"A popular biohacking method mentioned in the document is the use of implantable devices, such as chips and antennas, to improve one's quality of life through technology."

The document mentions biohacking methods such as using a smartwatch, taking an ice bath, and neuro-feedback therapy to improve mental health and well-being.

The document mentions neurofeedback therapy as a biohacking method, and notes its growing popularity. Other popular biohacking methods include intermittent fasting, special diets, supplements, and extreme exercise.

"Neurofeedback therapy is a biohacking method mentioned in the document as having a positive impact on an individual's life, helping them overcome crippling fear and navigate the world with more confidence."

"Biohacking methods mentioned in the document include intermittent fasting, nutrition, sleep quality, physical activity, cognitive stimulation, and hydration, aiming to activate epigenetic modifications and strengthen the body physically and mentally."

Biohacking methods, including intermittent fasting, nutrition, sleep quality, physical activity, and cognitive stimulation, aim to optimize metabolism and increase health and longevity by activating epigenetic modifications. These strategies should be approached with caution and under medical supervision.

The document discusses the field of bioinformatics and algorithmic biotechnology, with a specific focus on the research conducted by scientists at St. Petersburg State University who received a grant from the Chan-Zuckerberg Initiative Foundation.

The document discusses the field of bioinformatics, specifically the decoding of the genome of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis, and the creation of a research center.

The document discusses genomics research, specifically the analysis of DNA data from single cells, including bacteria and coronavirus genomes.

The field of research discussed in the document is bioinformatics, which is an intersection of biology, computer science, and mathematics.

The document discusses genomics and the decoding of genomes, which may be related to biohacking techniques aimed at optimizing human health and well-being.

The document discusses the field of bioinformatics and algorithmic biotechnology, with a connection to biology and health optimization, as hinted at by the title query 'Biohacking Techniques'.

The document discusses the field of bioinformatics, specifically the decoding of the genome of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis.

The field of study discussed in the document is bioinformatics, which is an intersection of biology, computer science, and mathematics.

The document discusses the field of genomics, specifically the decoding of genomes and the assembly of DNA sequences, which is a key aspect of biohacking.

The document discusses the field of bioinformatics, which involves the use of computational methods to analyze and interpret biological data.

The gene editing technology mentioned in the document is CRISPR.

The gene editing technology mentioned in the document is CRISPR/Cas9.

The gene editing technology mentioned in the document is CRISPR, which is used for gene drive in plants.

The gene editing technology mentioned in the document is transposase-mediated gene editing.

The document mentions Transposases as a gene editing technology.

Dr. Reut Shalgi led the study mentioned in the document.

The study was led by Bruce Hay, a professor of biology and biological engineering.

Jonathan Weissman led the study mentioned in the document.

The study on biomembranes was led by a team of professors from Macao Polytechnic University and Nanyang Technological University.

Jeffrey Jensen led the study mentioned in the document.

Biohacking techniques, such as genetic analysis and bioinformatics, have the potential to lead to breakthroughs in disease prevention and treatment, including the development of new antibiotics and therapies for aging, cancer, and other diseases.

The potential benefits of biohacking being explored include slowing down the aging process and reducing sickness, with the goal of living longer and healthier.

Biohacking involves testing biotechnologies on oneself to improve human condition, cure diseases, and evolve the human condition, with some biohackers seeing themselves as pioneering doctors who test new treatments on themselves.

Biohacking is exploring ways to improve the human condition through cybernetic implants and technology, with potential benefits including enhanced physical and intellectual capabilities, and potentially defeating diseases, aging, and death.

Biohacking techniques, such as gene-shutting, may have potential benefits in treating various diseases, including those affecting the brain, muscles, and kidneys, although more research is needed to confirm its effectiveness.

Neurofeedback therapy is a biohacking method used to improve mental health, particularly for individuals with ADHD, trauma, and OCD.

Neuro-feedback therapy is a biohacking method used to improve mental health by re-training the brain to tackle issues like depression, anxiety, trauma, and OCD.

The biohacking method used for mental health improvement is operant conditioning, which involves retraining the brain by rewarding it instantly when it performs a certain task.

"Neurofeedback therapy is a biohacking method used to improve mental health by training the brain to self-regulate and reinforce pathways, with potential beneficial effects on mental health outcomes."

Neurofeedback therapy is a biohacking method used to improve mental health, as evidenced by Dean's experience of overcoming crippling fear and anxiety after completing 20 sessions.

Biohacking focuses on improving quality of life by slowing down aging through methods like nutrition optimization and inflammation reduction.

"A key focus of biohacking is to use biotechnology, such as nanotechnology, genetic engineering, and technological implants, to improve the human condition and quality of life."

Biohacking focuses on improving quality of life by overcoming physical and intellectual limits through technological advancements, with the ultimate goal of defeating diseases, aging, and death.

A key focus of biohacking is to improve quality of life through the use of technology.

A key focus of biohacking is improving quality of life through self-optimization techniques, using knowledge of biology to become better versions of oneself.

Biohacking techniques aim to optimize health and longevity through strategies like intermittent fasting, improved sleep quality, physical activity, hydration, and cognitive stimulation, with the goal of activating epigenetic modifications to enhance the body's resources.

Biohacking encompasses a range of techniques for self-optimization and improving health, including stress management, specific dietary approaches, and medical screenings like oxidative stress measurement and body composition analysis. These methods aim to enhance bodily functions, reduce inflammation, and promote longevity.

Another goal of the biohacker's approach, besides prolonging life, is to live a healthier life.

Biohackers aim to improve the human condition and achieve happiness through self-experimentation with biotechnologies.

Biohackers aim to overcome physical and intellectual limits and ultimately defeat diseases, aging, and death with technology.

The biohacker's approach aims to not only prolong life but also improve the quality of life through technology.

Another goal of the biohacker's approach, besides prolonging life, is to treat or prevent diseases such as Huntington's, Parkinson's, ALS, and Alzheimer's by shutting off genes.

The biohacker's approach aims to understand the genome and its functions by decoding and analyzing DNA, which can provide insights into species evolution and gene functions.

The biohacker's approach aims to develop tools to activate the right response to protein aggregates, helping patients fight these aggregates and move toward disease-modifying therapies for neurodegenerative diseases.

The biohacker's approach promises to slow down the aging process and improve overall health through various self-optimization methods.

The biohacker's approach aims to improve human health and well-being by utilizing biotechnologies to cure diseases and enhance the human condition.

The biohacker's approach aims to improve the human condition and overcome physical and intellectual limits through cybernetic implants and technology, with the ultimate goal of defeating diseases, aging, and death.

Biohacking is a controversial practice where individuals experiment with biotechnologies on themselves to improve human condition, but it can be risky and has led to deaths.

The practice of biohacking is perceived as a double-edged sword, with some approaches prioritizing safety and others pushing boundaries, potentially at the cost of health risks. Biohackers use various techniques, including implanting chips and sensors, to overcome physical and intellectual limits.

Biohacking is a practice that involves using technology and various methods to improve one's health and well-being, with some individuals taking extreme measures, such as implanting chips and devices in their bodies.

Biohacking is perceived as a life-changing practice by some, while others view it as extreme or potentially harmful. It encompasses various techniques, including neuro-feedback therapy and dietary changes, aimed at self-optimization and improving health.

Biohacking is a practice that aims to improve health and well-being by hacking one's genetic heritage through strategies such as nutrition, sleep quality, physical activity, and cognitive stimulation.

Biohacking involves using various strategies to optimize one's health and well-being, including nutrition, sleep quality, physical activity, and cognitive stimulation. Intermittent fasting, taking care of sleep and hydration, and engaging in physical training with recovery periods are some of the key pillars of biohacking.

"A popular biohacking method mentioned in the document is the use of implantable devices, such as chips and antennas, to improve one's quality of life through technology."

Title:

Content: Biohacking is a controversial practice, but Lepht Anonym accepts its risks. More than once he has ended up in the ER, leaving doctors perplexed by inserting chips and even boxes with connectors into his body.

Centuries ago, when a doctor wanted to try a new vaccine or a new drug that he had created … he tested it on himself. Many died while developing new medicines.

Some biohackers they see themselves as those pioneering doctors of the Middle Ages: they test on their own body biotechnologies that aspire to improve the human being, cure diseases, and evolve the human condition, to achieve the desired happiness. And some have also died trying.

The biohacking, also known by the name of DIY biology or DIYbio, has as purpose improve our human condition making nanotechnology, genetic engineering, and technological implants available to everyone. You have more information on this card:

From its origins, Humanity pursues immortality and eternal youth. Biohacking seeks to improve our human condition with cybernetic implants. We explain who biohackers are, and why chips are installed inside the body.

Biohackers implant chips, sensors, machines and other mechanisms with the aim of overcoming physical and intellectual limits.

There is an ethical branch o legal of biohacking that only experiments with implants that do not pose a health hazard, for example chips under the skin.

But another trend is committed to not setting limits, even at the cost of putting your health at risk. Its objective is to defeat all diseases, aging and even death, with the help of technology. Then we will stop being human to become transhumans.

A first step towards posthumanism, where Humanity could dispense with its own body and live eternally as data in a neurological network.

Tips and guide to buy a next-generation sports watch that fits your needs and helps you improve your sports goals.

Within these biohackers, grinders they are the most extreme version. It is the case of Lepht Anonym, a British biohacker that, as he tells us Business Insider, more than 50 chips, antennas and other devices have been implanted in the body.

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As only professionals can use anesthesia, all Lepht Anonym implants have been inserted into your body by volunteers, to live. Your goal is “improve our quality of life through technology“.

Lepth explains on his blog that inserts its own chips because “there is no other easy way to do it. I will not wait for someone with a research laboratory to endorse this search.“.

The first chip that this biohacker was implanted under the skin, it allowed pay in stores simply by touching the card reader.

It was also implanted some magnets under the fingers, which detected external sensors to feel the distance between hands and objects. This could help blind people to move without hitting obstacles.

Hackers and the computer world are increasingly present in television fictions. Surely at the moment we can think of a series that deals with these topics, but if you can only think of one or two, we have selected a few about hackers that we find interesting.

His latest experiment, last year, has been his most troublesome. A box several centimeters long, with antennas, USB storage and connectors, was inserted under the arm. All went well until he hit his arm in a taxi, and began to swell. He had to go to the emergency room:

There the doctors told me that I was fatal, that they did not understand why I had put a box in my arm“.

In the end, he gave up: “They kept insisting that I take it off. I let them do it because they discovered that a hole had opened in one corner of the device and a large amount of a viscous substance was coming out“.

After that incident, Lepht Anonym has not updated his blog again.

The biohacking it is a practice that is just beginning. But without a doubt, it will go further. There are already medical biohackers, and the goal is to incorporate this branch of technology into medicine.

Put it in the hands of experts, because people’s health is at stake.

The document mentions biohacking methods such as using a smartwatch, taking an ice bath, and neuro-feedback therapy to improve mental health and well-being.

Title:

Content: NewsLocal NewsSummit County

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'It saved my life,' ADHD, trauma, OCD patients turn to neurofeedback therapy

Posted at 8:18 AM, Apr 05, 2024
and last updated 2024-04-05 08:18:12-04

CUYAHOGA FALLS, Ohio — Cracking the code to wellness is now costing Americans $1.8 trillion annually.

For the average American, that breaks down to more than $5,300 per year.

Those numbers come from the Global Wellness Summit's 2024 trends report.

The report also shows that the global wellness economy, which generated $5.6 trillion in 2022, will continue to surge and reach $8.5 trillion within the next three years.

A driver of those staggering stats is ‘biohacking,’ which is the term for do-it-yourself biology.

It has generated 951 million views on TikTok and over on Google, there's been a 900% increase in searches for ‘biohacking.’

"The way that i like to describe it is using what we know about biology to help us become better versions of ourselves," said Britney Cirillo with Alternative Therapeutics.

‘Biohacking’ can be anything from using a smartwatch to track our heart rate to jumping in an ice bath and neuro-feedback therapy.

The idea behind neuro-feedback therapy is that we can essentially re-train our brain to tackle mental health issues like depression, anxiety, trauma, and OCD, which Emily Dean suffered from for about a decade.

"Was pretty afraid to even leave my house alone. At my worst, I was unable to care for my physical health," said Dean.

Dean ultimately needed to check into the hospital as her mental health declined.

After being discharged, she discovered neurofeedback therapy.

"It completely changed my life," said Dean.

Dean said the sessions at Alternative Therapeutics in Cuyahoga Falls provided relief that medications and traditional therapies could not.

"We're not your average counseling practice," said Cirillo.

Cirillo uses neurofeedback therapy to balance electrical activity in a patient's brain, regulating delta, theta, alpha, and beta levels.

"If any of those brainwaves are being overproduced or underproduced, that will correlate with symptoms that the client is experiencing," said Cirillo.

The goal is to essentially retrain the brain using operant conditioning, a learning process in which voluntary behaviors are rewarded.

"We tell the brain to do a certain thing when it does that certain thing, they're rewarded instantly by that video game that they're playing," Cirillo.

I was so interested in how it works that Cirillo gave me a taste of a typical session.

My goal was to keep the flames of a fire burning bright and the sound of the crackling strong while playing a game on a tablet.

Cirillo was checking to make sure my brain was in an ideal zone.

I only sat there with the tablet for a short time, but a typical therapy session lasts about 20 minutes.

"And so, with more and more practice, the brain starts to recognize what it's supposed to do and it reinforces that pathway, strengthens it to the point that that's their new normal," said Cirillo.

Despite gaining popularity during this ‘biohacking craze,’ neurofeedback therapy is still considered experimental.

"I think it's an interesting phenomenon," said Dr. Robert Lufkin with the USC School of Medicine.

Lufkin said regulating the brain could give people better outcomes when it comes to their mental health.

"I think in my opinion, this can have beneficial effects on an individual," said Lufkin.

Lufkin said regardless of what form of ‘biohacking’ people choose, it's shifting the balance of the doctor-patient relationship.

"It's certainly exploding in recent years, and I think it reflects the fact that all of us as, as patients are taking control of our own health," said Lufkin.

Dean is beyond grateful she gained control.

"Neurofeedback therapy and Alternative Therapeutics saved my life," said Dean.

After completing 20 sessions five years ago, Dean has been able to maintain her progress with a few booster sessions, along with some tools to help her navigate the world.

A world that, for years, Dean navigated with crippling fear.

"Before neurofeedback I was afraid to go to the grocery store alone. Last year, I went to California alone. That is something that I never thought would be possible for me," said Dean.

With insurance companies still considering neurofeedback therapy experimental it is not covered.

However, Cirillo said many of her clients have success when they submit for out of network reimbursement.

On average, people will need about 20 sessions to get the end results they're looking for.

The document mentions neurofeedback therapy as a biohacking method, and notes its growing popularity. Other popular biohacking methods include intermittent fasting, special diets, supplements, and extreme exercise.

"Neurofeedback therapy is a biohacking method mentioned in the document as having a positive impact on an individual's life, helping them overcome crippling fear and navigate the world with more confidence."

"Biohacking methods mentioned in the document include intermittent fasting, nutrition, sleep quality, physical activity, cognitive stimulation, and hydration, aiming to activate epigenetic modifications and strengthen the body physically and mentally."

Title:

Content: Home » biohacking, reprogramming mind and body to live better

biohacking, reprogramming mind and body to live better

by admin

It’s called “biohacking” and it comes from Silicon Valley. Listen: The long life diet: the longevity formula is calorie restriction …

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It’s called “biohacking” and comes from Silicon Valley.

A relatively new word that comes from the union of “biology” and “hacker” and indicates the attempt to positively influence the functioning of the organism, by hacking, ie trying to “force”, one’s genetic heritage. A strategy to live better and longer launched years ago by Californian top managers and which then spread throughout the world. How to upgrade the “operating system” of the human body? No manipulation, here we are talking about “reprogramming” and new lifestyles. “Our genetic heritage has enormous unexpressed potential that can be activated,” he explains Fabio Piccinidoctor and psychoanalyst, researcher of Food Sciences of theMarche Polytechnic University, author of the book “Biohacking Techniques: how to optimize metabolism to increase health and longevity”. “Biohacking aims to activate epigenetic modifications by awakening dormant genes to enhance the body’s resources.” While genetics studies the structure of DNA, epigenetics the way genes express themselves, i.e. how much they are turned on or off. “We’re talking about a set of strategies that aim to strengthen the body from a physical and mental point of view, first of all through nutrition, sleep quality, physical activity, cognitive stimulation”. One of the pillars of biohacking and the intermittent fasting, Piccini adds, which plans to concentrate the diet in a precise time span of the day (to be followed always under medical supervision). «But it is equally important to take care of sleep, we know very well that sleep debt accelerates aging and that 30-40 percent of people sleep too little. Just as it is essential to check thehydration. Physical training must also be intermittent, with recovery periods in place to allow the muscle layers to rebuild. And then, you have to keep learning something at any age, another pillar of biohacking: studying music or a new language, for example, to counteract cognitive degeneration”.

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THE QUALITY OF LIFE

Sandra Milo is one of the supporters of this well-being and longevity strategy. «I’m lucky, at 90 I’m in full health and I still have a great desire to enjoy life. I don’t know if it’s a matter of genetics, nor do I think there is a “magic formula” of longevity, but I have certainly always been careful to lead a healthy life. There is nothing more beautiful than reaching old age with a smile and in full autonomy », says the actress who baptized the first Biohacking Suite in Rome. “Our mission is not so much to lengthen life but to improve its quality by lowering the rate of morbidity,” explains Dr. Claudio Urbani, specialist in regenerative medicine, neuroscience and stress therapy, head of the longevity center Umb. «Biohacking aims to modify dormant functional responses from non-use, from muscular or cardiovascular function to flexibility. It is about regaining possession of the body and the mind-body axis, starting with stress management». Diagnosing your own state of “aging” involves a series of tests. «The measurement of oxidative stress which measures the quantity of free radicals and indicates any inflammatory states, plethysmography to evaluate the functionality of the microcirculation of the legs, impedancemetry to study body composition, fat and lean mass, nutritional status and hydration level. And only after the check is a tailor-made program created for each person. Among the suggested therapies, there is also that of the cold which stimulates the metabolism and reduces inflammation ».

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Biohacking methods, including intermittent fasting, nutrition, sleep quality, physical activity, and cognitive stimulation, aim to optimize metabolism and increase health and longevity by activating epigenetic modifications. These strategies should be approached with caution and under medical supervision.

According to the studies, how does intermittent fasting help?

The document discusses the field of bioinformatics and algorithmic biotechnology, with a specific focus on the research conducted by scientists at St. Petersburg State University who received a grant from the Chan-Zuckerberg Initiative Foundation.

Title:

Content: • City
• Science and education
SPbU scientists were the first in Russia to receive a Zuckerberg grant: who are they and what will the money of the founder of Facebook be spent on?
Researchers of the Center for Bioinformatics and Algorithmic Biotechnology of St. Petersburg State University were the first in Russia to receive a grant from the Chan-Zuckerberg Initiative Foundation.
At the request of Sobaka.ru editors, they told about themselves, their work, and how they published one of the most cited articles in the history of modern Russian science.
• Bloomicon / Shutterstock
Alla Lapidus
Director of the Center for Bioinformatics and Algorithmic Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University
Although I am a physicist in my first education, I have always loved biology.
Once my dad, a nuclear physicist, said that without mathematics, biology can not develop, and I felt it.
In 1993, I received a grant from the National Institute of Agricultural Research of France and an invitation to take part in one of the first European genomic projects: decoding the genome of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis, or hay bacillus (from which some antibiotics are obtained).
Then such a science as bioinformatics did not exist, and the genome of this organism was divided between many laboratories, simultaneously inventing methods of its reading, corresponding algorithms and protocols.
The results of this work were published in 1997 in the journal Nature.
“Then such a science as bioinformatics did not exist, and the genome of the organism was divided between many laboratories, simultaneously inventing methods of its reading, appropriate algorithms and protocols ”
Our Center in St. Petersburg was created by the Russian-American scientist Pavel Pevzner at the Academic University in the early 2010s on the wave of mega-grants.
We then moved to SPBU.
Initially, we worked with very specific DNA data isolated from single cells (e.g. bacteria).
This is not easy, because usually for the analysis of the genome, many cells are isolated, from which they receive a lot of DNA and work quietly.
If we need to analyze the genome of a single cell, then a single DNA molecule has to be multiplied by a certain laboratory method in order to be enough to read it.
However, early programs could not process these data, and our laboratory created a special tool for this.
To make it user-friendly, I was invited to St. Petersburg.
I went for six months and stayed for many years.
Over the years of our work in the center, we have gained fame on almost all continents.
We participated in the analysis of coronavirus genomes of patients of the 40th hospital, studied our St. Petersburg strains.
Analyzed data on brain cells, participated in the assembly of the genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (also known as Koch's bacillus, the causative agent of tuberculosis).
Speaking about the Chan-Zuckerberg grant, I want to note one unique aspect.
The grant specifically spelled out the condition: in the scientific group applying for the grant, there must be women.
The purpose of this requirement is to support women in science and draw special attention to this topic.
We have girls in the laboratory, and their talent, knowledge, help us conduct research and, in particular, helped to participate in this competition.
• GoodStudio / Shutterstock
Alexey Gurevich
Senior Researcher, Center for Bioinformatics and Algorithmic Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University
When I was a student, I wasn ’ t going to become a bioinformatician at all, I was going to become a programmer.
However, everything changed in the magistracy.
We had a mandatory practice.
Someone went to Yandex, someone to JetBarins, and I chose a bioinformatics laboratory.
And so it remained in it.
Bioinformatics is a very broad field at the intersection of biology, computer science, mathematics.
One of its notable directions is the decoding of genomes.
The entire DNA of an organism can be represented as a very long string consisting of (in total) four different letters.
The length of the string can be different: in bacteria it is several million, in humans it is about three billion.
This chain cannot be deciphered at a time, so it is cut into pieces, read them and then assembled together.
This work is like putting together a puzzle of millions and even billions of pieces.
It is impossible to do this manually, for this we need special programs that we are in the center and developing.
“This work is like putting together a puzzle of millions and even billions of pieces.
Manually it is impossible to do this, it requires special programs that we are in the center and develop. "
Why do we need this job at all?
From the genome, we can study the evolution of individual species, see how close they are to each other.
Also, individual genes are responsible for certain processes in the body.
It is important to understand which genes are responsible for what in order to effectively fight aging, cancer, and other diseases.
For example, now the scientists of our center are participating in an international project on a new assembly of the human genome.
It was already assembled in the 90s and 2000s, it was a breakthrough, but some parts of the genome remained unread.
Now the task is to read everything from the first letter to the last in all chromosomes.
In addition, in recent years, the focus of our work, including mine, has shifted towards antibiotics.
Now there are more and more bacteria that are resistant to these drugs.
New substances with antibiotic properties are increasingly difficult to find.
And here the help of bioinformatics is important: it is necessary to collect the genomes of microorganisms that can secrete potentially interesting substances, to analyze whether they are able to secrete a fundamentally new antibiotic for us.
• magic pictures / Shutterstock
Andrey Przybelsky
Senior Researcher, Center for Bioinformatics and Algorithmic Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University
To be honest, I have never been particularly interested in biology.
When I was at the Academic University, there was a laboratory for bioinformatics.
I was offered a job.
I didn ’ t even know that word then, I was skeptical, but I decided that if you don ’ t need to learn a lot of biology, you can try to program algorithms.
Over time, the new field so captured me that it is difficult for me to imagine that I will do anything else.
The most famous development of our center was the SPAdes genomic collection program (it was she who was supported by the Chan-Zuckerberg grant).
We created it to collect the genomes of bacteria, but now it is used around the world, working with the genomic data of viruses, fungi and other organisms.
From the very beginning, we focused not only on the quality of the algorithm (although we did not forget about it!), but also on the ease of use.
As a result, this program is actively used all over the world.
The article, where our algorithm is described, is in the TOP-500 articles in the world by citation for the last 10 years.
This is one of the most cited articles in the recent history of Russian science.
The program has hundreds of thousands of downloads.
“The article, which describes our algorithm, is in the TOP 500 articles in the world for citation in the last 10 years.
This is one of the most cited articles in the recent history of Russian science.
The second tool supported by the grant: QUAST.
This is a program for testing the quality of genomic assembly.
It is slightly less popular, although it is still among the actively downloaded by scientists from around the world.
• GoodStudio / Shutterstock
Anton Korobeinikov
Leading Researcher, Center for Bioinformatics and Algorithmic Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University
I came to bioinformatics not in the usual way.
In general, I have a thesis on statistics, and I still give lectures on statistical methods.
And yet, in bioinformatics, I see many problems that I could be useful in.
I am the head of the works supported by the Chan-Zuckerberg grant.
The peculiarity of this grant is that it is aimed not at future scientific discoveries, but at supporting and developing existing open source programs in the field of bioinformatics and biomedicine.
Our SPAdes genomic assembly software and QUAST genomic assembly quality analysis tool are just such.
They are completely free: that is, any scientist, researcher, doctor, any reader of Sobaka.ru can download the program and adapt it to their needs.
“Any scientist, researcher, doctor, any reader of Sobaka.ru can download the program and adapt it to their needs ”
What the money will go for: over the years of using SPAdes, we have accumulated a lot of experience in developing methods for assembling genomes.
However, now there is a change of generations of technologies for reading genomes: the data is becoming completely different.
And we want to adapt our design to them.
To turn it into a set of modules that any scientist, even not very well versed in software code, could quickly and easily adapt to their tasks.
In this way, we will lower the threshold for entering bioinformatics research and, hopefully, contribute to its development around the world.
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The document discusses the field of bioinformatics, specifically the decoding of the genome of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis, and the creation of a research center.

The document discusses genomics research, specifically the analysis of DNA data from single cells, including bacteria and coronavirus genomes.

The field of research discussed in the document is bioinformatics, which is an intersection of biology, computer science, and mathematics.

The document discusses genomics and the decoding of genomes, which may be related to biohacking techniques aimed at optimizing human health and well-being.

The document discusses the field of bioinformatics and algorithmic biotechnology, with a connection to biology and health optimization, as hinted at by the title query 'Biohacking Techniques'.

The document discusses the field of bioinformatics, specifically the decoding of the genome of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis.

The field of study discussed in the document is bioinformatics, which is an intersection of biology, computer science, and mathematics.

The document discusses the field of genomics, specifically the decoding of genomes and the assembly of DNA sequences, which is a key aspect of biohacking.

The document discusses the field of bioinformatics, which involves the use of computational methods to analyze and interpret biological data.

The gene editing technology mentioned in the document is CRISPR.

Title:

Content:
This article has been reviewed according to Science X's editorial process and policies. Editors have highlighted the following attributes while ensuring the content's credibility:

fact-checked

peer-reviewed publication

trusted source

proofread

A new CRISPR-driven technology for gene drive in plants

Weeds are a pesky irritant for most home gardeners, but in large agricultural settings, weeds can pose an especially deadly problem. For example, Amaranthus palmeri, known as Palmer's pigweed, has evolved in many areas to be completely resistant to modern herbicides, enabling it to take over fields of corn, soybeans, and other important crops. To make pigweed susceptible to herbicides again, you would need to change its genetics.

Spreading a specific genetic trait through a , even if that trait does not benefit those who carry it, is the purpose of a "gene drive." Gene drives can be used for many different applications. These are divided into two broad categories: population modification and population suppression.

Population modification can make mosquitos immune to, and therefore unable to spread, malaria, or make a crop more heat-tolerant in anticipation of climate change. Population suppression can be used to bring about local reduction or elimination of a weed or invasive species.

But any gene editing program needs to have strict built-in controls to keep the modifications localized to a specific area and to prevent other species from accidentally inheriting modified genes.

Now, Caltech researchers have developed a new gene drive technology, called ClvR (pronounced "cleaver"), that can be specifically customized to plant species, preventing accidental gene editing in cross-pollination situations.

Crucially, the technology can be designed to be self-limiting, only spreading the desired genes for a limited number of generations, thereby limiting their spread in time and space. The work is the first engineered gene drive in and the first to enable species-specific modification as well as the first to act at the level of plant sex cells.

A paper describing the new study was published in the journal Nature Plants on June 17. The research was conducted in the laboratory of Bruce Hay, professor of biology and biological engineering.

How do you genetically engineer a plant so that its offspring definitely will have a certain gene of interest? When breeding plants and animals, one of the two copies of a gene present in a parent is randomly inherited by a progeny.

Gene drive tips the inheritance scales in favor of one of these copies: the one on which the DNA responsible for bringing about gene drive is located. This results in its spread to high frequency in the population over time.

ClvR ensures that the genes of interest are passed on by affecting a plant's sex cells, or gametes. The ClvRsystem uses CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology to ensure that if a gamete does not contain the desired gene, it will not survive. In this way, any future offspring will come from gametes with the desired gene.

The system works by using a so-called "toxin/antidote" paradigm. Cas9 (the "toxin") is programmed to destroy, in the adult stage, a gene required for gamete survival, essentially ensuring its death. But the catch is, gametes carrying ClvR are also provided with an undamaged version of the same target gene (the "Rescue" or "antidote"), which functions like an antidote to a poison, leading to the survival of ClvR-bearing gametes.

That Rescue—the key to the gamete's survival—is also linked to a cargo gene, the gene of interest that a researcher wants to spread into the plant population. In other words, the cargo gene hitchhikes along with the Rescue gene. This ensures that only the gametes that contain both will survive—essentially forcing the cargo gene into the population.

"There are two ways to win a race: Be better than all the other competitors or trip all of the other racers up," says Hay. In this case, the ClvR system trips up all other competing chromosomes that could be inherited by progeny by ensuring that only sex cells with the desired cargo survive.

Importantly, the ClvR system is customizable for different circumstances. The toxin and antidote genes can be chosen to be specific for the desired plant species, so that if the genetic information gets passed into another species, nothing will happen.

Additionally, the "cargo" gene can be designed for various purposes—for example, this gene could re-sensitize pigweed to herbicide or make an endangered plant more heat tolerant or disease resistant—a form of evolutionary rescue.

Finally, the ClvR system can also be engineered to bring about local suppression or elimination of a weed or invasive species through the creation of a high frequency of sterile females, which leads to a population collapse.

"The ClvR system provides a general species-specific tool for altering the genetics of plant populations in ways that can contribute to global challenges such as and resilience in endangered native species and ecologies threatened by and climate change," says Hay. "We are excited to collaborate with others on these problems."

More information: Georg Oberhofer et al, Cleave and Rescue gamete killers create conditions for gene drive in plants, Nature Plants (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01701-3

Journal information: Nature Plants

Citation: A new CRISPR-driven technology for gene drive in plants (2024, June 27) retrieved 27 June 2024 from https://phys.org/news/2024-06-crispr-driven-technology-gene.html
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Overriding Mendel's laws: Researchers develop plant gene drive system for enhanced trait inheritance

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The gene editing technology mentioned in the document is CRISPR/Cas9.

The gene editing technology mentioned in the document is CRISPR, which is used for gene drive in plants.

The gene editing technology mentioned in the document is transposase-mediated gene editing.

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Content: Introduction: Cell-Line Development Discussions at Biotech Week Boston

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The genetic sequence of the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line first was published just over a decade ago (1, 2). As with the Human Genome Project, genomic knowledge of that and other biopharmaceutical production cell lines — both animal and microbial — has expanded greatly alongside dramatic increases in computing power (3–5). Meanwhile new and improved genetic engineering techniques have offered the potential for targeted rather than random integration of transgenes into production cells. And regulators began to emphasize monoclonality more, demanding evidence that cell banks are derived from single engineered cells. All the while, cell-line development (CLD) groups faced increasing pressure to shorten timelines associated with their workflows.

As presentations at recent BPI conferences have revealed, “big data,” next-generation sequencing (NGS), automation, and powerful analytical technologies are helping biopharmaceutical companies achieve all those goals in parallel. And despite the widespread popularity of certain instruments, the talks at Biotech Week Boston (BWB) and the BPI Conference US West (BPI West) demonstrated that there is no one way to do so. Combining some of the approaches mentioned herein just might take biopharmaceutical production to new levels that not long ago would have been deemed impossible.

Below we highlight discussions at BWB. Look for more in our BPI West postevent report later this year.

Clonality and Transgene Integration
In September 2022, the BPI Conference program within BWB included both a preconference workshop on CLD and topical talks within the upstream production track. Presenters often spoke about how advanced gene-editing techniques can increase process productivity without compromising product quality. For example, biopharmaceutical companies increasingly are applying transposase-based gene editing to increase gene-integration targeting efficiency and accelerate CLD workflows (see the “Transposases” box). This is helping them reduce the number of subcloning/pool-screening steps that programs require.

Presenters highlighted the importance of high gene-copy numbers for optimized expression. Many talks highlighted the industry’s needs for technologies that enable continuous and/or real-time control of cell-culture parameters, especially for truly on-line process analytical technology (PAT). Many current systems need to improve interfaces between bioreactors and automated samplers/analyzers. BioPhorum representatives announced publication of a risk-assessment guide for raw materials used in CLD and other upstream processes. And some presenters called for greater attention to compositional chemistry, highlighting how such factors influence cell growth, consumption of media nutrients, and other key parameters.

In “Microfluidic-Chip–Based Single-Cell Cloning To Accelerate Biologic Production Timelines,” Geneva Alok (Amgen) explained that after genetic engineering and transfection, CLD can take ~28 weeks. That begins with initial selection of candidate clones through amplification by methotrexate (MTX) or methionine sulfoximine (MSX) and progresses through pool screening, subcloning, large-scale subcloning, clone screening at small production scales, and ultimately, large-scale screening. Alok is one of many speakers at BPI conferences in the past few years reporting on her company’s use of the Beacon instrument from Berkeley Lights to expedite selection and cloning steps. Loaded with thousands of clones, the machine photophoretically sorts single cells into NanoPen chip segments, where they are cultured and monitored continuously. (If two cells end up in a pen, the system can unpen and reload them; usually, the number of single-clone cultures is enough for conclusive results.) The system performs real-time analytics on those single-cell cultures. A complete cloning process takes about five days rather than the two to three weeks needed for fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) methods. Even though the new technology is two to five times more expensive than the older one, large companies increasingly believe that its speed and throughput make up the difference. Amgen has replaced FACS-based screening with a Beacon instrument.

Alok highlighted that system’s Spotlight assay, which enables rapid screening to identify 10 highly productive clones (rather than the 96 productive clones typically identified by FACS). Monoclonality is documented by cell imaging, and CLD is accelerated by elimination of pool-screening steps. The Amgen team ran two different workflows to identify viable clones, then selected top candidates based on the results. When those findings were compared with results from fed-batch cultures of the same clones in Ambr microbioreactors, both performed comparably with similar stability based on parameters such as gene copy number and titer. Alok noted that the shortened workflow could generate clones with high genetic diversity after recovery, but that would require further study.

In “Cell-Bank Characterization and Retrospective Assessment of Clonality,” Guanghua Li (Merck) focused on test methods. Merck’s master cell bank (MCB) and working cell banks (WCBs) are produced according to good manufacturing practice (GMP) standards to reduce the possibility for introducing contamination. Li pointed out that no single testing regime can detect all potential contaminants (e.g., from culture media components). Cell-bank characterization typically entails assessment of a cell substrate’s identity, purity, and suitability for manufacturing applications. Such testing includes assays for viral contamination (often using minute virus of mice as a model) and in vitro/in vivo assays for adventitious agents (AAs).

Highlighting the revised ICH Q5A, which provides for application of NGS in AA testing, Li also summarized options for limit of in-vitro cell age (LIVCA) stability testing, noting that such testing usually is performed only once during cell banking. He noted that it is helpful to perform such testing at an intended production scale (e.g., 2,000 L) or simulation thereof. Doing so can help with study design and to demonstrate genotypic, phenotypic, and biosafety stability over the number of generations required for LIVCA testing. Li also summarized potential cloning strategies to use when demonstrating monoclonality, noting that adaptation to serum-free conditions (if applicable) should be performed before cloning steps are performed.

In “Use of Transposase-Mediated Integration To Reduce Screening and Shorten Cell-Line Development Timelines,” Hillary Warrington (Janssen) pointed to a primary pain point in CLD workflows: Clones can show variable success across transfections and preparations. “That needs to be optimized,” she said, adding, “Ideally, you want a high gene-copy number, which correlates positively with transfection success for expression titers.” Insertion efficiency for a gene of interest (GoI) can be increased in three ways, she said: through modification of transfection methods, gene-modification of host cells, and use of transposase mediators. She focused on the latter, describing her company’s application of ATUM Bio’s Leap-In transposase and transposon technologies.

The technology uses an RNA transposase to insert GoIs at different chromosomal sites and in high copy numbers — with more targeted genetic integration than a conventional plasmid system can offer. In Janssen’s study, ~95% of insertion sites used the transposon, and the resulting clones showed good stability with high copy numbers preserved across passages. The company’s historical data also show that application of Leap-In technology has increased monoclonal antibody (MAb) expression titers consistently since its adoption in 2018.

Warrington pointed out that less random integration enables CLD scientists to reduce the requisite number of subcloning steps, thus enabling earlier production of material for toxicology studies and other relevant activities. Moreover, subclones/populations do not require enrichment before sorting. Such benefits have helped Janssen to shorten its CLD timelines significantly by reducing clone-screening requirements. Other time savings have come from automation.

In “High-Throughput Characterization for IgM Cell-Line Development,” Christina Tsai (IGM Biosciences) reported on an accelerated testing approach. Increasingly, the sheer number of screening activities performed during CLD necessitates adoption of high-throughput instruments and methods. Tsai described her company’s collaboration with a technology supplier to improve and accelerate characterization studies for CLD activities toward production of IgM antibodies. Her company introduced PerkinElmer’s Lab Chip GX II system for high-throughput analysis of glycans, protein expression levels, and product characterization.

As a replacement for sodium-dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), the instrument performs a gel-electrophoretic method on a multiuse microfluidic chip: sodium dodecylsulfate microcapillary electrophoresis (µCE-SDS). Requiring at least 2.5 µL of material, the instrument can analyze each sample in about one minute, and a chip can be reused for 400 samples. IGM’s workflow requires about 1.5 hours of preparation, 50 minutes to run 50 samples, and under an hour for analysis. Tsai highlighted that the method can be performed 6× faster than affinity high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and 25× faster than size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). The system also can be used to assess titer levels and glycan profiles 50× faster than a system for hydrophilic-interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) testing.

In “Growing Pains: The Ups and Downs of Building a CLD Platform Process from Scratch,” Allyn Spear (Elanco) chronicled successes and pitfalls from development of a host-cell line for production of a canine antibody product. Before 2000, he explained, biologics equated to vaccines in animal health — but that veterinary companies now are expanding into other modalities. Elanco is among the animal-health companies developing capabilities for biological products such as antibodies and other proteins.

Tasked with identifying a glutamine synthetase (GS)–knock-out host-cell line to express a canine antibody, Spear and his colleagues also needed to identify optimal culture parameters toward a long-term goal of producing that antibody at commercial scale. First, they experimented with the GS piggyBac and Leap-In transposon systems (from Lonza and ATUM, respectively) to identify an effective vector strategy. Elanco settled on a two-plasmid transfection approach but found significant variability in transfection efficiency and posttransfection viability. With too many variables involved to narrow down the root cause, the team needed to apply additional reagents to increase transfection consistency.

They used the Berkeley Lights Beacon system for early clone selection activities. Spear noted, however, that the project required custom reagent development because it involved nonhuman antibodies. The team used Ambr microbioreactors from Sartorius for final clone screening. He highlighted difficulties in CLD for start-ups and other small teams: e.g., supply chain problems with equipment availability and inconsistent quality across consumables from different suppliers.

In “Accelerating Cell-Line Development Processes Through Automation Platform Integration,” Woo Chi (Just–Evotec) explained that his company makes abundant use of automation technologies because of a preference for continuous biomanufacturing. He noted that his CLD team faced difficulties in implementing a robotic platform for cell transfer (passaging/retention in a perfusion process). Initially, the system was transferring only 10% of cells, but the team adjusted software scripts over several programming iterations to increase cell transfer to 90%.

In “Implementing Beacon Optofluidic Technology for Accelerated Cell-Line Development for Complex Subunit Vaccine Candidates,” Jishna Ganguly (GSK) pointed out that most reported applications of Beacon technology have been in antibody process development. GSK is the first company to use the photophoretic technology to accelerate CLD activities in production of antigens used in a subunit vaccine.
Ganguly shared a feasibility study that her company used in adopting the system. GSK previously used a 12-day workflow that combined application of a Cell Metric cell imager (Solentim) and an assay from Luminex. The Beacon system accelerated CLD considerably while generating results comparable to those from the previous workflow.

Ganguly concluded by highlighting continuing CLD needs of vaccine makers, who could benefit from solutions that reduce manual handling during testing and that minimize the number of instruments required for the many kinds of screening performed (e.g., for clone productivity, product quality, monoclonality). Although many choices are available, drug makers often apply many different technologies, increasing experimental effort and time along with the complexity of system integration.

In “Evaluation of Transposase Technology To Generate Highly Productive CHO Cell Lines,” Eric Lee (Biogen) explained that his company, like many other drug developers, is leveraging transposase-mediated gene editing to expedite CLD activities. His team accelerated CLD by two weeks through applying Lonza’s GS piggyBac transposon system and eliminating steps for MTX amplification. That allowed the program to move right into evaluation of material from recovered pools. Transfection recoveries were good, and although the transposon system generated considerably more random integration than Biogen’s legacy method did, pool-expressed material was comparable in quality, with aggregation and isoform levels that aligned with those from historical data. In subsequent studies, Biogen determined that the transposase system also was compatible with MTX amplification and that adding that step back into the workflow increased expression titers significantly. Ultimately, the company improved its CLD workflow to generate material for toxicology studies five months earlier than would have been possible with the legacy method.

In “Epigenetic Comparison of CHO Hosts and Clones Reveals Divergent Methylation and Transcription Patterns Across Lineages,” Meiping Chang (Merck) noted that genomic and epigenomic analyses are becoming critical to assessment of transgene integration and clone selection. The trick, she explained, is to evaluate epigenetic regulators of transcription without dismantling host-cell DNA, especially because epigenetic markers can be inserted or removed.
She explained that DNA-methylation patterns are passed down by parent cells, although new patterns can emerge during cloning. Underlying mechanisms of such changes include differential expression of epigenetic readers, erasers, and effectors. To demonstrate, Chang shared her team’s testing of two host-cell lines for genomic changes over several generations by searching for differentially methylated regions (DMRs). Most clonal cells showed inherited changes in methylation patterns. That, Chang explained, could indicate development of a trait for long-term genetic stability. Using such information could help CLD scientists to find ideal candidates for transgene integration.

Emphasis on Speed
The focused CLD workshop at Biotech Week Boston culminated in a panel discussion titled “Techniques and Technologies To Accelerate CLD and Solve Bottleneck Challenges,” with Allyn Spear, Woo Chi, Hillary Warrington, and William Rice (Nexcelom Bioscience). Panelists noted that companies increasingly are using artificial intelligence (AI) to identify and optimize vector constructs. Both on the stage and in the audience, there was particular excitement for growth in libraries for human antibodies. One attendee asked whether it could be helpful to use a reporter gene during early CLD activities. Panelists explained that such genes are not secreted as antibodies are; thus, they might be useful for gauging transfection efficiency but not for expression titer.

Many participants questioned whether to use random or targeted gene integration during CLD. Panelists explained that pools from clones generated using the former technique often show more heterogeneity and experience epigenetic drift over time. Technologies for targeted integration can generate more homogenous pools that might show less drift. However, even minor epigenetic drift must be characterized, so drug makers using targeted integration would not be relieved of some associated regulatory burden for product characterization. One panelist noted that current technologies for targeted gene integration also result in some random integration and that such occurrences could cause regulatory questions. Considering the significant costs associated with targeted-integration technologies, developers should evaluate their needs carefully to help ensure that such solutions will be worth the investment.

Transposases
First identified by Barbara McClintock in the mid-20th century (work that earned her the 1983 Nobel Prize in physiology/medicine), transposase enzymes bind to the end of a transposon and catalyze its movement to another part of a cell’s genome, typically through a cut-and-paste or replicative mechanism. In nature, transposition is both useful for evolution and adaptation to changing environments and potentially dangerous to individual survival. Because genomic instability can lead to unhelpful mutations, most such genes are down-regulated. But transposases have great utility in genetic engineering.Further Reading
Aziz RK, Breitbart M, Edwards RA. Transposases Are the Most Abundant, Most Ubiquitous Genes in Nature. Nucl. Acids Res. 38(13) 2010: 4207–4217; https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkq140.Grabundzija I, et al. Comparative Analysis of Transposable Element Vector Systems in Human Cells. Molec. Ther. 18(6) 2010: 1200–1209; https://doi.org/10.1038/mt.2010.47.Gustafsson C, et al. Engineering Genes for Predictable Protein Expression. Prot. Expr. Purif. 83(1) 2012: 37–46; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pep.2012.02.013.Rajendra Y, Peery RB, Barnard GC. Generation of Stable Chinese Hamster Ovary Pools Yielding Antibody Titers of Up to 7.6 g/L Using the PiggyBac Transposon System. Biotechnol. Prog. 32(5) 2016: 1301–1307; https://doi.org/10.1002/btpr.2307.

Vics Z, Izsvák Z. A Whole Lotta Jumpin’ Goin’ On: New Transposon Tools for Vertebrate Functional Genomics. Trends Genet. 21(1) 2005: 8–11; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2004.11.008.

Cell-Line Engineering at BPI West
Held on 27 February through 2 March 2022, the BPI West program in San Diego, CA, included a full track devoted to cell-line development. Many themes followed from the BWB discussions a few months before, but the overall emphasis shifted toward applying advanced genetic engineering techniques to improve cell stability, productivity, predictability, and viability. Technological potentialities touted over recent years seem to be coming to fruition in big ways in the post-COVID era. Look for a full report on the program coming up later this year.

References
1 Wurm F, Hacker D. First CHO Genome. Nat. Biotechnol. 29, 2011: 718–720; https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.1943.

2 Xu X, et al. The Genomic Sequence of the Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO)-K1 Cell Line. Nat. Biotechnol. 29, 2011: 735–741; https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.1932.

3 Lewis N, et al. Genomic Landscapes of Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Lines As Revealed By the Cricetulus griseus Draft Genome. Nat. Biotechnol. 31, 759–765 (2013); https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.2624.

4 Rupp O, et al. A Reference Genome of the Chinese Hamster Based on a Hybrid Assembly Strategy. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 115(8) 2018: 2087–2100; https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.26722.

5 Lin D, et al. CHOmics: A Web-Based Tool for Multi-Omics Data Analysis and Interactive Visualization in CHO Cell Lines. PLOS Comput. Biol. 22 December 2020; https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008498.

Brian Gazaille is managing editor, and corresponding author Cheryl Scott is cofounder and senior technical editor of BioProcess International (part of Informa Connect Life Sciences); 1-212-600-3429; cheryl.scott@informa.com; https://www.bioprocessintl.com.

The document mentions Transposases as a gene editing technology.

Dr. Reut Shalgi led the study mentioned in the document.

Title:

Content:   • Huntington’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are characterized by an aggregation of misfolded proteins that damage nerve cells.
  • “Chaperones” are proteins that monitor and regulate protein folding and aggregation in the cell.
  • A recent study has investigated the role of chaperones in the context of Huntington’s disease and ALS.
  • The study found that a distinct set of chaperones could prevent the formation of protein aggregates. However, they failed to do so in Huntington’s disease and ALS.

ALS is a progressive neurological disease. In the United States, there are an estimated 5,000 new cases each year.

ALS affects nerve cells that control voluntary movement, leading to muscle weakness, paralysis, and eventually death. There are currently no treatments or cures.

Like other neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s disease, ALS is also characterized by the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the brain.

Misfolding of proteins commonly occurs in healthy cells, and molecular chaperones, a class of proteins in cells, can regulate and prevent misfolding and accumulation.

However, in cases of neurodegenerative disorders, including ALS, the mechanisms underlying the accumulation of misfolded proteins remain poorly understood, posing a challenge to the development of therapeutic interventions.

A recent study, published in the journal Nature Communications, has investigated whether chaperones produced by cells could prevent the aggregation of the proteins related to Huntington’s and ALS.

The study’s lead author, Dr. Reut Shalgi, a professor of nano biotechnology and nanomedicine at Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, told Medical News Today:

“Our study shows that cells have the toolkit to combat pathological aggregation related to ALS, and this is already encoded in the genome. We found that there are different tools, i.e., chaperones, that are optimized to handle and prevent pathological aggregates of different types.”

“Unfortunately,” she continued, “our cells just don’t know how to activate the specific toolkit that is needed for each different type of pathological aggregate.”

“Identifying the optimal toolkit to fight aggregation in each disease type and understanding how they work, as we have done here, is only the first step.”

During protein synthesis, amino acids become linked together in a linear chain. This chain of amino acids subsequently undergoes folding to acquire a three-dimensional structure, forming a biologically active protein.

This three-dimensional configuration is essential for the protein to perform its biological function.

Chaperones are a class of proteins produced by cells that assist with the proper folding of other proteins. Moreover, chaperones can also facilitate the refolding or degradation of misfolded proteins and prevent the aggregation of proteins.

This function of chaperones is critical, as protein misfolding and aggregation can damage cells.

Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and ALS, are characterized by the formation of aggregates of specific proteins.

For instance, the formation of ‘Huntingtin’ protein aggregates is a hallmark of Huntington’s disease, whereas ALS is characterized by aggregates of several proteins, including FUS and TDP-43.

Previous studies have shown that certain chaperones can prevent the aggregation of the Huntingtin protein. Chaperones belonging to the HSP70 network have a protective effect against aggregation of this protein.

The HSP70 network consists of the HSP70 family of proteins and chaperones belonging to the HSP40/DNAJ family. The proteins in the HSP40 family help regulate the activity of the HSP70 proteins.

However, there has been limited research into chaperones that could protect against the aggregation of ALS-related proteins, such as the FUS protein. The present study characterized and compared chaperones that could protect against the formation of protein aggregates involved in Huntington’s disease and ALS.

Both Huntington’s disease and ALS are characterized by mutations in respective proteins that form aggregates.

In the new study, the researchers used laboratory cultured cells expressing the mutant Huntingtin and FUS proteins to characterize chaperones that could prevent protein aggregation.

The researchers first characterized the differences in the expression of genes for chaperone proteins in cells expressing these mutant proteins.

In cells expressing the mutant Huntingtin protein, the researchers found increased expression of genes for chaperone proteins, including those belonging to the HSP70 family and other stress proteins.

In other words, these results suggest that the cells responded to misfolded Huntingtin protein by activating a stress response.

In contrast, there was a decline in the levels of the HSP70 proteins in mutant FUS-expressing cells. Chaperone proteins play an important role in maintaining an equilibrium between the synthesis, folding, and degradation of proteins.

The lower levels of chaperone proteins in mutant FUS-expressing cells thus suggest a disruption of this equilibrium.

The researchers then investigated if there were chaperones that could repress the aggregation of the mutant Huntingtin and FUS proteins.

To more specifically identify chaperones that could prevent the aggregation of the Huntingtin and FUS proteins, the researchers used cultured cells expressing either the mutant Huntingtin or FUS protein and a specific chaperone protein.

They induced the cells to express each of a selection of 66 chaperones, which included proteins from the HSP70 network.

The researchers found that specific chaperones facilitated the formation of mutant Huntingtin protein aggregates, whereas others protected against the accumulation of such protein aggregates.

They obtained similar results for the mutant FUS proteins. The groups of chaperones that facilitated or inhibited the aggregation of the mutant FUS protein were distinct from the corresponding chaperones modulating the formation of Huntingtin aggregates.

Some chaperone proteins exist in two forms, a full-length version (-FL) and a shortened version (-short). The researchers found that the DNAJB12-short protein prevented the formation of the Huntingtin protein aggregates, whereas the DNAJB12-FL promoted the aggregation of the Huntingtin protein.

A chaperone belonging to the HSP70 family, Hspa6, also enhanced the formation of Huntingtin protein aggregates. Moreover, the results from the initial gene expression experiment suggested upregulation of the HSP70 family in cells expressing the Huntingtin protein.

In other words, the cells produced a maladaptive response by expressing certain HSP70 family proteins, such as Hspa6, that enhance protein aggregation in response to the expression of the mutant Huntingtin protein.

In cells expressing the mutant FUS protein, DNAJB14 chaperone protein reduced the levels of aggregates. In contrast, certain chaperones, such as the DNAJB5 chaperone protein, enhanced the aggregation of the mutant FUS protein.

Similar to the DNJAB12 protein, DNAJB14 also exists in short and full forms. The researchers found that the formation of a complex between DNAJB14-FL and DNAJB12-FL was necessary to prevent the aggregation of mutant FUS protein.

Also, these protective effects of the DNAJB14-DNAJB12 complex were mediated through its interaction with the HSP70 protein.

The researchers also found that the short forms of DNAJB14 and DNAJB12 did not become a complex or interact with HSP70, thus lacking a protective effect against the mutant FUS protein aggregates.

These results are unlike those obtained with the mutant Huntingtin protein, where the short form of DNAJB12 enhanced the formation of aggregates.

The researchers then investigated how DNAJB14 protected cells from the aggregation of the mutant FUS protein. In the initial gene expression experiment, the researchers found that the expression of genes for chaperones belonging to the HSP70 family was repressed in cells with mutant FUS protein aggregates.

In a subsequent experiment, they found that the expression of DNAJB14 normalized the expression of genes encoding chaperones belonging to the HSP70 and other families.

The authors noted that the interaction of the DNAJB14-DNAJB12 complex with the HSP70 protein was necessary to prevent the aggregation of mutant FUS protein, but the expression of the HSP70 gene was repressed in cells expressing the mutant FUS protein.

Thus, as seen with the Huntingtin protein, although the cells were capable of producing chaperones that could counter the formation of the mutant FUS protein aggregates, they failed to produce the required adaptive response in response to the aggregates.

“In the future,” Dr. Shalgi told MNT, “we hope to develop tools that will facilitate the activation of the right toolkit for each of these aggregates, toward helping patients fight these aggregates, and move toward disease-modifying therapies for ALS and other neurodegenerative diseases.”

The study was led by Bruce Hay, a professor of biology and biological engineering.

Jonathan Weissman led the study mentioned in the document.

Title:

Content: She's fighting to stop the brain disease that killed her mother before it gets her.

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CAMBRIDGE, Massachusetts ‒ Sonia Vallabh watched helplessly as her 51-year-old mother rapidly descended into dementia and died. It didn't take long for Vallabh to realize she was destined for the same rare genetic fate.

Vallabh and her husband did what anyone would want to do in their situation: They decided to fight.

Armed with little more than incredible intellect and determination they set out to conquer her destiny.

A dozen years later, they've taken a major step in that direction, finding a way to shut off enough genetic signals to hold off the disease.

And in the process of trying to rescue Vallabh, they may save many, many others as well.

In a paper published Thursday in the prestigious journal Science, Vallabh and her husband, Eric Minikel, and their co-authors offer a way to disrupt brain diseases like the one that killed her mother.

The same approach should also work against diseases such as Huntington's, Parkinson's, ALS and even Alzheimer's, which result from the accumulation of toxic proteins. If it works as well as they think, it could also be useful against a vast array of other diseases that can be treated by shutting off genes.

"It doesn't have to be the brain. It could be the muscles. It could be the kidneys. It could be really anywhere in the body where we have not easily been able to do these things before," said Dr. Kiran Musunuru, a cardiologist and geneticist at the University of Pennsylvania's Perelman School of Medicine, who wasn't involved in the research but wrote a perspective accompanying the paper.

So far, they've proven it only in mice.

"The data are good as far as they go," Vallabh said this week from her office at the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, where she has worked since getting a PhD at Harvard. She had already gotten a law degree from the university, but she and Minikel, then a transportation planner, both pursued biology degrees after her mother's death. Now, they work together at the Broad.

"We're far from this being a drug," Vallabh said. "There's always, always reason for caution. Sadly, everything is always more likely to fail than succeed.

"But there is justifiable reason for optimism."

A terrible disease

The disease that killed Vallabh's mother was one of a group of conditions called prion diseases. These include mad cow disease, which affects mostly cattle, scrapie, which affects sheep, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, which kills about 350 Americans a year ‒ most within months of their first symptom.

These diseases are triggered when the prion protein found in all normal brains starts misfolding for some reason, as yet unknown.

"Prion disease can strike anybody," Vallabh said, noting the 1 in 6,000 risk to the general population.

Though prion diseases are, in some cases, contagious, a federal study earlier this year concluded that chronic wasting disease, found in deer, elk and moose, is very unlikely to pass to people who eat the meat of sick animals.

In Vallabh's case, the cause is genetic. Vallabh discovered after her mother's death that she carries the same variant of the same gene that caused her mother's disease, meaning she will certainly develop it.

The only question is when.

"The age of onset is extremely unpredictable," Vallabh said. "Your parent's age of onset doesn't actually predict anything."

How the gene-editing tool works

Vallabh, Minikel and their colleagues developed a gene-editing approach they call CHARM (for Coupled Histone tail Autoinhibition Release of Methyltransferase).

While previous gene-editing tools have been described as scissors or erasers, Musunuru described CHARM as a volume control, allowing scientists to tune a gene up or down. It has three advantages over previous strategies, he said.

The device is tiny, so it fits easily inside the virus needed to deliver it. Other gene-editing tools, like CRISPR, are bigger, which means they need to be broken into pieces and much more of the virus is needed to deliver those pieces to the brain, risking a dangerous immune reaction.

CHARM, Musunuru said, is "easier to deliver to hard-to-deliver spaces like the brain."

At least in the mouse, it also seems to have reached throughout the brain, making the desired genetic change without other, unwanted ones, Musunuru said.

And finally, the research team figured out a way to turn the gene editor off after its work was done. "If it's sticking around, there's the potential for genetic mischief," Musunuru said.

One shot on goal

While researchers, including Vallabh, continue to work to perfect an approach, the clock for Vallabh and others is ticking.

Right now there's no viable treatment and if it takes too long to develop one, Vallabh will miss her window. Once the disease process starts, like a runaway train, it'll be much harder to stop than it would be to just shut the gene off in the first place.

The more of the prion protein in the brain, the more likely it is to misfold. And the more likely it is for the disease to spread, a process that co-opts the natural form of the protein and converts it to the toxic form.

That's why getting rid of as much of it as possible makes sense, said Jonathan Weissman, the senior author on the study, who leads a lab at the Whitehead Institute, a biomedical research institute next to the Broad.

"The biology is really clear. The need (for a cure) is so compelling," Weissman said.

Every cell in the brain has the gene for making the prion protein. By silencing even 50% of those genes, Weissman figures he can prevent the disease. In mice, CHARM silenced up to 80% to 90%.

"We've figured out what to deliver. Now we have to figure out how to deliver it," he said.

Another of the paper's co-authors, the Broad's Ben Deverman, published a study late last year showing he could deliver a gene-therapy-carrying virus throughout the brain. Others are developing other viral delivery systems.

And Vallabh and Minikel have hedged their bets, helping to develop a so-called antisense oligonucleotide, or ASO, which uses another path for stopping the gene from making the prion protein.

The ASO, which is in early trials in people by a company called Ionis Pharmaceuticals, requires regular treatment rather than the one-and-done of a gene therapy. Recruitment for that trial had to be paused in April because the number of would-be volunteers outstripped the available slots.

Personalized therapy: This lifesaving treatment was designed for one. Could it be the future of medical care?

Vallabh isn't ready yet to start any treatment yet herself.

"She has one shot on goal," Musunuru said. "At some point, she'll have to decide what's the best strategy."

In the meantime, the clock Vallabh can't see continues to tick toward onset.

She and Minikel stay exceedingly busy with their research along with their daughter, almost 7, and 4-year-old son ‒ both born via IVF and preimplantation genetic testing to ensure they wouldn't inherit her genetic curse. (They were super lucky, Vallabh notes, to be living in Massachusetts where IVF is at least "approachable" financially.)

"There is a mountain ahead of us," Vallabh said of the path to a cure. "There's still a lot of hurdles, there's still a lot to figure out."

Karen Weintraub can be reached at kweintraub@usatoday.com.

This article originally appeared on USA TODAY: After dementia killed her mother a medical researcher looks for a cure

The study on biomembranes was led by a team of professors from Macao Polytechnic University and Nanyang Technological University.

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Content: There were 385 press releases posted in the last 24 hours and 473,022 in the last 365 days.

Research Achievements in Biomembrane Studies by Scholars from Macao Polytechnic University Published in Top Computational Mathematics Journal

MACAU, September 8 - In recent years, computational simulation methods have greatly enhanced the microscale understanding of biomembrane structures, and their dynamic properties and functions across various fields. Professor Guo Jingjing, Professor Liu Huanxiang and Dr. Li Shu from the Centre for Artificial Intelligence Driven Drug Discovery at Macao Polytechnic University, in collaboration with Professor Mu Yuguang from Nanyang Technological University in Singapore, published a paper titled “Application of computational approaches in biomembranes: From structure to function” in July. The paper was published in WIREs Computational Molecular Science, a top-ranked computational mathematics journal (Citation score: 20.1; Impact factor: 11.4) (https://doi.org/10.1002/wcms.1679).

The paper provides a comprehensive overview of the latest research advancements in computational methods related to biological membranes,  covering research methods and tools such as molecular force fields, model construction, molecular dynamics simulations, and trajectory analysis. Additionally, it delves into the current research trends and existing challenges in computational simulation methods for biomembrane studies, while also providing insights into future research directions. The aim of the paper is to help readers understand the potential and the limitations of emerging computational techniques in studying biomembrane systems and to provide valuable recommendations for future research.

Jeffrey Jensen led the study mentioned in the document.

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Content: Study explores promise and pitfalls of evolutionary genomics

The Alexandrian mathematician and astronomer Claudius Ptolemy in the second century had a great ambition. Hoping to understand the motion of the stars and the paths of the planets, he published an ingenious treatise on the subject, known as the Almagest. Ptolemy created a complex mathematical model of the universe that seemed to sum up the motions of the celestial bodies he had observed.

Unfortunately, there was a fatal flaw at the core of his cosmic plan. Following the prejudices of his day, Ptolemy postulated that the Earth was the center of the universe. The Ptolemaic universe, made up of complex “epipers” to calculate the motions of planets and stars, has long been in the history books, although its conclusions have been scientific dogma for more than 1,200 years.

However, the field of evolutionary biology is subject to flawed theoretical approaches, sometimes producing dazzling models that fail to convey the true workings of nature that make up the dizzying array of living forms on Earth.

A new study looks at mathematical models designed to draw conclusions about how evolution works at the community level. The study concluded that such models must be built with great care, avoid unjustified initial assumptions, balance the quality of current knowledge and remain open to alternative interpretations.

Failure to apply rigorous procedures in constructing null models can lead to theories that appear to match some aspects of the available data derived from DNA sequencing, but fail to properly elucidate basic evolutionary processes, which are often extremely complex and multifaceted.

Such theoretical frameworks can provide convincing but ultimately false pictures of how evolution actually affected populations over time, whether they were groups of bacteria, groups of fish, or human societies and their various migrations during prehistoric times.

In the new study, Jeffrey Jensen, a researcher at Arizona State University’s Biodesign Center for the Mechanisms of Evolution and a professor in the School of Life Sciences at the Center for Evolution and Medicine, leads a group of world leaders in the field in advising for future research. Together they describe a set of criteria that can be used to ensure the accuracy of models that produce statistical inferences in population genomics – a scientific discipline concerned with large-scale comparisons of DNA sequences within and between populations and species.

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“One of our key messages is the importance of looking at the contributions of evolutionary processes that are sure to be at work (such as purification of selection and genetic drift), before simply relying on hypothetical or rare as primary drivers of observed diversity in a population (such as positive selection),” Jensen noted.

The results of the search appear in the current issue of the magazine Plus Biology.

field matures

Population genomics emerged when early efforts in this field attempted to reconcile Charles Darwin’s idea of evolution through natural selection with early insights into the mechanisms of heredity, discovered by the Augustinian monk Gregor Mendel.

The synthesis peaked in the 1920s and early 1930s, in large part due to the mathematical work of Fisher, Haldane, and Wright, who pioneered the exploration of how natural selection, along with other evolutionary forces, could alter the genetic makeup of Mendelian populations over time.

Today, studies in population genomics include the widespread application of different genomic techniques to explore the genetic makeup of biological populations, and how various factors, including natural selection and genetic drift, cause changes in genetic makeup over time.

To do this, population geneticists develop mathematical models that quantify the contributions of these evolutionary processes to the formation of gene frequencies, use this theory to design statistical inference approaches to estimate the productive forces of observed patterns of genetic diversity in real populations and test their conclusions against accumulated data. .

flavor of life

The study of genomic variation focuses on the differences in DNA sequence between individuals and populations. Some of these variants are critical for biological function, including mutations responsible for genetic diseases, while others have no detectable biological effect.

This variation in the human genome can take many forms. The common source of variation is known as single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs, where a single letter of DNA is changed in the genome. But genome-wide variation is also possible, including the simultaneous change of hundreds or even thousands of base pairs. Again, some of these alterations may play a role in disease risk and survival, while many other changes have no effect.

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Natural selection can occur when different discrete variables in a population have a fitness difference with respect to each other. By devising and studying mathematical models that govern the change in frequency of the corresponding genes and applying these models to experimental data, population geneticists seek to understand the contributing evolutionary processes in an accurate and quantitative manner. Thus, population genetics is often considered the theoretical cornerstone of modern Darwinian evolution.

Adrift across the genome

Although the importance of natural selection to the evolutionary process is undeniable, the role of positive selection in increasing the frequency of beneficial variants – a potential driver of adaptation – is certainly relatively rare compared to even other forms of natural selection. For example, purification of selection – the removal of harmful variants from a population – is a form of selection that behaves consistently and is more widespread.

In addition, there are many non-selective evolutionary processes of great importance. For example, genetic drift describes many of the random fluctuations that are inherent in evolution. In large populations, natural selection can operate more effectively by purging harmful variation and the potential to repair beneficial variation, while genetic drift becomes increasingly prevalent as populations become smaller.

The distinction can be seen in interesting form when comparing prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria with organisms made up of eukaryotic cells, including humans. In the first case, large population sizes tend to be more efficient selection. In contrast, the weaker selection pressure operating in eukaryotes is more permissive of genetic modifications, provided they are not too harmful.

According to the neutral theory of molecular evolution – a now guiding principle for the theory of evolution proposed by population geneticist Motoo Kimura more than 50 years ago – most evolutionary changes at the molecular level in true populations are not governed by natural selection, but by genetics. derivative. The study emphasizes that this critical point is often overlooked by evolutionary biologists. As co-author Michael Lynch, director of the Center for the Biodesign of Evolutionary Mechanisms at Arizona State University notes, “Natural selection is just one of many evolutionary mechanisms, and failure to recognize it is perhaps the most important obstacle to the successful integration of evolutionary theory with molecular and cellular biology. and developmental.

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The new consensus study further highlights that failure to consider alternative evolutionary mechanisms that are certain to act, including genetic drift, and to incorporate them into population genomics models, is likely to motivate misleading researchers. The authors argue that an overreliance on purely adaptive models to explain genetic variation has led to a range of explanations of questionable value.

The study provides a detailed flowchart that could help guide the development of more accurate models used to draw evolutionary inferences, based on genetic data. Biological parameters that differ between species include not only evolutionary variables such as clan size, mutation rates, recombination rates, population structure and history, but also how the genome itself is organized and life history traits, including mating behaviour. All of these factors play a vital role in determining the observed molecular variability and evolution.

“While these many considerations may seem daunting to some researchers, it is important to note that many excellent research groups at ASU and around the world are actively working to improve our understanding of these basic evolutionary parameters, providing ongoing enhancement to inference, for example, mutations and Recombination rates,” Susan Pfeiffer, associate professor at the Center for Evolution and Medicine and the Biodesign Center for the Mechanisms of Evolution, added, “recombination rates.”

While theoretical models of population genomics have proliferated alongside relatively sparse genomic data, an avalanche of data made possible by rapid and inexpensive DNA sequencing of organisms across the tree of life has radically changed the field. Careful and discreet use of this goldmine of genomic data will aid in the development of more rigorous models to unravel many of the remaining mysteries of evolution.

Biohacking techniques, such as genetic analysis and bioinformatics, have the potential to lead to breakthroughs in disease prevention and treatment, including the development of new antibiotics and therapies for aging, cancer, and other diseases.

The potential benefits of biohacking being explored include slowing down the aging process and reducing sickness, with the goal of living longer and healthier.

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Biohacking involves testing biotechnologies on oneself to improve human condition, cure diseases, and evolve the human condition, with some biohackers seeing themselves as pioneering doctors who test new treatments on themselves.

Biohacking is exploring ways to improve the human condition through cybernetic implants and technology, with potential benefits including enhanced physical and intellectual capabilities, and potentially defeating diseases, aging, and death.

Biohacking techniques, such as gene-shutting, may have potential benefits in treating various diseases, including those affecting the brain, muscles, and kidneys, although more research is needed to confirm its effectiveness.

Neurofeedback therapy is a biohacking method used to improve mental health, particularly for individuals with ADHD, trauma, and OCD.

Neuro-feedback therapy is a biohacking method used to improve mental health by re-training the brain to tackle issues like depression, anxiety, trauma, and OCD.

The biohacking method used for mental health improvement is operant conditioning, which involves retraining the brain by rewarding it instantly when it performs a certain task.

"Neurofeedback therapy is a biohacking method used to improve mental health by training the brain to self-regulate and reinforce pathways, with potential beneficial effects on mental health outcomes."

Neurofeedback therapy is a biohacking method used to improve mental health, as evidenced by Dean's experience of overcoming crippling fear and anxiety after completing 20 sessions.

Biohacking focuses on improving quality of life by slowing down aging through methods like nutrition optimization and inflammation reduction.

According to the studies, how does intermittent fasting help?

"A key focus of biohacking is to use biotechnology, such as nanotechnology, genetic engineering, and technological implants, to improve the human condition and quality of life."

Biohacking focuses on improving quality of life by overcoming physical and intellectual limits through technological advancements, with the ultimate goal of defeating diseases, aging, and death.

A key focus of biohacking is to improve quality of life through the use of technology.

A key focus of biohacking is improving quality of life through self-optimization techniques, using knowledge of biology to become better versions of oneself.

Biohacking techniques aim to optimize health and longevity through strategies like intermittent fasting, improved sleep quality, physical activity, hydration, and cognitive stimulation, with the goal of activating epigenetic modifications to enhance the body's resources.

According to the studies, how does intermittent fasting help?

Biohacking encompasses a range of techniques for self-optimization and improving health, including stress management, specific dietary approaches, and medical screenings like oxidative stress measurement and body composition analysis. These methods aim to enhance bodily functions, reduce inflammation, and promote longevity.

Another goal of the biohacker's approach, besides prolonging life, is to live a healthier life.

According to the studies, how does intermittent fasting help?

It reduces the risk of lifestyle-related diseases, such as metabolic disorders.

Biohackers aim to improve the human condition and achieve happiness through self-experimentation with biotechnologies.

Biohackers aim to overcome physical and intellectual limits and ultimately defeat diseases, aging, and death with technology.

The biohacker's approach aims to not only prolong life but also improve the quality of life through technology.

Another goal of the biohacker's approach, besides prolonging life, is to treat or prevent diseases such as Huntington's, Parkinson's, ALS, and Alzheimer's by shutting off genes.

The biohacker's approach aims to understand the genome and its functions by decoding and analyzing DNA, which can provide insights into species evolution and gene functions.

The biohacker's approach aims to develop tools to activate the right response to protein aggregates, helping patients fight these aggregates and move toward disease-modifying therapies for neurodegenerative diseases.

The biohacker's approach promises to slow down the aging process and improve overall health through various self-optimization methods.

The biohacker's approach aims to improve human health and well-being by utilizing biotechnologies to cure diseases and enhance the human condition.

The biohacker's approach aims to improve the human condition and overcome physical and intellectual limits through cybernetic implants and technology, with the ultimate goal of defeating diseases, aging, and death.

Biohacking is a controversial practice where individuals experiment with biotechnologies on themselves to improve human condition, but it can be risky and has led to deaths.

The practice of biohacking is perceived as a double-edged sword, with some approaches prioritizing safety and others pushing boundaries, potentially at the cost of health risks. Biohackers use various techniques, including implanting chips and sensors, to overcome physical and intellectual limits.

Biohacking is a practice that involves using technology and various methods to improve one's health and well-being, with some individuals taking extreme measures, such as implanting chips and devices in their bodies.

Biohacking is perceived as a life-changing practice by some, while others view it as extreme or potentially harmful. It encompasses various techniques, including neuro-feedback therapy and dietary changes, aimed at self-optimization and improving health.

Biohacking is a practice that aims to improve health and well-being by hacking one's genetic heritage through strategies such as nutrition, sleep quality, physical activity, and cognitive stimulation.

Biohacking involves using various strategies to optimize one's health and well-being, including nutrition, sleep quality, physical activity, and cognitive stimulation. Intermittent fasting, taking care of sleep and hydration, and engaging in physical training with recovery periods are some of the key pillars of biohacking.

According to the studies, how does intermittent fasting help?