The leading companies in quantum computing development are primarily American, including IBM, Amazon, Intel, Google, and others.

The US and China are currently leading in quantum computing development, with the sector expected to reach a global market value of $1 trillion by 2035.

The UAE is a leading country in quantum computing development, investing heavily in the sector and aiming to build its first quantum computer.

The UAE is investing heavily in quantum computing, aiming to enable innovation and a knowledge-based economy through the Quantum Research Center and UAE institutes and universities.

The UAE is investing in quantum computing and aims to build the first quantum computer in the country through the Quantum Research Center and UAE institutes and universities.

Australia is investing heavily in quantum computing, with the government committing nearly a billion dollars to build a strong quantum ecosystem.

The UAE is investing in quantum computing and aims to build the first quantum computer in the country, indicating their involvement in the development of this technology.

"Google achieved quantum supremacy using its Sycamore quantum processor in 2019."

Eternal Mind Inc's quantum computing data center is located in the United States, specifically in Limestone, Maine.

Finland's first operational quantum computer is a 5-qubit computer, developed by VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland and IQM.

The University of Science and Technology of China is a leading institution in the development of quantum computing technologies, having successfully constructed a 255-photon-based prototype quantum computer.

Several American companies, including IBM, Amazon, and Google, are leading the development of quantum computers.

China is leading in state funding for quantum technologies, with an investment of $15.3 billion in 2022, surpassing Europe and the United States.

The leading companies in quantum computing development are primarily American, including IBM, Amazon, Intel, Google, and others.

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Content: Alert
It will not be all DPP Lai Ching-te talking about the premier and the head of the ministry: there are already candidates to think about.
Previous articlePrevious post: The 4th Stage of Cancer Planned Funeral: Don ’ t Want to See These People
Taiwan stocks rose 124 points, the band high transaction value but hit a new low this year...
Will Quantum Day come next year?
Quantum computing threatens global military security
1994 was a turning point in quantum computing. The algorithm of the American mathematician Shue showed that the problem solving ability of quantum computers exceeds that of traditional computers, and breaking decryption code is likely to be an important early application of quantum computers.
According to Reuters, the world may celebrate “Q-day ” as soon as next year, by which time the current encryption methods will be useless before quantum computers.
In view of this, the United States and China are stealing and harvesting each other ’ s data on a large scale to decipher and intercept messages in the quantum future.
According to the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) report in May last year predicted that enterprises will profit from quantum computing as soon as next year; by about 2035, quantum data may bring users as much as $850 billion (about NT $26.8 trillion) in benefits, quantum technology will mature in that year.
Quantum computers are expected to be able to crack cryptographic codes in minutes, rather than the thousands of years it would take for traditional computers today.
Industry experts claim that North America is the center of quantum computing.
American companies build quantum processors including IBM, Amazon, Intel, Google, Quantinum, IonQ, Microsoft, QCI and Rigetti Computing.
As of the previous year, the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada also had the largest number of startups in the industry, according to the McKinsey report.
As for China, Genyuan Quantum announced in January last year that it had delivered a fully homemade 24 qubit quantum computer to customers and expected to develop a 1024 qubit quantum computer next year. In November last year, Alibaba Group donated the quantum computing laboratory and related experimental equipment of its research institute, Damo Institute, to Zhejiang University.
Baidu also followed suit this month by donating a quantum computing lab and equipment to the Beijing Institute of Quantum Information Sciences, which is supported by the Chinese government.
Others include Guodun Quantum, Guoyi Quantum, Turing Quantum, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the country's top scientific and technological academic institution, each developing quantum computing technology.
However, under this 1 quantum trend, the major countries in the United States and China are preparing for the future, lest in the quantum future, far more powerful than the current fastest supercomputer, will be able to crack the password to protect almost all modern communications.
Tilo Kunz, vice president of QD5, a Canadian security company, said that according to the minutes of the meeting released by the US Defense Information Systems Agency, all countries have tried to steal data, that is, to carry out a "harvest now, decipher later" security attack.
The military will discover that its long history of planning and intelligence has caught the eye of the enemy, that corporate intelligence has been stolen, and that people ’ s health records will be revealed.
However, opinions differ on when the quantum day "big limit" will come.
Quantum computing is still in its early days, and only small quantum computers with limited processing power and error-prone capabilities have been built.
Some researchers estimate that Quantum Day may be approaching by the middle of the century.
No one knows who can get there first.
The United States and China are seen as leaders in the field, and many experts believe the United States still prevails.
Researchers believe that more important than breaking the decryption code, quantum computers use the mysterious properties of subatomic particles, which are expected to bring breakthroughs in science, weapons equipment and industry.
Beijing Information Security Quantum Computing Quantum Computer
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Will Quantum Day come next year?
Quantum computing threatens global military security
In 1994, the turning point of quantum computing, the American mathematician Shue's algorithm showed that the problem solving ability of quantum computers exceeds that of traditional computers, and breaking decryption code is likely to be a quantum computer.
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What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

What seminal quantum computers/ processors have been developed?

The US and China are currently leading in quantum computing development, with the sector expected to reach a global market value of $1 trillion by 2035.

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Content: Monday, 25 March 2024 02: 58 GMT
UAE invests in ‘ quantum computing ’ to look to the future
(MENAFN- Al-Bayan)
The UAE is investing in the sector of quantum computing, which is expected to reach a global market value of $1 trillion in 2035, as one of the fastest expanding fields of technology in the world and because of its innovative applications capable of solving challenges in many sectors, because of its strength and speed in calculating physical phenomena, compared to traditional computers.
The UAE aims to invest in quantum computing to enable innovation and a knowledge and sustainable economy through the Quantum Research Center and UAE institutes and universities to explore the future of this vital sector. The Institute of Technology Innovation ’ s (TII) Quantitative Research Center is working to build the first quantum computer in the UAE, according to the Interregional Center for Strategic Analytics in Abu Dhabi.
The UAE has quickly realized the benefits of the quantum computing sector in all sectors and fields, especially in the economy and scientific research, as part of the country ’ s long-term strategies to keep pace with the global technological development represented by the fourth industrial revolution and artificial intelligence, which will change the face of the world in the coming years.
IDC expects global investments in quantum computing to reach $16.4 billion by the end of 2027, with a compound annual growth rate of 11.5%, which includes investments by the public and private sectors and R & D spending from technology, services and finance companies.
There is growing interest in quantum computing by global government agencies, with 14 of them (13 countries plus the European Union) announcing multi-year initiatives that will generate billions of dollars for quantum computing research.
The center said that the UAE is among the 50 projects working to create an attractive investment environment for investments in new and future sectors, including quantum computing technology.
According to Accenture Middle East, quantum computing technology is advancing rapidly, making it a promising technology sector.
The US and China dominate the quantum computing sector to take advantage of the features of the new technological revolution that has enabled scientists to study the basic particles of matter, whose applications have multiplied across different fields despite their relative novelty, promising radical transformations for any industry dependent on speed and processing power, including aerospace, automotive, medicine and others.
Quantum computing technologies have a huge market value, with quantum computing alone expected to reach a global market value of $1 trillion by 2035.
Quantum technology has played a role in many areas, including complex mathematical models, simulations, electronic devices, CT scanners and many others, as it has the potential to revolutionize the way humans communicate and process information at record speeds.
The most prominent areas of use of quantum computing can be found in many fields of military, communications and medicine, and can address economic crises and challenges quickly, and there is no doubt that quantum computing technology can change the map of national industries.
Major technology companies are leading efforts to develop quantum computing, with Google Research Lab and IBM, which built one of the largest quantum computers in the field, and the Chinese University of Science and Technology has developed a quantum computer that is 10 billion times faster than the computer developed by Google.
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The UAE is a leading country in quantum computing development, investing heavily in the sector and aiming to build its first quantum computer.

The UAE is investing heavily in quantum computing, aiming to enable innovation and a knowledge-based economy through the Quantum Research Center and UAE institutes and universities.

The UAE is investing in quantum computing and aims to build the first quantum computer in the country through the Quantum Research Center and UAE institutes and universities.

Australia is investing heavily in quantum computing, with the government committing nearly a billion dollars to build a strong quantum ecosystem.

Title:

Content: Chandeliers, ‘qubits’ and Schrödinger’s cat: Inside the bizarre world of quantum computing

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Chandeliers, ‘qubits’ and Schrödinger’s cat: Inside the bizarre world of quantum computing

In the quantum realm, the laws of physics are different. Now its mind-bending tech could soon transform our lives. How does it work?

It was 2009, and a group of scientists had crowded around a tiny monitor in a Sydney physics laboratory. The team, led by electrical engineer Andrea Morello, held their collective breath and peered at a single flat line on the screen. Then, in the blink of an eye, the line changed: it was a series of blips, like a heartbeat. They’d hit paydirt. “When you see that symbol, you’re in the game,” recalls physicist Charles Tahan.

Welcome to the quantum world, a subatomic realm – yes, smaller than an atom – where the laws of physics are, well, different. The experiment made Morello and his team the first in the world to show that a quantum computer could be made using not diamonds, not the superconductor niobium, but everyday silicon. “To show you could do that, 100 different things had to go right,” says Tahan.

Quantum computing is one of the key technologies defining this century. Its proponents say it will do for computers what the car did to the horse and buggy. It will upend encryption and molecular biology. In theory, it could even possibly find cures for cancer. Australia is among the world leaders in a quantum computing gold rush, with Prime Minister Anthony Albanese saying his government is “serious about building a strong quantum ecosystem” and investing nearly a billion dollars.

Yet despite eye-watering outlays worldwide, quantum computing is still in its infancy, part of a mind-bending world that physicists are only beginning to fully grasp. What is it? And how will it make a difference to our lives?

How does a quantum computer work (and why did Alice in Wonderland have the jump on it?)

It’s often remarked that it looks like a beautiful chandelier, or a wedding cake. And IBM’s quantum computer, one of the world’s largest, is certainly an intriguing object, an intricate dome of golden wires and graceful tubes suspended from a ceiling.

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The part we can see, though, is really just the control and support system for a microchip (currently a version called Condor) buried deep inside. The glittering exoskeleton is there to keep its tiny heart as cold as possible – a hundred times colder than the coldest depths of space – and to feed information in and out, the process that makes it a “computer” and not just a science experiment.

The chip itself is smaller than a postage stamp, with several layers of circuitry and metal sandwiched in a tiny square, cooled to improve conductivity and to eliminate “noise”, the bugbear of many such devices. But even what we see here is not where the action happens. For that, we have to go deeper still, down into the chip and well beyond what’s visible through even the most powerful microscope, beyond the layers of individual atoms, into the atoms themselves.

‘The truth is the universe doesn’t run by the rules that we see every day – gravity, you bounce a ball and it falls. It runs on these other rules: quantum mechanics.’

In the subatomic realm of electrons, protons and photons, things happen very differently. Indeed, these tiny particles have no use for Newton’s laws of physics, nor even many of Einstein’s. “The truth,” says Tahan, “is the universe doesn’t run by the rules that we see every day – gravity, you bounce a ball and it falls. It runs on these other rules: quantum mechanics.”

Why these particles behave as they do in the quantum realm is a difficult concept to get your head around. Even Einstein resisted aspects of it, famously arguing that “God does not play dice with the Universe”. It was a misstep. “Because he didn’t believe in the completeness of quantum mechanics,” says Morello, “he lost a lot of productive years because he didn’t understand how it is possible that this thing is true.”

Many leading physicists investigated the concept from the early 1900s, including some familiar from popular culture today, notably Einstein and Neils Bohr (portrayed in Oppenheimer), Werner Heisenberg (whose name Walter White stole for his drug-chemist alter ego in Breaking Bad) and Viennese physicist Erwin Schrödinger, of the famous cat experiment (explained below).

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Lewis Carroll, meanwhile, may have had the jump on quantum physics with his ideas in the Alice books, as James Renner observed in The Wall Street Journal in 2015. “We speak of going down the wormhole into a mysterious world that defies Newtonian physics, where once Alice went down the rabbit hole into a mysterious world that had much the same effect. Now we speak of quantum particles being in two places at once or even Schrödinger’s cat being alive and dead at the same time, long after the Cheshire Cat’s grin was magically displaced from its body.”

The quantum realm has only truly begun to reveal itself to us relatively recently. In 1964, the Irish-born physicist John Bell published one of the most important theorems, which, according to Professor Andrew Whitaker in Physics World, “opened up the possibility of experimental philosophy, the study of what are normally thought of as philosophical issues in experiments. Not only do these experiments probe the deepest and most profound aspects of quantum theory, they also provide information on the fundamental nature of the universe.”

At the time, Bell’s theorem could not be tested in a lab. That would come in the late 1960s and early 1970s when experimentalists such as John Clauser began to show that the weirdness Bell had described on paper actually occurred in the real world. Which, at the time, was considered quite rude. One eminent physicist “was highly offended by my impertinent effort and told me that it was tantamount to professing a disbelief in quantum physics,” Clauser later recalled.

He and other apostates continued their work because he found some of the predictions “sufficiently bizarre that I could not accept them without seeing experimental proof”. Working with leftover lab equipment – “physics department scrap” – he went on to provide experimental evidence that refuted even Einstein’s theories. “I was very sad to see that my own experiment had proven Einstein wrong,” he said. Clauser would go on to win the 2022 Nobel Prize for Physics alongside Alain Aspect and Anton Zeilinger for their groundbreaking experiments with so-called “entangled” particles.

Quantum physicists still despair at the difficulties of explaining their weird world to outsiders. “Many writers fall back on boilerplate that makes physicists howl in agony,” wrote computer scientist Scott Aaronson in The New York Times in 2019. Unfortunately, says Gerard Milburn, a quantum physicist from the University of Queensland, “The quantum world lies beyond the reach of natural language.”

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But we’ll give it a go. Chiefly, particles in the quantum realm aren’t tied down to being in one place or state in the way bigger things are in the outside world, such as cats, which tend to be in one place at once. They obey different rules entirely. The first way to understand this oddness harks back to high-school science and how light can behave as both a particle and a wave. Photons – bursts of light – can act like ball bearings, with position and momentum. Yet light also behaves like a wave washing over a beach in a way that a ball bearing can’t. That’s a quantum physics party trick.

What is Schrödinger’s cat?

The most famous primer for quantum mechanics is the paradox of Schrödinger’s cat, a mind experiment devised by Schrödinger in 1935. A hypothetical cat goes into a box with a vial of poison gas, which has a 50-50 chance of killing it. You close the box and can’t see inside. So, without opening the box, you can’t know whether the poison has killed the cat or not. Therefore, posited Schrödinger, puss is neither dead nor alive but both – until you open the box.

In quantum mechanics, this state is called “superposition”. It’s impossible to describe properly without a background in higher-level mathematics, which we lack, but it generally means not knowing whether, say, an electron is over here, or over there, or – cat-like – in both places at the same time. Another way of looking at it is to visualise a coin spinning on its side. Until it stops and lands on one side or another, it’s not heads or tails but both.

At least, kind of.

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“Every explanation we give in lay terms is in some way wrong,” says Stephen Bartlett, a theoretical quantum physicist and director of the University of Sydney Nano Institute. “People often say a quantum superposition is in the value zero and the value one at the same time. That’s sort of right, and sort of not right.” Says Morello: “This is where language is failing us, right? If you’re trying to say that in plain English, it sounds really weird. But if you actually think about, you know, the mathematics of it, and the actual physical embodiment of that, it actually makes perfect sense.” Suffice to say, a real cat cannot find itself in “superposition”: this is a state that can exist only in the subatomic world.

How is this useful (and what’s a qubit)?

In a conventional computer, information is encoded as voltages that pass around the system thanks to millions of tiny transistors – essentially, gates or switches that turn on and off. A quantum computer is similar except that instead of using transistors as switches it uses subatomic particles, such as electrons or photons, that can have many more states than simply on or off, according to their position, momentum, spin direction and polarisation. Once harnessed – and there are many ways of doing that – these particles-as-switches are called “qubits”, a play on the word “bit”, the smallest unit of data that a computer can process and store.

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Information can be encoded on qubits in various ways: for his computers, Morello uses silicon and strong magnetic fields like those found in MRI machines. “The stuff that I build in my lab is actually a small silicon chip the size of a fingernail,” he says, “but the whole infrastructure around it is quite fancy. It’s a very powerful refrigerator that cools down the chip to [just] above absolute zero.

Critically, qubits can relate to other qubits in a state called “entanglement”. This enables quantum computers to perform multiple calculations simultaneously – which is their superpower. Schrödinger described entanglement as “the characteristic trait of quantum mechanics, the one that enforces its entire departure from classical lines of thought”. Sceptical Einstein called entanglement “spooky action at a distance”. Gerard Milburn says entanglement is great for building a computer “because if you want to have all these switches, having them strongly correlated is exactly what you want. And if you can control those correlations, you can do computation.”

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It’s these characteristics that have scientists and engineers excited. Not because quantum computers will necessarily take over from the conventional miracles we so rely on today but because they can do some particular things that transistor-based machines either struggle with or fail at completely. Today’s supercomputer might try to simulate molecular behaviour with “brute force”, says IBM’s quantum department. “But as it moves past the simplest, most straightforward molecules available, the supercomputer stalls. Quantum algorithms take a new approach to these sorts of complex problems, creating multidimensional computational spaces.”

‘Calculations that are completely impossible … would rapidly become possible on a quantum computer.’

This might include modelling how a drug might affect a virus, how new materials in aeroplanes might react to stress, or the exact process necessary to create a perfect chemical reaction.

“Calculations that are completely impossible – not just on present-day conventional computers but any conceivable future conventional computer – would rapidly become possible on a quantum computer,” says Andrew Doherty, professor of physics at Sydney University. “These are things where the application of that computer would be transformative to people’s lives without every home, you know, having a laptop quantum computer.”

Whether quantum computing will also revolutionise artificial intelligence is less certain. AI works by drawing from a huge amount of data, which is not something that naturally fits on a quantum computer, says Morello. “The problem with quantum computers in general and, in particular, with applications to AI is that loading data into them and reading data out of them is slow and cumbersome and prone to errors. It’s a bottleneck.”

Why is it so hard to build quantum machines?

Creating the qubits is hard, whatever material you start with. Interfacing with them via tiny wires like the golden lattice in IBM’s machines is hard. Getting accurate information from them is hard: “noise”, in the form of vibration or spurious electromagnetic signals, makes them behave badly and give poor results – “decoherence”, in physics speak.

Much of Andrew Doherty’s team’s work these days is in figuring out how to reduce this noise to acceptable levels and compensating for the errors that noise produces. “Compared to our conventional computers, quantum technology [computers] are very noisy devices,” he says. “They go wrong one time in 1000 as opposed to one time in an astronomically huge number of uses of [normal computers].”

Teams around the world are working on multiple approaches both to building the machines and compensating for their eccentricities, from labs in Australia to the tech giants Google, Microsoft and IBM – its Quantum Lab relies on superconducting qubits made from aluminium and niobiumand the Chinese government.

Some versions, such as IBM’s and Morello’s, chill the atoms to keep them as stable as possible. In contrast, the Australian company Quantum Brilliance is working with synthetic diamonds because they work at room temperature. “Unlike other materials,” says co-founder Marcus Doherty (no relation to Andrew), “diamond’s incredible hardness means that even at room temperature, there isn’t enough thermal energy in the environment to create vibrations that destroy the quantum properties of qubits.”

‘People are working really hard to try to find different mathematical problems that they think maybe quantum computers can’t crack.’

Another key moment in the quantum timeline came in 1994 when US mathematician Peter Shor showed that a quantum computer could crack encryption standards safeguarding everything from national intelligence systems to bank accounts. “He devised an algorithm, in theory, that he would need to run on a quantum computer,” says Bartlett. “And if you could build a quantum computer of sufficient size, then yeah, all information security falls apart.” Cybersecurity experts call that scenario Q-Day. “At the moment, people are working really hard to try to find different mathematical problems that they think maybe quantum computers can’t crack,” says Bartlett.

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In 2001, IBM made a seven-qubit device controlled through radio frequency pulses to demonstrate Shor’s Theorem. IBM’s prototype wasn’t given a huge task, managing to calculate that three times five was … wait for it ... 15. Yet this was considered a great success, even if it had shades of the famous supercomputer Deep Thought from Douglas Adams’ Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, which ponders the question of “life, the universe and everything” for thousands of years before giving the answer: 42.(Adams also dreamed up the Infinite Improbability Drive for a spaceship called the Heart of Gold, which used quantum theory to allow it to cross through every point in the universe simultaneously, allowing interstellar travel without all that “tedious mucking about in hyperspace”.)

Then, in 2019, Google claimed its 54-qubit Sycamore processor had performed a calculation in 200 seconds that would have taken the world’s most powerful supercomputer 10,000 years – a breakthrough some breathlessly likened to the Wright brothers’ first flight in 1903. Others were more sceptical, saying it would be many more years before quantum computers would have enough qubits – and be stable enough – to do anything actually useful. IBM said it could simulate Google’s experiment in two-and-a-half days on a “normal” computer, albeit if it had access to the Oak Ridge Summit supercomputer, a beast occupying an area the size of two basketball courts. IBM’s shimmering Eagle, meanwhile, had just 127 qubits; its successors, Osprey and now Condor, have pushed the bar to over 1000 and it plans for 1386 qubits in its Kookaburra in 2025.

Yet most of these devices are still basically proofs of concept, says Morello, the first step to manufacturing and miniaturising, as we saw with today’s transistor-based computers, which started out as rooms full of valves and cables. In the post-World War II era, says Andrew Doherty, “computers took up office floors of buildings in Manhattan and people put paper cards into them to program them. Out came numbers that even my childhood pocket calculator could have calculated right.” Many hundreds of billions of dollars have gone into developing computer technology, in packaging it for convenience and getting the components to work reliably, he says. “That whole engineering thing has got to grow up around these quantum technologies.”

Already, Marcus Doherty’s Quantum Brilliance has installed a quantum computer at the Pawsey Supercomputing Centre in Perth and is about to export computers, at this stage for customers to experiment with quantum computing and work out how to make it useful. In the future, finding commercial applications for a quantum computer will require tailoring it, at least initially, says UNSW’s Maja Cassidy, a former quantum researcher for Microsoft. “People have to go in and understand a company’s problem, how they’re using classical computing and … work out what section might be enhanced by the quantum computer.”

Who is leading the quantum race?

China is the only other nation giving the United States a run for its money. Its leader, Xi Jinping, put accelerating quantum technology in his 2021 five-year plan. McKinsey & Company estimates China has spent at least $15.3 billion in public funds on quantum research. That partly came to fruition in April with the Chinese Academy of Science’s unveiling of a 504-qubit chip, still half the size of IBM’s biggest.

For its part, Australia got a head start with quantum research in the 1990s. Today, two major spinoffs from UNSW research are pursuing silicon-based quantum computing: Silicon Quantum Computing (SQC), led by Professor Michelle Simmons, and Diraq, led by Professor Andrew Dzurak. SQC’s approach involves embedding phosphorus atoms within a wafer of silicon. Dzurak’s approach involves trapping electrons on silicon transistors. Both have the advantage of silicon chips already being ubiquitous. “Today, in our phones and our laptops, the silicon chips that are in those have upwards of a billion transistors on them,” says Dzurak. “The benefit of the technology that we’ve developed is that we are also able to get millions, and ultimately billions, of quantum bits onto a single silicon chip.”

‘Computers as we know them today are an absolutely mind-blowing achievement. So any technology that has the ambition of being an alternative or being better than that has a phenomenally high bar to clear.’

Other leading players in Australia include Q-CTRL, which is working on controlling and enhancing quantum hardware; quantum security company QuintessenceLabs; and Doherty’s Quantum Brilliance, which used its synthetic diamonds in the world-first integration of a two-qubit quantum device into a supercomputer at room temperature in 2022.

Meanwhile, out of the University of Queensland came early gains in “photonic” quantum computing, which harnesses particles of light – photons – as qubits. In April, the federal and Queensland governments jointly set aside $940 million in share purchases, grants and loans for PsiQuantum, a Silicon Valley company whose founders include Australian professors Jeremy O’Brien and Terry Rudolph. Unlike ions or electrons, photons are not charged, Bartlett says, so are not sent haywire by electromagnetic forces – but they are hard to manipulate and measure.

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Another approach involves “trapped ion” quantum computing, pursued by US company IonQ: physicists take an atom, flick off an electron so it is positively charged, then suspend the resulting ion within an electromagnetic field and manipulate the ion with lasers. But Bartlett says this approach will be hard to scale, given the technology to suspend millions of ion qubits doesn’t yet exist.

In April, the federal government also announced $18 million for the University of Sydney to establish Quantum Australia, a research consortium between several universities headed by Bartlett. “It used to be a small research community,” he says. “You absolutely needed to speak the common language of everyone else, which were the rules of physics. Now we are really seeing quite a bit of specialisation.”

Even if quantum computers develop practical uses, they will likely live in vast, super-cooled server farms where land and power are cheap. We’ll communicate with them through our everyday devices, much as we download and upload data from cloud servers, Netflix, TikTok, DropBox, whatever, today. The real challenge for quantum computing, says Morello, is that the alternative is “really, really good”. “Computers as we know them today are an absolutely mind-blowing achievement. So any technology that has the ambition of being an alternative or being better than that has a phenomenally high bar to clear.”

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The UAE is investing in quantum computing and aims to build the first quantum computer in the country, indicating their involvement in the development of this technology.

What are important areas in quantum research?

"Google achieved quantum supremacy using its Sycamore quantum processor in 2019."

Title:

Content: Google, IBM and China have already achieved quantum supremacy. Now they face another challenge: the correction of errors

Quantum supremacy is no longer at the center of the debate. It was at the end of 2019 because it came to light that the Google team led by John Martinis had managed to achieve it using its Sycamore quantum processor, and no one had done it until that moment. The noise that this news caused when it broke was justified.

But a year later, in December 2020, the group of Chinese researchers led by Jian-Wei Pan published an article in Science showing that I had also reached using its Zuchongzhi superconducting processor. And a year later, in November 2021, IBM followed suit and announced that it had reached this milestone using its 127-qubit Eagle quantum processor.

At this point no one doubts that quantum computers have come a long way. And, furthermore, they have done it in a real record time if we bear in mind that the first solid theoretical proposals arrived in the mid-1990s. And they are already capable of solving a few problems (very few still). in much less time than the most advanced supercomputers we currently have.

In fact, this is what quantum supremacy consists of: in solving in a short period of time, a few minutes or a few hours, a problem in which a classical supercomputer would spend many years. Even several centuries. Or millennia. Right now it is not too important whether these problems have practical applications or not. Whether or not they are relevant. We are still establishing the foundations of quantum computing, and the important thing is to face the challenges that are around the corner.

In search of higher quality qubits

One of the biggest challenges facing researchers involved in the development of quantum computing is delaying the onset of quantum decoherence. This phenomenon occurs when the necessary conditions for a system that is in an entangled quantum state to be maintained disappear.

Perhaps a slightly simpler way of describing it is to see it as a system that stops behaving as dictated by the rules of quantum mechanics when certain conditions are met, beginning to behave from that moment on as dictated by the rules of classical physics. . When does quantum decoherence appear? quantum effects disappear. And, therefore, also the advantages that they bring in the context of quantum computing.

The time it takes for quantum decoherence to appear is closely linked to the quality of the qubits

This phenomenon is very important because it helps us understand why many macroscopic physical systems do not exhibit quantum effects. Or, what is the same, why in our daily environment we cannot observe the counterintuitive effects of quantum mechanics. In any case, what is really relevant is that as the the quality of the qubits of a quantum processor, the longer it takes for quantum decoherence to appear. And, for this reason, we have more time available to carry out operations with it.

The two qubit fabrication technologies that are currently giving us the best results are superconducting qubits, which benefit greatly from recent advances in silicon lithography, and ion traps. However, some research groups also have other very promising technologies on the table that are worth pursuing, such as neutral atoms or the ions implanted in macromolecules.

IBM already has a 127-qubit superconducting quantum processor, and by the end of 2023 it plans to have Condor ready, a promising quantum chip with no less than 1,121 qubits.

We already brush the correction of errors with the tips of our fingers

The other big challenge facing quantum computing right now is error correction. Quantum computers make errors when carrying out some operations, and when this happens, the results they return to us are not correct, of course. The problem is that implementing a quantum error correction protocol it’s not trivial. And furthermore, if they abound, it is essentially impossible to correct them and simultaneously prevent the quantum processor’s efficiency from sinking.

Fortunately, we have good news. As we told you a few days ago, three independent research groups have managed to perfect superconducting qubits that have an accuracy greater than 99%. This simply means that they make mistakes very infrequently, and the good news is that when they are so infrequent it is easier to correct them. Much easier.

When the incidence of errors is less than 1%, it is much easier for quantum fault-correction protocols to carry out their task

In fact, these research groups ensure that when the incidence of errors is less than 1% quantum fault-correction protocols find it much easier to do their job. At the moment they are working with only one or two qubits, and these quantum processors are too simple to solve significant problems, but if they manage to scale this technology to many more qubits, quantum computers could leave behind one of the biggest challenges they currently face. .

As we have just seen, quantum computing is advancing at a breakneck pace. The entry of private companies in this sector you are greatly accelerating your progress, but before we get carried away with enthusiasm, it is important that we keep in mind that there are other challenges that are also crucial to solve.

Two of the most substantial are the need to control qubits more precisely, and also the importance of implementing new quantum algorithms that they are able to help us tackle the problems that we cannot solve with the most powerful classical supercomputers that we have today. Still, the future for quantum computing is hopeful. And, above all, very promising.

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What are important areas in quantum research?

What companies are leading in developing quantum computing?

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

What have been the landmark achievements in quantum computing?

Google's Sycamore quantum supremacy experiment

Eternal Mind Inc's quantum computing data center is located in the United States, specifically in Limestone, Maine.

Title:

Content: AI Quantum Computing Data Center holds grand opening at Loring

Published: May. 17, 2023 at 12:27 PM EDT|Updated: 32 minutes ago

LIMESTONE, Maine (WAGM) -An AI Quantum Computing Company will now have a home at the former Loring Air Force Base. NewsSource 8 was at the grand opening of the new data center and has more on how the technology will fuel the future of AI Development.

“Everyone hears the news about CHATGPT and everything that goes along with that. This is kinda the next stepping stone. CHATGPT and all these AI systems, they need this particular hardware to run off of and we are doing it here in Maine,” says Avery Thomas the President and CEO of Eternal Mind Inc, a Kennebunk based AI Quantum Computing Company.

On Monday, they held a grand opening and tour of their new data center in the same building as a previous Air Force Data Center, which Thomas says came in handy.

“The cool thing about that is you can see all of the resources are still here, we’ve still got the existing cooling systems we’ve got the existing battery backups...This right here is actually a raised floor that is very unique for data centers. It’s usually used to run data and power through so it’s easier to access,” said Thomas.

Thomas adds that the computers going in this data center are not like the computer on your desk, but sophisticated computers that use physics instead of transistors.

“You could probably put 2 or 3 in this room but it’s not like a traditional computer. It’s not like what you see in this rack right here which is a traditional server. They’re actually computers which are on a racking system but they are suspended in the air,” Thomas explained.

There are many different uses for Quantum Computers, Thomas says, such as Financial Services like predicting the stock market, or Medical Providers to help predict what effects medications would have on humans.

“Quantum Computers are actually needed for AI, specifically companies like CHATGPT, Google and Microsoft. They need these large scale data centers and infrastructures to actually run their models,” said Thomas.

Thomas started this company as a way to help stay ahead of the technological curve and says this data center is one of the first of it’s kind in the US.

“So I’m not gonna say even just for the county, or the state of Maine or even the US. We’re one of the only places in the US thats working on a quantum computer startup. There are other companies on the west coast like Google, IBM and Microsoft that are building up large scale data centers but we are one of the first startups that are doing it here, in Limestone Maine, right now,” Thomas said.

Thomas says their first quantum computers should be installed and running in early June.

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

Finland's first operational quantum computer is a 5-qubit computer, developed by VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland and IQM.

Title:

Content: ISSN 2330-717X

Finland’s First 5-Qubit Quantum Computer Is Now Operational

By

VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland recently announced that the country’s first operational 5-qubit quantum computer is up and running. Together with the quantum computing hardware startup IQM, VTT has taken its first steps to enable the building of quantum computers that will be both scalable and easier to manufacture, allowing more companies to begin their quantum computing journey.

The incredible computing performance of quantum computers makes it possible to solve problems that are beyond the capabilities of modern high-performance computers. In the future, quantum computers will be used, for instance, to accurately model viruses and drugs or used to design materials that are challenging to design with today’s technology.

“The development of quantum computing will affect all industries. Our experience in building the quantum computer, and our know-how in developing quantum algorithms will help us develop quantum foresight to, for example, identify future trends and support companies in understanding how and when their business will be affected,” says Pekka Pursula, Research Manager at VTT. “The best way to do this will be for companies to work together with VTT, and actually use our new hardware.”

The now-unveiled 5-qubit quantum computer is located at Micronova, part of OtaNano, the national research infrastructure for micro and nanotechnology, jointly run by VTT and Aalto University.

The big challenge in quantum computing is scalability. Quantum physicists and engineers around the world are trying to figure out how to scale quantum computing hardware to include hundreds and thousands of qubits, scale up the production in an economically efficient way, and scale algorithms and use of quantum computing in real-life applications.

VTT has 30 years of expertise in quantum technology research and excellent facilities to work on hardware scaling. The scaling of the use requires VTT to work hand-in-hand with the companies to develop algorithms for specific applications.

“Today’s announcement marks an important milestone for IQM and for the European quantum initiatives. With the completion of this phase, IQM will become one of the very few quantum companies that can deliver an on-premises quantum computer to a customer. I congratulate our partners, VTT and also the entire IQM team who has managed to deliver this ambitious milestone during the pandemic. This is just the first phase of the delivery and because of our ability to upgrade the systems, we are looking forward to working with VTT on delivering the 20-qubit and the 50-qubit systems,” says Dr. Jan Goetz, CEO and co-founder of IQM

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What are important areas in quantum research?

What are the challenges in quantum computing research?

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

The University of Science and Technology of China is a leading institution in the development of quantum computing technologies, having successfully constructed a 255-photon-based prototype quantum computer.

Title:

Content: LINE

Text:AAAPrint
Sci-tech

China secures world-leading computational power with freshly unveiled quantum computer prototype

2023-10-12 08:59:07Global Times Editor : Li Yan ECNS App Download

Introductory illustration to the Jiuzhang 3.0 quantum computer prototype. (Photo/Courtesy of University of Science and Technology of China)

With the successful development of the Jiuzhang 3.0 quantum computer prototype, which makes use of 255 detected photons, China continues to hold a world-leading position in the field of quantum computer research and development, lead scientists for the program told the Global Times on Wednesday.

The research team, composed of renowned quantum physicists Pan Jianwei and Lu Chaoyang from the University of Science and Technology of China in collaboration with the Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology under the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Parallel Computer Engineering Technology Research Center, announced the successful construction of a 255-photon-based prototype quantum computer named Jiuzhang 3.0 early Wednesday morning.

The quantum computing feat accomplished by the team of talents achieves a speed that is 10 quadrillion times faster in solving Gaussian boson sampling (GBS) problems compared with the world's fastest supercomputers.

According to a press release Pan's team provided to the Global Times on Wednesday, this achievement has once again "renewed the world record in the field of optical quantum information technology, solving the mathematical problem of Gaussian boson sampling 10 quadrillion times faster than the current fastest supercomputer in the world, taking an important step toward the development of quantum computers."

The study was published online in the journal Physical Review Letters early Wednesday morning.

Meanwhile, according to the publicly disclosed optimal algorithm, the speed of Jiuzhang 3.0 in processing Gaussian boson sampling is one million times faster than its predecessor, the 133-photon-based Jiuzhang 2.0. Jiuzhang 2.0 could calculate the most complex sample in 1 microsecond, while the current fastest supercomputer Frontier would take more than 20 billion years to do the same calculation, according to the press release.

Lu Chaoyang, a key member of the research team, explained that quantum computing is specially designed for solving highly complicated calculations while the simpler calculations are the job of regular computers. This is why the comparison was made between the Jiuzhang 3.0 and supercomputers.

Currently, the prototype is used for calculation of graph theory related problems and in the future it will also be used in the field of material design, Lu told the Global Times on Wednesday.

According to the scientist, developing quantum computers is one of the biggest challenges at the forefront of current world technology. During Jiuzhang's research and development, scalable quantum control technology has been developed, providing a technical foundation for the development of fault-tolerant universal quantum computers.

"This paves the way for universal quantum computers, which is estimated by the academic community to be achieved in 10-15 years, said Lu.

In 2021, the team led by Pan developed the 133-photon-based Jiuzhang 2.0 and a 66-qubit programmable superconducting quantum computing system named Zuchongzhi 2.1, making China the only country to achieve a quantum computational advantage in two mainstream technical routes - one via photonics quantum computing technology and the other via superconducting quantum computing technology.

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What are important areas in quantum research?

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

Several American companies, including IBM, Amazon, and Google, are leading the development of quantum computers.

What are important areas in quantum research?

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?

What have been the landmark achievements in quantum computing?

IBM's world's first integrated quantum computing system, IBM Quantum System One

What seminal quantum computers/ processors have been developed?

IBM's 1,121 Quantum Condor
IBM's 65-qubit Hummingbird
20-qubit "IBM Q System One"

China is leading in state funding for quantum technologies, with an investment of $15.3 billion in 2022, surpassing Europe and the United States.

Title:

Content: US-China technology war threatens scientific progress
US-China technology war threatens scientific progress
The world is currently witnessing an escalating technological war between the United States and China, while Europe is also participating in it, but only timidly, as its efforts to maintain technological supremacy decline due to stagnation in this area.
As the major powers in that war seek to protect themselves from technological dependency, it could threaten the world ’ s progress and prosperity by fragmenting it into competing technological worlds.
Hiba Muhyi
German writer Wolfgang Hearn published a book in 2024 entitled “The Technological War between China and the United States and the European Position on Competition ”, in which he discusses the historical role of these major powers in supporting the march of technological progress, and the most important technological fields that are grappling with, especially quantum computing, artificial intelligence, biotechnology and others, as well as the dangers of this conflict and the feasibility of cooperation between powers in the technological field.
The book traces the knowledge and technological contributions of the United States, China and Europe, noting that Washington established modern global technological development when the Second Industrial Revolution began with the discovery of electricity and the Third Industrial Revolution with the introduction of computers.
This was followed by innovations such as the Internet and electronic chips.
According to a report published by the Future Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, this American success is due to the availability of elements of knowledge (universities and research bodies) and capital.
China contributed to historical technological development during the period (960 – 1279 AD) through the invention of paper, printing art, powder gunpowder and magnetic compass, followed by a rapid decline due to, inter alia, the Opium Wars, the end of the Empire, and civil wars, until China intensified efforts to achieve a slow recovery beginning in 1978, and then a strong rise during the last two decades.
Europe experienced the first industrial revolution a hundred years ago, as it pioneered natural sciences and medicine at the time, but there is now a marked decline in several technological areas when compared to Beijing and Washington, and this affected leading European industries, such as the automotive industry; where leading companies, such as Volkswagen, lag in the areas of autonomous and automated driving.
The book offers several technological areas in which conflicts between major powers arise, as follows:
Artificial Intelligence: Artificial intelligence applications aim to simulate the human mind in its patterns of thinking and processing of data, which makes the performance of complex tasks entrusted to it.
The United States provides support to companies involved in this field, resulting in the launch of ChatGT in 2022, which can be used to obtain high-quality and accurate answers on various topics.
China has banned the app and created its latest emulator, Ernie Bot, which was launched in 2023.
European efforts to invest in artificial intelligence appeared disappointing, with the German minister of research presenting a plan of action aimed at investing about 1.6 billion euros by 2025 in the field.
Semiconductors or electronic chips are used in various low-tech devices, from washing machines to missiles, a US invention that emerged in the 1950s, but two companies currently monopolize the field: Samsung in South Korea and TSMC in Taiwan, and Beijing, Washington and Europe cannot compete, at least in the near term.
Digital transformation: Digital transformation aims to embed technological technologies into business and social processes and interactions.
Washington and Beijing dominate this area, the first is the main founder of the four Internet giants Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon, while the second contributed three rival giants, namely: Baidu, Alibaba and Tencent, while Europe is at the bottom of the list of leading companies such as: Zalando and Otto.
Quantum computing and quantum theory: The field of quantum computing is based on combining disciplines, such as computer science, physics and mathematics, using quantum theory to achieve sophisticated analytical processing of data that ordinary computers cannot process with the same speed and accuracy.
This contributes to breakthroughs in many fields, such as medicine, by making it possible to diagnose and treat diseases cheaply such as Alzheimer ’ s, epilepsy and Parkinson ’ s.
It also alters war strategies by creating a radar based on quantum technologies that can track and locate an adversary.
China tops the list of investors in this new technology.
According to U.S. consulting firm McKinsey, Chinese investment reached $15.3 billion in 2022.
It was followed by Europe with $7.2 billion and the United States with $3.7 billion.
• Energy generation: States are seeking to exploit technology to provide promising and safe ways to generate energy from it, nuclear fusion (the production of an artificial sun), which is based on the idea of merging two light atomic nuclei of hydrogen isotopes such as deuterium and tritium to produce one heavier atomic nucleus of a new element, helium, as happens on the surface of the sun.
This fusion is accompanied by the emission of four times the amount of energy produced by nuclear fission reactions.
However, there are obstacles to the actual implementation of this technology, such as the need to provide high temperatures of up to 100 million degrees Celsius to ensure that no long-term greenhouse gases or radioactive waste is produced.
Despite the difficulty of using fusion in power generation in the near future until 2050, countries are sparing no effort to develop this technology; China has developed several nuclear fusion reactors, the latest of which is the advanced experimental Tokamak designed to provide temperatures of up to 120 million degrees Celsius in 2022.
The United States is also interested in supporting related research and partnering with Japan this year to accelerate nuclear fusion development.
Europe is also making concrete efforts in this area through the joint European-Japanese project JT-60SA in 2022.
Biotechnology and medicine: applications of digital health care, genetic foods, and genetic scissors (Chris BR), which refers to a technique used to cut and modify DNA in a targeted way; genes can be inserted, removed, or disabled, whether in plants, animals, or humans; making its use ethically accountable, especially if applied to humans.
China uses it in agriculture to ensure the production of genetic foods and provide needed food for its people, while the United States approved the first treatment for sickle cell disease late last year, and the use of the technology in Europe faces strict legal rules according to the judgment of the European Court of Justice in 2018.
Space travel: The United States, China and Russia have paid special attention to space by sending missions and spaceflight to the Moon and Mars.
But competition between Washington and Beijing has now subsided as Moscow has been hit by financial crises.
The technological impulse of Washington and Beijing supports the economic impulse in this area: the need to mine space and reveal its resources that can be used, and for Europe it does not yet have an ambitious and practical policy to invade space.
Patents and people: The United States tops the list, with its universities, research centers and capital, while China filed nearly 3 million patents in 2023, of which only 10 percent were accepted.
Germany is a European power in the field of patents, but has been in decline recently, according to the German government ’ s report on the future strategy for research and innovation.
Because the human element is the most important link in the development of technology and the registration of patents, the major powers take several ways to prepare the human element, especially in the fields of mathematics, computer science, natural sciences and technology, but suffer a huge gap between supply and demand.
But China has two competitive advantages: huge numbers graduate each year from universities, and an active policy of sending students and scientists abroad to study and train and then calling them back when needed.
According to the book, the technological struggle between major powers cannot be confined to the former; there are other promising areas.
In the military field, combat drones and autonomous military robots can be built that make decisions on the battlefield autonomously without the need for human intervention.
At the urban level, smart cities can be created that rely on the Internet of Things to do their functions quickly and with a high degree of accuracy, such as facilitating traffic in those cities, rationalizing the energy used and environmental monitoring for any potential environmental risks.
Technology cooperation between China, the United States and Europe is crucial, especially in the circumstances of climate change, energy crises and migration, especially as the continuation of the technological war will lead to a global rise in prices, a decline in welfare rates and a decline in global total production by 7 percent, according to economists at the International Monetary Fund.
It is expected that the current technological war between Beijing and Washington will lead to technical fragmentation, as two different technological worlds, one American and the other Chinese, may arise, as has already happened with the Internet, resulting in increased costs for consumers and producers and a slowdown in the desired development to prevent the exchange of knowledge and technology between the two worlds.
While the writer understands the need for countries to protect their economies and technological progress from falling into the trap of dependence, the solution is to take an approach aimed at reducing those risks by diversifying relations with many international actors and forming alliances rather than cutting trade and technology ties, as happened between the United States and China in the trade war launched by former US President Donald Trump.
arabic

How much have countries and blocs invested in quantum computing?

What countries and blocs are leading in developing quantum computing?