For instance, marine calcifiers like clams, mussels, and oysters face challenges in shell formation due to lower pH levels, which can lead to shell dissolution and impact their survival.

Pteropods, small sea creatures crucial to the marine food web, struggle to maintain their shells in more acidic waters, which could disrupt the food chain and carbon cycle in the Antarctic ecosystem.

Marine mammals, particularly those dependent on Arctic ice like polar bears and ringed seals, are indirectly affected as ocean acidification contributes to broader climate change impacts, including habitat loss due to melting ice.

Additionally, ocean acidification can exacerbate the formation of dead zones, areas with low oxygen levels, further stressing marine life.

Overall, ocean acidification poses a significant threat to marine biodiversity, affecting various species and ecosystems, and requires collective action to mitigate its impacts.

For instance, marine calcifiers like clams, mussels, and oysters face challenges in shell formation due to lower pH levels, which can lead to shell dissolution and impact their survival.

Title:

Content: There were 1,862 press releases posted in the last 24 hours and 393,697 in the last 365 days.

Utilizing biogeochemical and genetic tools to understand and support clam populations in a changing ocean

Marine bivalves are at risk due to anthropogenic climate change. This poses a threat to commercial aquaculture, and the communities that depend on bivalves for food security. Ocean acidification, the lowering of seawater pH, is of particular concern for marine calcifiers, including bivalves. Ocean acidification occurs as carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere at a rate faster than natural geologic processes can buffer. It is energetically costly for marine calcifiers like clams, mussels, and oysters, to mineralize under acidic conditions, and low pH leads to the dissolution of calcium carbonate shells and skeletons. This problem warrants research on acidification adaptation strategies that will keep coastal populations healthy. Adding calcium carbonate shell hash to coastal sediments may mitigate negative effects of acidification on infaunal shellfish by altering the chemistry of pore fluids, thus providing a potential mitigation strategy for local populations, including species like the Pacific littleneck clam (Leukoma staminea).

Here, I present the first in-depth description of the shell mineralogy, microstructure, body size variability, and geochemical properties of modern L. staminea, a common eastern Pacific, shallow, infaunal bivalve. Additionally, I document the impact of ocean acidification on the shell growth and gene expression of L. staminea, and test whether adding shell hash to its infaunal environement can promote growth under acidified conditions. Juvenile clams were raised in four experimental conditions for 90 days: control seawater, acidified seawater, control seawater with shell hash, and acidified seawater with shell hash. Clam shell weight, soft tissue weight, and new shell growth were measured. The presence of shell hash increased the pH, alkalinity and aragonite saturation state of pore fluids across all treatments, and increased shell growth on average, although growth metrics were variable across and within treatments. Lastly, RNA-sequencing revealed the impacts of experimental acidification on juvenile clam gene expression. Clams grown in the presence of shell hash had gene expression profiles more similar to those grown in control (non-acidified) conditions. In all, this research suggests that adding shell hash to coastal sediments alters the chemistry of pore fluids and buffers against acidic conditions that deleteriously affects clam mineralization.

Kempf H., 2024. Utilizing biogeochemical and genetic tools to understand and support clam populations in a changing ocean. PhD Thesis, University of California, Davis. 33 p. Thesis (restricted access).

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How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

Pteropods, small sea creatures crucial to the marine food web, struggle to maintain their shells in more acidic waters, which could disrupt the food chain and carbon cycle in the Antarctic ecosystem.

Title:

Content: Newswise — When carbon dioxide (CO2) enters the oceans, it can make the water more acidic, which is called ocean acidification. This can make it harder for some ocean creatures, like pteropods, to build and keep their shells. Pteropods are important for the ocean environment.

Pteropods are small sea creatures, including shelled sea butterflies. Not much is known about them because of their size, and they don't survive well in captivity. A team of marine scientists studied the life cycles, abundance, and seasonal changes of shelled sea butterflies in the north-east Scotia Sea, where climate change is happening quickly.

Dr Clara Manno, a researcher at the British Antarctic Survey and the corresponding author of the study published in Frontiers in Marine Science, said that the decrease in pteropod populations in the Antarctic Ocean could have significant consequences for the food web and carbon cycle. She also said that understanding the life cycle of this important organism could help to predict the impact of ocean acidification on the Antarctic ecosystem.

Population stability essential for species survival

To study the life cycle, abundance, and seasonal variability of shelled sea butterflies in the north-east Scotia Sea, a team of marine scientists collected sea butterflies in a sediment trap, a sampling device that was anchored at a depth of 400 meters. Since observing the entire life cycle of sea butterflies in a laboratory setting is impossible, the researchers had to gather information about their spawning, growth rate, and population structure. They were able to reconstruct the sea butterflies' life cycle for a year using the samples from the sediment trap.

The scientists found that the two most commonly collected species, Limacina rangii and Limacina retroversa, have different life cycles and therefore have different levels of vulnerability to changes in the ocean. During the winter months, L. rangii, which is a polar species, can be found as both adults and juveniles, while L. retroversa, a subpolar species, is only found as adults during the winter.

Sea butterflies that exist during the coldest season are more vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification. This is because ocean water is more acidic during this season than during other times of the year due to cooler temperatures that increase CO2 dissolution in the ocean. The researchers explained that the life stages of sea butterflies during this time are more exposed and vulnerable to the effects of ocean acidification.

L. rangii has a survival advantage over L. retroversa because both adults and juveniles coexist during winter, which reduces the risk of population instability if one cohort is vulnerable. In contrast, if one cohort is removed from L. retroversa, the entire population could be at risk.

Prolonged exposure is a survival challenge

The researchers pointed out that although the two species are affected differently, both are likely to suffer harm if they are exposed to unfavorable conditions for prolonged periods.

The scientists cautioned that the intensifying and prolonged events of ocean acidification overlap with the spring spawning period, posing a threat to the most vulnerable life stage, the larvae. This could endanger the future populations of sea butterflies.

The research team plans to further study the sea butterflies in the Scotia Sea to see how they would be affected by the increase in the intensity and duration of ocean acidification events. They will study multiyear sediment trap samples to identify potential changes in the life cycle that may occur due to environmental changes. Dr Jessie Gardner of the British Antarctic Survey, lead author of the study, said this will be the next step in their research.

Journal Link: Frontiers in Marine Science

Which ocean creatures have trouble forming shells due to ocean acidification?

Which regions are most affected by ocean acidification?

Marine mammals, particularly those dependent on Arctic ice like polar bears and ringed seals, are indirectly affected as ocean acidification contributes to broader climate change impacts, including habitat loss due to melting ice.

Title:

Content: How climate change and warming waters are affecting the health of the oceans

(NEW YORK) — Oceans do so much to sustain life on Earth, including bearing the brunt of global temperatures that have been steadily warming for decades.

An IPCC special report published in 2019 found that oceans — which make up more than 70% of the world’s surface — have absorbed between 20% and 30% of human-made carbon dioxide emissions since the 1980s. They’re also responsible for absorbing more than 93% of the “combined heat stored by warmed air, sea, and land, and melted ice” since the 1970s, according to the Fifth Assessment report published in 2013 by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

The tipping point is near, experts told ABC News. But there are collective actions to take that could revitalize oceans to a healthier state — the theme of the United Nations World Oceans Day 2022.

“We really see oceans as the biggest ally in the climate change crisis,” Lea d’Auriol, founder of nonprofit Oceanic Global, told ABC News.

This is how climate change is affecting the health of the world’s oceans:

Species are faced with adapting or becoming extinct

Currently, the oceans “are in a state of complete imbalance” that has nearly doubled since the 1990s, d’Auriol said. Look no further than the fishermen, who supply sustenance to more than three billion people who rely on seafood as their main source of protein, as witnesses that climate change is already here, d’Auriol, said.

“If you wanted to ask someone if climate change is really happening, probably the most surest answer you’d get from anyone aside from a scientist is a fisherman,” Arlo Hemphill, senior oceans campaigner for Greenpeace USA, told ABC News. “Because fishermen are seeing these things happen in real time.”

One of the changes long-time fisherman are witnessing is the presence of new species venturing north as the area with their preferred water temperature expands.

Marine organisms maintain the same temperature as the surrounding water, so that when temperature increases, so does the temperature of the organism, Martin Grosell, professor of ichthyology and chair of the University of Miami’s Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, told ABC News. As the temperature rises, the organisms require more energy to move and survive. But, conversely, the levels of oxygen in the water decrease as the temperature warms, forcing the species to move, Grosell said.

The migrations may seem innocuous, but they are disrupting ecosystems all over the world, such as the phenology, or timing, of when grey seals give birth, Hemphill said.

Conversely, species are continuing to die off due to repeated events of marine heatwaves, Anne Christianson, director of international climate policy for the Center for American Progress, a public policy research organization, told ABC News.

Coral reefs are among the most threatened marine ecosystems in the world, scientists say. Coral bleaching, a process that occurs when water is too warm and the corals expel algae from their tissues, causing them to turn completely white, is happening at “alarming” rates — increasing by a rate of 4% per year — along with an uptick in mortality events along entire regions, d’Auriol said.

A study published in the National Academy of Sciences found that coral reefs could stop growing in 10 years unless greenhouse gases are significantly reduced and that, under a worst-case scenario, 94% of all reefs could erode by 2050.

Reefs are often the indicator of the health of an ecosystem, Brenda Ekwurzel, director of climate science for the Union of Concerned Scientists, told ABC News.

Mammals that rely on Arctic ice, such as polar bears and ringed seals, one of the polar bears’ main food sources that live their lives almost entirely on the ice, are also at risk, Ekwurzel said.

Vegetation such as mangroves, seagrass plants and marshes, some of the largest carbon sinks on the planet, which absorb and store carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, are also at risk of extinction, d’Auriol said.

The number of dead zones are increasing

A dead zone, or the process of hypoxia, occurs when an algal bloom sucks up all the oxygen in an area, making it impossible for marine life to survive — essentially a biological desert, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

A study published in 2008 in Science found that there were 400 dead zones around the world. By 2019, the number of dead zones had increased to about 900, d’Auriol said.

The dead zones often occur in regions with rampant nutrient runoff, such as at the base of the Mississippi River, where it empties into the Gulf of Mexico, Hemphill said.

Sea level rise will change coastal communities

The biggest contributor to sea level rise is the melting ice in the Arctic, which is heating up twice as fast as the rest of the world, according to the 2021 Arctic Report Card by NOAA. Increases in sea level rise of 6 inches to a foot since the Industrial Revolution may seem like small increments, but crucial infrastructure near oceans was not built to withstand the added inches of water, experts say.

Millions of people living in coastlines around the world, including those in mega cities such as New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco, will be displaced by the rise in sea levels, d’Auriol said.

Carbon dioxide emissions sparks ocean acidification

Ocean acidification, which occurs when water’s pH levels are lowered as a result of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, is not directly caused by warming temperatures but rather by excess carbon dioxide emissions, Hemphill said.

“The alarming thing about it is that shellfish everything from from microscopic plankton, to clams and crabs and coral reefs themselves use calcium carbonate to build their shells,” he said. “And as the ocean acidifies, it becomes more difficult to create the shells.”

Ocean acidification, rather than coral bleaching, will likely be the culprit behind the demise of coral reefs, Ekwurzel said.

Collective actions are necessary to protect the oceans

In line with the 2022 theme for World Oceans Day, “Revitalization: Collective Action for the Ocean,” scientists and conservationists are highlighting the need for individuals, communities, nonprofits, the private sector and governments to come together to create solutions, d’Auriol said.

This includes ensuring the health of marine protected areas by eliminating housing, fishing zones and shipping traffic in the vicinity, d’Auriol said.

Governments will need to create policies to protect both human life and the health of the ocean, Christianson said.

“There isn’t one silver bullet for solving this crisis in the ocean and on land,” Christianson said.

However, the ticking time bomb is the race to drastically reduce global greenhouse gas emissions within the next decade, the experts said.

“We can’t afford to delay those solutions any longer,” Ekwurzel said.

Along the path to properly protecting and preserving oceans is ridding the narrative that oceans are a separate environmental issue from climate change and the conservation of biodiversity, d’Auriol said.

“Because we do live on a water planet, and it’s responsible for sustaining all life on Earth,” she said.

Copyright (C) 2022, ABC Audio. All rights reserved.

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Which regions are most affected by ocean acidification?

Additionally, ocean acidification can exacerbate the formation of dead zones, areas with low oxygen levels, further stressing marine life.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

How does elevated water acidity affect fish ability to survive?

Overall, ocean acidification poses a significant threat to marine biodiversity, affecting various species and ecosystems, and requires collective action to mitigate its impacts.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

How does elevated water acidity affect fish ability to survive?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?


These dust plumes, traveling from Africa, can affect air quality, leading to respiratory issues, allergies, and other health problems, particularly for those with pre-existing conditions like asthma or COPD.

The dust can also carry pathogens, although it's unclear if they can cause disease.

In terms of weather, the Saharan Air Layer (SAL) can suppress hurricane development by reducing moisture and increasing atmospheric stability, which can be beneficial during hurricane season.

The Americas, including regions like the Gulf Coast, Florida, and the Caribbean, have experienced these dust events, which can lead to vibrant sunrises and sunsets due to light scattering.

However, the dust can also degrade air quality, as seen in places like Barbados, where increased asthma cases have been linked to Saharan dust.

To mitigate the impacts of Saharan dust storms, preparations could include issuing health advisories for vulnerable populations, improving air quality monitoring, and implementing public health campaigns to raise awareness about potential health risks.

Additionally, cities can prepare by ensuring that air filtration systems in public buildings are effective and by advising residents to stay indoors during high dust concentrations.

Monitoring weather patterns and dust forecasts can also help in planning and response efforts.

These dust plumes, traveling from Africa, can affect air quality, leading to respiratory issues, allergies, and other health problems, particularly for those with pre-existing conditions like asthma or COPD.

Title:

Content: Older Barbadians being diagnosed with asthma Loop Barbados

The content originally appeared on: Barbados News

Head of the Queen Elizabeth Hospital’s Respiratory Unit, Dr Dawn Alleyne, says more Barbadians are being diagnosed with asthma later in life, in their 40s and 50s.

Dr Alleyne, who is a Pulmonologist/Intensivist and Head of the Department of Medicine at the hospital, said the incidence of asthma in the Caribbean, including Barbados, had increased 17-fold since the 1970s. She added these trends are correlated with the increase in Sahara dust plumes and the frequency of the dust in the atmosphere.

She further noted that about 20 per cent of the local population had asthma. This meant the condition was quite common.

Due to climate change, dust events have been increasing. The dust, which traditionally visits from June to August, is now being seen in March or April.

The Pulmonologist/Intensivist said traditionally in Barbados, persons presented with asthma in childhood and either grew out of it as they got older, or lived with it as adults. However, this has changed.

“On a day-to-day basis when we conduct clinics, either [in my private practice] or at the hospital, I meet lots of people with severe lung diseases of all types, especially people with asthma. And several of my asthmatic patients have recorded quite clearly in their diaries that they’ve had challenges when we get the situations where we have cars covered in grey dust. Generally, those are the heavy Sahara dust days.

“A lot of the patients are now having to reach for their rescue inhalers, the Ventolin and Berotec inhalers because the asthma condition which generally has been stable, seems to deteriorate during the periods of times when we have lots of dust in the atmosphere,” Dr Alleyne stated.

The respiratory expert shared that persons usually presented with a gamut of symptoms when dust events occurred. These include itchy eyes, runny nose, soreness of the throat, coughing, especially at night, and wheezing.

Those who have chronic lung diseases, such as interstitial lung disease and chronic obstructive lung disease, also complain of increase in shortness of breath on the days in which there is a heavy dust cover,” she said.

She added that people who are not asthmatics should pay close attention to symptoms, such as chest tightness, when there is exertion, allergic rhinitis, eczema, snoring at night or allergic conjunctivitis. These persons could have an increased risk of developing asthma, she stated.

Dr Alleyne noted the situation was not unique to Barbados but could be seen across the world wherever the Sahara dust is being disseminated.

“So, you look at studies from Spain, Italy, the United States, and the French Caribbean. Throughout these areas, people are reporting an increased incidence of Sahara dust plumes, increased incidence of deterioration of asthma control, and patients are being hospitalised for not only respiratory illnesses, but also cardiovascular illnesses. So, the Sahara dust situation really is one that we really need to look at, not just as a hazy day and a sunset that’s not quite clear but really the impact that it is having on health in general, and we need to take it quite seriously.”

In the case of cardiovascular diseases, she said research show that the dust seems to affect the cardiovascular system adversely.

She explained that while larger dust particles are usually deposited pretty high in a person’s airway, causing sneezing and coughing, the smaller ones had the potential to enter the bloodstream and cause inflammation, which can be a precursor to cardiovascular events.

Dr Alleyne also suggested that Barbados implement a Sahara dust warning system, much like the one that exists in Trinidad, where they give accurate accounts of the air quality index. She said it could help people with respiratory conditions prepare and protect themselves better.

“So, I’m hopeful that in the future, we’ll be able to get something that tells us these are the exact numbers and to give warnings to specific categories of people. I think that will be very helpful,” the Pulmonologist/Intensivist stated.

SOURCE: Barbados Government Information Service (GIS).

Title:

Content: Breaking News
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San Antonians may want to stay indoors next week. Here's why.

A noticeable change in the air will arrive to the Alamo City next week.

SAN ANTONIO — San Antonio skies could look quite different next week but not in the way we're hoping for.

As San Antonians eagerly wait for rain to break our triple-digit temperatures another common occurrence will pick-up next week known as Saharan dust.

The dust is a combination of sand and dust traveling from North Africa across the Atlantic that peaking in late June through mid-August.

Light amounts of Saharan dust have arrived to the Alamo City this past week but will become more noticeable. Therefore, if you have asthma, COPD or any other type of respiratory illness you will want to stay indoors as much as possible during this time.

Timing of Saharan dust:

Monday - Little changes will be in the forecast as heavier amounts of dust remain over the gulf coast.

Credit: KENS 5 Weather

Tuesday - A large moderate level of Saharan dust will move into South Texas and San Antonio by late afternoon. San Antonians may notice hazy skies and trouble breathing if you're more sensitive to dusty air. But the dust doesn't stop here.

Credit: KENS 5 Weather

Wednesday - By mid-week Saharan dust ramps up continuing to build and push farther north stretching to the Dallas area. The continuing flow of the dust is partly due to a high pressure bringing a southeasterly flow to help pump the dust toward South Texas.

Credit: KENS 5 Weather

Thursday - As the week progresses dust levels continue to rise and could affect air quality levels. For those with any respiratory illnesses they should avoid outdoor activity including vigorous exercise. Also try to keep windows and doors closed. We will continue to monitor this development next week.

Credit: KENS 5 Weather

As dust increases across the area, San Antonians will notice more vibrant sunrises and sunsets. However, during the afternoons the sky appears a more milky white color.

Before You Leave, Check This Out

How can the authorities prepare for a Saharan dust storm?

How does Saharan dust affect immediate weather?

What are the negative health effects of Saharan dust?

How can the authorities prepare for a Saharan dust storm?

How does Saharan dust affect immediate weather?

What are the negative health effects of Saharan dust?

The dust can also carry pathogens, although it's unclear if they can cause disease.

Title:

Content: 03-27-2024

Sahara desert dust storms carry harmful bacteria and fungi around the globe

We often dismiss springtime allergies as reactions to local pollen. Yet, something else might cause our sniffles and sneezes: a massive dust storms that originate thousands of miles away in Africa’s Sahara region.

These gargantuan dust plumes travel the globe every summer, carrying a cocktail of pollutants and potential pathogens across continents.

Dr. Shankar Chellam, a Texas A&M University professor is leading the charge to understand the biological hitchhikers within dust storms.

He and his team are working to determine what microbes, specifically bacteria and fungi, migrate with the dust and explore their potential impact on human health.

Hidden passengers in Sahara dust

“We all get allergies and potentially other more severe health effects when we breathe in dust, and it’s not fully known as to what causes those allergies,” said Dr. Chellam.

“Some people may think it is just the sand or clay minerals in the dust. Others think it is the metals or organics in the dust, and then some think it’s the bacteria and fungi.”

The Saharan dust cloud carries vast amounts of sand particles that transport bacteria and fungi.

Dr. Chellam’s research uniquely addresses how Saharan dust storms introduce these microbes into North America.

What the dust storm from Sahara tells us

Dr. Chellam and his team analyzed samples from a Saharan dust event that reached Houston in 2018. They measured metals, bacteria, and fungi to investigate any connections.

Fascinatingly, their findings revealed strong links between the biodiversity of the microbes and specific elements, especially calcium.

While these elements occur naturally in the Sahara, they also exist in our local environments. Pinpointing the exact origin of the dust and its cargo remains a challenge that scientists continue to tackle.

Our air – Not as empty as we think

Perhaps the most startling discovery is that even seemingly lifeless clouds of dust brim with biological activity.

“A key takeaway from this study is that a lot of biodiversity is not scientifically described. It doesn’t have a name, it can’t be cultured, and because it can’t be cultured, it’s difficult to study,” explained Dr. Daniel Spalink, assistant professor at Texas A&M.

The team’s high-tech DNA analysis allowed them to create an inventory of bacteria and fungi, even if the microbes themselves weren’t active.

Surprisingly, they found traces of several pathogens known to cause disease in humans, as listed by the World Health Organization (WHO).

“It doesn’t tell us if they are going to be able to infect us and make us sick,” Spalink cautions, “But at least the DNA of several pathogenic bacteria and fungi were identified in the African dust.”

Impact of climate change on Sahara dust

Climate change is altering weather patterns globally. This transformation affects dust storm behavior, leading to variations in their frequency and intensity.

In 2020, the United States experienced the most massive Saharan dust storm ever recorded, which experts named “Godzilla.”

This event highlighted the potential for increasing occurrences of such dust invasions. “The whole dynamics of the Saharan dust coming to Houston is primarily driven by atmospheric processes,” said Dr. Sourav Das, a former student of Dr. Chellam.

Global connection of Sahara dust

Sahara dust storm travels far beyond the borders of North America, affecting global environmental systems in profound ways.

This dust, originating from the vast Sahara Desert, embarks on transcontinental journeys that influence climate, ocean biology, and ecosystems far removed from its source.

The Saharan dust plays a critical role in climate regulation. As it travels across oceans and continents, it reflects sunlight back into space, cooling the Earth’s surface.

This natural phenomenon acts as a counterbalance to the warming effects of greenhouse gases, showcasing how desert dust can influence global temperatures.

However, the dust also carries microorganisms and nutrients, such as phosphorus, that fertilize remote ecosystems, from the Amazon rainforest to the Caribbean Sea, demonstrating nature’s complex nutrient cycles.

Benefits to oceans

Ocean biology benefits from the nutrient-rich dust as well. When Saharan dust settles on ocean waters, it delivers essential minerals that stimulate the growth of phytoplankton.

These microscopic plants form the foundation of the oceanic food chain, supporting a diverse array of marine life.

The influx of nutrients from the Sahara can thus boost marine productivity, affecting fish populations and the global fishing industry.

Disadvantages

The impact of Saharan dust is not universally beneficial. In ecosystems unaccustomed to the influx of foreign particles and nutrients, the dust can disrupt local environments.

For example, excessive dust deposition can smother coral reefs, blocking sunlight and hindering photosynthesis. This can stress coral ecosystems, leading to bleaching events and loss of biodiversity.

Moreover, the health implications of Saharan dust extend across continents. The dust carries not only nutrients but also pollutants and pathogens that can affect air quality and public health.

Communities in the path of these dust plumes may experience increased respiratory issues, allergies, and diseases, highlighting the need for global health monitoring and preparedness.

Study insights

It’s crucial to gather data across multiple dust events, spanning many years, to get a clearer picture of these airborne microbial communities and how they might transform over time.

While a lot remains unknown, research like this shines a spotlight on the hidden travelers swirling in the air we breathe — travelers who might be affecting our health in surprising ways.

The next time you catch a glimpse of a dust storm rolling in, remember the globe-trotting microbes it carries!

The findings of the study are published in Environmental Science & Technology.

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In terms of weather, the Saharan Air Layer (SAL) can suppress hurricane development by reducing moisture and increasing atmospheric stability, which can be beneficial during hurricane season.

Title:

Content: Hurricane Killer? Here are some things you may not know about Saharan dust

Dust from Africa moves across the Atlantic every year from late spring to early fall

It’s a common visitor in the summer months: dust from the Saharan Desert. Hazy skies and occasional allergies are common issues caused by the dust. But did you know that this layer of dust is more interesting than it appears? Here are some things you may not know about Saharan dust:

KEY TAKEAWAYS

  • Millions of tons of dust are transported across the Atlantic every year
  • Nutrient-rich Saharan dust plays a crucial role in the global ecosystem
  • Dust suppresses hurricane development

WHOLE LOTTA DUST!

Every year, from late spring to early fall, trade winds transport 180 million tons of dust from the Saharan Desert across the Atlantic Ocean. Impressively, that’s as much as 4.5 million 18-wheelers full of dust!

NATURE’S BEST FRIEND

Saharan dust is often rich in nutrients like iron and phosphorus. As the dust settles over the ocean, it fertilizes algae and plankton, allowing them to grow and flourish in an otherwise barren environment. These organisms are vital sources of food for ocean life.

Similarly, as the dust settles over land, areas like the Amazon rainforest benefit from the extra nutrients.

HURRICANE EXTINGUISHER

The African dust that moves across the Atlantic Ocean is also called the Saharan Air Layer (SAL). The SAL occurs in waves at the same time as Atlantic hurricane season, from June through November.

It’s known that the SAL limits hurricane development and strength. This is because tropical storms like hurricanes need deep, rich moisture from the surface to the top of the atmosphere to survive. Since the air carrying Saharan dust is usually dry, it can prevent storms from forming and suppress existing storms from growing and strengthening.

DUST’S IMPACT ON TEXAS

While a dense plume of dust sometimes causes minor allergy-like symptoms for some, the most noticeable impact is on Texas skies. A haze often forms on the horizon, giving an ordinarily clear, blue sky a milky hue during the day.

At sunrise and sunset, the horizon can appear brilliantly orange because, with dust in the air, sunlight has more particles to bounce off.

About the Author

Sarah Spivey is a San Antonio native who grew up watching KSAT. She has been a proud member of the KSAT Weather Authority Team since 2017. Sarah is a Clark High School and Texas A&M University graduate. She previously worked at KTEN News. When Sarah is not busy forecasting, she enjoys hanging out with her husband and cat, and playing music.

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Title:

Content: Saharan dust reaches stunning levels in Atlantic. Here's what that means for hurricane season

Significant Saharan dust plumes are common in the Atlantic during the start of hurricane season. If levels of SAL maintain a steadiness after about Aug. 20, then there would be significant ramifications to both the amount of cyclones and their overall strength.

First, Europe that was socked in by record levels of dust from the Sahara Desert in Africa. The Atlantic appears to have now taken the lead, with dust levels not seen in years across parts of the basin.

Satellite measurements indicate intensive plumes of dust, called the Saharan Air Layer, across much of the eastern Atlantic. Traces of dust have even made the more than 4,000-mile journey to Florida and the Gulf Coast.

Sunrises and sunsets have been enhanced across the Sunshine State as the particles scatter typical colors, allowing hues of orange, yellow and red to dominate the sky.

Aside from the vibrant colors, something not falling from the sky is precipitation.

According to NOAA, the air surrounding the SAL has about 50% less moisture than the typical atmosphere. This means the presence of the SAL can be detrimental to cloud formation and thunderstorm activity.

Significant plumes of dust and dry air are common during the first months of the hurricane season and usually persist through mid-August.

A LOOK AT A PHENOMENON THAT COULD DERAIL AN ACTIVE HURRICANE SEASON

How Saharan dust impacts hurricane season

NOAA estimates that more than 180 million tons of dust leave the African continent every year, reducing thunderstorm activity and tropical cyclone formation.

Dry air and Saharan dust are perennial wild cards in tropical weather outlooks, as meteorology has yet to develop sufficient methods to forecast plumes weeks and months in advance.

Years with significant dust often experience reduced cyclone activity. Seasons with minimal dust typically rank at the top echelons of activity, thanks to increased moisture availability for tropical systems and warmer water temperatures.

The current season is a bit unusual as water temperatures started on the warm side across much of the basin, negating any minor effects from a dust storm.

Warm waters and limited exposure to dry air helped with the formations of AlbertoBeryl and Chris during late June and early July.

Since Beryl’s historic trek through the Caribbean and into the Gulf of Mexico, the basin has been relatively quiet, a likely product of the increase in dry air.

The trend for limited activity in the Atlantic basin is expected to continue for the foreseeable future, meaning that the next cyclone formation may be weeks away.

5 THINGS TO KNOW ABOUT THE SAHARAN DUST PLUME

During an average year, the fourth-named storm usually doesn’t form until about Aug. 15, meaning any formation during the next month will keep the season ahead of a typical schedule.

Despite the hostile conditions in the Atlantic, hurricane forecasters at Colorado State University maintain that 2024 will be a busy season in the Atlantic.

CSU released its updated outlook Tuesday, which calls for an additional 22 named storms, 11 hurricanes and five major hurricanes.

"This forecast is of above-normal confidence. We anticipate a well above-average probability for major hurricane landfalls along the continental United States coastline and in the Caribbean," CSU forecasters stated during their most recent tropical update. "As with all hurricane seasons, coastal residents are reminded that it only takes one hurricane making landfall to make it an active season."

The season runs through Nov. 30, but nearly 60% of cyclone formation occurs in August and September.

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How does Saharan dust affect immediate weather?

How does Saharan dust affect immediate weather?

The Americas, including regions like the Gulf Coast, Florida, and the Caribbean, have experienced these dust events, which can lead to vibrant sunrises and sunsets due to light scattering.

How does Saharan dust affect immediate weather?

What areas of the Americas have been affected by Saharan dust storms?

What areas of the US have been affected by Saharan dust storms?

How does Saharan dust affect immediate weather?

What areas of the Americas have been affected by Saharan dust storms?

What areas of the US have been affected by Saharan dust storms?

However, the dust can also degrade air quality, as seen in places like Barbados, where increased asthma cases have been linked to Saharan dust.

How does Saharan dust affect immediate weather?

What are the negative health effects of Saharan dust?

What areas of the Americas have been affected by Saharan dust storms?

To mitigate the impacts of Saharan dust storms, preparations could include issuing health advisories for vulnerable populations, improving air quality monitoring, and implementing public health campaigns to raise awareness about potential health risks.

How can the authorities prepare for a Saharan dust storm?

How does Saharan dust affect immediate weather?

Additionally, cities can prepare by ensuring that air filtration systems in public buildings are effective and by advising residents to stay indoors during high dust concentrations.

How can people protect their health during Saharan dust storms?

How does Saharan dust affect immediate weather?

Monitoring weather patterns and dust forecasts can also help in planning and response efforts.

Title:

Content: Europe

CAMS monitors Saharan dust transport across western and central Europe

Aerosol forecasts from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service present a big amount of Saharan mud transferring northwards throughout Europe over the following few days. CAMS continues to watch the Saharan mud transport following current forecasts that confirmed the very best values over western Europe between 15 and 17 March 2022. The CAMS forecasts additionally present degraded air high quality throughout giant components of Spain, Portugal and France associated to the Saharan mud transport.

Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) forecasts since 11 March have been exhibiting a big plume of mud with very excessive values of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and mud concentrations travelling northwards throughout the Iberian Peninsula, France and central areas of Europe between 15 and 17 March. The trajectory of this mud plume has resulted in very excessive predicted floor concentrations of PM10 as much as 250 micrograms per cubic metre, though European Environment Agency measurements have been exhibiting values in extra of this at many websites throughout Spain on 15 March. This is larger than the EU beneficial 24-hour imply threshold of fifty micrograms per cubic centimetre.

CAMS tracks all levels of mud transport from the Sahara Desert yearly and has been monitoring the annual mud transport, from completely different supply areas throughout the desert, for the reason that starting of the 12 months. CAMS forecasts are offered at each the European and global scale, and function a instrument to assist residents, companies, and policymakers make knowledgeable selections on a steady foundation with 24/7 air high quality forecast information. Air high quality is recognised as being very important to human well being as excessive concentrations of mud can have well being impacts on the respiratory programs of all individuals within the affected areas and add to particulate matter air air pollution from native sources. Senior Scientist, Mark Parrington, on the ECMWF Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service feedback: “In CAMS we use satellite and in situ observations in our air quality forecasts to be able to provide a continual and reliable source of information for monitoring air pollution events such as this. Long-range transport events such as this occur most years and the impacts of the current event is quite striking. While the dust will affect air quality in parts of southwest Europe, the larger scale impacts will be hazy skies or some surface deposition.” You can discover extra data on the CAMS monitoring of this 12 months’s Saharan mud season right here: https://atmosphere.copernicus.eu/saharan-dust-heads-north-cams-tracks-its-progress-nfAdditional air high quality information will be discovered within the Atmospheric Data Store (ADS):https://ads.atmosphere.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/cams-global-atmospheric-composition-forecasts?tab=overviewandhttps://ads.atmosphere.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/cams-europe-air-quality-forecasts?tab=overview

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**Affected Drugs and Products**:
   - Chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin and carboplatin, have faced critical shortages, impacting cancer treatment.

- Other affected medications include steroids, hormonal drugs, oral liquids like lidocaine, ibuprofen, and amoxicillin, as well as heart medications and emergency prefilled syringes.

- ADHD medications, such as Adderall, have also been in short supply due to increased demand.

**Reasons for Shortages**:
   - Manufacturing and supply chain issues have been primary causes, with specific incidents like the shutdown of Accord Healthcare in India due to compliance issues exacerbating the problem.

- Increased demand, particularly for ADHD medications, has also contributed to shortages.

- Economic factors, such as delays in remitting funds from national treasuries, have affected procurement processes in some regions.

**Coping Strategies**:
   - Hospitals have managed shortages by offering therapeutic alternatives, switching medication regimens, and rationing medicines.

- The FDA has allowed temporary importation of certain drugs to mitigate shortages.

- Some healthcare systems have partnered with companies like Mark Cuban's Cost Plus Drug Company to secure drug supplies at transparent costs.

- Patients and healthcare providers have been advised to check national drug shortage lists, seek alternatives, and not wait until prescriptions are almost gone to refill them.

**Affected Drugs and Products**:
   - Chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin and carboplatin, have faced critical shortages, impacting cancer treatment.

Title:

Content: NORTHAMPTON, Mass. (WWLP) – While this shortage of chemotherapy drugs stretches across the country, 22News looks at how the limited amounts of potentially life-saving drugs are impacting cancer care in our area.

It’s a problem, so acute it was recognized by the Biden Administration just last month. The White House noted there’s a shortage of 15 cancer drugs due to manufacturing and supply chain issues.

22News asked Pharmacy Director Michelle Kososki at Mass General Brigham Cooley Dickinson Hospital, to rate the shortage experienced locally on a scale, 5 being a critical shortage and 1 being no shortage at all, “right now I would probably say it is a four. We only have a very small supply of one particular drug.”

Pharmacy Director Michelle Kososki said drug shortages are not uncommon in the healthcare industry however, when faced with potentially life-saving drugs it can get complicated, “Anytime there is a shortage, there’s a risk of not being able to treat patients. Obviously, that is something we want to avoid and we work to the best of our ability with creative solutions to make sure that doesn’t happen.”

Nurse Manager Lisa Martensson at Mass General Care Center at Cooley Dickinson Hospital told 22News, “There’s always the ethical issues of who gets the drug that’s available. It’s supply and demand as you said and looking at what folks had for their disease which ones needed to be treated faster than others based on the aggressiveness of their disease. Those things played in but it was a really difficult decision to sit down and try and decide who would get the drug. We were never in a position where we had to deny anybody.”

Cancer patient Norman Uzdavinis of Whately said he was very concerned when he first heard of the shortage, “I had wondered where in the chemotherapy I would be at, would it have to be delayed for months or years if possible.”

Uzdavinis has not had his medical care compromised but feels for those who have, “I feel for them. I know what I’m going through and that everything is here so it’s perfect for me, but there’s a lot out there that are not as fortunate. I know that.”

“Healthcare providers here were able to mitigate the shortage by using a couple of different tactics. For example, they could switch up a patient’s medication regimen,” Nurse Manager Lisa Martensson said.

“What we did do was use drugs that were in the same classification but not necessarily that specific drug. There are also drug regimens where we could switch around the order to which we gave the drugs so if there was a drug that wasn’t available we are able to do one of the drugs that was available first and do that second drug second. That was able to work out so people didn’t do without and they were able to get what they needed,” Martensson continued.

According to the FDA, the shortage started when one of the major manufacturers of the chemo drug, Accord Healthcare, a company based in India, had to shut down after problems complying with good manufacturing practices were found during an inspection. Now, there is an increased demand from other companies that make these kinds of drugs.

22News contacted some other of the manufacturers of these drugs. Pfizer said they are increasing production by about 40 percent to meet this increased demand.

Local News

Alanna Flood is a reporter who has been a part of the 22News team since 2022. Follow Alanna on X @alannafloodnews and view her bio to see more of her work.

Title:

Content: As drug shortage list grows, many hospitals face tough decisions on rationing care

More than half of hospital pharmacists are reporting a critical shortage of chemotherapy drugs and nearly all are reporting overall medicine supply gaps as prescription drug shortages near an all time high, according to a new survey.

Hospital pharmacists said drug shortages have forced 1 in 3 health systems to delay, cancel or ration care or switch to alternate drugs to continue to treat patients. And 99% are reporting some drug supply shortages, an American Society of Health-System Pharmacists survey of more than 1,000 pharmacists released Thursday found.

The organization reported shortages of 309 drugs, near the all-time high of 320 shortages in 2014. The scarcity of key drugs is prompting hospitals to find or substitute drugs and change treatment plans as needed.

“In some cases, there are no alternatives to the affected drugs, which puts patients at risk," ASHP Chief Executive Officer Paul W. Abramowitz said in a statement. "This issue requires quick action from Congress to address the underlying causes of shortages and ensure patients have the medications they need.”

Cancer drug shortages

In June, the Food and Drug Administration said it will temporarily allow overseas drug manufacturers to import some chemotherapy drugs.

The FDA allowed Qilu Pharmaceutical, a drug manufacturer in China, to import the injectable chemotherapy drug cisplatin in 50-milligram vials. Toronto pharmaceutical company Apotex Corp. will distribute the medication in the United States.

More than a dozen cancer drugs have been in shortage in recent months, including cisplatin and carboplatin, used to treat lung, breast, prostate and gynecologic cancers. The National Cancer Institute said cisplatin and similar drugs are prescribed for 10% to 20% of all cancer patients.

In June, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network released a survey of 27 academic cancer centers that found 93% reported shortages of carboplatin and 70% faced shortages of cisplatin.

When cancer hospitals face such shortages, they attempt to make sure there's enough medication for patients to finish the course of treatment, said Mike Ganio, ASHP's senior director of pharmacy practice and quality.

Cancer hospitals facing such shortages might change medications for new patients starting on chemotherapy, said Ganio, a former pharmacy manager at an academic cancer center.

"You try to keep that patient on the same regimen as much as you can, unless they're failing it for some reason, and then you would switch," Ganio said.

Steroids, hormonal drugs also in short supply

More than 1 in 5 hospital pharmacists also reported shortages for steroids, hormonal drugs and oral liquids such as lidocaine, ibuprofen and amoxicillin.

A smaller number of pharmacists said heart medications, emergency prefilled syringes and drugs used for intensive care unit patients were in short supply. Others reported shortages of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medicines, antimicrobial drugs and injectable opioids.

In all, about two-thirds of pharmacists said the shortages were "moderately impactful," which means they are managing shortages but patients are affected.

Pharmacists are managing the shortages by offering therapeutic alternatives, buying different vial sizes or concentrations and rationing medicines.

This article originally appeared on USA TODAY: Survey: Drug shortages are widespread, hospitals ration care

- Other affected medications include steroids, hormonal drugs, oral liquids like lidocaine, ibuprofen, and amoxicillin, as well as heart medications and emergency prefilled syringes.

- ADHD medications, such as Adderall, have also been in short supply due to increased demand.

Title:

Content: Clara Pitts has always strived for perfection.

The 17-year-old Utah native has been named a 2023 National Merit Scholarship finalist. And she heads to Brigham Young University as a freshman this fall.

But despite all of her achievements, Clara has one thing weighing on her mind: What if she fails?

Clara was diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in 10th grade, during the summer of 2020, after months of digital schooling had started to take its toll.

"For the first time, I started struggling with getting my homework done [and] having a set schedule that I had to do myself," Clara said. "It was because of online school."

So along with her mother, Rebekah, she made the decision to try medication.

"I didn't realize just how much my ADHD was inhibiting me from acting the same way as all of my friends until I had that experience of leveling the playing field," Clara said.

By December 2020, Clara was prescribed 10 milligrams of Adderall, a formulation of amphetamine mixed salts, to be taken twice a day. Immediately, she noticed a difference.

"It seemed like the logical course of action, like something that shouldn't have been happening in my brain was being fixed," Clara said. "Naturally, my brain goes really, really fast, and I don't even notice it because it's what I've grown up with, and it's the only mind I've ever experienced. But once I started having a different experience mentally, I felt a lot calmer."

For the two years that followed, Clara was finally able to lead what she called a normal life, managing school, extracurricular activities and social life -- all with the help of Adderall.

But in October 2022, Clara's sense of calm was stripped away when the US Food and Drug Administration announced a shortage of Adderall and its generic counterparts.

"I hadn't heard anything about a shortage," she said. "I didn't really take it seriously at first until later that week -- maybe three or four days later -- when I started to hear news about the shortage, and it really started to sink in."

CNN first spoke with Clara and her mother, Rebekah, about a month after the FDA's announcement. At the time, Clara had eight Adderall pills left in her prescription bottle -- enough to last her four days.

"Initially, I was just very surprised when I tried to refill the prescription and they would not [refill it]," Rebekah says. "Very quickly, I went from surprised to afraid."

On October 24, Rebekah texted Clara the bad news. The shortage had finally affected them, and their pharmacy could not refill Clara's medication due to the shortage.

"They wouldn't put you on a waiting list," Rebekah texted her daughter. "I'm just sitting here crying because I can't get you these meds."

Rebekah says she called eight local pharmacies, and each one turned up empty.

"I felt really emotional about it in that first week or two ... like I had failed my child, even though it wasn't my fault," Rebekah said. "I felt scared for what that would mean for her as a senior."

Why is there a shortage?

The FDA announced a shortage of Adderall on October 12. The agency noted that it was in communication with all manufacturers of amphetamine mixed salts and that one of those companies, Teva, was "experiencing ongoing intermittent manufacturing delays." Although other manufacturers continued to produce the drug, the agency said, "there is not sufficient supply to continue to meet U.S. market demand through those producers."

Jim McKinney, a spokesperson for the agency, told CNN that the manufacturing delay has been resolved and that the shortage is now "demand-driven."

Data from the analytics and research company IQVIA shows that the demand for Adderall has risen nearly 27% in recent years, with prescriptions jumping from 35.5 million in 2019 to 45 million last year.

On its website, the FDA lists eight manufacturers that have reported Adderall shortages to the agency. The website lists the shortage reason for some versions of the drug, such as "demand increase" or "shortage of active ingredient," but for other versions, it just says "other" or lists no reason at all.

Each year, the Drug Enforcement Administration tracks and sets a limit on production of amphetamine, one of the key ingredients in Adderall. It says that for the past three years, manufacturers didn't expend all of the ingredients that were available for their use.

"DEA is committed to ensuring that all Americans can readily access needed medications," an agency spokesperson told CNN in a statement. "We are aware that the pharmaceutical industry is claiming that there is a quota shortage for the active ingredients in ADHD drugs. Based on DEA's information -- which is provided by drug manufacturers -- this is not true."

CNN reached out to the eight manufacturers that reported shortages to the FDA.

Teva Pharmaceuticals, Epic Pharma and Rhodes Pharmaceuticals did not respond. Alvogen, SpecGX and Sunrise Pharmaceutical declined to comment.

Sandoz said it had enough product to meet current customer orders. Lannett also said it had enough to meet current customer orders but added that it did not have enough to fulfill increased demand.

McKinney, the FDA spokesperson, said supply is increasing.

"The FDA recognizes the potential impact that reduced availability of certain products may have on health care providers and patients and is working closely with numerous manufacturers and others in the supply chain to understand, mitigate and prevent or reduce the impact of intermittent or reduced availability of certain products," he said.

McKinney clarified that although the FDA is working with manufacturers, the agency does not make drugs and "cannot require a pharmaceutical company to make a drug, make more of a drug, or change the distribution of a drug."

Dr. Yoram Unguru, a pediatric hematologist and oncologist with joint faculty appointments at the Herman & Walter Samuelson Children's Hospital at Sinai and the Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics, studies drug shortages.

He says a lack of transparency about details -- how big the shortage is and how much drug each company is making -- is hindering solutions.

"Pharmaceutical manufacturers are not required to disclose the reason for disrupted supply. Knowing the exact reason for a given shortage is always challenging," Unguru said. "It's really difficult to be able to anticipate and let alone come up with meaningful solutions if you don't know what the problem is."

The search for alternatives

Clara ultimately went without Adderall for two and half months as she coped with the stresses of senior year. She began taking a different ADHD medication, Vyvanse, in mid-January.

Rebekah says she hopes Adderall will be an option for Clara again one day, adding that she doesn't have the emotional stamina to keep searching for the medication.

"I would like her to have medication as an option and for it to be reliable, because college will probably be the hardest journey for her with ADHD."

Clara says that life without Adderall is like trying to see the world vividly while wearing smudged glasses.

"You go around with dirty glasses. You get used to it, and you don't realize that they're dirty. But when you clean them off, having that extra bit of clarity makes a world of difference."

The-CNN-Wire

™ & © 2023 Cable News Network, Inc., a Warner Bros. Discovery Company. All rights reserved.

CNN's Raenu Charles and Janelle Chavez contributed to this report.

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**Reasons for Shortages**:
   - Manufacturing and supply chain issues have been primary causes, with specific incidents like the shutdown of Accord Healthcare in India due to compliance issues exacerbating the problem.

- Increased demand, particularly for ADHD medications, has also contributed to shortages.

- Economic factors, such as delays in remitting funds from national treasuries, have affected procurement processes in some regions.

Title:

Content: Caption for the landscape image:

e-Citizen: Double jeopardy for patients in public hospitals

Olamayiani Naserian has dutifully visited the Kenyatta National Hospital oncology clinic since his wife was diagnosed with breast cancer last year. The 460-kilometer round trips from Oloitokitok to KNH are emotionally and financially draining, but they are the only hope for survival for the relatively young couple.

On Wednesday, February 7, the Nation caught up with Mr Naserian (not his real name) and his wife who had visited for their cancer treatment at Kenyatta National Hospital. They had visited the national referral hospital the previous day, but his wife could not be treated as there was evidence that they had paid for the service on the e-Citizen paybill number, 222222.

“I made the payment around 1 pm on Tuesday, but I only received a confirmation message later that evening. Thereafter, I received a call from the hospital that the money had reflected (on my e-Citizen account) and that we should proceed with treatment. We came today but, unfortunately, the radiotherapy machine has broken down. we have to wait,” said Mr Naserian, while requesting that we do not disclose his real names to avoid jeopardising his chances of accessing the life-saving treatment.

 Read also:

“The government should not introduce such (the eCitizen single paybill) in hospitals, we will lose more people just because of the delays. It is good but not in health facilities,” he said.

When Nation sought a response from KNH regarding the delays, the Chief Executive Officer, Dr Evanson Kamuri, said that all patients who sought services at the hospital received treatment on the same day.

“However, it should be noted that patients come to the hospital with various ailments, some of which may require varying timelines to investigate. Whenever there are any delays, the hospital communicates to clients and liaises with other relevant institutions to have the matter resolved within the shortest time possible. Normal services resume thereafter with patients being given the best care possible,” Dr Kamuri said.

He said the e-citizen platform “has improved our efficiency because of automation. We have integrated the platform well with the hospital systems making service delivery easier and faster for our clients.”

A weeks-long investigation by Nation journalists however indicated that delays on the government eCitizen portal have crippled several services in health facilities.

An estimated 1,000 lung cancer patients are unable to access medication for the past five months as the importer of key medicines has not been cleared to ship them into the country.

Kenyans have taken to various online platforms to express their dissatisfaction with the system, asking the government to revert to the old manual payments.

As part of the government's plan to integrate a one-stop shop for the payment of all services, the state last year prescribed the use of mobile phone paybill number 222222.

The directive has caused a delay in delivery of services.

A company that made an eCitizen payment three months ago to import Pembroxim, which is a new-generation drug, has not been cleared to ship in the medicine.

“We have had complaints from several importers waiting to be cleared to bring in commodities in the country. We can’t do until the payment is reflected on our side and a clearance certificate generated for them to bring the drugs,” said a source at the Pharmacy and Poisons Board (PPB).

The problem has persisted for months, he said.

“You know before the online platform system, it was easier. Whenever there was a shortage, payment was made to our accounts, clearance was done and the commodities were supplied. However, now we must wait for the money to reflect because we are not in charge of the system,” he said.

He said several drugs are in shortage in the country, but the scarcity is not being felt because there are generic forms of the drugs that can be used in place of the original.

“This was a nice way of sealing the loopholes of corruption in the public sector, however some things were not considered before implementation of the platform. It is not just here, things are not moving in government offices,” he said.

He indicated that the reported shortage of inhalers in the country was a result of the faults in the eCitizen payment system.

“We’re asking patients with lung cancer who were on this drug to have a conversation with their doctors to see whether they can be placed on another drug as we wait for the importation payment to reflect. I don’t know when this will happen,” he said.

Lung cancer accounts for 729 deaths annually, ranked 14th among all other cancers, according to Kenya National Cancer Control Strategy 2017-2022 data.

Among the various types of cancer, lung cancer stood out as the leading cause of cancer-related fatalities, accounting for approximately 1.8 million deaths in the same year.

For instance, according to the data from PPB, a vial of Pembroxim injection goes for Sh175,000, which is out of reach for the majority of patients. A patient needs at least four vials for it to be considered a dosage.

With high mortality rates and limited access to quality care, lung cancer continues to be a significant health concern locally and globally. According to the World Health Organisation, cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, claiming nearly 10 million lives in 2020 alone.

Mr Mapelu Elo, the Kenya Network of Cancer Organisation chairman, indicated that they have had recorded several complaints from patients about the shortage of cancer drugs, with hospitals indicating that they cannot procure on time because of the delays in remitting monies from the National Treasury.

“Last week, we asked hospitals why they were not stocking drugs. They told us that there is a huge delay in getting money hence affecting the procurement process. The shortage has not only affected availability of lung cancer drugs but all cancers, we have patients suffering from different cancers including breast, and cervical who have gone for weeks without drugs,” said Mr Elo.

The National referral hospitals including Kenyatta and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital are feeling the pressure of having to go without basic supplies since they do not have petty cash to pay providers.

“The hospital is running without drugs. When we want to buy anything we request the Treasury to release money and that takes time. Many patients are going without drugs and even our suppliers of food will soon stop supplying us. A number of them have not been paid for their previous supplies.

A spot check at the Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital (MTRH) showed that some patients seeking outpatient services settled their medical bills using the eCitizen platform.

When the Nation visited the facility on Thursday evening, there was a queue of patients waiting to be attended by a medical doctor.

“My wife has had stomach pains, we visited other facilities but the pain persisted. We did lab tests here for which we paid Sh3,000 via eCitizen. We were informed that NHIF services for outpatients were not working,” said James, requesting that we do not reveal his full names for fear of victimisation.

Some patients using the National Health Insurance Fund card are unable to access health services, claiming their payments were taking time to reflect on the hospitals’ records.

“When I went to the hospital, I was told that I had not paid Sh500 (the monthly premium) for last month, yet on December 2, I made payment. I was told that it could be the online payment system, said Ms Joyce Aturo.

The e-citizen Director General, Ambassador Isaac Ochieng, said he was not aware of the challenges reported by health facilities.

“If there is a problem why are they reporting to you,” he paused.

Additional reporting Stanley Kimuge, Angeline Anyango, Winnie Atieno

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**Coping Strategies**:
   - Hospitals have managed shortages by offering therapeutic alternatives, switching medication regimens, and rationing medicines.

- The FDA has allowed temporary importation of certain drugs to mitigate shortages.

- Some healthcare systems have partnered with companies like Mark Cuban's Cost Plus Drug Company to secure drug supplies at transparent costs.

Title:

Content: Mark Cuban's drug company inks first health system partnership to sell directly to Community Health Systems

Mark Cuban Cost Plus Drug Company has found its first national health system buyer for hospital drugs currently in short supply.

Franklin, Tennessee-based for-profit Community Health Systems has signed onto a partnership with the billionaire-backed manufacturer to purchase pharmaceuticals like epinephrine and norepinephrine for its affiliate hospitals in Texas and Pennsylvania. The products are often used in emergency departments and intensive care units, with epinephrine currently listed on the Food and Drug Administration’s list of ongoing drug shortages.

Though the collaboration is beginning with just two states, the companies said they “expect to scale the partnership in numerous and meaningful ways.”

“Our partnership with CHS will give them access to epinephrine and norepinephrine at a transparent cost plus price,” Cuban said in a release. “This is the start of what we know will be an amazing partnership that will reduce drug shortages and drug costs and enhance the care CHS hospitals provide for their patients."

CHS spans 71 hospital affiliates with about 12,000 beds across 15 states and recently reported $12.5 billion in 2023 net operating revenues. It, like other hospitals and health systems across the country, has disclosed rising pharmaceutical spending in recent years.

The companies’ announcement framed the deal as a long-term collaboration “to address critically important issues related to drug supply in the hospital setting.”

Beyond high costs or shortages, these issues can include large amounts of pharmaceutical waste and potential dosage errors when medications need to be measured at the bedside. Cost Plus Drugs can help CHS avoid these by allowing the hospitals “more flexible ordering opportunities” including alternative vial sizes that aren’t offered by other drug manufacturers, the organizations said.

“There are many opportunities for innovation in the healthcare industry, including rethinking, and even disrupting, the way providers purchase products and services,” Lynn Simon, M.D., president of healthcare innovation and chief medical officer at CHS, said in the announcement. “Our relationship with Mark Cuban Cost Plus Drug Company has the potential to generate significant advantages for our affiliated hospitals and for other forward-looking hospital organizations that also want to reduce costs, reduce waste, avoid drug shortages and improve patient care.”

Cost Plus Drug Company currently offers about 2,500 generic medications and works directly with drug manufacturers to bypass middlemen and lower prices. For consumers, the price of each drug includes a 15% markup as a profit margin, a $3 pharmacy handling fee and a $5 shipping fee. Cost Plus also transparently displays what it pays for its medicines.

The company has proven itself a disrupter on both generic drug pricing and the drug benefits market, where it currently works with at least four pharmacy benefit managers and supplanted major names like CVS Health’s Caremark with its inaugural payer deals.

Of note, the CHS partnership announcement comes just days after Cost Plus Drug Company kicked off manufacturing of generic sterile injectables at a new 22,000-square-foot, $11 million facility it built in Dallas. That plant is outfitted with aseptic robotic manufacturing lines and is slated to initially produce commercial batches of epinephrine and norepinephrine with pediatric chemotherapy products next in line.

During a roundtable discussion held this week at the White House, Cuban admitted that that Cost Plus Drug Company is “not making money yet” but promised the business will eventually become self-sustainable.

- Patients and healthcare providers have been advised to check national drug shortage lists, seek alternatives, and not wait until prescriptions are almost gone to refill them.

Title:

Content: Prescription drug shortages lead to higher prices

Reporter: Andryanna Sheppard
Published: Updated:
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Millions of people in the United States depend on prescription drugs to manage pain, treat medical conditions, and even to help them stay alive. However, the country’s drug shortage is making it hard for some people to get the medication they need or pay for the drugs that are available.

Federal Drug Administration data shows 90 percent of prescriptions in the US are for generic drugs. According to the National Institutes of Health, most prescription drugs involved in shortages are generic options.

There are currently more than 250 medications on the nation’s prescription drug shortage list, according to the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. The organization says 2023 marked the worst year for shortages in about a decade.

Jessica Kahn’s two sons were diagnosed with ADD.

“I would say tricky, tricky to navigate,” Kahn described.

For the past year, Kahn said getting their medication has been frustrating.

“I have my list of all the pharmacies. I’ve even driven all the way up north to Walgreens or a CVS, some random place to go pick up a kids’ prescription,” Kahn added.

According to the FDA, prescription drug shortages are often linked to manufacturing and quality problems, delays, and discontinuations. Two drugs used in chemotherapy, Adderall, lidocaine, and amoxicillin are just a couple of the prescription medications on the shortage list.

When drug supplies are low, prices tend to increase. According to the US Department of Health and Human Services, there is a 16.6 percent increase in the price of drugs involved in a shortage. And in some cases, alternative drugs were priced at least three times higher.

“You got to be very conscientious that it might not be available and that it is not an option,” Kahn advised. “No matter how many places you call, it’s not there.”

Beating the prescription drug shortage

Health experts offer these tips:

  • Check the national drug shortage list for your medication and possible alternatives.
  • Don’t wait until your prescription is almost gone to refill it.
  • Check other pharmacies for availability and if you can’t find the generic version, look for coupons or programs that offer payment help. Some patients have reported that they receive additional help to reduce some prescription costs from $100 to $10, it’s not allowed if you are already on Medicare.
  • Websites and apps like GoodRX, RX Saver and WellRX can help you find the cheapest place that has your medication and coupons for it.

Contributors to this news report include: Lindsay Dailey, Producer; Bob Walko, Editor

Copyright ©2024 Fort Myers Broadcasting. All rights reserved.

This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without prior written consent.


In construction, women have been severely underrepresented, often relegated to peripheral roles due to societal norms and gender stereotypes.

However, this is changing as more women are entering the field, driven by passion and determination.

For instance, at Tata Steel's Meramandali unit in Odisha, women have been recruited as Stacker-cum Reclaimer operators, a role traditionally held by men.

This marks a monumental milestone in gender balance within the workforce.

For example, women have successfully navigated challenges such as teenage pregnancies and societal pressures to carve out their place in construction, proving that no challenge is too great when met with perseverance.

Similarly, the maritime industry is seeing a push for greater inclusion of women, with initiatives like the International Day for Women in Maritime highlighting the importance of gender diversity.

The industry is increasingly prioritizing gender diversity in loan agreements and other initiatives, indicating a shift towards more inclusive practices.

Programs like Thiess’ Sisters in Mining have been pivotal in increasing the number of women in the mining sector, providing training and employment opportunities for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women.

Overall, while challenges remain, the construction and maritime industries are making progress towards gender equality, offering more opportunities for women to succeed in roles like crane operation.

In construction, women have been severely underrepresented, often relegated to peripheral roles due to societal norms and gender stereotypes.

Title:

Content: Women severely underrepresented in construction, but that’s changing

What you need to know:

  • In nearly every construction site I encounter, the workforce is overwhelmingly male.
  • The term ‘foreman’ is deeply ingrained in our collective lexicon, while phrases like ‘forewoman’ or the more inclusive ‘foreperson’ remain relatively uncommon.

Across the country, construction sites are a hive of activity, with the government’s ambitious affordable housing project leading the charge. Whenever I pass through these bustling sites, I can’t help but notice the workers clad in overalls, their faces dusted with cement powder as they push wheelbarrows brimming with mortar. Amidst this flurry of activity, one figure stands out – the foreman, barking instructions and overseeing the skilled artisans, or fundis, as they are commonly known.

Interestingly, in nearly every construction site I encounter, the workforce is overwhelmingly male. Rarely do I spot a woman among the fundis, save for the occasional food vendor. Historically, the construction industry has been a predominantly male bastion, a fact reflected in the terminology we use – the term ‘foreman’ is deeply ingrained in our collective lexicon, while phrases like ‘forewoman’ or the more inclusive ‘foreperson’ remain relatively uncommon.

While the underrepresentation of women in this field is a global issue, the challenges faced by women in this industry are particularly pronounced in Africa. This gender imbalance reflects a deeper, systemic issue within the construction sector. For too long, this industry has been perceived as a ‘man’s playground’, with women often relegated to peripheral roles or excluded entirely. The reasons for this disparity are multifaceted, ranging from societal norms and gender stereotypes, to a lack of equal opportunities and support systems for women seeking careers in this field.

Limited access to education and training opportunities, particularly in Stem fields, hinders women’s preparedness for technical roles. Furthermore, societal expectations and domestic responsibilities frequently clash with the demanding nature of construction work, making it difficult for women to balance their professional and personal lives. This gender imbalance not only perpetuates inequality but also deprives the industry of the valuable contributions and perspectives that women can bring to the table. However, times are changing, and more women are breaking into the industry, driven by their passion, determination, and desire to contribute to community development. Despite obstacles such as teenage pregnancies, early marriages, and societal pressures, many carved out their place in this male-dominated field.

Their stories are a testament to the power of perseverance and an unwavering commitment to pursuing their dreams. From the high school dropout who found her calling on a construction site, to the young mother who juggled parenting responsibilities while mastering the art of bricklaying, these women have shattered stereotypes and proved that no challenge is too great when met with an indomitable spirit. Through their journeys, they have not only acquired valuable skills and experience but have also become beacons of inspiration for others.

This week, we celebrate these trailblazers, exploring their unique paths and the lessons they have learned along the way. Their stories offer a candid glimpse into the challenges and triumphs that have shaped their lives, from navigating male-dominated workplaces to balancing family responsibilities with demanding careers. As we strive to create a more inclusive and equitable society, it is imperative that we challenge the deeply ingrained biases and stereotypes that have traditionally kept women on the sidelines of the construction industry.

The government can play a pivotal role by implementing initiatives that support and empower women in this field, including investing in educational programmes, vocational training, mentorship opportunities, and inclusive policies that promote gender equality and non-discrimination. This way, we can empower a new generation of women to take their rightful place alongside their male counterparts, ushering in an era of diversity and excellence in this vital sector.

Empowering women in the construction industry can have far-reaching benefits, contributing to the overall advancement of gender equality and sustainable development in the country.

What challenges do women in the construction and maritime  industries face?

However, this is changing as more women are entering the field, driven by passion and determination.

How has the gender balance in the construction and maritime industries changed over recent decades?

How has the level of discrimination for female employees in the construction industry changed over recent decades?

What positive experiences are highlighted in the personal stories of successful women in construction and maritime industries, especially of female crane operators?

For instance, at Tata Steel's Meramandali unit in Odisha, women have been recruited as Stacker-cum Reclaimer operators, a role traditionally held by men.

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Content: Follow Us:

Woman breaks gender barrier to operate Hyva

Subodh Pandey, Vice President, TSM, congratulated the new recruits and interacted with them along with other executives of TSM Sandeep Dhir, Chief, Human Resource Business Partner, Subrata Basak, Chief, Logistics Operation and Suvransu Sekhar Rout, Chief, RMHS & Raw Material Processing Plant, TSM.

Statesman News Service | Bhubaneswar |

Breaking the gender barrier, four women employees are on the strenuous job as Stacker-cum Reclaimer (SCR) raw material handling system (RMHS) at the Tata Steel Meramandali (TSM) in Dhenkanal district of Odisha.

Besides, a woman has been assigned the job for Hyva operator. It is for the first time that female employees will shoulder the responsibilities as SCR operators in Tata steel’s Meramandali unit, the company said in a statement.

Subodh Pandey, Vice President, TSM, congratulated the new recruits and interacted with them along with other executives of TSM Sandeep Dhir, Chief, Human Resource Business Partner, Subrata Basak, Chief, Logistics Operation and Suvransu Sekhar Rout, Chief, RMHS & Raw Material Processing Plant, TSM.

 “We are extremely pleased to have you in our team as this marks a monumental milestone on gender balance among the workforce in the plant. While accelerating our commitment to building a diverse and inclusive workplace, this measure will also encourage more girls to look for such jobs”, Pandey said.

 “As a responsible corporate, we not only strongly believe in the diversity of our human capital but also guide our vendor partners to imbibe our beliefs and contribute to it. This is directed to reimagining how a job gets done, reshaping the team and empowering employees wherever they work”, Basak said while speaking on the occasion.

Breaking the barrier, the female SCR operators with Diploma in Mechanical Engineering underwent safety induction and on the job training, prior to their on boarding for stacking and reclaiming operation, considered mostly as a male-only job, the statement added.

How has the gender balance in the construction and maritime industries changed over recent decades?

How has the level of discrimination for female employees in the construction industry changed over recent decades?

What are construction and maritime companies doing to promote and aid women in the field?

promote women to higher roles
active recruitment of women

This marks a monumental milestone in gender balance within the workforce.

How has the gender balance in the construction and maritime industries changed over recent decades?

How has the level of discrimination for female employees in the construction industry changed over recent decades?

What are construction and maritime companies doing to promote and aid women in the field?

For example, women have successfully navigated challenges such as teenage pregnancies and societal pressures to carve out their place in construction, proving that no challenge is too great when met with perseverance.

How has the gender balance in the construction and maritime industries changed over recent decades?

How has the level of discrimination for female employees in the construction industry changed over recent decades?

What challenges do women in the construction and maritime  industries face?

Similarly, the maritime industry is seeing a push for greater inclusion of women, with initiatives like the International Day for Women in Maritime highlighting the importance of gender diversity.

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Content: Pausing To Reflect Around IMO's International Day For Women In Maritime

Four years ago, I was walking with my daughter in the pram during lockdown and thinking about ways in which to stay connected with people in the short term...
UK Transport
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Four years ago, I was walking with my daughter in the pram during lockdown and thinking about ways in which to stay connected with people in the short term, but also to create something that can have a future. I wanted this initiative to have a focus and a cause, and so our Women in Maritime Network was born. Over the past few years we have brought together clients and contacts from our offices around the world, with a joint aim to progress and support those already in the industry as well as to inspire the next generation. The network has been on real a journey - from virtual webinars and workshops to in-person networking events and thought provoking panel discussions.

In 2022, the IMO launched the International Day for Women in Maritime to take place annually on 18 May to celebrate the women in the industry but also to encourage the industry as a whole to look at itself and at how it can improve its diversity and inclusivity. Shortly after the launch, we had a thought provoking discussion with Lena Gothberg, the producer of the Shipping Podcast, who highlighted the changes that needed to be made and that it was everyone's responsibility to make a change whether it is through marketing, recruitment policies, flexibility for families or commercial incentives.

While I was hopeful, I wasn't convinced the message was being heard.

2024 has changed that.

As this year progresses I am hearing more and more inspiring stories - it is exciting. From small changes, such as a male manager including the more junior woman's name alongside his on documents. This showed that not only was she was involved in the content of that document but that he considers her on an equal footing – simple yet powerful. I saw institutional changes too, including more and more newly created women's networks in organisations that have been historically conservative. I was moved by the hurdles that these women had to jump in order to get the network approved. The sheer grit and determination required to drive change for the women who are following them was evident.

More than ever we are seeing gender diversity linked targets being a priority across multiple deals. Last year the London office advised ABN AMRO on the US$200m sustainability and gender diversity linked loan to Navigator Gas and our Athens team advised Citi and BNP Paribas on the $2.8bn sustainability- and gender diversity-linked facility to GasLog Ltd. But its not just us, we're seeing this trend across the shipping market as a whole, coming together for actionable change to collectively to address the environmental impact of the industry through regulation, technology and financial incentives – in particular incentivising gender diversity in shipping loan agreements. This is a trend that we expect to continue throughout 2024 and beyond.

I recently finished a nine month secondment at UKEF where I watched some truly stand out women making an impact - not only in the executive committee, but in managerial roles throughout the department. UKEF have since vowed to increase SME support fivefold, with a focus on SMEs that are underserved, such as ethnic minority and women-led businesses. What a fantastic example to set.

Spring 2024 has also seen the Flexible Working Act passed into law so that employees are now able to request flexible working arrangements from day one of their employment, instead of having to wait 26 weeks. This is music to the ears of many carers who need to be able to work flexibly to make the puzzle of working life fit together.

Just this week I was at an event to celebrate the Women in the Maritime industry, with excellent discussions and enthusiasm for the changes to come. Despite all this positive momentum, there is an alarming amount of work still to do - from educating the younger generations on the variety of career options, to finding ways to retain and promote senior female talent in organisations, there are a number of tangible things than can be done to help progress gender equality in the industry.

Is it too soon to say that tides are turning (pun intended)?

Yes, but to have so much good news and being only May gives me hope for what is to come.

No pressure June to December, but there is a lot to live up to.

The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought about your specific circumstances.

Pausing To Reflect Around IMO's International Day For Women In Maritime

UK Transport

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How has the gender balance in the construction and maritime industries changed over recent decades?

What are governments doing to promote and aid women in construction or maritime industries?

The industry is increasingly prioritizing gender diversity in loan agreements and other initiatives, indicating a shift towards more inclusive practices.

How has the gender balance in the construction and maritime industries changed over recent decades?

How has the level of discrimination for female employees in the construction industry changed over recent decades?

What are governments doing to promote and aid women in construction or maritime industries?

Programs like Thiess’ Sisters in Mining have been pivotal in increasing the number of women in the mining sector, providing training and employment opportunities for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women.

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Content: Thiess sisters doing it for themselves

Launched in 2013, Thiess’ Sisters in Mining (SIM) program enables Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women to transition into the mining sector as trainee haul truck drivers.

The SIM Program was born out of Thiess’ reconciliation commitment to ensuring the economic benefits of mining contribute to, and empower, the culture and social aspirations of our First Nations peoples through the creation of long-term employment opportunities.

The program begins with a seven-day, pre-employment program to kick start their career in the mining industry. Building on participants’ prior experience and their preferred learning style, the 12-month program integrates on the job coaching, training in haul truck simulators, as well as structured learning through a vocational education and training (VET) course in Surface Extraction Operations.

Studies undertaken during the traineeship contribute to a nationally recognised qualification in Surface Extraction Operations.

Following successful completion of the program, most women take up permanent full-time positions as haul truck operators. In addition to the career-enhancing technical competencies acquired, participants receive important life-skills training and mentoring throughout the traineeship.

Now in its 10th year, the program has been rolled out across central Queensland projects including Curragh North, Lake Vermont, Caval Ridge and Peak Downs. The program has supported 75 women through to successful completion, with around 90 per cent of those women offered employment at Thiess.

The program is seen as pivotal to increasing the number of women in a traditionally male-dominated mining and resources industry.

Program partner, the Department of Seniors, Disability Services and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Partnerships (DSDSATSIP), sees the lasting value the Sisters in Mining program brings.

Program Manager Rockhampton Central Queensland Region for DSDSATSIP, David Thompson, said beyond creating resource sector jobs, it empowers women to pursue aspirations in work and beyond, as role models and community leaders.

“We are proud to play a part in connecting Queenslanders with lifechanging opportunities,” he said.

Through sustainable employment, Sisters in Mining transforms lives and communities and brings valued team members and real benefits to our business.

About Ray Chan

Editor of industrial titles and mastheads with Prime Creative Media. Publications include Rail Express and Australian Mining (web content).

To keep up to date with Australian Mining, subscribe to our free email newsletters delivered straight to your inbox. Click here.

Overall, while challenges remain, the construction and maritime industries are making progress towards gender equality, offering more opportunities for women to succeed in roles like crane operation.

How has the gender balance in the construction and maritime industries changed over recent decades?

How has the level of discrimination for female employees in the construction industry changed over recent decades?

What are construction and maritime companies doing to promote and aid women in the field?

promote women to higher roles
active recruitment of women

Why are construction and maritime industries more popular with women nowadays?

How has the gender balance in the construction and maritime industries changed over recent decades?

How has the level of discrimination for female employees in the construction industry changed over recent decades?

What are construction and maritime companies doing to promote and aid women in the field?

promote women to higher roles
active recruitment of women

Why are construction and maritime industries more popular with women nowadays?

How has the gender balance in the construction and maritime industries changed over recent decades?

How has the level of discrimination for female employees in the construction industry changed over recent decades?

What are construction and maritime companies doing to promote and aid women in the field?

promote women to higher roles
active recruitment of women

Why are construction and maritime industries more popular with women nowadays?