trials of gene therapy for cancer and even leads to the death of patients who are being treated for muscular dystrophy.
The team hypothesized that the current editing regimen using Cas9 would lead to excessive DNA cutting, leading to some mutations.
To test this hypothesis, the team built a system called “AIMS ” in mouse cells that separately evaluated the activity of Cas9 on each chromosome.
The results show that the commonly used methods have very high editing activity, and this high activity can lead to some side effects.
They found that extending additional cytosine to the 5 'end of the gRNA was effective, effectively inhibiting overactivity and allowing control of DNA cleavage.
The new technology reduces off-target effects and cytotoxicity, improves the efficiency of single-allele selective editing, and improves the efficiency of the homologous directed repair mechanism most commonly used for DNA double-strand fracture repair.
To test its effectiveness in a medical setting, the researchers investigated a rare disease called progressive osteoporotic fiber dysplasia.
Using mouse models, they created the same genes as the human version.
Then, using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells, they were able to repair damage, accurate to a single nucleotide in the relevant allele that causes the disease, demonstrating the safety and effectiveness of the technique for gene therapy.
The team also constructed the first mathematical model of the correlation between various genomic editing patterns and Cas9 activity, enabling users to simulate the results of genome editing across a population of cells.
This breakthrough allowed the researchers to identify the most efficient Cas9 gene editing process, thereby reducing the huge cost and labor required.
(Editor: Sun Hongli, Yang Di)
Related News

Neurofeedback therapy is a biohacking method used to improve mental health, with patients reporting positive results in managing conditions such as ADHD, trauma, and OCD.

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Content: NewsLocal NewsSummit County

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'It saved my life,' ADHD, trauma, OCD patients turn to neurofeedback therapy

Posted at 8:18 AM, Apr 05, 2024
and last updated 2024-04-05 08:18:12-04

CUYAHOGA FALLS, Ohio — Cracking the code to wellness is now costing Americans $1.8 trillion annually.

For the average American, that breaks down to more than $5,300 per year.

Those numbers come from the Global Wellness Summit's 2024 trends report.

The report also shows that the global wellness economy, which generated $5.6 trillion in 2022, will continue to surge and reach $8.5 trillion within the next three years.

A driver of those staggering stats is ‘biohacking,’ which is the term for do-it-yourself biology.

It has generated 951 million views on TikTok and over on Google, there's been a 900% increase in searches for ‘biohacking.’

"The way that i like to describe it is using what we know about biology to help us become better versions of ourselves," said Britney Cirillo with Alternative Therapeutics.

‘Biohacking’ can be anything from using a smartwatch to track our heart rate to jumping in an ice bath and neuro-feedback therapy.

The idea behind neuro-feedback therapy is that we can essentially re-train our brain to tackle mental health issues like depression, anxiety, trauma, and OCD, which Emily Dean suffered from for about a decade.

"Was pretty afraid to even leave my house alone. At my worst, I was unable to care for my physical health," said Dean.

Dean ultimately needed to check into the hospital as her mental health declined.

After being discharged, she discovered neurofeedback therapy.

"It completely changed my life," said Dean.

Dean said the sessions at Alternative Therapeutics in Cuyahoga Falls provided relief that medications and traditional therapies could not.

"We're not your average counseling practice," said Cirillo.

Cirillo uses neurofeedback therapy to balance electrical activity in a patient's brain, regulating delta, theta, alpha, and beta levels.

"If any of those brainwaves are being overproduced or underproduced, that will correlate with symptoms that the client is experiencing," said Cirillo.

The goal is to essentially retrain the brain using operant conditioning, a learning process in which voluntary behaviors are rewarded.

"We tell the brain to do a certain thing when it does that certain thing, they're rewarded instantly by that video game that they're playing," Cirillo.

I was so interested in how it works that Cirillo gave me a taste of a typical session.

My goal was to keep the flames of a fire burning bright and the sound of the crackling strong while playing a game on a tablet.

Cirillo was checking to make sure my brain was in an ideal zone.

I only sat there with the tablet for a short time, but a typical therapy session lasts about 20 minutes.

"And so, with more and more practice, the brain starts to recognize what it's supposed to do and it reinforces that pathway, strengthens it to the point that that's their new normal," said Cirillo.

Despite gaining popularity during this ‘biohacking craze,’ neurofeedback therapy is still considered experimental.

"I think it's an interesting phenomenon," said Dr. Robert Lufkin with the USC School of Medicine.

Lufkin said regulating the brain could give people better outcomes when it comes to their mental health.

"I think in my opinion, this can have beneficial effects on an individual," said Lufkin.

Lufkin said regardless of what form of ‘biohacking’ people choose, it's shifting the balance of the doctor-patient relationship.

"It's certainly exploding in recent years, and I think it reflects the fact that all of us as, as patients are taking control of our own health," said Lufkin.

Dean is beyond grateful she gained control.

"Neurofeedback therapy and Alternative Therapeutics saved my life," said Dean.

After completing 20 sessions five years ago, Dean has been able to maintain her progress with a few booster sessions, along with some tools to help her navigate the world.

A world that, for years, Dean navigated with crippling fear.

"Before neurofeedback I was afraid to go to the grocery store alone. Last year, I went to California alone. That is something that I never thought would be possible for me," said Dean.

With insurance companies still considering neurofeedback therapy experimental it is not covered.

However, Cirillo said many of her clients have success when they submit for out of network reimbursement.

On average, people will need about 20 sessions to get the end results they're looking for.

Neurofeedback therapy is a biohacking method used to improve mental health by re-training the brain to tackle issues such as depression, anxiety, and OCD.

Neurofeedback therapy is a biohacking method used to improve mental health by regulating the brain, and although it's still considered experimental, it may have beneficial effects on individuals.

Neurofeedback therapy is a biohacking method used to improve mental health, as evidenced by Dean's personal experience of overcoming crippling fear and achieving significant progress after completing 20 sessions.

A key focus of biohacking is to improve the quality of life by lowering the morbidity rate, as stated by Dr. Claudio Urbani.

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Content: Home » biohacking, reprogramming mind and body to live better

biohacking, reprogramming mind and body to live better

by admin

It’s called “biohacking” and it comes from Silicon Valley. Listen: The long life diet: the longevity formula is calorie restriction …

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It’s called “biohacking” and comes from Silicon Valley.

A relatively new word that comes from the union of “biology” and “hacker” and indicates the attempt to positively influence the functioning of the organism, by hacking, ie trying to “force”, one’s genetic heritage. A strategy to live better and longer launched years ago by Californian top managers and which then spread throughout the world. How to upgrade the “operating system” of the human body? No manipulation, here we are talking about “reprogramming” and new lifestyles. “Our genetic heritage has enormous unexpressed potential that can be activated,” he explains Fabio Piccinidoctor and psychoanalyst, researcher of Food Sciences of theMarche Polytechnic University, author of the book “Biohacking Techniques: how to optimize metabolism to increase health and longevity”. “Biohacking aims to activate epigenetic modifications by awakening dormant genes to enhance the body’s resources.” While genetics studies the structure of DNA, epigenetics the way genes express themselves, i.e. how much they are turned on or off. “We’re talking about a set of strategies that aim to strengthen the body from a physical and mental point of view, first of all through nutrition, sleep quality, physical activity, cognitive stimulation”. One of the pillars of biohacking and the intermittent fasting, Piccini adds, which plans to concentrate the diet in a precise time span of the day (to be followed always under medical supervision). «But it is equally important to take care of sleep, we know very well that sleep debt accelerates aging and that 30-40 percent of people sleep too little. Just as it is essential to check thehydration. Physical training must also be intermittent, with recovery periods in place to allow the muscle layers to rebuild. And then, you have to keep learning something at any age, another pillar of biohacking: studying music or a new language, for example, to counteract cognitive degeneration”.

See also  The dashboard of Xbox Series X will have a higher resolution-

THE QUALITY OF LIFE

Sandra Milo is one of the supporters of this well-being and longevity strategy. «I’m lucky, at 90 I’m in full health and I still have a great desire to enjoy life. I don’t know if it’s a matter of genetics, nor do I think there is a “magic formula” of longevity, but I have certainly always been careful to lead a healthy life. There is nothing more beautiful than reaching old age with a smile and in full autonomy », says the actress who baptized the first Biohacking Suite in Rome. “Our mission is not so much to lengthen life but to improve its quality by lowering the rate of morbidity,” explains Dr. Claudio Urbani, specialist in regenerative medicine, neuroscience and stress therapy, head of the longevity center Umb. «Biohacking aims to modify dormant functional responses from non-use, from muscular or cardiovascular function to flexibility. It is about regaining possession of the body and the mind-body axis, starting with stress management». Diagnosing your own state of “aging” involves a series of tests. «The measurement of oxidative stress which measures the quantity of free radicals and indicates any inflammatory states, plethysmography to evaluate the functionality of the microcirculation of the legs, impedancemetry to study body composition, fat and lean mass, nutritional status and hydration level. And only after the check is a tailor-made program created for each person. Among the suggested therapies, there is also that of the cold which stimulates the metabolism and reduces inflammation ».

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According to the studies, how does intermittent fasting help?

Biohacking aims to improve the human condition by overcoming physical and intellectual limits, with some trends focusing on defeating diseases, aging, and death using technology.

Biohacking techniques, such as optimized genome editing methods, aim to improve quality of life by reducing morbidity rates through the treatment of genetic diseases.

"Biohacking involves various methods, including intermittent fasting, hydration, and sleep care, aimed at self-optimization and improving health and well-being."

According to the studies, how does intermittent fasting help?

Biohacking involves optimizing health and well-being through techniques like intermittent fasting, hydration, sleep care, and physical training, aiming to activate epigenetic modifications and enhance the body's resources.

According to the studies, how does intermittent fasting help?

"Biohacking techniques include various methods such as intermittent fasting, hydration, and sleep care, aimed at self-optimization and improving health and well-being."

According to the studies, how does intermittent fasting help?

Biohackers aim to improve the human condition and reduce disease incidence through self-experimentation with biotechnologies.

The biohacker's approach has another goal besides prolonging life, which is to reduce disease incidence by using technology to defeat all diseases and aging.

"The biohacker's approach aims to not only prolong life but also reduce disease incidence, as exemplified by the work of Sonia Vallabh and her husband Eric Minikel in combating a rare genetic brain disease."

Title:

Content: She's fighting to stop the brain disease that killed her mother before it gets her.

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CAMBRIDGE, Massachusetts ‒ Sonia Vallabh watched helplessly as her 51-year-old mother rapidly descended into dementia and died. It didn't take long for Vallabh to realize she was destined for the same rare genetic fate.

Vallabh and her husband did what anyone would want to do in their situation: They decided to fight.

Armed with little more than incredible intellect and determination they set out to conquer her destiny.

A dozen years later, they've taken a major step in that direction, finding a way to shut off enough genetic signals to hold off the disease.

And in the process of trying to rescue Vallabh, they may save many, many others as well.

In a paper published Thursday in the prestigious journal Science, Vallabh and her husband, Eric Minikel, and their co-authors offer a way to disrupt brain diseases like the one that killed her mother.

The same approach should also work against diseases such as Huntington's, Parkinson's, ALS and even Alzheimer's, which result from the accumulation of toxic proteins. If it works as well as they think, it could also be useful against a vast array of other diseases that can be treated by shutting off genes.

"It doesn't have to be the brain. It could be the muscles. It could be the kidneys. It could be really anywhere in the body where we have not easily been able to do these things before," said Dr. Kiran Musunuru, a cardiologist and geneticist at the University of Pennsylvania's Perelman School of Medicine, who wasn't involved in the research but wrote a perspective accompanying the paper.

So far, they've proven it only in mice.

"The data are good as far as they go," Vallabh said this week from her office at the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, where she has worked since getting a PhD at Harvard. She had already gotten a law degree from the university, but she and Minikel, then a transportation planner, both pursued biology degrees after her mother's death. Now, they work together at the Broad.

"We're far from this being a drug," Vallabh said. "There's always, always reason for caution. Sadly, everything is always more likely to fail than succeed.

"But there is justifiable reason for optimism."

A terrible disease

The disease that killed Vallabh's mother was one of a group of conditions called prion diseases. These include mad cow disease, which affects mostly cattle, scrapie, which affects sheep, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, which kills about 350 Americans a year ‒ most within months of their first symptom.

These diseases are triggered when the prion protein found in all normal brains starts misfolding for some reason, as yet unknown.

"Prion disease can strike anybody," Vallabh said, noting the 1 in 6,000 risk to the general population.

Though prion diseases are, in some cases, contagious, a federal study earlier this year concluded that chronic wasting disease, found in deer, elk and moose, is very unlikely to pass to people who eat the meat of sick animals.

In Vallabh's case, the cause is genetic. Vallabh discovered after her mother's death that she carries the same variant of the same gene that caused her mother's disease, meaning she will certainly develop it.

The only question is when.

"The age of onset is extremely unpredictable," Vallabh said. "Your parent's age of onset doesn't actually predict anything."

How the gene-editing tool works

Vallabh, Minikel and their colleagues developed a gene-editing approach they call CHARM (for Coupled Histone tail Autoinhibition Release of Methyltransferase).

While previous gene-editing tools have been described as scissors or erasers, Musunuru described CHARM as a volume control, allowing scientists to tune a gene up or down. It has three advantages over previous strategies, he said.

The device is tiny, so it fits easily inside the virus needed to deliver it. Other gene-editing tools, like CRISPR, are bigger, which means they need to be broken into pieces and much more of the virus is needed to deliver those pieces to the brain, risking a dangerous immune reaction.

CHARM, Musunuru said, is "easier to deliver to hard-to-deliver spaces like the brain."

At least in the mouse, it also seems to have reached throughout the brain, making the desired genetic change without other, unwanted ones, Musunuru said.

And finally, the research team figured out a way to turn the gene editor off after its work was done. "If it's sticking around, there's the potential for genetic mischief," Musunuru said.

One shot on goal

While researchers, including Vallabh, continue to work to perfect an approach, the clock for Vallabh and others is ticking.

Right now there's no viable treatment and if it takes too long to develop one, Vallabh will miss her window. Once the disease process starts, like a runaway train, it'll be much harder to stop than it would be to just shut the gene off in the first place.

The more of the prion protein in the brain, the more likely it is to misfold. And the more likely it is for the disease to spread, a process that co-opts the natural form of the protein and converts it to the toxic form.

That's why getting rid of as much of it as possible makes sense, said Jonathan Weissman, the senior author on the study, who leads a lab at the Whitehead Institute, a biomedical research institute next to the Broad.

"The biology is really clear. The need (for a cure) is so compelling," Weissman said.

Every cell in the brain has the gene for making the prion protein. By silencing even 50% of those genes, Weissman figures he can prevent the disease. In mice, CHARM silenced up to 80% to 90%.

"We've figured out what to deliver. Now we have to figure out how to deliver it," he said.

Another of the paper's co-authors, the Broad's Ben Deverman, published a study late last year showing he could deliver a gene-therapy-carrying virus throughout the brain. Others are developing other viral delivery systems.

And Vallabh and Minikel have hedged their bets, helping to develop a so-called antisense oligonucleotide, or ASO, which uses another path for stopping the gene from making the prion protein.

The ASO, which is in early trials in people by a company called Ionis Pharmaceuticals, requires regular treatment rather than the one-and-done of a gene therapy. Recruitment for that trial had to be paused in April because the number of would-be volunteers outstripped the available slots.

Personalized therapy: This lifesaving treatment was designed for one. Could it be the future of medical care?

Vallabh isn't ready yet to start any treatment yet herself.

"She has one shot on goal," Musunuru said. "At some point, she'll have to decide what's the best strategy."

In the meantime, the clock Vallabh can't see continues to tick toward onset.

She and Minikel stay exceedingly busy with their research along with their daughter, almost 7, and 4-year-old son ‒ both born via IVF and preimplantation genetic testing to ensure they wouldn't inherit her genetic curse. (They were super lucky, Vallabh notes, to be living in Massachusetts where IVF is at least "approachable" financially.)

"There is a mountain ahead of us," Vallabh said of the path to a cure. "There's still a lot of hurdles, there's still a lot to figure out."

Karen Weintraub can be reached at kweintraub@usatoday.com.

This article originally appeared on USA TODAY: After dementia killed her mother a medical researcher looks for a cure

The biohacker's approach aims to not only prolong life but also reduce disease incidence by targeting various diseases such as Huntington's, Parkinson's, ALS, and Alzheimer's.

"Besides prolonging life, another goal of the biohacker's approach is to reduce disease incidence, which is inferred from the idea that people have sought ways to live longer and less sick."

Title:

Content: Verb L
20,767 followers
“How to Become a Superman. ”
Biohacker Guide
Aging is a natural process, but it can be made much slower.
From time immemorial, people have come up with ways to live longer and less sick.
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According to the studies, how does intermittent fasting help?

It reduces the risk of lifestyle-related diseases, such as metabolic disorders.

The biohacker's approach aims to improve human health and well-being by using self-optimization methods, with the goal of living longer and healthier.

According to the studies, how does intermittent fasting help?

Biohacking aims to improve human health and well-being by overcoming physical and intellectual limits, with the ultimate goal of living longer and healthier.

The biohacker's approach aims to improve quality of life through technology, promising to achieve living longer and healthier.

The biohacker's approach aims to slow down the aging process and live a longer, healthier life.

According to the studies, how does intermittent fasting help?

Biohacking aims to achieve a longer and healthier life through various methods, including calorie restriction and reprogramming the mind and body.

The practice of biohacking is viewed as controversial and raises ethical concerns due to its experimental nature and lack of reliable scientific data to support its methods.

Biohacking is a controversial practice that involves using technology to improve human condition, but it raises ethical concerns due to potential health risks.

Biohacking is a controversial practice that involves using various methods to optimize one's health and well-being, but it can also raise ethical concerns and pose health risks if not supported by reliable scientific data.

The practice of biohacking is viewed as controversial due to potential negative side effects and lack of scientific evidence supporting its methods, which can lead to addiction and other health issues.

Title:

Content: New superhuman brains.
About drugs that make you smarter and more miserable!
Entrepreneur and programmer Dave Asbury ’ s mornings may not seem different at first glance than anyone else ’ s.
Dave wakes up and takes his young children to school, then comes home and makes himself a breakfast of coffee and butter.
Then, he walks into his office, reaches out to a corner, pulls several capsules out of boxes that look like medicine, and then starts working.
[1] Here it is.
Everything is normal, until we discover that the capsules he takes are not really drugs, but drugs.
Dave ’ s use of these drugs cannot be considered strange: throughout human history, before civilizations even existed, drugs accompanied humans.
For the damage that may lead the individual to death, some found in them an escape from the worries and burdens of life, although the price they will pay for this is high.
What is really strange is that what Dave, and many others, want from taking a certain type of drug is the complete opposite of all this; he doesn ’ t want to get away with it every morning; he wants to indulge more in it and manipulate it to his advantage; he wants to become smarter, more productive, richer.
Dave ’ s drugs are neither weed nor opioid, nor are they similar to any other familiar drug, Dave taking nootropics, or “smart ” drugs.
The chemist C.C. didn't have a clue.
Giragia Yuma said that the word he invented as the name for the drug Pristam, which he installed in his laboratory one day in 1964, would become so popular 60 years later.
The name of this compound came from the combination of the Greek words "nos", which means brain, and "tropin", which means "me," and created in his laboratory the first drug that he hopes will succeed in bending the brain of those who use it.
[2] Like any medicine.
Another, Gergea designed the prestam as a treatment, and he hoped it would help patients with brain and cognitive disorders, such as Alzheimer ’ s in the elderly and speech disorders in children.
But most Nutrobix users now are often completely healthy individuals with no brain abnormality, and do not aim to cure themselves of a disease.
[3]
Smart drug users are also different from any other type of drug users: they are not marginalized groups or young Magna people who dose drugs in dark dens or raucous parties; nootropics are some of the world ’ s finest college students and some of the brightest tech minds in Silicon Valley, the tech heartland of San Francisco.
By taking drugs that are mostly made for people with cognitive disorders as a result of mental illness, these brilliant students and programmers want to enhance their ability to learn, focus and think creatively to become smarter, which seems to be happening under the influence of these drugs.
Phoebe, a history student at a prestigious university in England, describes the impact of nootropics on her in an interview with The Guardian: “These drugs help you work, so you can study longer without distractions.
You feel like going to the library on your own, and you don ’ t even want to take a lunch break.
You look at the clock and it ’ s 7: 00 p.m., but you can still keep going. ”
Johnny, a student at the same university, describes his first experience with drugs: "I had a strange feeling, I remember sitting in the exam and thinking, 'This is terrible!
Oh, my God!
I feel as if I ’ m going to lose consciousness, ” but at the same time I could remember everything, whole paragraphs remembered word for word.
That was great. "[4]
It all sounds really cool, taking a few pills in the morning gives you an incredible ability to work and think.
But, as anyone who has ever taken a drug knows, every drug has side effects that range in severity, from mild things like a headache to symptoms as severe as the disease for which you took it, and additional drugs have to be taken to treat it.
So what are the side effects of entropy?
There aren ’ t enough studies to answer this question, but many people ’ s long-term experience with Nutrobox has never been promising.
Writer and journalist Kate Miller tells her story with those drugs that she started taking after a student in her final year of university, continuing with her after entering her career.
At first, everything seemed great, she found that she could concentrate for long hours and work tirelessly until late at night, and with all this, she was able to maintain a good social life.
But not long after, the ugly face of Nootropics revealed itself to her: Kate became an addict.
In her New York Times article, Kate recounts what she went through: “I was fooling myself when I thought I could stay balanced while taking these drugs, when I thought the benefits outweighed the harm.
I started to increase the doses I was taking, and then, I found myself spending long nights flipping over in bed and falling asleep, my mind racing and my heart beating violently.
When I woke up the next morning, the first thing I did was reach out to take the pills again.
My body started getting used to these drugs, and then I lost their effect, so I started to increase the dose.
I would take it if I found myself yawning after I turned off the alarm.
I turned into a wreck, always angry and lost my ability to connect with the world. ”
Kate reached the point where she found her life was falling apart on all levels, and here came her decision to stop taking those drugs once and for all.
But what no one has told her is that stopping itself will be difficult, as nitrobix, like other drugs, leaves its users at the beginning of quitting defenseless in front of a barrage of painful withdrawal symptoms.
“I found myself sleeping during meetings and I couldn ’ t finish my work before the deadline.
I also began to feel very hungry and began to eat heavily.
This disorder left me with a very fragile and sensitive brain chemistry, and my weight gain and late work only made matters worse.
It was hard for me to understand at the time that what I was going through was withdrawal symptoms; no one had warned me about the side effects of these drugs. ”
Phoebe and Jonny, students who had been helped by Nootropics during the exam period, soon noticed the bad effect on them; Phoebe began to feel severe pain in her stomach, and Jimmy felt that he was becoming too dependent on her for everything, and he ate it every morning without really needing it.
Fortunately, before they went through Kate ’ s bad experience, the Taliban gave up Nutropics altogether.
Even Dave Asbury, an entrepreneur who takes huge amounts of nootropics every morning and founded a company that makes coffee mixed with the drugs, has developed a severe allergy to certain foods that he has been eating normally throughout his life.
In a paper in the journal Clinical Neuroscience, researchers Farid Taleh and Jane Aglotti found that many Nutrobix drugs cause side effects ranging in severity from diarrhea, headaches, dizziness and insomnia, to memory loss, identity disorders and motor system deficiencies.
The research also included a case study of four individuals between the ages of 17 and 28 who were taken to the hospital emergency room after a nervous breakdown. [6] Here, we find ourselves faced with a more important question: Why would people with high levels of intelligence resort to drugs that may add to their intelligence even deeper, but they may also have side effects that no one knows are serious?
[7]
Tim Farris, an entrepreneur and renowned author of human development books, has no real qualms about the long-term side effects of nootropics.
Speaking to CNN, after he started talking about the amount of pressure entrepreneurs are under today, he concluded: “Just like an Olympian who is willing to do anything, even if he reduces his age to five years, to win a gold medal, you ’ ll think about any drugs you take to become smarter. ”
[8]
Jeff Wu, a software engineer who set up a company that specializes in manufacturing nootropics, goes on to say, “Creativity and high mental performance are the only ways you can succeed in Silicon Valley.
I liken tech and finance to professional athletes, so the only way for your team, product or project to be successful is to have a comparative advantage over competitors. ”
It ’ s not just the tech industry, Wu adds: “To become smarter and more productive is to meet modern day standards of success. ”
If some people seem willing to swallow poorly researched drugs without suffering from a real disease just to increase their ability to produce something strange, you ’ ve never heard of the term and the practices that these drugs and many other strange practices include: body hacking, or “biohacking. ”
As a programmer or engineer might look at a computer looking for ways to develop it, biohackers are trying through methods that vary in extremes, from intermittent fasting to injecting themselves with stem cells, to make their bodies and brains better, stronger, healthier.
At first glance, this may not seem like a bad thing, so who wouldn ’ t want to be the best possible version of themselves?
But what ’ s interesting about this is that their desire to develop their bodies and brains stops at the point where these bodies and brains are more productive, and does not go beyond them to other areas of life, where none of the body hackers, for example, thought about creating a drug that by taking it more willing to help others in their distress.
Faced with the large number of people who are willing to take Nutropics to increase their production capacity, neuroscientist Anders Sandberg found in a study that only 9% of people are willing to take a drug that makes them more empathetic or kinder.
This increased use of nootropics and the willingness to manipulate the very composition of the body in order to increase production is itself a symptom of a civilizational disease that envelops our world today: the obsession with success at any cost.
The Guardian ’ s Carol Gadwallar says of this: “In the 1960s, sedatives were known as the little helper of mothers.
Today, however, Futropics is a small aid to capitalism.
“It ’ s just another symptom of a world dominated by competition where everyone is looking for a comparative advantage that puts them above others. ”
[10] Neuroscientist Anjan Chatterjee says: "Today, from the moment of their birth until their death, people only know about running in a rat race.
We are overwhelmed by the feeling that there are a limited number of prizes on the horizon and that everyone is competing for them.
It ’ s hard and you ’ re willing to do anything to win. ”
[11]
In this world governed by machines and numbers, we are also expected to become machines: machines that wake up in the morning and work tirelessly until evening falls, and everything is ultimately governed by numbers.
How successful you are depends on how much you produce each day, which at the end of the month will translate into how much you make.
Your salary or wealth is no longer just a means to provide you with a decent life, but has become a kind of obsession, everyone wants to be successful in a modern culture that values only material values, and defies those who fail the test of making money.
In such a culture, it is not surprising to find people willing to swallow drugs with unknown side effects in order to be better.
Isn ’ t that, in one way or another, what modern culture imposes on us all today, working to burn and losing some of life ’ s simplest pleasures just to live properly and escape the stigma of failure?
The question remains: Is there then a relentless pursuit of success, what kind of happiness?
Or is the summit nothing more than a glittering image of something really empty and cold and lonely?
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Sources:
1.
I ’ m The Guy Who Created Bulletproof Coffee – This Is My Morning Routine
2.
Nootropic
3.
Under pressure, Silicon Valley workers turn to LSD microdosing
4.
Students used to take drugs to get high.
Now they take them to get higher grades
5.
The Last All-Nighter
6.
Probable Nootropicinduced Psychiatric Adverse Effects: A Series of Four Cases
7.
My smart drugs nightmare
8. smart drugs: what silicon valley is on
9.
Under Pressure: Silicon Valley workers turn to lsd
10.
Students used to take drugs to get high.
Now they take them to get higher grades
11.
Under Pressure: Silicon Valley workers turn to lsd
Source: The Island
About this story
“Narcissism ” is a widespread term, often misused to describe anyone who abuses us.
But in fact, a little bit of narcissism will do you good -- this report looks at the evolution of the concept of narcissism over the past decades.
6 / 10 / 2017
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Biohacking is a controversial practice that involves using unconventional methods to improve one's health and well-being, which may not be supported by reliable scientific data and raises ethical concerns.

Biohacking is a strategy that aims to positively influence the functioning of the organism by hacking one's genetic heritage. The main pillars of biohacking include nutrition, sleep, physical activity, and cognitive stimulation, which can help activate epigenetic modifications and enhance the body's resources.

Users of nootropics expect to achieve increased productivity, as well as enhanced cognitive abilities and financial gains.

Nootropics users aim to improve their cognitive abilities, such as learning, focus, and creativity, in order to become smarter and increase productivity.

Users of nootropics expect to achieve increased productivity by improving their ability to focus and study for longer periods without distractions.

Users of nootropics expect to achieve increased productivity, as these substances aim to improve cognitive function and memory. However, individual experiences may vary, and nootropics can have both positive and negative effects.

Users of nootropics expect to achieve increased productivity, as implied by the context of students using them during exam periods.

Some entrepreneurs use nootropics or smart drugs to enhance their cognitive abilities, as seen in the example of Dave Asbury, who takes capsules to improve his mental performance.

Some entrepreneurs use nootropics or smart drugs for cognitive enhancement.

Some entrepreneurs use nootropics or smart drugs for cognitive enhancement, aiming to improve their ability to learn, focus, and think creatively.

Some entrepreneurs use nootropics or smart drugs for cognitive enhancement, but these substances can have side effects such as addiction, highlighting the need for caution and further research on their safety and efficacy.

Some entrepreneurs use nootropics or smart drugs for cognitive enhancement, as seen in the example of students using them during exam periods.

Nootropics can cause severe side effects, including addiction, as evidenced by Kate's experience with the drugs.

Nootropics can cause addiction and mental disorders, as evidenced by withdrawal symptoms and changes in brain chemistry and behavior.