**Greenland Rare Earth Minerals: Summary for Investors**

**Resource Size & Value:**
- Greenland is believed to possess *vast reserves* of rare earth elements (REEs), along with other critical minerals.

- While precise dollar valuations are challenging due to fluctuating REE prices and unknown total extractable tonnages, *Greenland’s deposits are considered among the largest outside China* and could be worth billions of dollars if fully developed.

**Deposit Locations:**
- The *Kvanefjeld (Kuannersuit)* project in southern Greenland is one of the world’s most advanced undeveloped rare earth and uranium projects, targeting both light and heavy rare earths (notably neodymium, praseodymium, dysprosium, terbium).

- Other promising areas: *Motzfeldt, Kringlerne (Tanbreez project), and Sarfartoq.

*
- Most deposits are in southern Greenland, with some near-coastal locations offering shipping advantages.

**Mineralogy and Extraction Complexity:**
- *Kvanefjeld* hosts rare earths in minerals such as steenstrupine and lujavrite, often associated with uranium and thorium.

- *Extraction is difficult* due to radionuclide presence, requiring advanced processing and raising environmental and regulatory challenges.

- Greenland’s harsh Arctic climate, remoteness, and limited infrastructure add considerable logistical and operational difficulty and cost.

**Regulatory and Environmental Issues:**
- Greenland has *strict environmental rules*, especially regarding uranium and radioactive byproducts (since REE ores often co-occur with uranium/thorium).

- Public and political support is cautious, with mining bans or licensing restrictions possible (e.g., a 2021 ban on uranium mining affected the Kvanefjeld project).

- Water management, tailings, and local community engagement are essential factors for project approval.

**Countries & Corporations Involved:**
- **Greenland Minerals Ltd (Australia)**: Was developing Kvanefjeld but faced significant political/regulatory headwinds.

- **Tanbreez Mining Greenland A/S**: Holds Kringlerne (Tanbreez) project, with the potential for mainly light REEs.

- **Hudson Resources (Canada)**: Sarfartoq project (niobium, REEs).

- *Chinese corporations*: Historically have sought to participate, but Western concerns over supply chain security have made expansions politically sensitive.

- *EU and U.S. entities*: Expressed interest in developing Greenlandic REEs to diversify supply chains away from China.

**International Interest & Context:**
- The EU and U.S. have *strategic interest* in Greenland’s REE due to supply security (especially in light of China’s dominance).

- The Western push for clean energy and defense needs (EVs, wind turbines, electronics, military tech) puts focus on securing alternate REE sources.

- Investment from major Western mining and technology firms may increase if regulatory and political climate stabilizes.

**Key Takeaways:**
- Greenland offers significant *long-term REE potential* but faces major *short- and mid-term challenges* (political, environmental, technical).

- Companies expressing serious interest must be prepared for lengthy timeframes, high capex, and involvement from local and national governments.

- Geopolitics (US/EU vs. China) creates further opportunity and risk for investors.

**Conclusion:**
Greenland’s rare earth sector is promising but still largely untapped due to environmental, regulatory, and technical hurdles.

The most advanced deposits lie in the south, with international companies from Australia, Canada, and China previously leading development.

The sector’s future depends on Greenlandic political will, technological advances in extraction, and continued strong demand for REEs in the global market.

Investors should monitor regulatory developments and partnership opportunities closely.

Certainly.

Here is a summary **nuggets** report on Greenland’s rare earth minerals, their estimated value, location of deposits, ease/difficulty of extraction, and which countries/corporations are interested or advancing projects, based on your extracts:

---

### **Greenland’s Rare Earth Minerals: Key Nuggets for Investors**

**Vast Reserves & Interest**
- Greenland is recognized as having vast reserves of rare earth elements (REEs), drawing growing global and investor attention (“There’s a lot of interest now”), particularly amid the metals supply crisis and the strategic need for battery and electronics minerals.

- The area is often cited alongside top global regions—Australia, Chile, Argentina, and China—as a key resource base for the minerals necessary for green technology.

**Estimated Value & Strategic Importance**
- Greenland’s rare earth deposits are considered a “very powerful asset” with significant strategic value, especially for future electronics, battery supply chains, and sovereignty in high-tech industries.

- The global rare earth market is currently dominated by China, making alternative sources like Greenland more valuable for supply diversification.

**Location of Deposits**
- Specific deposit names are absent in the extract, but contextually, major projects like Kvanefjeld and Kringlerne (Tanbreez) are two of Greenland’s best-known rare earth mineral sites (from broader knowledge).

- The island’s southern region is notably prospective, and recent discoveries or research (as noted by analogies with Russia’s own Arctic/Carbonatite projects) highlight new region-wide exploration potential.

**Ease/Difficulty of Extraction**
- Greenland’s environment is remote and harsh, presenting logistical and cost hurdles (“additional spending,” “icebreaker,” “the ships that can be chartered are very few”).

- Infrastructure: Icebreakers and special logistical measures are often required, escalating upfront investment and risk but also creating barriers to entry for competitors.

- Regulatory conditions and environmental sensitivities are possible additional complications (“law of the sea” and “British… issue of registration, salaries”), given Greenland’s fragile ecosystem and political autonomy.

**Countries & Corporations Expressing Interest**
- International attraction: The extracts note burgeoning investor interest and mention countries owning stations in the Arctic and Antarctic but lacking fleets—reflecting Greenland’s “market” appearance due to high demand.

- Historically, Australia and China are dominant in the rare earth space, but Greenland’s resources have also attracted Western and Asian companies seeking diversification.

- **Key real-world players** (from extended knowledge): Australian, Chinese, and Western mining companies (e.g., Greenland Minerals Limited, Tanbreez Mining, Shenghe Resources), and countries such as the US, EU members, and China have shown strategic interest or direct involvement.

- **Geopolitical context**: The search for non-Chinese sources (as highlighted by references to risks to EU arms production if reliant on China/Russia), and Russia’s own Arctic mining expansion, underscore Greenland’s allure for nations seeking secure supply.

**Summary**
Greenland boasts substantial rare earth mineral potential, highly attractive due to geopolitical shifts and strategic demand for EVs, renewables, and electronics.

However, difficult Arctic logistics, investment-intensive extraction, and environmental governance remain challenges.

Interest is robust from global miners and governments, especially those seeking alternatives to Chinese supply dominance.

---

**Note**: For comprehensive investment decisions, supplement with direct feasibility studies, updated resource estimates, and company filings on Greenland-specific deposits such as Kvanefjeld and Kringlerne.

**Nugget Summary: Greenland’s Rare Earth Minerals Landscape (2024)**

- **Global Interest & Strategic Race**: There is an international competition among financiers and corporations to secure access to Greenland’s mineral riches, mainly driven by demand for green technologies (EVs, wind turbines).

Billionaire-backed firms, such as those with investments by Bill Gates and Jeff Bezos, are investing to search for metals critical to energy transition, like nickel, cobalt, and rare earth elements (REEs).

- **Resource Estimate & Key Minerals**: Greenland is recognized by the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland as a potential “hot spot” with primary reserves of rare earth elements (REEs) estimated at around 5 million tons, alongside large deposits of copper, cobalt, nickel, gold, zinc, and coal.

- **Deposit Locations**: While not exhaustively detailed in the source, known high-potential sites for REEs include:
  - **Kvanefjeld (Kuannersuit) Project**: Located in southern Greenland, this is one of the world’s largest undeveloped REE deposits, containing significant uranium as well.

- **Motzfeldt Complex**, **Sarfartoq**, and other areas in South and southwest Greenland.

- Deep-sea mineral deposits around Greenland’s continental shelf are also becoming targets as deep-sea mining regulations loosen.

- **Extraction Challenges**:
  - **Technical and Environmental**: Greenland’s deposits are remote, in harsh, cold environments with limited infrastructure.

Extraction can be complex, especially in deep-sea contexts, and environmental groups have voiced concerns, particularly about uranium by-products from mining rare earths.

Both onshore and offshore mining face high operational costs and must navigate stringent environmental standards.

- **Regulatory Hurdles**: Greenland has a history of public and political resistance to uranium and REE mining, leading to delays and stringent conditions.

Deep-sea mining currently faces growing international scrutiny due to limited research on environmental impacts.

- **International & Corporate Involvement**:
  - **Canadian Companies**: At least one Canadian company has been granted a mining license for rare metals in Greenland.

- **US-Backed Startups**: Companies like KoBold Metals (supported by Gates and Bezos) are actively exploring Greenland’s resources, especially for nickel and cobalt.

**Greenland Rare Earth Minerals: Summary for Investors**

**Resource Size & Value:**
- Greenland is believed to possess *vast reserves* of rare earth elements (REEs), along with other critical minerals.

Title:

Content: Democracy Dies in Darkness

Sweden’s new rare-earth metal find likely big deal for Western consumers

Sweden has discovered what is billed as Europe’s biggest deposit of rare earth minerals — a crucial component for electronics and clean energy needs — giving a significant boost to the continent’s hunt for trade security.

LKAB, the Swedish state-owned mining company, announced Thursday that it found deposits of more than 1 million tons of rare earth metals in the country’s far northern Lapland province.

Products ranging from smartphones to electric vehicles and even military jets require these rare earth elements which are not currently mined in Europe, the company said. Much of the world’s supply comes from China, which has used them as a geopolitical tool.

LKAB President Jan Mostrom said in a statement that the find could be a “significant building block” for Europe, which faces a “supply problem.” But the company also said that it would take at least a decade before rare earth minerals from the find hit market.

Here’s what to know about this major discovery and what it means for Western consumers.

What are rare earth minerals and where are they found?

Rare earths are not actually that rare. They are a group of 17 chemical elements, composed of scandium, yttrium and lanthanides, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.

But mining rare earth minerals is complex, as supply is not concentrated in one location. Mining them also impacts the environment, since their ores can be laced with radioactive materials such as thorium and uranium. Refining the minerals can also generate toxic and radioactive waste, which poses environmental and health risks if not properly disposed of.

China hosts a majority of the world’s reserve of rare earth minerals and is the world’s leading supplier of the product. (The United States was the largest producer several decades ago.) While Brazil and Vietnam have significant reserves, they lag far behind in mining it.

China hints it will choke off U.S. ‘rare earths’ access. But it’s not that easy.

Access to the minerals became an issue during the Trump administration’s trade war with China. Beijing threatened to cut off exports to the United States in 2019 to retaliate against Trump’s measures, pushing prices up, prompting Trump to sign an executive order increasing domestic production. The Biden administration has also pushed for investments in that supply chain.

Other countries have also moved to reduce their reliance on China. Australia is spending millions to develop a rare earths mine and processing plant in its Northern Territory.

What are rare earth minerals used for?

Multiple household goods, including televisions, computers, smartphones, and lighting use rare earth minerals. Yttrium and europium, for instance, light up iPhone displays and allow them to vibrate.

They are also key elements of U.S.-made defense systems, including night vision technology, jets and armored vehicle alloys.

Rare earth minerals are critical for the global clean energy transition, as they are components of the magnets used in electric vehicles and wind turbines. Though recently, some companies have developed motors for electric vehicles that do not require rare earths.

What does Sweden’s discovery mean for the climate?

LKAB’s find was welcomed in Europe, which has faced energy challenges amid the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The European Union also has a goal of becoming climate neutral by 2050.

In September, a senior E.U. official said that Europe’s climate ambitions were at risk without reliable supply chains. “Take China, with its quasi-monopoly on rare earths and permanent magnets and prices rising by 50-90% in the past year alone,” wrote Thierry Breton, an E.U. commissioner. “Supply of raw materials has become a real geopolitical tool.”

The European Raw Material Alliance notes that while the European Union has a massive electric-motor manufacturing sector, “it is almost fully import dependent” when it came to rare earth permanent magnets.

Swedish Deputy Prime Minister Ebba Busch said Thursday that Europe’s independence from Russia and China will begin with this mine.

Political leadership in the continent, she said, “must give the industry the conditions to switch to green and fossil-free production.”

- While precise dollar valuations are challenging due to fluctuating REE prices and unknown total extractable tonnages, *Greenland’s deposits are considered among the largest outside China* and could be worth billions of dollars if fully developed.

Title:

Content: AEX Gold aims to invest in Greenland through its new gold mining project

Traditionally known for its fishing and hunting industries, Greenland is fast becoming the next significant area of exploration for mining businesses. The largest island in the world, Greenland remains one of the least populated areas worldwide with 56,000 citizens, and it has sought to attract local and foreign investment across a number of new projects.

The island’s current position remains complex. A sovereign government, it is positioned under the Danish kingdom who provide grants to support its local economy. To further its independence and bolster its economy to create increased tax revenue, Greenland has embraced the exploration of new mining projects as well as utilising all the renewable and local resources it has to offer.

Rich in rare-earth minerals, gold, iron-ore, uranium, in addition to hydro and wind power, Greenland’s favourable legal framework and robust infrastructure, particularly in South Greenland, have factored into AEX Gold’s vision to explore through its Greenlandic subsidiary, Nalunaq Gold Mine, situated in the Nanortalik Gold belt, Southern Greenland.

Acquiring an existing Exploitation Licence in 2015, the company is at the advanced exploration stage of its Nalunaq property, including the previously operating Nalunaq Gold Mine.   It also holds Exploration Licences at the early exploration stage Vagar and Tartoq properties.

Hosting a high-grade NI 43-101 compliant gold resource estimate of 263k oz (inferred) at 18.7 g/t and a number of regional exploration targets, AEX Gold has undertaken three years of exploration at Nalunaq, developing an updated geological model and an extension of the main vein strike length up to 1km.

“The government is very supportive, so it's about having a sound exploration strategy. We are very much focused on that, as we have an asset package that we think we can grow and create a lot of value,” explains Chief Executive Officer, Eldur Olafsson.

Originating from Iceland, Olafsson has gained extensive experience of the local geography. Focusing on mining projects in Greenland since 2012, he has analysed the country’s potential against the backdrop of environmental responsibilities and associated legalities with partner SRK Exploration Services. Through this process, the business has turned its attentions solely towards gold exploration.

“The known gold deposits in Greenland are in an area where the climate is mild and, given our experience, logistics are relatively easy. Gold opportunities are easier to finance than larger base metals projects and our perception was that we could fully fund projects like these through our support here in Iceland and in the UK market,” he explains.

“We started looking for opportunities in the South Greenland Gold Province and became aware of this historically producing mine. We were attracted by the extremely high-grade potential of the resource and the fact that the project had significant infrastructure in place.  We believed there were significant opportunities to materially improve the mining operation that had been run by previous operators.”

Extensive exploration

Throughout the exploration of high-grade resources, Olafsson is proud to remain hands on and is regularly seen on site. By undertaking various technical studies, AEX has gained the ability to comprehensively analyse similar types of assets with potential.  After acquiring the Nalunaq project in 2015 the company has continued to expand its portfolio. Whilst Nalunaq encompasses the required licence to explore and recommence production at the old gold mine, they own the larger Vagar exploration licence, situated a few kilometres to the west of the mine, where AEX believes the ground is prospective for the discovery of further Nalunaq-type deposits.  In addition, they also own the early stage Tartoq Project to the North West of Nalunaq. Each licence area is at a different stage of exploration which supports AEX’s aim of having a continuous pipeline of projects being brought into production.

“We have a total of 690sqkm of licences in south Greenland and we're the only active listed gold company in Greenland. Previous operators undertook very little forward-looking exploration once the mine was in production.  It's a very under-explored region so we intend to recommence production within the next two years at Nalunaq in order to support our exploration in the larger licences in the next 5-10 years,” he says.

“Iceland is a short distance from Greenland, so logistically it’s good for us. Additionally, in Iceland you need to be really self-sufficient, and the same can be said for those in Greenland. We don't have as many people or the multitude of services that you would have in other countries which encourages you to think creatively,” he adds.

Consequently, the company has sought to maximise efficiency whilst keeping costs down, yet all the time adding increased value across its operations.

By acquiring a high-grade deposit, less material is needed to be broken down, lowering AEX Gold’s carbon footprint. Everything taken out of the mine from underground will be processed and shipped out to a different processing facility, or processed on site adhering to the current environmental guidelines. Historically, electricity has been generated through the use of traditional fossil fuels, something which is steadily changing throughout Greenland.

“We're using oil to put in generators or to power mobile mining equipment which is high cost both in monetary and environmental terms.   Greenland currently has five hydroelectric power plants and they are looking at building more in south Greenland,” says Olafsson.

Seeing huge opportunities, he explains that the use of hydropower and wind power would complement AEX Gold’s operations, not only in its existing exploration activities, but with the implementation of an electric mining fleet with electricity being obtained from local renewable resources.

Providing local opportunities

In the future, it will be essential for Greenland to gain further revenue to unlock opportunities and services for its citizens. This is something Olafsson believes that AEX Gold can help with due to its knowledge of Iceland as it has many similarities to Greenland and has been through a period of comparable change.

“Greenland is in a similar position to Iceland not so long ago. Iceland didn't have a high education rate and wasn’t wealthy compared to other European countries, with economic and cultural activities that were very insular. We are now at the highest level of all parameters in terms of education, wealth per family, etc. and this has stemmed from improving the breadth of schooling and creating opportunities for people to grow and develop outside of the traditional areas of agriculture and fisheries.

“Our aim is that the majority of employees will be Greenlandic, but it will take time. Greenland has a large number of people competing for jobs in the fisheries and tourist centres. It is important that Greenlanders are able to access programmes that will allow them to consider other career options. In Iceland we are importing a lot of people to work in different industries in our country because we don't have enough people. This might be the case for Greenlanders as well if the anticipated growth of the Mining Sector materialises but we want to ensure that, where possible, we use local people first before looking elsewhere.

“The Greenlandic Government provides good support for those who seek education.  There are an increasing number of Greenlandic students attending Danish Universities so that now, for example, we are seeing well qualified Greenlandic geologists available for employment.  There has been a Mining School at Sisimiut for the last 10 years which provides local qualified labour who can take advantage of opportunities in the Mining sector.  You need skilled labour and as we own a mine that was in production for 10 years previously, there is a fair bit of local knowledge that we have been able to use during our exploration work and which we are keen to utilise going forward,” he says.

“We are creating revenue for local communities, creating highly skilled jobs, and are providing benefits where local communities can live better lives and grow as individuals. We need to create opportunities for young people.”

Additionally, by working with local businesses as well as those who have been operating in Greenland for some time, AEX has made a conscious effort to hire companies which can support its growth. AEX have therefore acquired a longstanding relationship with Cartwright Drilling, due to the company’s extensive experience in Greenland and subsequent knowledge of the island’s government systems, processes and practices.

Planning to mine high-grade resources using significant infrastructure already in place, AEX Gold holds extensive licences managed by an experienced team. Previous operations produced between 50,000 to 100,000 ounces a year at 15.4 grams/ton produced and this has provided a benchmark for the company, who will utilise this cash flow to explore the wider region in the long-term.

“We have a five-year plan where we want to get into production at Nalunaq and use the cash generated to fund exploration in the wider district.   We envisage investing a significant amount in exploration assets to provide a portfolio of different deposits that we can bring into production. We are creating a company that has a long-term mission in Greenland to build up local know how to support our aim of ramping up to very profitable production across a number of projects,” notes Olafsson.

“It will create a dramatic effect on the local community and hopefully be a springboard for unlocking much larger potential in Greenland. There are plenty of deposits that have been found, but you have to be able to develop them. You can only do that that with support and cooperation from the local people who believe in your vision.”

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Executives
Eldur Olafsson

**Deposit Locations:**
- The *Kvanefjeld (Kuannersuit)* project in southern Greenland is one of the world’s most advanced undeveloped rare earth and uranium projects, targeting both light and heavy rare earths (notably neodymium, praseodymium, dysprosium, terbium).

- Other promising areas: *Motzfeldt, Kringlerne (Tanbreez project), and Sarfartoq.

Title:

Content:
Brazilian Rare Earths Limited (ASX:BRE) Announces New Rare Earth Discovery - The Pele Project

(MENAFN- ABN Newswire)

Brazilian Rare Earths Limited (ASX:BRE) is pleased to report the first batch of re-assay results from the Rio Tinto exploration dataset and the receipt of new assays from BRE drilling across the Rocha da Rocha Rare Earth Province in Bahia, Brazil.
- Discovery of a new district-scale rare earth exploration project, named the 'Pele Project', located circa 60km southwest of Monte Alto
- The Pele Project is highly prospective for ultra-high grade REE-Nb-Sc mineralisation with a district-scale exploration target area that is +30 times larger than Monte Alto
- Pele discovered using the exploration pathfinders that successfully delineated the world-class ultra-high grade Monte Alto Project, including intense geophysical anomalies, confirmed hard rock REE outcrops and high-grade monazite sands at surface
- Initial ground reconnaissance at Pele Target 1 has discovered the largest continuous hard rock monazite outcrop found since exploration commenced at the province, and it currently extends over a strike of ~30m (open) within a larger 1km NNE potential outcrop trendline
- This large-scale monazite outcrop recorded gamma readings comparable to the ultra-high grade REENb-Sc mineralisation at Monte Alto, which returned exceptional grades of up to 5.9% (59,100ppm) NdPr, 3,229ppm DyTb , 1.5% niobium and 352ppm scandium
- High-grade monazite sand intercepts of up to 11.5% TREO from the first batch of re-assays from Rio Tinto drill holes across the Pele exploration target, with assays pending for 220 high-priority drill holes (2,700m) that cover Pele's intense geophysical anomalies
- Comprehensive gamma line surveys will be expedited over the highly prospective 15km exploration corridors on Pele Targets 1-4 in preparation for a maiden diamond drilling program
A new rare earth discovery, the Pele Project, has been made ~60km southwest of Monte Alto. This greenfield discovery is highly prospective for ultra-high grade REE-Nb-Sc mineralisation, with multiple exploration pathfinders indicating the scale of a world-class rare earth mineralised system.
Pele contains the most extensive area of intense geophysical anomalies within BRE's province-scale ~4,000km2 landholdings. Pele Target 1 is distinguished by the largest continuous hard rock monazite cumulate outcrop discovered since exploration commenced at the province, and it currently extends over a strike of ~30m (open) within a larger 1km NNE potential hard rock outcrop trendline.
The latest assay results from the wider regional exploration program and the initial results from the Rio Tinto re-assay program confirm the exceptional potential for new rare earth discoveries across BRE's landholdings.
These exploration landholdings were strategically acquired to secure control of the Volta do Rio Plutonic Suite mineralised trendline that stretches over 160km down the spine of the Rocha da Rocha Rare Earth Province (Figure 2*).
The Volta do Rio Plutonic Suite (VRPS) is hosted within the Archean age Jequie Complex and forms the prime exploration target zone for ultra-high grade REE-Nb-Sc mineralisation. The VRPS is distinguished by a bimodal formation of granitoids and REE-Nb-Sc rich leucogranites. The high-grade REE-Nb-Sc leucogranites are layered within the province scale VRPS from the separation progression of the parent magma.
Brazilian Rare Earths' CEO and MD, Bernardo da Veiga, commented:
"Less than two years after the discovery of the Monte Alto project we are pleased to announce our fourth greenfield rare earth project at this world-class rare earth province.
The Pele Project is district-scale rare earth project with an exploration target area that is over 30 times larger than the Monte Alto Project. The scale of the exploration opportunity is exceptional and the recent discovery of a massive monazite mineralised outcrop at Pele Target 1 indicates the potential for a major rare earth endowment.
With the proven Monte Alto exploration pathfinders already at hand at Pele, and the extensive assay results from the Rio Tinto dataset now imminent, we now intend to accelerate plans for a maiden diamond drilling program at Pele."
Monte Alto Project - Successful Exploration Pathfinders
The discovery of the world-class Monte Alto project was based on three key exploration pathfinders:
- Geophysical anomaly: BRE's proprietary airborne radiometric survey defined an intense geophysical anomaly over Monte Alto
- Monazite sands: Auger drilling at Monte Alto intersected high grade (+1% TREO) monazite sands near surface. These monazite sands represent a highly weathered 'outcrop' of REE-Nb-Sc mineralisation and a significant indicator for potential ultra-high grade REE-Nb-Sc mineralisation at depth
- Hard rock REE-Nb-Sc outcrops: The discovery of REE-Nb-Sc boulders and outcrops supported the exploration model for ultra-high grade REE-Nb-Sc mineralisation at depth
BRE completed a comprehensive gamma line survey at Monte Alto to map a high-grade monazite sand corridor which then underpinned the design of the maiden diamond drilling program. This maiden diamond drilling program successfully discovered ultra-high grade REE-Nb-Sc mineralisation at Monte Alto.
Pele Project Discovery - Confirmed Exploration Pathfinders
The Pele Project has been discovered using the same exploration pathfinders that were successfully proven at the ultra-high grade Monte Alto Project.
- Geophysical anomaly: Airborne radiometric survey data across the Pele Project area defines a cumulative 15km chain of intense geophysical anomalies for targeted exploration
- Monazite sands: The first batch of re-assays from Rio Tinto auger drilling returned high grades of up to 11.5% TREO. As with Monte Alto, the exploration model is that these monazite sands represent highly weathered 'outcrops' of REE-Nb-Sc mineralisation
- Hard rock outcrops: Initial field reconnaissance at Pele discovered extensive monazite cumulate outcrops with comparable gamma readings to the ultra-high grade mineralisation at Monte Alto
Pele Geophysical Anomaly
Analysis of the airborne radiometric data over the Pele Project identified an extensive chain of intense anomalies recurring on the eastern and western limbs of the regional Tres Bracos syncline. These anomalies across Pele Targets 1-4 have a cumulative strike of ~15km and define a highly prospective exploration target area that is over 30 times larger than the Monte Alto project (Figure 4*).
Pele Ground Reconnaissance - Large-scale Monazite Outcrop Discovery
The BRE exploration team recently conducted initial ground reconnaissance exploration over the southern zone of the Pele Project area (Pele Target 1). A gamma spectrometry survey quickly discovered the largest continuous hard rock monazite outcrop found since exploration commenced at the province, which currently extends over a strike of ~30m (open) within a larger 1km NNE potential outcrop trendline (Figure 4 and 5*).
BRE geophysicists used a RS-230 Portable Gamma Spectrometer positioned over the outcrops to measure a Count of gamma particles Per Second (CPS). There is an established strong correlation between high CPS readings and the high grade REE-Nb-Sc mineralisation at the Monte Alto project.
Gamma spectrometry has thus proven to be an effective method to identify primary high-grade REE-Nb-Sc mineralisation throughout the entire province. This ground based geophysical survey method led to the discovery of REE-Nb-Sc mineralisation at the Monte Alto, Velhinhas and Sulista projects.
High CPS values were recorded at multiple outcrops along an extensive 1km trendline at Pele Target 1, located at the south-western extent of the Pele Project exploration area (Figure 4*). Ground based surveys recorded CPS values ranging from 12,000 to the maximum detectible level of 65,500 at sites R589 and R590 (see Figure 6*).
These gamma survey sites define a large-scale monazite cumulate outcrop that currently strikes ~30m and is open (Figure 7*), within a larger 1km NNE potential hard rock outcrop trendline. The recorded CPS values are comparable to those measured for the ultra-high grade REE-Nb-Sc mineralisation at Monte Alto and represent an intensity of ~20 to 50 times the background CPS values for the region.
Rio Tinto Re-Assay Program
The highest priority Rio Tinto auger drill samples that cover the VRPS and key geophysical anomalies have now been dispatched for re-assay. Exploration assay results for over 11,000m of these high-priority drill holes are expected in the coming months.
The first batch of the rare earth re-assays that cover the Pele target confirmed shallow mineralisation with grades of +1% TREO, and monazite sands have been visually confirmed in the drill hole samples. Significant assays from the surface saprolite include:
- 19m at 4.2% TREO from 0.5m, with 20.8% of NdPr and 1.2% of DyTb (AMBX3124)
- 14m at 0.5% TREO from surface, with 19.4% of NdPr and 0.9% of DyTb (AMBX3141)
- Including 3.5m at 10.7% TREO from 3.5m, with 19.2% of NdPr and 0.9% of DyTb, and
- 1m at 10.4% TREO from 13m, with 20.8% of NdPr and 1.1% of DyTb (AMBX3141 - open at depth)
- 2m at 1.1% TREO from 9m, with 19.5% of NdPr and 0.6% of DyTb (AMBX1492)
The first batch of re-assays included results from 152 Rio Tinto drill holes at the Pele target with an average depth of 14m. These holes targeted the upper laterite layer and, as such, the REE enriched saprolite horizons below this depth remain largely untested. The highest-grade rare earth assay value of 0.5m at 11.5% TREO was intersected at the end of hole MBX3141 at 13, with the mineralisation open at depth. BRE will deploy auger and sonic drilling to extend the exploration into the REE enriched saprolite horizons.
As illustrated in Figure 8* below, the Pele exploration target area is extensively covered by shallow Rio Tinto auger drilling and there are 220 pending re-assay results (~2,700m) that are expected to be received in the coming months.
Surface Drilling at Monte Alto and Velhinhas Projects
In addition to the Phase II diamond drilling campaign underway at the Monte Alto project, an auger drilling program has advanced across the project area to extend the monazite sand resource estimate of 25.2 Mt at 1.0% TREO.
Auger drilling across the Monte Alto exploration project area continues to discover shallow high-grade rare earth mineralisation. Significant new rare earth assays include:
- 21 at 1.9% TREO from surface, with 13.3% of NdPr and 0.7% of DyTb (STU0957)
- Including 1.9m at 10.4% TREO from 20m, with 14.4% of NdPr and 0.8% of DyTb (STU0957 - open at depth)
- 19m at 4.8% TREO from surface with 14.9% of NdPr and 0.8% of DyTb (STU0969 - open at depth)
- Including 7.5m at 10.5% TREO from 0.5m, with 14.5% of NdPr and 0.8% of DyTb (STU0969)
- 15m at 2.6% TREO from 9m, with 18.1% of NdPr and 0.9% of DyTb (STU0551)
Significant new assays from the shallow auger drilling exploration program at the Velhinhas project include:
- 13 at 0.9% TREO from surface, with 17.8% of NdPr and 0.9% of DyTb (STU0596 - open at depth)
- Including 4m at 2.8% TREO from 4m, with 18.0% of NdPr and 0.9% of DyTb (SSU0097)
- 19m at 1.3% TREO from surface, with 17.1% of NdPr and 0.7% of DyTb (STU0867)
- Including 5m at 4.6% TREO from 4m, with 17.3% of NdPr and 0.6% of DyTb (STU0867)
Next Steps
The highest priority Rio Tinto auger drill samples that cover the VRPS and key geophysical anomalies have now been dispatched for re-assay. Exploration assay results for over 11,000m from these high-priority drill holes are expected in the coming months.
At Pele Target 1, detailed ground reconnaissance and gamma line surveys will be expedited over the potential 1km monazite cumulate outcrop trendline. Once the extensive outcrops and surface rock formations are systematically mapped, this highly prospective exploration trendline will be drill ready for step-back holes to explore the full extent of the mineralised system at depth.
Comprehensive gamma line surveys will be conducted over the highly prospective ~15km exploration corridors at Pele Targets 2, 3 and 4 to assist with the design of targeted diamond drilling exploration programs.
The Phase II extension and infill diamond drilling campaign at the Monte Alto project remains on schedule and is expected to be completed by mid-year.
At the Sulista Project, the diamond drillhole to twin the historical high-grade REE-Nb-Sc intercept has been completed and dispatched with the historical core samples for laboratory assays. Mineralized intercepts +1% TREO from within the historical database of ~5,000m of auger drill holes have also been sent for laboratory reassay with results expected early in the second quarter. Ground based reconnaissance and gamma line surveys are now underway across the Sulista exploration project area to map the full extent of surface rare earth mineralisation.
*To view tables and figures, please visit:
-p src="http://www.abnnewswire.net/images/buts/linkedin-social.png" border="0">

Bernardo da Veiga MD and CEO Brazilian Rare Earths ...

MENAFN24032024000111011020ID1108016378

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MENAFN provides the information “as is” without warranty of any kind. We do not accept any responsibility or liability for the accuracy, content, images, videos, licenses, completeness, legality, or reliability of the information contained in this article. If you have any complaints or copyright issues related to this article, kindly contact the provider above.

*
- Most deposits are in southern Greenland, with some near-coastal locations offering shipping advantages.

**Mineralogy and Extraction Complexity:**
- *Kvanefjeld* hosts rare earths in minerals such as steenstrupine and lujavrite, often associated with uranium and thorium.

- *Extraction is difficult* due to radionuclide presence, requiring advanced processing and raising environmental and regulatory challenges.

Title:

Content: Sweden's new rare-earth metal find likely big deal for Western consumers

Sweden has discovered what is billed as Europe's biggest deposit of rare earth minerals - a crucial component of electronics and clean energy technology - giving a significant boost to the continent's hunt for trade security.

LKAB, the Swedish state-owned mining company, announced Thursday that it found deposits of more than 1 million tonnes of rare earth metals in the country's far northern Lapland province.

Products ranging from smartphones to electric vehicles and even military jets require these rare earth elements, which are not currently mined in Europe, the company said. Much of the world's supply comes from China, which has used them as a geopolitical tool.

LKAB president Jan Mostrom said in a statement that the find could be a "significant building block" for Europe, which faces a "supply problem." But the company also said that it would take at least a decade before the rare earth minerals discovered hit the market.

READ MORE:
* GM reaches supply deals for electric vehicle motor magnets
* Why rare earths are a Five Eyes hot topic
* The race against China's 'rare earths weapon'
* Rare earth could be common in NZ

Here's what to know about this major discovery and what it means for Western consumers.

What are rare earth minerals and where are they found?

Rare earths are not actually that rare. They are a group of 17 chemical elements, composed of scandium, yttrium and lanthanides, according to the US Geological Survey.

But mining rare earth minerals is complex, as supply is not concentrated in one location. Mining them also affects the environment, since their ores can be laced with radioactive materials such as thorium and uranium. Refining the minerals can generate toxic and radioactive waste, which poses environmental and health risks if not properly disposed of.

China hosts the majority of the world's reserve of rare earth minerals and is the world's leading supplier. (The United States was the largest producer several decades ago.) While Brazil and Vietnam have significant reserves, they lag far behind in mining them.

Access to the minerals became an issue in the trade war with China during the administration of US President Donald Trump. Beijing threatened to cut off exports to the United States in 2019 to retaliate against Trump's measures, pushing prices up and prompting Trump to sign an executive order increasing domestic production. The Biden administration has also pushed for investments in that supply chain.

Other countries have also moved to reduce their reliance on China. Australia is spending millions to develop a rare earths mine and processing plant in its Northern Territory.

What are rare earth minerals used for?

Multiple household goods, including televisions, computers, smartphones and lighting use rare earth minerals. Yttrium and europium, for instance, light up iPhone displays and allow them to vibrate.

They are also key elements of US-made defence systems, including night-vision technology, jets and armoured-vehicle alloys.

Rare earth minerals are critical for the global clean energy transition, as they are components of the magnets used in electric vehicles and wind turbines - although recently some companies have developed motors for electric vehicles that do not require rare earths.

What does Sweden's discovery mean for the climate?

LKAB's find was welcomed in Europe, which has faced energy challenges amid the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The European Union also has a goal of becoming climate neutral by 2050.

In September, a senior EU official said Europe's climate ambitions were at risk without reliable supply chains. "Take China, with its quasi-monopoly on rare earths and permanent magnets and prices rising by 50-90% in the past year alone," wrote Thierry Breton, an EU commissioner. "Supply of raw materials has become a real geopolitical tool."

The European Raw Materials Alliance notes that while the European Union has a massive electric-motor manufacturing sector, "it is almost fully import dependent" when it comes to rare earth permanent magnets.

Swedish Deputy Prime Minister Ebba Busch said Thursday that Europe's independence from Russia and China would begin with this mine.

Political leadership in the continent, she said, "must give the industry the conditions to switch to green and fossil-free production."

The Washington Post

- Greenland’s harsh Arctic climate, remoteness, and limited infrastructure add considerable logistical and operational difficulty and cost.

**Regulatory and Environmental Issues:**
- Greenland has *strict environmental rules*, especially regarding uranium and radioactive byproducts (since REE ores often co-occur with uranium/thorium).

- Public and political support is cautious, with mining bans or licensing restrictions possible (e.g., a 2021 ban on uranium mining affected the Kvanefjeld project).

- Water management, tailings, and local community engagement are essential factors for project approval.

**Countries & Corporations Involved:**
- **Greenland Minerals Ltd (Australia)**: Was developing Kvanefjeld but faced significant political/regulatory headwinds.

What countries are invested in Greenland Minerals corp?

What is one of the global key REE manufacturers?

- **Tanbreez Mining Greenland A/S**: Holds Kringlerne (Tanbreez) project, with the potential for mainly light REEs.

What company has obtained permission to extract Greenland's rare earths?

- **Hudson Resources (Canada)**: Sarfartoq project (niobium, REEs).

- *Chinese corporations*: Historically have sought to participate, but Western concerns over supply chain security have made expansions politically sensitive.

- *EU and U.S. entities*: Expressed interest in developing Greenlandic REEs to diversify supply chains away from China.

**International Interest & Context:**
- The EU and U.S. have *strategic interest* in Greenland’s REE due to supply security (especially in light of China’s dominance).

- The Western push for clean energy and defense needs (EVs, wind turbines, electronics, military tech) puts focus on securing alternate REE sources.

- Investment from major Western mining and technology firms may increase if regulatory and political climate stabilizes.

**Key Takeaways:**
- Greenland offers significant *long-term REE potential* but faces major *short- and mid-term challenges* (political, environmental, technical).

- Companies expressing serious interest must be prepared for lengthy timeframes, high capex, and involvement from local and national governments.

- Geopolitics (US/EU vs. China) creates further opportunity and risk for investors.

**Conclusion:**
Greenland’s rare earth sector is promising but still largely untapped due to environmental, regulatory, and technical hurdles.

The most advanced deposits lie in the south, with international companies from Australia, Canada, and China previously leading development.

What countries are invested in Greenland Minerals corp?

The sector’s future depends on Greenlandic political will, technological advances in extraction, and continued strong demand for REEs in the global market.

Investors should monitor regulatory developments and partnership opportunities closely.

Title:

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Erdene Commences Drilling at the Zuun Mod Molybdenum-Copper Porphyry Project

13:33 Uhr  |  GlobeNewswire

HALIFAX, April 12, 2023 - Erdene Resource Development Corp. (TSX: ERD | MSE: ERDN) ("Erdene" or the "Company") is pleased to announce the commencement of drilling at its 100% owned Zuun Mod molybdenum-copper porphyry project in southwest Mongolia, located within the Khundii Minerals District, 35 kilometres east of the Bayan Khundii Gold Project.

Quotes from the Company

"We are excited to commence the 2023 drilling program at our Zuun Mod project, one of the largest undeveloped molybdenum-copper deposits in Asia," said Peter Akerley, Erdene's President and CEO. "We see exceptional opportunities to grow the Project as the deposit is open in all directions and there are multiple untested copper and molybdenum prospects within the large Zuun Mod porphyry complex."

"Mongolia's strategic location next to the largest resource consumer, as well as its improving infrastructure should support a robust, long life project that will provide key inputs for the growing high strength steel industry and the green energy transition," continued Mr. Akerley. "With the molybdenum market in a supply deficit and strong copper demand forecast, it is an ideal time to return to Zuun Mod and continue to build our project pipeline alongside our flagship Bayan Khundii Gold Project."

Zuun Mod Technical Program - Q2 2023

Significant exploration, metallurgical studies, engineering and hydrogeological work has been completed at Zuun Mod, preparing the project for an economic assessment focused on the NI 43-101 deposit area. The Q2 program will advance those efforts, providing data to update the various technical studies with an additional 4,000 metres of diamond drilling. This first phase of the drill program, targeting 2,500 metres, is designed to identify areas at the fringes of the currently defined resource, where larger scale expansion drill programs could materially increase resources. In addition, higher grade areas within the deposit have not been fully defined in the current reported resource due to the wide spacing (~100 metres) of drilling and have the potential with closer spacing to increase grade and therefore total resource. Drilling will also test indications of a preferred orientation to the increasingly higher grade molybdenum and copper zones at depth with deeper drilling and oriented core. The second phase of drilling will focus on earlier stage targets throughout the 16 kilometre circumference, porphyry complex including the Khuvyn Khar copper discovery area (ZMD-121: 34 metres of 1.3% copper) where limited drilling has been completed. Results from the Q2 drill program and an update of previous technical information will be compiled in Q3 to support an independent technical study.

About the Zuun Mod Molybdenum-Copper Project

The Zuun Mod Molybdenum-Copper Project is located in Bayankhongor Province, Mongolia, 180 kilometres northwest of a major mining district and the border with China, the world's largest copper and molybdenum consumer and steel producer (see attached maps). The 100% owned 6,041-hectare mining license, underpinning the Project, was issued in 2011 and is valid for up to an additional 60 years. The Project is located approximately 35 kilometres east of Erdene's Bayan Khundii Gold Project.

Erdene acquired the rights to the Project from Gallant Minerals Mongolia Ltd (Gallant) in 2005, as part of an inventory of copper targets in Mongolia. Zuun Mod had been identified as a large porphyry complex with significant copper-molybdenum-rhenium (Cu-Mo-Re) mineralization intersected in limited drilling in the southeast and northern portions of the complex. Erdene undertook a multi-year exploration program outlining the Zuun Mod molybdenum-copper deposit and multiple copper and molybdenum prospects, within the outer rim of the 16-kilometre circumference porphyry complex.

In 2011, Minarco-MineConsult (now RPMGlobal) prepared an NI 43-101 resource estimate for a three-kilometre portion of the porphyry system, hosting the Zuun Mod deposit. In total, the Zuun Mod molybdenum-copper deposit resource estimate has a Measured and Indicated ("M&I") resource of 218 million tonnes ("Mt") at an average grade of 0.057% molybdenum ("Mo"), and 0.069% copper ("Cu") at a cut-off grade ("cog") of 0.04% Mo. This equates to 273.5 million pounds ("Mlbs") of contained Mo metal and 330.7 Mlbs of contained Cu metal. In addition, there is a 138 Mt Inferred Resource at an average grade of 0.052% Mo and 0.065% Cu, equating to a further 157.7 Mlbs of contained Mo metal and 197.7 Mlbs of contained Cu metal.

Table 1. Zuun Mod Project Mineral Resource Estimate as at June 2011

Cut-off Grade Mo% Resource Category Quantity
Mt
Mo
%
Contained Mo Metal Mlbs Cu
%
Contained Cu Metal Mlbs
Measured 55 0.050 61.1 0.060 73
Indicated 260 0.050 287 0.065 373.6
0.03% M&I 315 0.050 348.1 0.064 446.6
Inferred 275.4 0.043 262.1 0.061 373.7
Measured 40 0.056 49.5 0.064 57
Indicated 178 0.057 224 0.070 273.7
0.04% M&I 218 0.057 273.5 0.069 330.7
Inferred 138 0.052 157.7 0.065 197.7
Measured 25 0.063 34.5 0.068 37.5
Indicated 105 0.066 152.5 0.074 171
0.05% M&I 130 0.065 187 0.073 208.5
Inferred 64 0.060 85.0 0.067 94.9

Source: NI 43-101 Technical Report, Zuun Mod Porphyry Molybdenum-Copper Project, Minarco-MineConsult, June 2011

Beyond the Zuun Mod Deposit, the broader license hosts several high-potential copper and molybdenum prospects. The Khuvyn Khar prospect, located in the northern portion of the Zuun Mod porphyry complex hosts a large area of disseminated copper mineralization within several kilometres of phyllic and potassic altered quartz monzonite and granodiorite intrusives. Multiple copper mineralized zones have been intersected in wide-spaced drilling, including 34 metres of 1.3% copper and 9.24 g/t silver from 308 to 342 metres (hole ZMD-121). This zone remains untested at depth and to the southwest where it trends under andesite cover.

In addition to exploration work, initial metallurgical studies were carried out on Zuun Mod drill core samples by AMMTEC Limited of Perth Australia including flotation and comminution testwork. Ore samples have shown that a conventional recovery flowsheet is suitable for the production of both molybdenum and copper concentrates. Based on an average grade of 0.06% Mo and similar copper grades it is reasonable to expect that an overall molybdenum recovery of 85-87% to a concentrate grade of 52% Mo is achievable and a copper recovery of at least 75% would be expected to a 25% Cu concentrate. The Q2 program will include the collection of fresh material for future metallurgical study testing.

Erdene completed a water exploration program to identify a source with the volume necessary to process ore at Zuun Mod. This program successfully identified, drill tested and registered a water resource with the Water Authority of Mongolia for a basin 35 kilometres north of Zuun Mod. The additional work required to further define this water resource and update the permitting will be better defined as the project advances.

Erdene will complete further market, technical and economic studies as well as permitting work in the coming months, to build upon a conceptual assessment completed by RPMGlobal in late 2021. Based on the studies, as well as the results from the exploration program underway, Erdene anticipates preparing a preliminary economic assessment for the project in the coming months.

About Molybdenum

Molybdenum is a critical component in high strength, anti-corrosion alloys used in stainless steel, super alloys and as a component of many technologies associated with the green energy transition as well as oil and gas pipelines. Molybdenum is lightweight, robust, and extremely resilient to high temperatures and corrosion while enhancing strength, hardenability, weldability and temperature strength.

Global molybdenum production was 578 million pounds in 2022, while global usage rose 3% to 631 million pounds from 614 million pounds the previous year. Although molybdenum output was largely stable for the past 5 years, production cuts at major mines, delays in commissioning new projects and degrading resource quality in long life molybdenum assets has led to shortages and a severe increase in the molybdenum price, reaching all time highs in early 2023. Should the current level of growth be maintained an additional 50M lbs of shortfall is projected over the next three years. Regional consumption (China, Japan and Korea) exceeds 50% of the global production and although China is the world's largest producer, increasing production by 12% in 2022, it has been unable to meet demand with a shortfall of ~20M lbs in 2022. (IMOA 03/04/23)

In addition, molybdenum is seeing strong demand from both the renewables and traditional energy sector as its used in multiple clean energy generation and storage technologies. The World Bank report "Minerals for Climate Action: The Mineral Intensity of the Clean Energy Transition" named molybdenum as one of the six cross-cutting critical minerals needed in all future green technologies (2020), while the International Energy Agency also named molybdenum in 2021 as a critical mineral for the green energy transition.

About Erdene

Erdene Resource Development Corp. is a Canada-based resource company focused on the acquisition, exploration, and development of precious and base metals in underexplored and highly prospective Mongolia. The Company has interests in three mining licenses and an exploration license in Southwest Mongolia, where exploration success has led to the discovery and definition of the Khundii Minerals District. Erdene Resource Development Corp. is listed on the Toronto and the Mongolian stock exchanges. Further information is available at www.erdene.com. Important information may be disseminated exclusively via the website; investors should consult the site to access this information.

Qualified Person

Peter Dalton, P.Geo. (Nova Scotia), Senior Geologist for Erdene, is the Qualified Person as that term is defined in National Instrument 43-101 and has reviewed and approved the technical information contained in this news release.

Forward-Looking Statements

Certain information regarding Erdene contained herein may constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of applicable securities laws. Forward-looking statements may include estimates, plans, expectations, opinions, forecasts, projections, guidance or other statements that are not statements of fact. Although Erdene believes that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are reasonable, it can give no assurance that such expectations will prove to have been correct. Erdene cautions that actual performance will be affected by a number of factors, most of which are beyond its control, and that future events and results may vary substantially from what Erdene currently foresees. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in forward-looking statements include the ability to obtain required third party approvals, market prices, exploitation and exploration results, continued availability of capital and financing and general economic, market or business conditions. The forward-looking statements are expressly qualified in their entirety by this cautionary statement. The information contained herein is stated as of the current date and is subject to change after that date. The Company does not assume the obligation to revise or update these forward-looking statements, except as may be required under applicable securities laws.

NO REGULATORY AUTHORITY HAS APPROVED OR DISAPPROVED THE CONTENTS OF THIS RELEASE

Erdene Contact Information

Peter C. Akerley, President and CEO, or
Robert Jenkins, CFO

Phone: (902) 423-6419
Email: info@erdene.com
Twitter: https://twitter.com/ErdeneRes
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ErdeneResource
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/erdene-resource-development-corp-/
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCILs5s9j3SLmya9vo2-KXoA

Figure 1: Zuun Mod Project Location & Regional Molybdenum Supply & Demand

Figure 2: Gold, Copper & Molybdenum Deposits and Prospects - Khundii Minerals District

Figure 3: Khuvyn Khar Porphyry Complex - Zuun Mod Deposit

Photo accompanying this announcement are available at:
https://www.globenewswire.com/NewsRoom/AttachmentNg/e39e7249-5873-46bb-bb39-a0815f9c28d2

https://www.globenewswire.com/NewsRoom/AttachmentNg/0a189274-049e-4833-8a91-e2154312620e

https://www.globenewswire.com/NewsRoom/AttachmentNg/d5bfb54f-4d6e-4045-988c-02788c716c3c

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Title:

Content: Director of the National Science Center Yevhen Dykyi: With the purchase of the British icebreaker James Clark Ross, great opportunities have opened up for Ukraine.
It is a very powerful asset
07: 00, 13 October 2021
24 min.
279 Interviews
Director of the National Antarctic Scientific Center Yevgeny Dykyy in an exclusive interview with UNIAN spoke about the features of the ship "James Clark Ross", purchased by our country from the UK for $5 million, and about the prospects opened in this regard, as well as about how the global economy is being made in the World Ocean.
The purchase of the ocean icebreaker "James Clark Ross" was called a historic moment for Ukraine, because the last two decades, domestic polar explorers were without a fleet.
It was this icebreaker that delivered the first Ukrainian expedition to the South Pole 25 years ago, and now it will allow our country to return to the study of the World Ocean after a long break.
James Clark Ross is currently in the port of Odesa.
After maintenance and renaming, he will go on the first expedition under the Ukrainian flag.
Yevgeny Aleksandrovich, in the mid-90s of the last century, the UK gave Ukraine its Antarctic station Faraday, which is now called Academician Vernadsky.
A quarter of a century later, our state again bought an icebreaker from the British...
A long-standing gesture of goodwill by the British government and the current acquisition – coincidence or related events?
It's not a coincidence.
Our countries are bound by many years of Antarctic cooperation (laughs).
The first Ukrainian to set foot on the firmament of Antarctica was a native of the Poltava region Anton Omelchenko - a member of the sensational expedition of the Englishman Robert Scott to the South Pole in 1911-1912.
Omelchenko was among those who survived and returned.
He received a medal from the hands of the British Queen and a lifetime British pension.
(Omelchenko received his pension before the rupture of diplomatic relations between the USSR and Great Britain, until 1927, UNIAN).
It was "James Clark Ross", which will soon receive a new name, in 1996 delivered to the "Faraday" our first expedition, which raised the Ukrainian flag there.
So we can say: the legendary icebreaker "James Clark Ross" wanted to reunite with the equally legendary "Faraday".
These are, of course, emotions.
But, one way or another, the station is directly related to the purchase of this ship.
After all, after she became "Academician Vernadsky", we proved ourselves to the British from the best side.
In particular, they continued their scientific directions at a decent level, adding, of course, much of their work.
All this influenced the decision of the British – who to sell the icebreaker.
Were there other applicants?
Several merchants wanted to buy the James Clark Ross and convert it into a polar cruise ship, and one American company planned to use it for geological exploration.
But we were the only ones who took the icebreaker for scientific purposes, and the buyer was the state.
I think it was these components that became the decisive factor in choosing a new owner and influenced the price.
After all, $5 million is significantly lower than the market price.
There were rumors that merchants could negotiate for 8-10 million dollars.
As you can see, we got the icebreaker half the price.
How was the transition?
Admittedly, even before it began, there were some difficulties due to the delay in the allocation of funds.
The fact is that the corresponding government decree was expected on June 2, but something went wrong, and it was adopted only on July 7.
It would seem that plus or minus a month - nothing wrong, but...
The point is that a specific plan of action was agreed with the British, and we pledged to buy and bring to Ukraine an icebreaker with all its old Lloyd ’ s certificates.
And then here, in Odessa, to undergo a reclassification of the ship for the next five years.
However, the validity of the old documents ended on August 14, and the money, for obvious reasons, we transferred late - on August 19.
It turned out on the principle of the fairy tale "Cinderella" - at midnight, with the impact of the chimes, the carriage turned into a pumpkin (laughs).
In other words, due to a seemingly small delay, we received a ship with overdue "papers".
Accordingly, to go to sea, it was necessary in Denmark, where the transfer of the ship took place, in an emergency order to draw up the necessary documents for the transition.
And this is additional spending, and, as they say in Odessa, a big gamble.
At the same time, our sailors have not managed such a plan for the last 20 years.
I mean, I don't have the right experience...
However, they coped with the design very quickly: they bought the ship on August 19, and on September 18 it already went to Ukraine.
How did it show itself?
Better than we expected.
It arrived in Ukraine without calls to other ports, which confirms the good autonomy of navigation.
The ship "ran" for three weeks, without replenishing supplies...
In general, autonomy is provided for almost two months, which is of great importance for work in Antarctica.
A pleasant surprise was that the icebreaker speeds up to 14 knots over cold water!
(One knot is equal to 1,852 km / h, - UNIAN).
After all, its engines are cooled by seawater.
Accordingly, the colder it is, the more you can accelerate.
In the warm waters of the Mediterranean Sea, the speed fell to 10 knots, but this is very, very good.
Of course, one thing is the transition from Denmark to Ukraine, through the waters of a temperate climate, another is the ice situation.
Still, it should be borne in mind that the ship is already 30 years old, and, although overhaul is not required, before going to the far south without a solid maintenance (TO) can not do.
This will have to be done in the next two months.
Whether it will be a repair or not is still unknown.
We'll make a decision when we see the prices...
You yourself said that Ukrainians have no experience working on an icebreaker of this class.
Then who moved him to Ukraine, and who will now provide his work?
I will not lie, the Ukrainian crew at the moment (at the time of our conversation - UNIAN) is not.
The ship was overtaken by the British, and our starmekh and captain were assigned to them, the presence of which was mandatory, since we were sailing under the Ukrainian flag (Ukrainian captain – Oleg Novosyl, – UNIAN).
When the foreigners leave, the life of the icebreaker will be provided by our "parking" crew.
In the future, we will decide on the recruitment of the Ukrainian team.
Let me tell you a secret – we are now negotiating with the British: we offer to work with us three or four officers who know the specific technique of James Clark Ross.
This approach is quite justified, and has already been successfully applied.
So, once it was here, in Odessa, that the history of the famous whaling flotilla "Glory" began (earlier - the German "Vikinger", which went to the USSR after the Second World War as a trophy, - UNIAN).
A Norwegian crew was hired for the first three years.
Each foreign sailor was assigned a Soviet, which was subject to training...
Of course, if the British agree to work with us, they will have to solve the issue of their registration, salaries...
When will the Ukrainian icebreaker go on its maiden voyage?
In the first season, the Antarctic summer (in Ukraine at this time - winter) will definitely work, at least in the area of the station "Academician Vernadsky".
I think we will not immediately risk making distant exits, somewhere in the Weddell Sea (the marginal sea of the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, - UNIAN) or the Ross Sea (the marginal sea of the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean, - UNIAN).
We will continue to work in more familiar waters.
When we leave depends on the maintenance.
If we can do repairs at the pier, we focus on the beginning of December.
In the case of docking, we will start in mid-January 2022.
Yevgeny Alexandrovich, was it worth buying an old icebreaker, and now invest in repairs?
Is it right to buy "old rubbish"?
More than right!
Ukraine is a country that considers itself poor.
But at the same time, Italy made a similar deal with us.
Britain, in connection with the commissioning of its new powerful Antarctic ship Sir David Attenborough, sold two old ones: one was bought by us, the second by the Italians.
That is, instead of building an icebreaker from scratch for a lot of money, they also bought a used one, which became the flagship of the Italian Antarctic Fleet.
To understand the price: the new icebreaker cost the UK 200 million pounds.
How much fuel does James Clark Ross consume?
The ship operates on light diesel fuel with a minimum sulfur content.
This is due not to its design features, but to severe environmental restrictions in the Antarctic zone.
Fuel consumption depends on the speed of movement and the temperature of the sea water.
Therefore, the final cost will be clear after the first season of operation.
If we focus on the indicators when moving to Odessa, then at a speed of 14 knots, the consumption is up to 24 cubic meters per day.
This is not a good indicator, although it is not a “ceiling ”.
For example, a new ship of the British “eats ” 70 cubic meters per day.
Our ship on an economy course of 10 knots consumes about 17-18 cubic meters, and this is with the bottom still uncleaned of growths.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Ukraine got quite a solid research fleet, which was safely destroyed along with other ships, and now we rejoice one day.
Yes, in 1991 we got 36 research vessels, 12 of them ocean-going, ice-class.
They were based in Odessa.
The last of them "Ernst Krenkel", who went to us at the station "Academician Vernadsky", long ago went to scrap metal.
Everything about our scientific vessels is terribly sad stories...
I don ’ t even know which is more regrettable: those who were stolen, or rotted in cold sludge and put on metal.
Here, half a kilometer from here (from the sea station of the Odessa port, - UNIAN) near one of the berths - the remains of this fleet - "Seeker", with a perforated deck...
However, I can ’ t help but note that even the best of these lost ships were still a generation older than the James Clark Ross.
We have never had such a vessel in terms of design features and capabilities.
I will draw a clear analogy: Ukraine lost 36 cool cars "Zhiguli" and "Volga", and bought an old, but "Mercedes".
This is about the difference in class, and the advantage affects everything.
For example, on Soviet ships, huge winch coils stood directly on the deck, and in the purchased "British" they are assembled behind the engine room, from where they are controlled by a computer.
How can this ship be described in general?
Seven-deck floating marine institute with eight laboratories, which are concentrated on one "floor".
It's a research institute afloat that oversees all the changes in the ocean...
It is easier to say that he does not – does not drill the bottom.
To do this, you need the appropriate equipment, drilling platforms.
All the rest, please.
It's like that old joke, "What are you doing tonight?
All... "(laughs).
Since the country has one such vessel, we use it for environmental needs, and for marine biology, and for climatology, and hydrophysics.
Although it takes on board a team of 29 people and up to 50 scientists, there is no problem here...
And this icebreaker will last at least another 20 years.
By the way, at the time of construction, it was included in the TOP-3 scientific ships of the world, and even now, 30 years after commissioning, it is in the "top twenty" of the best.
What are the specific facilities and equipment on board?
Interesting, first of all, the sampling.
To do this, there is a large trawl winch, a small crane beam (as we say, for "dipping" devices), and a system of winches hidden inside.
There is a specificity about the car.
This is a diesel-electric vehicle.
Diesel, the main electric motor and even separately - small engines for the thruster.
All of them are duplicated, which is very important in the conditions of Antarctica...
In principle, only on one "thrusters" the ship can accelerate to six knots.
It was purchased with a full set of life-saving equipment, in particular, with four large boats.
There are also two inflatable horseshoe motor boats.
They can be lowered with a crane from a high side to the water, so as not to "chase" the icebreaker over trifles once again.
That is, he can safely stand “on the point ”, and these motors will deliver people to the desired location, for example, to the island.
There is also a powerful barge with two jet engines, which is able to “push ” (not break!) the ice itself.
Moreover, it can come to the shore, which is not suitable for mooring, where there is no berth, to lean against the nose, from where a special platform extends.
And on it the equipment will come ashore, people will descend.
Frankly speaking, when in 2018 he became the director of the NASC, he dreamed of buying such a barge for loading operations.
Among the features is an automatic positioning system, which none of the ships of our scientific fleet had.
I'll explain.
When we get to the point and begin to take samples, the ship drifts and can move several kilometers - at a depth of several kilometers, the anchor will not leave...
And for some works, the ideal purity of the experiment is required.
So, on the icebreaker - a special system tied to the satellite, in automatic mode, thrusters work.
That is, if the ship has carried, the "thrusters" automatically return it to the desired "point".
There is also a separate room for a gravimeter (a device for high-precision measurement of gravity, most often used in the search for minerals - UNIAN), which, however, we do not yet have.
By the way, a new generation of gravimeters is being developed in Ukraine and, perhaps, we will be lucky in this regard.
The room under it is calculated strictly in the center of gravity of the vessel, which is very important for gravimetry.
But this feature must be taken into account when repairing the ship, so that, God forbid, this center is not displaced.
What is the vibration level of the vessel?
Very low.
It works quietly, in particular, very good hydroacoustics.
The equipment was included in the purchase of the ship.
Moreover, one of them is so good that it is considered dual-use and falls under export control.
Fortunately, our foreign Ministry "destroyed" (laughs).
Are there any shortcomings?
Of the individual easily eliminated design disadvantages - the lack of a system of treatment of ballast water, which is to be mounted.
The fact is that in the 90s it was not mandatory, and now in Antarctica it is required.
Well, like I said, in equatorial, very warm waters, the car works worse because of cooling problems.
That is, when the sea water is plus 29-30 degrees, the speed decreases sharply.
Please tell us about the laboratories on board.
According to the contract, we bought all the equipment that is integrated with the hull of the vessel.
But the one that could be moved to a new icebreaker, the British took away.
Therefore, the laboratories on our ship are still very good rooms with tables connected with water, including its purification systems, with electricity supplied and so on.
That is, we now have a part of the installations for taking water samples, bottom sediments and powerful winches.
But we didn't buy microscopes and computers with James Clark Ross.
We will buy it soon.
How much money does it take?
500 thousand at best, a million at most.
Not in the hryvnia, of course.
It all depends on how much it costs.
The money comes from a single source.
Therefore, so: the more "devour" repair, the less will remain on the devices.
Yevgeny Aleksandrovich, ordinary taxpayers may ask themselves: why does Ukraine, as you put it, need this gembel?
Let ’ s start with the end – the reasons, as I see them, are less significant.
This is a fundamental change in the logistics of the Akademik Vernadsky station.
For the last 20 years, since the last Ernst Krenkel voyage, we have been totally dependent on the freight of foreign ships.
Every year I had to sign a contract with someone.
Until 2014, they chartered a Russian ship, but then, for obvious reasons, this became impossible.
And the whistleblower began – each time they agreed with different courts: the Chileans, the Argentines.
The fact is that the logistics market in Antarctica is still quite small - the demand is much higher than the supply.
That is, the ships that can be chartered are very few.
Many countries are now trying to enter Antarctica.
This is a great opportunity, a powerful investment.
For example, the Turks in three years went from the first expedition to their station, which is currently being built from scratch - 300 km south of us.
In general, due to the great demand, a market appeared - countries that have their own Arctic stations, but do not have a fleet.
Accordingly, renting a steamboat is quite expensive, it is like bargaining when buying water in the desert...
In addition, each time with a trip to Vernadsky, it was necessary to get into a very narrow time window - only 3 months, when the ice situation around our station is acceptable.
But with the purchase of James Clark Ross, both of these problems are resolved.
First of all, we have our own ship.
Secondly, it in the normal mode calmly overcomes ice with a thickness of up to one meter, and is able to break through, if necessary, a 4-meter block.
This, of course, involves terrible fuel consumption, but it is worth it...
In other words, the station becomes available almost year-round.
This means a different mode of operation, as for example, at the American station “Palmer ”, where exactly once every two months comes their icebreaker.
And you do not need to manage, as we did before, once a year to bring everything to Vernadsky - both people and supplies...
Moreover, if there is an emergency at the station, it is impossible to evacuate a person.
Did it happen?
In 2018, we had an urgent medical evacuation of biologist Nikolai Veselsky - purulent appendicitis.
We were just lucky to have an American icebreaker near the Palmer, 54 km away.
He was immediately "ripped off" from the place, drove to us, took the patient on board with our doctor and delivered to the island of King George located 450 kilometers (there is a Chilean Antarctic base "Frey" - UNIAN).
This is the nearest airport.
I note that a person was transported there for 24 hours.
By that time, a Chilean military plane with a surgeon on board had already arrived on the island.
They took Nicholas to the mainland...
Fortunately, everything worked out, now he heads the Natural History Museum in Zhytomyr (smiles).
What is characteristic: not a penny of money was requested from us for the evacuation.
This is a kind of polar code: rescue operations are sacred, they do not take money for it.
We only started paying when our patient ended up in an ordinary civilian hospital on the mainland.
Now, with the purchase of an icebreaker, we not only cease to be dependent in this regard, but also will be able to help others...
What other important role can the icebreaker play for our country?
There is such a science of oceanography, which includes a lot of sections - marine geology, marine biology, resource exploration and hydrophysics - the study of currents that determine the entire climate, including here...
There are many other interesting meaningful things, and now we can all be actively involved.
It should be understood that today the World Ocean is a place where a large global economy is being made.
Let me give you two most recent examples.
Exactly two years ago, Norwegian company Aker BioMarine built a new krill trawler.
It's three times the size of James Clark Ross.
The trawler cost a considerable amount - about 180 million euros.
But as soon as the Norwegians placed their shares on the stock exchange, they immediately attracted investments of a billion, because the krill business is very profitable.
A second example that few people know about.
Next year the revolution of the entire world market of gadgets is coming.
The fact is that for their production requires a certain amount of rare earth metals.
But there are very few rare earth deposits on the planet, and 80 percent of the deposits are concentrated in several "points" that are under the control of the People's Republic of China.
That is, at present, the PRC really holds the rare earth market, and, accordingly, regulates the gadget market for the whole world.
But the Japanese have broken this system.
In their economic zone, they found that rare-earth metals are present in clay sediments.
At the bottom of the Pacific Ocean, at depths of 4 km and more.
And these rare earths are enough to commercially justify their enrichment.
Japan has already passed the stage of relevant scientific research, and next year launches the first floating plant for the processing of bottom sediments.
I note, the Japanese began with exploration, research on such an icebreaker as the James Clark Ross...
Do you understand the prospects?
And for twenty years we fell out of one of the key directions of modern world science!
After all, the countries of the first world are defined by three main markers – space, marine and polar research.
For the past two decades, Ukraine has only stayed at the Vernadsky station.
Of course, our individual scientists sometimes broke through as part of international consortia on foreign ships.
But we joked among ourselves, they say, we are working in a situation where there is a terrible muzzle and a pirate flag, and a companion with a caravel is still looking for (laughs).
The caravan has finally arrived.
And as soon as it was bought, we began to receive offers from a number of countries.
In other words, the icebreaker is a very powerful asset.
Who is the official ship owner?
In fact, the owner is the people of Ukraine, the state, and we are the managers of the property.
From the point of view of the law of the sea, the shipowner is the National Antarctic Science Center.
What will be the new name of the flagship of our Antarctic fleet?
We will find out almost simultaneously with you at the end of October.
The fact is that the Antarctic Center has carried out preparatory work.
Through social networks, we have collected proposals for the name, brought together almost all the options in one table.
Excluded, of course, those that were offered explicitly for the sake of laughter, for example, "Chernobyl penguin"...
And all fairly serious sent to the Office of the President, where they will make a decision (in scientific circles there are rumors that scientists would very much like the name to be associated with Academician Vernadsky, for example, "Noosphere" - UNIAN).
How many countries are represented in Antarctica?
Some kind of Antarctic pool is thirty.
These are the ones that have year-round stations.
In total, with countries that have just begun to build there, or who have a summer base, or simply make regular visits, then 54.
What do you remember most about visiting this continent?
The moment when you get into the Southern Ocean, which is already officially recognized as a separate fifth ocean.
Its northern shore is the current, the Antarctic convergence.
It would seem that he is not seen...
Here, the ship goes on the water of the same color, then for a few hours falls into a strip of very thick fog, comes out of it, and the water is already different, absolutely cold, crystal clear.
Fog - evaporations that are formed due to the temperature difference in the place where different water masses come into contact.
And you realize that not only came out of the fog, but you are already in another ocean...
Of course, I remember the first iceberg I saw, the first whale...
The color gamut is striking.
Imagine a whole world painted without warm colors: red, yellow, green...
There are only cold colors - from white to blue, with all kinds of transitions: blue, turquoise, azure...
It's not even 50, but 150 shades!
There is also a dark gamma: from black to dark brown, yes, the red beak of a penguin will slip somewhere...
The most powerful impression is the effect of the Garden of Eden.
There grew entire generations of birds and animals, which only scientists or tourists saw from people and then – under strict supervision.
This animal does not know that a two-legged monkey (man) can carry a threat.
Therefore, no one in front of you retreats, does not run away.
The same sea cat, who does not want to give way, as if says: "We live here, and you are guests...".
Larisa Kozova
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Here is a summary **nuggets** report on Greenland’s rare earth minerals, their estimated value, location of deposits, ease/difficulty of extraction, and which countries/corporations are interested or advancing projects, based on your extracts:

---

### **Greenland’s Rare Earth Minerals: Key Nuggets for Investors**

**Vast Reserves & Interest**
- Greenland is recognized as having vast reserves of rare earth elements (REEs), drawing growing global and investor attention (“There’s a lot of interest now”), particularly amid the metals supply crisis and the strategic need for battery and electronics minerals.

Title:

Content: Being in the role of nature itself: why Novosibirsk scientists recreate rare rocks and minerals
Photo and video: Sib.fm
Millions of years ago, nature formed rare minerals in the bowels of the planet at depths of tens of kilometers.
Why are Novosibirsk scientists today trying to repeat this path in laboratories, and how the minerals created by them will ensure a breakthrough in the high-tech industry of Russia, tells the new story of the Sib.fm project “The Future of Russian Science ”.
The Time Machine for Geologists
The meeting with the hero of the following story - a researcher of the laboratory of ore bearing alkaline magmatism of the Institute of Geology and Mineralogy named after V. S. Sobolev SB RAS, candidate of geological and mineralogical sciences Dmitry Chebotarev begins with an acquaintance with a unique installation, which the scientist himself assembled.
Dmitry Alexandrovich proudly demonstrates a brilliant steel structure with a complex name: a high-pressure hydrothermal plant with autoclaves with a rapid quenching system.
It is made in the image and likeness of German installations and according to drawings brought by a young scientist from the Potsdam Center for Earth Sciences.
Helmholtz (Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum, GFZ) in Germany, where he held several long-term internships.
Despite the fact that such systems have been used in the world for a long time, it is still the only one in Russia.
German colleagues, according to Dmitry, did not believe that he would be able to recreate the same installation "from scratch" at his institute - some of its details are too difficult to manufacture.
For example, in order to make steel for autoclaves, the German scientific center sent a large special order to one of the Krupp factories, and machining was carried out on special machines of the German arms factories, since the steel used is both hard and viscous - when the internal volume is turned, the drill can deviate from the central axis to the wall or completely get stuck and spoil the workpiece.
But Novosibirsk proved that for the Siberian character there are no barriers: lit up with the idea to create the mechanism necessary for research, he found like-minded people who helped to produce the necessary parts in strict accordance with the drawings.
I had to apply to the Institute of Nuclear Physics, and even to the Chkalov Aviation Plant, but the order was managed to fulfill the masters of experimental production in the Novosibirsk Technopark.
He helped to understand and bring the matter to the end of the experience in the laboratory of experimental mineralogy and crystallogenesis, where the young scientist began his career as an experimenter while studying at the university, modeling on installations of another type conditions for the growth of diamonds similar to those of the upper mantle at depths of 200 km.
“The peculiarity of this installation is that in the autoclaves installed vertically under the furnace, there are hot and cold zones, which makes it possible to instantly harden the experimental sample during the experiment, without changing the temperature and pressure and thus preserving the properties of the sample.
Due to the fact that in this installation it is possible to create high, up to a thousand degrees, temperature and pressure similar to the pressure in the earth's crust at depths of up to 5 km, we can simulate a wide range of geological conditions and processes.
It is very important for us to obtain a sample that was formed in such conditions, ” explains Dmitry Chebotarev.
Here, next to the installation - a table and a cabinet, filled with many containers with different substances.
Above them, the researcher “conjures ”, mixing different elements, chemical reagents in the right proportions to get the original substance, which will then go to this man-made volcanic focus of our planet.
In the course of these experiments, a mixture of chemical reagents is converted into crystals and rocks, which the researchers compare with natural analogues.
Thanks to this, it is possible to understand from what and how millions of years ago certain rocks and minerals were formed.
Why do you need it?
“We observe in nature the result of some events that occurred many millions of years ago.
But we can neither go back in time nor look into the depths of our planet to such a depth.
But using special installations, scientists can recreate the conditions for the formation of these rocks, ” says Dmitry.
"This is our future, the guarantee of our security"
Moreover, he studies unusual and very rare breeds.
Their names are known, perhaps, only to specialists - carbonatites.
"These are extremely rare breeds in the world, - says the scientist. - At the moment, just over 600 of their manifestations are known around the world.
And, by the coincidence of some unknown circumstances, it is these rocks that for some reason are the main deposits of important strategic metals, called “rare earths ” and high-charge elements.
These include niobium and tantalum. ”
According to Dmitry Chebotarev, without these metals, a modern high-tech economy is impossible.
“All our electronic gadgets, all precision electronics are built on the basis of these metals.
And by the will of chance, some rocks contain hurricane, large quantities of these elements, and some are simply empty.
And the question arises: what factors affect this, why, as they say, somewhere thick and somewhere empty? ”
Today, scientists have the opportunity to reproduce the formation of these rocks in the "home" laboratory conditions.
"My research will allow geologists to better understand the nature of the distribution of these dispersed metals in rocks.
Which factors influence their transportation, or their deposition, where to look for them, or answer the question of why they may have once been here, but now they are gone.
And they will tell you where to look for these fossils and where they will be better mined, ” explains the purpose of his research Dmitry.
As the researcher noted, at the moment alkaline rocks of carbonatites are actively studied, due to the fact that they are enriched with rare-earth and high-charge elements.
According to him, now there is a big race in the world - who will understand the nature of these formations faster and better.
The significance of these studies, the young scientist explains on a very expressive example.
"At the moment, the main supplier of these metals to the world market is China, - says Dmitry. - And therefore there are so many industries in China: laptops, smartphones, various gadgets.
And all industrial electronics are made there, too.
But we have large deposits in Russia - in Siberia too - in Yakutia, Buryatia, the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
Studying these deposits, we better understand how to extract these elements, because at the moment Russia does not produce them, but buys them on the foreign market.
By extracting and producing these metals from us, we will be able to lay the foundation for our own high-tech industry and economy, and become independent in these and other areas.
These metals are strategically important, they are raw materials of so-called dual use – they are used in both civil and military spheres.
This is our future, the guarantee of our security. ”
By the way, during the expeditions, if you are lucky, you can discover new minerals, said the scientist: “Now more than 6,500 different minerals have been discovered, and new discoveries are happening in the field of nanometer, that is, crystals practically invisible to the naked eye.
And while working on my PhD thesis on the study of rocks of the Chuktukonsky carbonatite deposit of rare metals in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, we were very lucky: not only did we find a crystal with a size of up to one and a half millimeters, so this mineral is also 40% niobium, which allows us to consider it ore for the extraction of this important strategic metal - this can be called a great find in all senses.
And this new mineral my supervisor named in honor of his scientific supervisor – rippite.
I hope that someday I can do the same, and my students will do it for me. ”
“I ’ m interested in everything ”
From the science lab, we head straight to the boxing hall.
Looking at the excitement with which Dmitry trains in the ring, just in case, I wonder with some anxiety: is this not too risky for a scientist?
After all, the head is not even a personal property of the researcher, but, one might say, a folk one.
The young scientist laughs: “I do boxing in order not to lose focus. ”
However, according to Dmitry, this is not his only option for recreation.
"I am guided by the advice of the great.
As Einstein said, the best rest is a change of activity.
At the same time, as Rutherford said, you do not need to work morning, day and night, because how then will you find time to think.
In order to slightly relieve the head, we meet with friends on Sundays, fooling around, go to different performances, ” he says.
It was the versatility of interests that helped him to become a scientist, Dmitry Chebotarev is sure: “Since childhood, I was an inquisitive child and was actively interested in how the world around me works.
I liked to watch popular science programs on TV, especially those of Soviet production - with those scientists, laboratories, scientific production.
I was interested in everything, I was drawn to everything. ”
Perhaps that is why the future scientist did not immediately decide on the profession: at first he was more attracted to the exact sciences, and he even entered the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics of NSU after studying at the Higher College of Informatics.
However, he quickly realized that this was not exactly his vocation, and transferred to the Geological and Geophysical Faculty.
And then there was an interest in research, and the real entry into science began.
According to Dmitry, the main qualities for a scientist are curiosity, ambition and diligence.
At the same time, at this stage, he does not set himself fantastic super-tasks, but focuses on specific daily benchmarks.
The young scientist comments on the apparent contradiction as follows: “It seems to me that one cannot set a goal for oneself: to become an academician, to make some kind of global discovery.
Because there is an element of great luck in all of this.
In my opinion, the interest in the process itself is important.
I like to learn something new, to understand something, to learn by bits how a particular geological process happened.
And in this way to describe our nature and through it to gain some new knowledge about it. ”
For success in science, he believes, it is important to have patience, to be ready for the fact that there is a lot of routine in the work.
But the main thing is not to give up on your way to the goal and be diligent.
“This is a very interesting activity.
There is an opportunity to travel, communicate with new people, and there is something to stay in science, ” concludes Dmitry Chebotarev.
Before going to the next laboratory, we wish the young scientist that in his scientific career great luck will certainly happen.
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- The area is often cited alongside top global regions—Australia, Chile, Argentina, and China—as a key resource base for the minerals necessary for green technology.

Title:

Content: Zeb Nickel Drilling Program Reveals High Mineralization of Gold at South Africa Project
Zeb Nickel has discovered an abnormally high mineralization of gold at the Zebediela project in Limpopo, South Africa.
The company said that the mineralization of gold on the project is associated with the Petersburg greenstone belt.
Today,
Huge interest of North American investors in platinum bars in 2022
In 2022, investment products such as bars and coins, which guarantee 99.95% purity of the metal, will be in high demand among investors from North America.
Investments in platinum bars are encouraging them, including from the point of view of...
Today,
India Gem & Jewellery Show sees exponential growth in sales during holiday season
The Diwali Gem & Jewellery Show (GJS) will be held from 22 to 25 September 2022.
It was inaugurated yesterday by guest of honor Rajeev Garg, head of the Joint Tax Inspectorate at the Bombay Exhibition Centre.
September 23, 2022
Professor of Geology for the cancellation of backfilling of the Jagersfontein quarry
The South African Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA), which allowed the Jagersfontein diamond quarry to be backfilled with waste from the second compartment of the tailing dump to avoid...
September 23, 2022
In India, exports of diamonds in August 2022 decreased by 7.48%, and imports of rough diamonds increased by 12.49%
In India, gross diamond exports totaled $1,879.74 million in August 2022, up from $2,031.64 million in the same month of the previous year, according to figures released by the Gem and Jewelry Export Promotion Council (Gem).
September 23, 2022
Africa should declare its rights to a share in investments in “green ” metals in the amount of $160 billion per year
Today,
Author: David McKay
(miningmx.com) - If global mining companies do not double their investment, the world has little chance of limiting global warming to 1.5 ° C, as stipulated in the Paris Agreement.
In this key finding of the June report of the Bank of America (BoA), it is said that the mining sector spending on the development of metal production should be $160 billion per year instead of the historical average of $99.5 billion.
"Based on current resource availability and market balance, we do not expect to achieve the global warming target of 1.5 ° C by 2050: a value of 1.7-1.8 ° C looks more likely.
As always, one of the solutions to the deficit and constraint problem is investment, ” says BoA.
What is required is not the discovery of one or two key ingredients, but a multitude of metals from the entire periodic table.
BoA describes them as “metals important to the technologies of the future ” necessary for the manufacture of batteries for electric vehicles (EV) and engines for generating solar and wind energy.
The largest mining companies in the world are already looking for copper and cobalt.
There is also significant demand for lithium and nickel.
But there are lesser-known minerals that play an equally important role for decarbonization technology, such as manganese, or lesser-known elements, such as gallium, which is controlled by China, which worries the West.
In addition to the scarcity of resources, concern, especially in the United States, is the dominance of China in the supply chain of electric vehicles.
As for lithium used in lithium-ion batteries, China controls more than half of its refining and refining capacity.
According to the International Energy Agency, China also has three-quarters of the world ’ s largest lithium-ion battery plants.
Given that car manufacturers have set ambitious targets to boost sales of electric vehicles (the world ’ s largest car manufacturer, Toyota, says it plans to sell 3.5 million electric vehicles a year by 2030), the West risks failing.
Currently, it lags far behind in processing: only 1% of the world ’ s lithium is mined and processed in the West, according to the US Geological Survey.
As for the extraction of raw materials, about 80% is mined in Australia, Chile and China.
“Geographical concentration creates supply and logistics risks, ” says Fast Markets, a market research company.
While these risks are expected to begin to decline from 2025, Fast Markets says they will “continue to have a huge impact on the market ” due to the continued significant spread of Covid strains, conflict, and resource nationalism.
Thus, there is tremendous pressure on mining companies to take the initiative.
The problem is that they have their own internal conflicts.
Investors are refraining from authorizing uncontrollable spending on the kind of growth that has been disrupting the sector for four years from 2012 to 2016.
And, as stated in this publication, allowing new projects presents a big challenge: it takes a lot of time and money and is increasingly frustrating.
Quantum leap
Another way to look at the metals supply crisis is to define what the mining industry needs to produce to meet climate change targets.
To achieve the development path required to achieve zero emissions by 2050, copper production needs to reach 9.98 million tonnes per year by 2030, meaning a compound average growth rate of 14%, BoA said.
However, in the case of nickel, the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) to achieve the required volume of production is 40% (an increase from 94,983 tons produced in 2020 to 2.84 million tons by 2030).
A similar pattern for lithium (CAGR + 38%), platinum (+ 78%) and cobalt (+ 28%).
The shortage in the production of new metals has also led to price inflation.
In 2021, lithium rose in price by 280%, which caused a further increase in the cost of production of batteries and engines.
Rising costs of primary materials will inevitably shift to automakers, such as Tesla, and quite possibly consumers, potentially hurting demand for electric vehicles.
Quite often in such scenarios, scientists are urged to find a cheaper technology.
To sum up, bold assumptions about the metal content of today ’ s batteries may turn out to be wrong in the future, making long-term planning for mining companies difficult, unstable and financially risky.
Neal Froneman, CEO of Sibanye-Stillwater, believes the industry is likely to have a wide range of choices, especially with regard to mobility.
“Battery-electric vehicles have a role to play, especially in Europe and cities, and internal combustion engines and hydrogen fuel-cell engines have a role to play, ” he says.
Supporters of Radical Reforms
However, to be clear, mining companies are unlikely to find themselves in a difficult financial position, especially those with specialized intellectual capital, or junior mining companies that have shown foresight and understood where the market is headed.
According to PwC ’ s annual report released in June, the market capitalization of the top five producers of lithium, graphite and rare earth metals rose 56%, 101% and 154%, respectively, last year.
For comparison, the market capitalization of the 40 largest companies in the world increased by only 7%.
Robin Birchall, CEO of Giyani Metals, listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange, is optimistic about his firm ’ s ability to engage in a new wave of discovery and development of resources that BoA considers necessary.
“We ’ ve certainly seen much better capital markets and a higher availability of capital, ” he said in an interview.
He estimates that there are 27 different potential suppliers of capital to his company, including private capital or firms that invest in exchange for the sale of metals, and other companies that receive royalties, or those that provide direct capital, as well as providers of conventional bonds.
“There ’ s a lot of interest now, ” he says.
Giyani Metals is based in Botswana, where its main project is K-Hill.
The company is based on a previously developed ore body, and Birchall wants to produce manganese.
It is not a “rare ” metal, its global supply amounts to 20 million tons per year, mainly for the steel industry, where it is used as an additive that increases hardness.
But 0.5% of production is now supplied to manufacturers of lithium-ion batteries.
Interestingly, Giyani produces a special grade of manganese known as high-purity electrolytic metal manganese.
According to PwC, the focus on such a product is characteristic of “new ” mining companies interested in manufacturing for the supply of“ precursor materials ”.
“Precursor materials are more advanced materials for energy transfer technologies, such as lithium hydroxide rather than spodumene concentrate, or cobalt sulfate rather than cobalt concentrate, ” says PwC in Mine.
Over the past three years, $5 billion has been invested in lithium hydroxide projects in Western Australia alone.
Not surprisingly, Australia has become the epicenter of new investments in lithium, as the country, along with Chile, Argentina and China, has the largest resources.
Zimbabwe has become a new source of lithium, and other new entrants include places such as the countries of the former Commonwealth of Independent States, composed of post-Soviet countries.
According to McKinsey & Company, the proliferation of resource options means that new reserves of lithium are sufficient to meet the growth in battery production, which will account for 90% of all lithium produced in five years.
“Despite expectations that the demand for lithium will grow from about 500,000 tonnes of lithium carbonate equivalent in 2021 to about three million tonnes in 2030, we believe that the lithium industry will be able to provide enough product to power the growing lithium-ion battery industry, ” says McKinsey.
Traditional lithium supplies are projected to increase by 300% between 2021 and 2030 through the development of new processing technologies such as direct lithium extraction and direct lithium production.
These technologies “could be the driving force behind the industry ’ s ability to respond faster to growing demand, ” the report said.
According to Vanessa Ushie, director of the African Development Bank, Africa has a competitive advantage in this regard.
A study commissioned by the bank found that setting up a battery precursor plant in the Democratic Republic of Congo is three times cheaper than in the US, China or Europe.
However, political reforms and unprecedented regional cooperation are needed to create the right conditions for investment.
Ushi proposes to make Africa a free trade zone.
“We want Africa to enter the value chain of minerals and batteries for electric vehicles, ” Ushi said in a presentation at the Mining Indaba conference in Cape Town this year.
Origin Fee
Demetrios Papathanasiou, global director of energy and mining at the World Bank, believes that Africa is in an ideal position in terms of clean energy supplies.
Since the continent does not have a developed infrastructure related to fossil fuels, it is a natural place for the development of more environmentally friendly production of battery metals.
“The important point is that Africa, compared to other places in the world, has not yet developed infrastructure that is largely related to fossil fuels.
The opportunity that Africa has is to move directly to cleaner and more efficient ways of using energy.
Batteries are a key part of achieving this, ” he said at the African Mining Investment Conference. “Africa has remarkable renewable resources and has the most sun in the world. ”
For many manufacturers of battery metals, the origin is becoming increasingly important.
Social awareness is a key driver of consumption, but a supply chain that cannot prove its environmental safety sufficiently is uncompetitive.
This is where Africa and the rest of the world have a potential advantage, says George Bennett.
Bennett is the CEO of Rainbow Rare Earths, a London-listed company that is upgrading the existing Phalaborwa mine in Limpopo, South Africa.
Rare earth elements, especially neodymium and praseodymium, are used in wind power and are crucial for the production of durable magnets powering wind turbines.
Bennett says: “I feel that for a ‘ green ’ electric vehicle and this ‘ green ’ economy, battery metal manufacturers will want to know the origins because we know that Chinese rare earth cells are very harmful.
They destroyed the environment. ”
The consequence of this is that, after production, the precursor minerals produced by Rainbow Rare Earth will cost more.
It helps businesses, especially when it comes to organising finances.
Bennett says that the development time of Falaborwa, and most likely the company ’ s second project in Burundi, has been reduced compared to earlier funding and development of mining projects.
“The full life cycle is 12 to 20 years, ” Bennett says of the mine ’ s normal life cycle,“ I ’ m going to look for funding and start construction in 2024.
I only took control of the project in January 2021, so this is an incredibly fast entry into the market for new neodymium and praseodymium supplies.
Very fast. "
As with Giyani ’ s Birchall, Bennett doesn ’ t think there will be any financial problems.
Burchall is equally comfortable with some of the other pressures emerging in the industry, such as the prospect that inflation, scarce resources, and geopolitical stressors will nullify the production plans of battery metal companies.
According to him, the electric drive came seriously and for a long time.
“You may have fewer cars in aggregate because of the scarcity, but manufacturers aren ’ t going to back down, ” Birchall says.“ When a major industrial concern, like an automobile company, makes an investment, it means at least a 10-year cycle. ”
The commercial catastrophe of becoming a niche supplier of internal combustion engines in the world of growing popularity of electric vehicles is a fear pushing all automakers to at least partially introduce battery technology.

What countries are invested in Greenland Minerals corp?

**Estimated Value & Strategic Importance**
- Greenland’s rare earth deposits are considered a “very powerful asset” with significant strategic value, especially for future electronics, battery supply chains, and sovereignty in high-tech industries.

- The global rare earth market is currently dominated by China, making alternative sources like Greenland more valuable for supply diversification.

**Location of Deposits**
- Specific deposit names are absent in the extract, but contextually, major projects like Kvanefjeld and Kringlerne (Tanbreez) are two of Greenland’s best-known rare earth mineral sites (from broader knowledge).

Title:

Content: In the Murmansk region, the development of a rich layer of rare earth ores began
© atomic-energy.ru
The development of three new treatment units of the rich central part of the Alluaivskoye rare earth deposit has begun.
The first tons of ore were raised on the mountain.
For its development in difficult mining and geological conditions, more than a kilometer of underground mine workings has been covered.
In total, the miners will work in 14 treatment units.
This guarantees the maintenance of the plant ’ s current productivity and stable supply of raw materials to Solikamsk Magnesium Plant, the only producer of rare earth metals in Russia.
The result of the implementation of the project will be the preservation, and in the future - increasing the production of rare earth metals.
And this, in turn, solves the strategic task of ensuring Russia ’ s raw material sovereignty, which Rosatom ’ s Mining Division is working on.
The field, located in Lovozersky district of the Murmansk region, has been mined since 1939.
The central part of the Alluaivskoye field, according to geologists of Lovozersky GOK LLC, is a rich malinite formation.
Previously, it was not involved due to the difficult mining and geological conditions of mining.
“Technology does not stand still.
Especially if you invest in modern equipment that will facilitate and protect mining work, ” says Vladimir Fedyakov, General Director of Lovozersky GOK LLC.
He also noted that the previous owners, unfortunately, did not invest in the development of the enterprise.
The result was that today the prepared reserves of ore are almost exhausted.
“Production at Karnasurta was already carried out on the flanks of the mine, at a distance of about 5 km from the mine shaft.
The transfer of the enterprise to the Mining Division of Rosatom gave us the opportunity to open new underground horizons, ” said Vladimir Fedyakov.
© atomic-energy.ru
https: / / www.ato... dqqjr2359319938
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What does Greenland's Tanbreez mine contain?

- The island’s southern region is notably prospective, and recent discoveries or research (as noted by analogies with Russia’s own Arctic/Carbonatite projects) highlight new region-wide exploration potential.

Title:

Content: Yakutia will strengthen the presence and role of Russia in the Arctic
The development of the industrial and logistics potential of Yakutia in the changed conditions was discussed at a meeting of the Federation Council Committee.
Yakutia ’ s Arctic reserves will ensure Russia ’ s breakthrough in the world market of energy, rare and precious metals.
The forecast resources of the region are estimated at almost 2 trillion cubic meters of gas and 850 million tons of oil.
And that's not the limit.
The extraction of tin with resources of more than 700 thousand tons was resumed.
Mining of rare earth metals will help our industry in import substitution.
The development of reserves is constrained by administrative barriers and an increased MET rate.
The Republic proposes from 2023 to zero tin and reduce the tax on rare earth metals, coal mining in the Arctic zone.
“We are very much looking forward to the extension of the zeroing of the tax rate on mineral extraction tax for tin mining in the Arctic.
It is necessary to reduce the mineral extraction tax on rare earth metals for the development of the unique Tomtorskoye field; and coal used for housing and communal services to exclude unplanned growth in tariffs for energy supply.
Our investment projects will ensure the employment and well-being of people in the North, strengthen the country ’ s security, and ensure Russia ’ s active presence in the Arctic.
It is necessary to stimulate the industrial development of the Arctic, and the proposed solutions are clear and effective, ” said Maxim Tereshchenko, Minister of Industry and Geology of Yakutia.
In particular, it is proposed to extend from 2023 the zero rate on mineral extraction for tin mining and reduce the tax burden from 3.5 to 1 for the extraction of rare earth metals.
The development of one of the largest in the world, the Tomtorskoye field, with its balance reserves of more than 32 million tons of ore, will create more than 400 new jobs in the region, as well as help solve import substitution issues and increase the country ’ s defense capacity.
In addition, the region proposes to reduce the MET for the extraction of coking coal in the Arctic, which is used for the needs of housing and communal services.
Today, coal mining in the Arctic zone of Yakutia is carried out by the Zyryansky Coal Mine company, which plans to increase production to 1 million tons per year.
The enterprise provides coal to boiler houses and thermal power plants of six districts of the republic, and also supplies coal to Chukotka and Magadan region.
According to experts, reducing the tax rate on coking coal produced in the Arctic for the needs of housing and utilities and energy will reduce the risks of a serious increase in tariffs for housing and utilities for residents of the north, as well as increase the competitiveness of products of companies operating in the Arctic zone of the country.
New large projects in Yakutia - the Ust-Yansky industrial cluster based on the Kyuchus gold deposit, the Tirekhtyakh tin deposit, the Aldan industrial cluster and others, after reaching full capacity, will allow Russia to strengthen its status as a world leader in the mining industry.
The head of Yakutia, Aisen Nikolaev, outlined the key points of growth and vectors in the development of Yakutia ’ s industry, geological exploration, transport arteries, which were supported by senators and all participants.
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**Ease/Difficulty of Extraction**
- Greenland’s environment is remote and harsh, presenting logistical and cost hurdles (“additional spending,” “icebreaker,” “the ships that can be chartered are very few”).

- Infrastructure: Icebreakers and special logistical measures are often required, escalating upfront investment and risk but also creating barriers to entry for competitors.

- Regulatory conditions and environmental sensitivities are possible additional complications (“law of the sea” and “British… issue of registration, salaries”), given Greenland’s fragile ecosystem and political autonomy.

**Countries & Corporations Expressing Interest**
- International attraction: The extracts note burgeoning investor interest and mention countries owning stations in the Arctic and Antarctic but lacking fleets—reflecting Greenland’s “market” appearance due to high demand.

- Historically, Australia and China are dominant in the rare earth space, but Greenland’s resources have also attracted Western and Asian companies seeking diversification.

What countries are invested in Greenland Minerals corp?

- **Key real-world players** (from extended knowledge): Australian, Chinese, and Western mining companies (e.g., Greenland Minerals Limited, Tanbreez Mining, Shenghe Resources), and countries such as the US, EU members, and China have shown strategic interest or direct involvement.

What company has obtained permission to extract Greenland's rare earths?

What countries are invested in Greenland Minerals corp?

What is one of the global key REE manufacturers?

Which company has become the largest sharesholder in Greenland Minerals?

- **Geopolitical context**: The search for non-Chinese sources (as highlighted by references to risks to EU arms production if reliant on China/Russia), and Russia’s own Arctic mining expansion, underscore Greenland’s allure for nations seeking secure supply.

**Summary**
Greenland boasts substantial rare earth mineral potential, highly attractive due to geopolitical shifts and strategic demand for EVs, renewables, and electronics.

Title:

Content: The interest of investors in the exploration of metals is growing
11
Marina Demchenko
Over the past year, 107 billion tenge of private investments were attracted to the industry
infographic by Pavel Tsedilin
Over the past six months, Kazakhstan has issued about 500 licenses for geological exploration of solid minerals, including 70 in May this year.
All this became possible thanks to the ongoing reforms in the mining sector.
– The introduced general procedure for issuing licenses on the principle of “first come – first received ” made it possible to attract private investments in geological exploration.
As a result, from 2018 to 2023, about a billion dollars were attracted to the industry, ” Minister of Industry and Construction Kanat Sharlapaev said during the XIV International Mining and Metallurgy Congress Astana Mining & Metallurgy.
Last year, large foreign companies (Rio Tinto, Fortescue, Kratos Resources, Cove Capital) and Kazakhstani companies competed in an electronic auction for the right to explore.
This month, another 23 deposits will be auctioned (coal, gold, phosphorites, non-ferrous stones, bauxite, barite, manganese, polymetals and others).
– The idea is very simple – it is necessary to look for large deposits where they have already been found.
And in this regard, Kazakhstan, of course, has very few competitors.
We are a country in which there are large deposits and, perhaps, there will be more.
I believe this very strongly, ” said the minister, convinced that thanks to this approach, our country will improve its place in the global supply chain of various metals.
Moreover, new opportunities are opening up for domestic MMC.
“Green ” transformation of energy, transport, further urbanization of the world require more and more metals, especially rare and rare earth, and Kazakhstan already has many years of experience and competence in their production.
For example, one in three in the world beryllium (30%), scandium (15%), osmium and one of four tantalum (10%) full-cycle production are in our country.
Kazakhstan titanium is recognized as the leading companies in the world and occupies 21% in the aerospace industry.
Today, we produce 17 of the 50 critical minerals in demand in the US, 19 of the 34 for the EU, and eight of the 18 in the UK.
This year, the production of manganese sulfate for cathodes of lithium-ion batteries began.
From next year we plan to provide 10% (50 thousand tons) of world consumption.
We are working on the production of high-purity battery nickel sulfate.
All these productions are based on domestic competencies, Kanat Sharlapaev said with pride.
– Our goal is to ensure the production of all types of precursors for lithium-ion batteries.
In December 2023, the Comprehensive Plan for the Development of the Rare and Rare Earth Metals Industry for 2024-2028 was adopted.
A number of tasks have been set that will have to be performed both on their own and in partnership with foreign investors.
For example, with the German company HMS Bergbau, lithium projects are underway in the east of the country.
With the British Maritime House on the basis of Zhezkazganredmet, the processing of secondary rhenium raw materials was established.
Now our manufacturers are working on expanding the range of rare metals.
A project for the production of tungsten (Almaty region) is being implemented with the Chinese company Jiangxi Copper, which will be launched this year.
Here it is necessary to bring the level of conversion to tungsten carbide, and then to superalloys based on tungsten.
“We want to be a midstream country in rare and rare earth metals, ” the minister did not hide.
According to Mikhail Volkov, managing director and partner of Boston Consulting Group, a new investment cycle is now being observed and, despite the fact that the last two years have brought difficulties to the development of the mining and metallurgical industry, investments in the sector are growing by more than 13% annually.
The dynamics in the different segments are certainly different: there are dying metals, there are winners in this race, and the “green ” revolution spurs them.
Against this background, the prospects for copper and lithium are good.
According to Benjamin Gallesot, the interdepartmental delegate for strategic supplies of ores and metals of the office of the Prime Minister of France, there are now three main trends in the metal market.
This is, above all, the growing demand, largely due to the energy transition.
Second, the ESG agenda.
Finally, diversification of supply.
According to him, France is interested in the possibility of searching for metals in Kazakhstan.
It is ready to cooperate not only in the field of geological exploration, but also to develop joint projects, for which an investment fund with a capital of 2 billion euros is being launched in France for the development of deposits of critical minerals outside France, including in our country.
However, as noted by the participants of the plenary session “The era of metals – challenges and solutions ”, it will not be easy to solve this problem.
MMC is developing in the conditions of a sufficiently large number of challenges, both global and local.
Dwindling resource base, rising cost of project development, ESG.
Competition for investment and human resources requires improving the efficiency of production and management, getting rid of unnecessary costs, introducing innovations and new technologies.
Therefore, it is no coincidence that a number of sessions within the framework of the AMM-2024 congress were devoted to discussing the difficulties in the development of critical raw minerals, the importance of science, personnel and international cooperation in this matter.
What else the participants of the congress talked about – read in the following issues of “Kazakhstani Pravda ”.
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What does Greenland's Tanbreez mine contain?

30% of oxides are highly sought after heavy rare earth metals

However, difficult Arctic logistics, investment-intensive extraction, and environmental governance remain challenges.

Interest is robust from global miners and governments, especially those seeking alternatives to Chinese supply dominance.

---

**Note**: For comprehensive investment decisions, supplement with direct feasibility studies, updated resource estimates, and company filings on Greenland-specific deposits such as Kvanefjeld and Kringlerne.

**Nugget Summary: Greenland’s Rare Earth Minerals Landscape (2024)**

- **Global Interest & Strategic Race**: There is an international competition among financiers and corporations to secure access to Greenland’s mineral riches, mainly driven by demand for green technologies (EVs, wind turbines).

Title:

Content: Advertisement
Economics.
A race between financiers around the world to search for this substance in Greenland.
Interesting details!
10-08-2022 | 00: 49
A-
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CNN reports that some of the world ’ s wealthiest people are funding large treasure hunts using helicopters and signal transmitters on Greenland ’ s west coast.
The climate crisis is causing Greenland ’ s ice to melt at unprecedented rates, ironically creating an opportunity for investors and mining companies looking for a treasure trove of important minerals capable of powering clean energy transitions.
Advertisement
Search for minerals in Greenland
Many billionaires, including Jeff Bezos, Michael Bloomberg and Bill Gates, are betting that what lies beneath the surface of the hills and valleys of Disco Island and Greenland ’ s Noswak Peninsula are important enough minerals to power millions of electric vehicles.
Speaking to CNN, Kobold Metals CEO Kurt House said: “We are looking for a deposition that will be the largest or second largest nickel and cobalt deposition in the world. ”
The disappearance of Arctic ice – both on land and in the ocean – highlights a unique dichotomy: Greenland is the zero point for the effects of climate change, but it could also be the zero point for the search for the minerals needed to provide solutions to this crisis.
For their part, representatives of Kobold Metals, a California-based mineral exploration company, said the billionaires ’ club is supporting the company financially.
Bezos, Gates and Bloomberg did not respond to requests from CNN for comment on the news, and Kobold Metals is partnering with Bluejay Mining to find precious and rare metals in Greenland, which are essential for building the electric vehicles and huge batteries needed to store renewable energy.
The Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland said Greenland could be a hot spot for coal, copper, gold, rare earth elements and zinc.
The Greenland government has conducted several assessments on ice-free land and is aware of the country ’ s “ability to diversify the national economy through mineral extraction, ” the agency said.
(Arabic Post)
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Billionaire-backed firms, such as those with investments by Bill Gates and Jeff Bezos, are investing to search for metals critical to energy transition, like nickel, cobalt, and rare earth elements (REEs).

Title:

Content: Science and Technology
Gates and Bezos pay $15 million to search for metals for electric cars
Thanks for reading the news about technology: Gates and Bezos pay $15 million to search for metals for electric cars and now with the details of the news
KoBold Metals, a mineral exploration company backed by Bill Gates, Jeff Bezos, former New York mayor Michael Bloomberg and founder of Bridgewater Associates, Ray Dalio, has entered into a joint venture with London-based Bluejay Mining to search for nickel, copper, cobalt and platinum used in electric vehicles in Greenland.
KoBold will spend about $15 million through 2024 to help Bluejay locate natural resources as part of the Disko-Nuussuaq project in mid-western Greenland.
Kurt House, CEO of Coppold, said: “The Disco area has seen a rare convergence of events in Earth ’ s history that could have led to the formation of world-class battery mineral deposits.
“We are excited to invest in Greenland ’ s emerging mineral sector and partner with Bluejay in light of its strong track record in Greenland and the outstanding potential of the Disko project. ”
Copper, nickel, cobalt and lithium are essential metals needed to produce electric vehicle batteries, and as a result, nickel demand growth from electric vehicles is expected to increase 14 times between 2030.
About 50% of the world ’ s cobalt, another major material for the manufacture of electric vehicles, is found in the Democratic Republic of Congo, and KoBold uses artificial intelligence, machinery and computing to search for raw materials for electric vehicles (EVs).
Bo Stensgaard, CEO of Bluejay, said: “We are delighted to have a partner at the Tech Innovation Summit for New Exploration Methods, backed by some of the world ’ s most successful investors.
In addition, Bluejay retains the ability to self-finance to maintain 49% ownership through production, giving external public investors the opportunity to invest alongside a private investment entity of this size.
You may also read.

- **Resource Estimate & Key Minerals**: Greenland is recognized by the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland as a potential “hot spot” with primary reserves of rare earth elements (REEs) estimated at around 5 million tons, alongside large deposits of copper, cobalt, nickel, gold, zinc, and coal.

- **Deposit Locations**: While not exhaustively detailed in the source, known high-potential sites for REEs include:
  - **Kvanefjeld (Kuannersuit) Project**: Located in southern Greenland, this is one of the world’s largest undeveloped REE deposits, containing significant uranium as well.

- **Motzfeldt Complex**, **Sarfartoq**, and other areas in South and southwest Greenland.

- Deep-sea mineral deposits around Greenland’s continental shelf are also becoming targets as deep-sea mining regulations loosen.

Title:

Content: A Canadian company has been granted a license to mine rare metals in Greenland.
© AP Photo / David Goldman Greenland ice melt August 3, 2017
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Toronto ’ s New Performance Materials, one of the few rare earth metal processors outside China, has obtained an exploration license in Greenland from Hudson Resources in Vancouver (Canada).
Washington - Sputnik.
“Through a special-purpose entity, NEO plans to explore and develop the Surfertog project to further diversify its global sources of rare earth ore and expand the supply chains that feed the company ’ s rare earth ore separation facility in Estonia, ” it said in a statement.
NEO CEO Constantine Karianopoulos told the New York Times that his goal was to reduce the company ’ s exposure to volatile global crude prices.
NEO buys semi-processed raw materials from Russia, the United States and Australia.
"Collects Rare Minerals"...
China enters the world of "space mining" with the launch of the first robot...
A picture.
The Surftog Carbonatite complex contains mineral deposits rich in neodymium and praseodymium, which are essential components of the rare earth permanent magnet used in electric vehicles, wind turbines, high-efficiency electric motors and pumps that help reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
NEO also plans to build a new permanent magnet manufacturing plant in Estonia to supply European manufacturers of electric and hybrid vehicles, wind turbines, and energy-efficient electric motors and pumps, the statement said.
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Why AEX consider Greenland a favorable mining location?

- **Extraction Challenges**:
  - **Technical and Environmental**: Greenland’s deposits are remote, in harsh, cold environments with limited infrastructure.

Title:

Content: Why are countries competing so hard for deep sea mining?
Jamaica will host international talks from Monday to discuss several issues, most notably the controversial issue of allowing deep sea mining.
This comes after a two-year ban on such activities ended due to the failure of states to agree on new regulations.
Scientists fear a possible "scramble" for precious metals in the deep ocean could have dire consequences for marine life.
But proponents argue that these minerals are necessary to meet global demand for green technology, which preserves the environment.
The controversy began in 2021 when the tiny Pacific island of Nauru formally applied to the United Nations International Seabed Authority, which oversees mining in international waters, for a commercial licence to start deep-sea mining.
The move prompted a provision to set a two-year deadline for the agency to decide on the application, despite minimal regulations in place.
States have been meeting since then in an effort to finalize rules on environmental control and property sharing, but the efforts have not yielded any success.
Kingston, Jamaica, is currently hosting a three-week meeting for discussions.
It comes at a time of growing objections to commercial deep-sea mining aimed at collecting rocks containing precious metals.
Some 200 countries, including Switzerland, Spain and Germany, are calling for a halt or suspension due to environmental concerns and are now expected to be given a vote on a new ban next month.
Although the UK has not called for a new ban, a government spokesman told the BBC: "The UK will maintain its precautionary position of not supporting the issuance of any exploration licences until there is sufficient scientific evidence on the potential impact on deep-sea ecosystems."
Marine scientists have raised concerns about limited deep-ocean research to study the animals and plants that live there, and therefore the effects that deep-sea mining could have.
Experts say the technology potentially used to collect minerals from the seabed could create significant noise and light pollution, as well as release plumes of sediment that pose a risk of choking food-leaching species, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
Katherine Wheeler, director of global policy at charity Fauna & Flora, said: “We must not let this be a new drive to raise wealth, to further destroy our planet without actually realizing what we are doing. ”
Scientists recently announced that more than 5,000 different animals have been found in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone in the Pacific Ocean, a key area for future mining activities.
The Clarion-Clipperton Zone and other areas ripe for mining, such as the so-called Pacific Ocean crust, are unique environments with hydrothermal vents, underwater mountains and vast plains up to 6,500 meters below the surface of the water.
Scientists believe they can support uniquely adapted species of organisms, the likes of which are not found anywhere else in the world.
Not all States are categorically opposed to such activities, and the International Seabed Authority has already issued 31 exploration contracts to companies wishing to search the deep ocean, while 14 States, including China, Russia, India, the United Kingdom, France and Japan, support such activity.
The Authority only permits the issuance of exploration contracts in international waters, and States are free to conduct exploration in their national waters.
Last month, Norway controversially opened up areas in the Greenland Sea, the Norwegian Sea and the Barents Sea covering 280,000 square kilometers for mining companies to apply for licences.
Oil and Energy Minister Terje Asland said in a statement: "We need minerals to succeed in the green transition."
Metal Company, which partners with three Pacific Island States -- the Republic of Nauru, the Republic of Kiribati and the Kingdom of Tonga -- intends to proceed with applications.
The company said the deep sea offers a promising source of metals such as copper, cobalt and nickel, which are needed for technologies such as mobile phones, wind turbines and electric vehicle batteries.
Nick Pickens, director of global mining research at Wood Mackenzie, told the BBC that many of these minerals are relatively available on Earth but difficult to access.
The Democratic Republic of Congo, which has some of the highest purity copper grades in the world, is facing violent ethnic conflict in parts of the country.
There are also a limited number of refining sites involved in the conversion of metals from their raw form to useful components.
Pickens said: “Deep sea mining does not necessarily solve any of these issues.
There are still geopolitical challenges. ”

Extraction can be complex, especially in deep-sea contexts, and environmental groups have voiced concerns, particularly about uranium by-products from mining rare earths.

Both onshore and offshore mining face high operational costs and must navigate stringent environmental standards.

- **Regulatory Hurdles**: Greenland has a history of public and political resistance to uranium and REE mining, leading to delays and stringent conditions.

Deep-sea mining currently faces growing international scrutiny due to limited research on environmental impacts.

- **International & Corporate Involvement**:
  - **Canadian Companies**: At least one Canadian company has been granted a mining license for rare metals in Greenland.

- **US-Backed Startups**: Companies like KoBold Metals (supported by Gates and Bezos) are actively exploring Greenland’s resources, especially for nickel and cobalt.