**Nuggets of Information on Ocean Acidification and Its Impact on Marine Life:**

1.

**What is Ocean Acidification?

**
   - Ocean acidification is caused by rising levels of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the atmosphere.

When CO₂ dissolves in seawater, it forms carbonic acid, lowering the water’s pH and making it more acidic.

**Widespread Effects Beyond Coral Bleaching:**
   - While coral bleaching is a well-known effect of ocean acidification, many other marine organisms and ecosystems are also threatened, from the tiniest phytoplankton to larger species like shellfish, cephalopods, and even marine mammals.

**Impact on Shell-Building Creatures:**
   - Shellfish, such as clams, oysters, and mussels, depend on calcium carbonate to build their shells.

Acidic waters make it much harder for them to form and maintain strong shells, leading to stunted growth, increased mortality, and dwindling populations.

This impacts food chains and the fishing industry.

**Danger to Cephalopods (Cuttlefish, Octopuses, Squid):**
   - Cephalopods are sensitive to changes in ocean chemistry.

Acidification can affect how cuttlefish develop their internal shells (cuttlebones), which are essential for buoyancy and movement.

Studies show that lower pH can change how cuttlefish and squid embryos grow and affect their survival rates.

- Octopuses, which don’t have shells, can also be affected because acidification may impact their metabolism, behavior, sensory systems, and how they recognize prey and predators.

**Risks to Marine Mammals:**
   - Marine mammals like dolphins and whales depend on healthy food webs that start with small creatures affected by acidification, like zooplankton and small fish.

- Erosion of the food web can reduce available food for these mammals and disrupt their habitats.

**Plankton and the Bigger Picture:**
   - Phytoplankton, which are the base of the ocean food web, can be impacted by changing ocean pH, altering their ability to absorb carbon and support fisheries.

- Some harmful algal blooms may increase with acidification and warming, which can contaminate beaches and threaten drinking water supplies.

**Increasing Dead Zones:**
   - Acidification, combined with other pollution, is linked to the spread of “dead zones”—areas with such low oxygen that most marine life cannot survive there.

**Kelp as a Natural Solution:**
   - Kelp and other large seaweeds play a powerful role in absorbing carbon and nitrogen from the water, helping to reduce local acidification and offering protection for shell-building species, like oysters and clams.

- Some communities and Indigenous groups are turning to kelp farming as a way to combat acidification and support local marine life.

**What Can Individuals and Schools Do?

**
   - Simple actions, like reducing plastic use, composting, eating sustainable seafood, and participating in beach cleanups, can help protect the ocean.

- Education and youth-driven campaigns can make a real difference—your club can inspire change by sharing these facts!

*Use these nuggets to create eye-catching posters and handouts that explain how ocean acidification affects not just coral reefs, but the entire web of ocean life, including our own mascot, the cuttlefish!

**Nuggets of Information on Ocean Acidification and its Impact on Marine Life (beyond coral bleaching):**

1.

**Ocean Acidification Explained**: Ocean acidification occurs when excess carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the atmosphere dissolves into seawater, lowering its pH.

This makes the water more acidic.

**Historical Changes Show the Impact**: Roughly 100 million years ago, volcanic eruptions on the ocean floor caused significant drops in oxygen and pH in the water, disrupting marine ecosystems—an example of how pH shifts can have drastic effects on ocean life.

**Cephalopods (Cuttlefish, Squid, Octopus)**:
   - Cuttlefish and other cephalopods build their shells or internal structures (like cuttlebones) from calcium carbonate.

- Acidic seawater makes it harder for them to form and maintain these structures, potentially affecting buoyancy and survival.

- Embryonic development of cephalopods can be negatively affected by lower pH, leading to deformities or lower hatching rates.

**Other Shell-Building Creatures**:
   - Shellfish (like clams, oysters, and snails) struggle to build strong shells as acidification increases, making them more vulnerable to predation and environmental stress.

- Even tiny plankton that form the basis of the food web (for whales, fish, etc.)

are affected, as their calcium carbonate shells become weaker.

**Marine Mammals**:
   - While mammals like whales and seals aren’t directly affected by acidification, they depend on a food web that includes affected organisms.

- If prey (like squid, fish, or krill) decline in numbers or health due to acidification, marine mammals also suffer.

**Impact on Biodiversity and Ecosystems**:
   - Shifts in pH disrupt the balance of marine ecosystems, leading to habitat loss and decreased biodiversity.

- Entire food chains are affected, from tiny plankton to large predators.

**Human Impact**:
   - Practices like bottom trawl fishing not only harm habitats physically but can also stir up carbon stored in ocean sediments, releasing more CO₂ and worsening acidification.

**Why Awareness Matters**:
   - Healthy oceans regulate climate and absorb carbon, making their protection essential for both marine life and the planet.

**Key Message for Posters and Pamphlets:**
Ocean acidification affects much more than coral reefs.

Creatures like cuttlefish, squid, snails, clams, and even the food chain leading up to whales and other mammals are at risk.

Every carbon footprint counts and protecting our oceans means protecting our mascot—the cuttlefish—and all marine life depending on a balanced ocean ecosystem.

Here are summarized "nuggets" of information suitable for posters and pamphlets about the impacts of **ocean acidification** on marine life (beyond coral bleaching), including cephalopods and other species.

Each point highlights a different facet of how marine organisms and ecosystems are affected:

---

**1.

What is Ocean Acidification?

**
- Ocean acidification happens when the oceans absorb carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the atmosphere, leading to a drop in the water’s pH.

This disrupts the vital chemical balance of marine ecosystems.

---

**2.

Effects on Shell-Building Marine Species**
- Many marine animals, such as oysters, mussels, clams, and some plankton, build their shells or skeletons from calcium carbonate.

- Lower pH from acidification makes it harder for these organisms to form strong shells, especially during their early life stages, making them more vulnerable and impacting their survival.

---

**3.

Threats to Cephalopods (Like Cuttlefish and Octopuses)**
- Studies show that cephalopod larvae (baby squid, octopuses, cuttlefish) can be stressed by acidified waters, resulting in altered breathing rates and potential problems with growth and survival.

- While adult cephalopods are somewhat resilient, changes in ocean chemistry can still disrupt their sensory systems, hunting, or ability to avoid predators.

---

**4.

Zooplankton and Food Web Impacts**
- Tiny organisms like zooplankton (including copepods) are the backbone of marine food webs and serve as key food sources for fish, whales, and marine birds.

- Acidification can reduce survival rates and reproductive success of these small creatures, risking starvation for species up the food chain—including many fish and marine mammals.

---

**5.

Fish and Early Life Stages**
- Acidic conditions are particularly dangerous for fish eggs, larvae, and juveniles, leading to lower survival rates, malformed development, and reduced ability to detect predators.

---

**6.

Impact on Marine Mammals**
- Indirectly, marine mammals such as dolphins and whales are threatened because their food—fish and squid—may become scarce as acidification disrupts populations at lower levels of the food web.

---

**7.

Ecosystem Imbalance**
- Acidification acts as a stress multiplier—compounding other threats like warming, overfishing, and pollution.

Losing key species can unbalance entire ecosystems, with unpredictable effects.

---

**8.

Coastal Habitats and Blue Carbon**
- Healthy coastal ecosystems (like wetlands and seagrass beds) store carbon and guard against acidification.

Protecting & restoring these areas is vital for maintaining marine biodiversity and fighting climate change.

---

**Why It Matters for Us**
- Oceans cover over 70% of our planet’s surface.

Protecting marine life from acidification is crucial for food, jobs, climate stability, and the health of the planet.

---

**Key Takeaway**
Ocean acidification is a hidden but growing threat.

It doesn’t just bleach corals; it puts at risk the entire web of marine life—including our own cuttlefish mascot—and affects everything from the smallest plankton to the largest marine mammals.

---

**References for Further Reading**
- NOAA Ocean Acidification Program
- IPCC Special Reports on Oceans
- Global Change Biology: Effects of Ocean Acidification on Marine Species

---

**(You can pick and adapt any of these points for your materials!

Sure!

Here’s a summarized list of important nuggets of information focused on marine life and ocean acidification impacts, drawn from relevant portions of your extract, as well as general background appropriate for your climate justice club’s activities:

---

**Ocean Acidification and Marine Life: Quick Facts & Nuggets**

1.

**Ocean acidification:** This phenomenon is caused when excess CO₂ from the atmosphere dissolves in seawater, reducing the pH of the ocean and making it more acidic.

It’s a big issue connected to climate change.

**Marine Ecosystems are Under Threat:** Beyond coral bleaching, ocean acidification disrupts a wide range of marine life and ecosystems, impacting biodiversity, food webs, and human communities who rely on the ocean.

**Cephalopods (e.g.

**Nuggets of Information on Ocean Acidification and Its Impact on Marine Life:**

1.

Title:

Content: Newswise — STONY BROOK, NY, May 25, 2022 – While kelp is known as a nutritious food item for sea creatures and humans alike, harvesting kelp may be a new way to help keep bivalves such as clams and oysters – a more common food source and marine industry staple – healthy and more abundant. A new study led by Christopher Gobler, PhD, and a team of scientists at the Stony Brook University School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences (SoMAS) shows that the presence of kelp significantly reduces ocean acidification, a result of climate change.

Published in Frontiers in Marine Science, the study also demonstrated that the deployment of kelp on an oyster farm nullifies ocean acidification and therefore protects bivalves against acidification. The process may also have additional ecosystem and aquaculture benefits, including the sequestration and extraction of carbon and nitrogen, and protection against harmful algae blooms.

For shellfish, one of the most serious climate change-related threats is ocean acidification. Carbon dioxide or CO2 levels in Earth’s atmosphere continue to rise, infiltrating oceans where it causes chemical reactions that lower pH and cause ocean acidification. For the past two decades, one of the most robust conclusions of ocean climate change research has been that increasing levels of CO2 in surface waters threaten shellfish that rely on higher pH waters to grow and survive. This threat is particularly acute in coastal zones where additional sources of acidity can further reduce pH and slow shell formation in shellfish, especially bivalves. And while many wild populations of bivalves have collapsed, a burgeoning wave of aquaculture in the U.S. and around the World has caused the global production of seafood via aquaculture to grow and now exceed wild capture.

“Despite this wave of aquaculture, the intensification of ocean acidification now threatens bivalve aquaculture and has necessitated a solution,” explains Professor Gobler, the Endowed Chair of Coastal Ecology and Conservation at SoMAS.  “We believe our work is foundational to a solution.”

In the study, titled “Kelp (Saccharina latissima) Mitigates Coastal Ocean Acidification and Increases the Growth of North Atlantic Bivalves in Lab Experiments and on an Oyster Farm,” Professor Gobler and colleagues conducted six experiments to assess the effects of elevated CO2 and presence of kelp (S. latissima) on the growth rates of three different species of bivalves: (Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica), blue mussels (Mytilus edulis), and hard clams / Northern quahogs (Mercenaria mercenaria).

In each of the experiments, acidification was significantly reduced with the cultivation of kelp. They furthered the research with the ultimate test – a field experiment at the Great Gun oyster farm in Moriches Bay, New York.

They found that during a one-month deployment, oysters that were surrounded by kelp enjoyed higher pH water and grew significantly faster than individual shellfish located further away where the pH of the water was significantly lower.

Professor Gobler and colleagues emphasize that these findings have powerful implications for oyster farming in coastal zones.

“We have been witnessing coastal ocean acidification for years and have documented its ability to slow the growth, and even kill off, shellfish. We began growing kelp on oyster farms to simply expand aquaculture, regionally. After seeing its ability to rapidly take up CO2 and improve low pH conditions, we knew it had the potential to benefit shellfish experiencing acidification. And while showing that in the lab was exciting, being able to improve the growth of oysters on an oyster farm experiencing coastal acidification proves this approach can have very broad applications,” explains Professor Gobler.

Overall, the research clearly shows, according to the authors, that “the cultivation of kelp constitutes an environmentally friendly means of protecting shellfisheries against present and future ocean acidification and other coastal stressors.”

Building on the work, helping the oyster farms

“We’ve helped grow kelp on 10 oyster farms across New York since 2018 and more and more aquaculturists have been hoping to incorporate kelp into their farms,” says Mike Doall, Associate Director of Shellfish Restoration and Aquaculture at Stony Brook University. “In addition to providing crop diversification and additive revenue streams, the ability of kelp to fight ocean acidification gives these oyster farmers one more reason to add kelp as a second crop.”

The recent study builds on other research by the same SoMAS group, which published a study in Harmful Algae in 2021. That study demonstrated that kelp has the ability to deter the intensity of harmful algal blooms, another environmental threat to shellfish aquaculture.

Such scenarios with kelp appear to create a win-win scenario for oyster farmers like Paul McCormick, owner of the Great Gun oyster farm where the current study was performed.

“Kelp looks to be the perfect complement to oysters on my farm,” says McCormick. “It grows during winter and spring, when the oysters need less attention, and there is lots of interest in kelp from restaurants. If it is offering protection to my oysters against poor water quality, well that’s another good reason to add it to my farm.”

Citations:

Young, C. S., Sylvers, L. H., Tomasetti, S. J., Lundstrom, A., Schenone, C., Doall, M. H., & Gobler, C. J. (2022) Kelp (Saccharina latissima) mitigates ocean acidification and increases the growth of North Atlantic bivalves in lab experiments and on an oyster farm. Frontiers in Marine Science, Volume 9 | Article 881254

Sylvers, P. H., & Gobler, C. J. (2021). Mitigation of harmful algal blooms caused by Alexandrium catenella and reduction in saxitoxin accumulation in bivalves using cultivable seaweeds. Harmful Algae, 105, 102056.

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Frontiers in Marine Science

What is the main cause of ocean acidification?

water absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

**What is Ocean Acidification?

Title:

Content:   • Home

Redditor shows how they ‘de-trashed’ their neighborhood in less than half an hour: ‘This took almost no effort’

“There’s so much of it everywhere.”

Photo Credit: u/Bootycarl / Reddit

One small action can have a big impact on the planet, as proven by one Redditor’s mission to “de-trash” their local area.

In a photo posted to the r/ZeroWaste subreddit, the user holds up a packed trash bag, which they filled by picking up litter in their neighborhood.

As the post explains, it took 25 minutes to fill the bag within a one-minute walk from the OP’s home.

“There’s so much of it everywhere!” the Redditor adds in a comment. “This took almost no effort.”

More than 90% of Americans think litter is a problem in their state, according to research by Keep America Beautiful. The study found on average 2,000 pieces of litter per mile in the U.S., totaling nearly 50 billion trash items along roadways and waterways.

Litter can have devastating consequences both for people’s health and wildlife. As the trash breaks down, it releases toxic chemicals into the atmosphere — for example, cigarette butts emit arsenic when they decompose.

In coastal areas, litter may also get blown into the ocean. Once in the water, plastic items break down into microplastics, forming pellet-sized nurdles that marine animals eat. The absorption of these microplastics into the water is thought to increase the ocean’s acidity, which contributes to coral reef bleaching.

Picking up litter helps to remove some of that harmful trash from the environment, although some have questioned how much difference it can make against a mountain of trash. In an interview with Postive News, David Katz, the founder and CEO of The Plastic Bank, likened the practice to mopping the floor before turning off the water in an overflowing sink.

But others argue that litter picking can help to change people’s attitudes towards their own litter. For example, the Keep Scotland Beautiful campaign views trash picking as an opportunity to “change your community’s relationship to litter and [for] promoting behavior change.”

Redditors seemed to agree that individuals could make a difference in their own communities.

“I started doing this after seeing someone in my neighborhood with a grabber. Now that Reddit has seen your post, *who knows* how many people might start?” one user comments.

“This is really what matters and something each and everyone can do,” another replies

Want more? Follow The Cool Down on Instagram and join our Weekly Newsletter for cool stories and easy tips that save you money, time, and our planet.

**
   - Ocean acidification is caused by rising levels of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the atmosphere.

What is the main cause of ocean acidification?

water absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

When CO₂ dissolves in seawater, it forms carbonic acid, lowering the water’s pH and making it more acidic.

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

What is the main cause of ocean acidification?

water absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

Title:

Content: 6 Ways Families Can Protect the Marine Environment—and Why They Should

The ocean is important for mankind. Here's how experts say families can make a difference in caring for the marine world.

Many nights out of the year, Lemuel Pemberton walks along Lover's Beach on the Caribbean island of Nevis looking for nesting turtles. "When they come to nest, we measure them and tag them if they are not tagged," says Pemberton, founder of the Nevis Turtle Group, which pioneers sea turtle conservation across the island. "We have tagged probably somewhere between 500 and 1000 turtles so far in the region since 2003."

It's one of three main beaches on the island where turtles nest, which occurs at different times throughout the year, depending on the species of turtle. It takes 60 days on average for the eggs to hatch after they've been laid, but that's only if they get the chance. Whether it's due to coastal erosion, human-driven habitat destruction, or other harmful human behavior, many sea turtles will never hatch and make their way into the ocean.

Pemberton says sea turtles, which are an indicator species helping to diagnose the health of the ecosystem, are a great way to get families to care about the marine world. "Everybody loves the turtles," says Pemberton, pointing out that it's easy to engage with them since they are one of few marine animals to come on land, and they are also gentle. And getting families all over the world to care about the marine ecosystem, says Pemberton and other experts, is important in protecting ocean life.

Why do the oceans matter so much? Oceans not only regulate the climate, but scientists also estimate that up to 80% of oxygen production comes from them. The ocean also provides food and sustenance for people all over the globe. "The protection of the marine environment is very much a link to our own survival—that's one of the reasons why marine conservation in general is so important," says David Godfrey, executive director of the Sea Turtle Conservancy, a Gainesville, Florida-based organization founded in 1959.

That's why it's critical for parents to start teaching their kids from a young age to protect the marine world. Here are simple ways experts say they can do that together as family.

Don't Litter at the Beach

Littering anywhere is a bad idea, but be extra cautious while near water. The simple act of cleaning up after your family on the beach can prevent garbage from getting into the water and hurting sea creatures. "Whatever garbage you have, take it back with you, no matter what it is," advises Pemberton.

Take a Family Conservation Trip

"As a parent myself, having raised a child in the world today, I think exposing them to the natural world as much as you can, letting them see that we're not alone and the world is full of other types of animals that have their own lives, that use habitat in different ways than we do [is important]," says Godfrey.

There are various conservation vacation destinations across the world that families can travel to, and hotels that participate in conservation efforts. For example, the Sea Turtle Conservancy has been working with the Four Seasons Resort Nevis to protect sea turtles in the region, and families can participate in the annual Sea Turtle Summer Camp package to learn all about the animals through marine-themed activities. Programs like these help kids build a love and care for the marine world that they will carry with them as they grow.

Engage With Ocean Life Right at Home

Experiencing marine adventures firsthand is great, but it's not feasible for every family to take a trip to the beach each year. The good news is there are ways to engage kids at home. You can pick up marine books to read together or have a movie night. "A lot of kids first learn about the ocean through fiction; I'd be shocked to find anyone under the age of 10 who doesn't love either SpongeBob SquarePants, Finding Nemo, or The Little Mermaid. Help build on this love by teaching them about the real sea life behind their favorite flicks," says Britta Baechler, Ph.D., senior manager of ocean plastics research at Ocean Conservancy. "Nature documentaries like Blue Planet II are also great ways to see beloved cartoon characters in a whole new light, and maybe meet some new ocean friends, too."

Keep Up With Conservation Groups

Families can donate to marine conservation groups around the world and also engage with their efforts. The Sea Turtle Conservancy, for example, has developed a research program that involves using satellite tracking to track specific turtles as they swim through the ocean for scientific purposes, as well as for conservation and education. The organization encourages families to join in on the fun by following the journey of the turtles for free online through a program called Tour de Turtles Marathon. "Whichever of the turtles travels the furthest in the course of three months will be the winner," says Godfrey. And each turtle races to raise awareness for a cause, including problematic lighting on shore that is bothersome to marine life, plastic in the environment, and commercial fishing.

Participate in a Local Coastal Cleanup

Regardless of whether you live on the coast or hundreds of miles inland, every piece of garbage you collect can make a difference, says Dr. Baechler. The Ocean Conservancy runs the International Coastal Cleanup (ICC), a beach and waterway cleanup effort. "Teach your kids about the importance of caring for our ocean and make joining a cleanup an annual tradition," she adds. Families can visit SignUpToCleanup.org to learn more about cleanups in their area.

A few more pluses? Volunteering has been found to increase empathy, improve mental health, and enhance teamwork and leadership skills.

Reduce Your Family's Use of Plastics

"So much of the plastic we use ends up in the water," says Godfrey. "It ends up in rivers, in streams, and those flow to the coast and so it all ends up in the ocean." Currents take those plastics and tend to accumulate them in specific areas where they break down into smaller pieces and then marine animals mistake them for food.

Families can make choices together to reduce their use of plastics at home and opt for recyclable items or alternative ones. "Plastic is almost like a gateway lesson," says Godfrey. "You learn about plastics and learn about how your use of them affects the natural world and that kind of opens up kids' minds to ask themselves, 'Well, what else do I do that affects the natural world?'" That can get them thinking about being conscious of other issues that affect the planet like water use and driving.

"Every family isn't going to sit around and solve climate change," says Godfrey. "But you can sit around as a family and you can decide to make your footprint on the world a little less harmful to the natural world."

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Related Articles

**Widespread Effects Beyond Coral Bleaching:**
   - While coral bleaching is a well-known effect of ocean acidification, many other marine organisms and ecosystems are also threatened, from the tiniest phytoplankton to larger species like shellfish, cephalopods, and even marine mammals.

Title:

Content: NASA’s PACE Mission to Unlock the Secrets of Earth’s Climate and Foster Innovative Solutions

NASA is preparing to launch its Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission, which aims to provide crucial insights into Earth’s climate and address the pressing challenges posed by the climate crisis. The mission will be launched on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida.

The PACE mission will focus on studying microscopic oceanic and atmospheric particles that have a profound impact on Earth’s climate and the lives of people around the world. By examining phytoplankton, tiny plant-like organisms that convert carbon dioxide into cellular material and play a vital role in oceanic life and carbon absorption, scientists hope to gain a deeper understanding of their significance. These microscopic organisms not only support critical fisheries but can also cause harmful algal blooms that affect beaches and contaminate drinking water.

Additionally, PACE will investigate the complex relationship between aerosols, clouds, and solar energy absorption and scattering. Aerosols, which are tiny particles suspended in the air, have a significant influence on cloud formation and weather patterns. Understanding this interplay between aerosols, clouds, and the weather system could provide valuable insights into extreme weather events and guide policy decisions to mitigate their effects.

The significance of the PACE mission lies in its exploration of the invisible and interconnected realms of air and water, which are fundamental to sustaining life on Earth. Many of the mysteries surrounding Earth’s climate and ecosystems reside in these domains, requiring advanced instruments to observe and analyze them.

Not only will the data from the PACE mission enhance our understanding of Earth’s climate and oceanic processes, but it will also be used to support practical applications and benefit society. By collaborating with scientists, academics, public health practitioners, and industry professionals, the PACE mission aims to foster innovative solutions that address pressing societal needs. This includes monitoring water resources, recreational water quality, fisheries, harmful algal blooms, air quality, and responding to and mitigating the risks of natural disasters like floods, volcanic eruptions, and wildfires.

As we stand at a critical juncture in tackling the climate crisis, NASA’s PACE mission holds the promise of unlocking valuable knowledge about Earth’s climate and empowering us to take informed action to preserve our planet for future generations.

FAQ Section:

1. What is the PACE mission?

The PACE mission stands for Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem mission. It is an upcoming mission by NASA aimed at studying microscopic oceanic and atmospheric particles and their impact on Earth’s climate and ecosystems.

2. What will the PACE mission focus on?

The PACE mission will focus on studying phytoplankton, tiny plant-like organisms that play a vital role in oceanic life and carbon absorption. It will also investigate the relationship between aerosols, clouds, and solar energy absorption and scattering.

3. Why are phytoplankton important?

Phytoplankton convert carbon dioxide into cellular material and play a crucial role in oceanic life and carbon absorption. They support critical fisheries but can also cause harmful algal blooms that affect beaches and contaminate drinking water.

4. What is the significance of studying aerosols, clouds, and solar energy?

Aerosols, which are tiny particles suspended in the air, have a significant influence on cloud formation and weather patterns. Understanding this relationship can provide insights into extreme weather events and guide policy decisions to mitigate their effects.

5. How will the PACE mission benefit society?

The data from the PACE mission will enhance our understanding of Earth’s climate and oceanic processes. It will also be used to support practical applications such as monitoring water resources, recreational water quality, fisheries, harmful algal blooms, and air quality. It will also help respond to and mitigate the risks of natural disasters.

Key Terms and Jargon:

1. Phytoplankton: Microscopic plant-like organisms that convert carbon dioxide into cellular material and play a vital role in oceanic life and carbon absorption.

2. Aerosols: Tiny particles suspended in the air that have a significant influence on cloud formation and weather patterns.

3. Harmful algal blooms: Rapid growth of algae in water bodies that can be harmful to marine life and contaminate drinking water.

4. Ecosystem: A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

5. Mitigate: To reduce the severity or seriousness of something, in this case, the effects of extreme weather events or natural disasters.

Related Links:
NASA
Climate.gov
EPA Climate Indicators

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

**Impact on Shell-Building Creatures:**
   - Shellfish, such as clams, oysters, and mussels, depend on calcium carbonate to build their shells.

What do shellfish use to build their shells?

Acidic waters make it much harder for them to form and maintain strong shells, leading to stunted growth, increased mortality, and dwindling populations.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

it can kill shellfish
it slows their growth

How does elevated water acidity affect fish ability to survive?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

This impacts food chains and the fishing industry.

**Danger to Cephalopods (Cuttlefish, Octopuses, Squid):**
   - Cephalopods are sensitive to changes in ocean chemistry.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Acidification can affect how cuttlefish develop their internal shells (cuttlebones), which are essential for buoyancy and movement.

At what stage of life are calcium carbonate-based organisms most vulnerable to changes in water pH?

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Studies show that lower pH can change how cuttlefish and squid embryos grow and affect their survival rates.

Title:

Content:   • Outdoors

Nuns and Indigenous women band together on a surprising solution for state’s major problem: ‘It’s empowering’

The goal is to clean up their “shared backyard.”

Photo Credit: Shinnecock Kelp Farmers

A group of Indigenous women and nuns have joined forces to heal the polluted waters of New York, using kelp and song.

It all began when one of the sisters started singing while another played the flute and others recited poetry and prayers to help some kelp seedlings grow big and healthy before being planted off the shores of Long Island, New York, as reported by The Guardian.

They are working with a group of women from the Shinnecock, a local Indigenous tribe, to establish a kelp farm. The goal is to clean up the pollution in their “shared backyard,” per The Guardian.

Danielle Hopson Begun, a tribal member, told The Guardian: “When we started our hatchery, we were doing a lot of research for ways to give our kelp the best start in life.”

Begun told the outlet that “studies have shown that plants respond well to high-frequency tones.”

The goal of the group is to use the kelp to get rid of the carbon and nitrogen that have been poisoning the local waters.

For years, the waters surrounding Long Island have had health problems due to wastewater and stormwater runoff. That introduces too much nitrogen and other nutrients that increase the growth of algae, which uses up the oxygen in the water, per Earth.org.

This lack of oxygen, called hypoxia, has made aquatic life-forms either leave the area or die.

In 1985, the EPA, along with the states of New York and Connecticut, joined forces to form the Long Island Sound Study

Since then, the initiative has led investments and programs that have had a conservation impact of over $62 million, per Earth.org, for various regional and local projects.

But there is still lots of work to be done, and kelp may be the answer.

Studies have shown that kelp has the ability to absorb carbon and nitrogen from water, acting as a natural way to fight ocean acidification

Starting a kelp farm generally includes growing kelp from seedlings in tanks at a hatchery and farming them in ocean water.

In 2019, six Shinnecock women decided to take their own initiative using kelp. They came together to create a kelp-farming collective and sought the help of the Sisters of St. Joseph.

Together, they are working to save the bay where both communities are located, and it appears to be working.

“Our voices for so long have just been erased or silenced,” said Shinnecock lawyer Tela Troge, whose tribe has been on Long Island for the last 13,000 years, per The Guardian.

“It’s refreshing. It’s empowering,” Troge said, referring to the change her people are making with the nuns.

Join our free newsletter for cool news and cool tips that make it easy to help yourself while helping the planet.

At what stage of life are calcium carbonate-based organisms most vulnerable to changes in water pH?

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

- Octopuses, which don’t have shells, can also be affected because acidification may impact their metabolism, behavior, sensory systems, and how they recognize prey and predators.

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Title:

Content: The top five things you can do to help restore the health of the ocean

Photo by Arnaud Mesureur on Unsplash
by Clare Kelly
31 October 2019

In this week’s episode of Earth Unscrewed, Karen Sack, President and CEO of Ocean Unite, talks about the important things each of us can do to help restore the health of the ocean.

For years, scientists have been telling us that at least 30 per cent of the ocean should be declared strongly protected in marine reserves by 2030 – this is critical both for marine biodiversity and to build climate resilience. So in the third episode of our second season, Karen talks about what needs to be done, by all of us, to help safeguard 30 per cent of the ocean by 2030.

Karen shared five top tips on how to help unscrew the blue parts of our beautiful planet:

  1. Reduce your carbon footprint. Take the time to really look into how you can shift to using renewable energy in your daily life. Renewable energy options are increasing everyday and making this important change is often just a phone call away.

  2. ONLY eat sustainably sourced fish. If you are thinking about eating fish look closely at where it comes from. Use the information cards provided by food sellers and only spend your money on sustainable and legally sourced fish. Use your purchasing power at restaurants too. Ask about their fish supplies and raise awareness that sustainably sourced fish are an imperative for customers.

  3. Go single-use-plastic free. Think about your plastic use. Think about your drink bottles, your lunch wrappers, your household products. So many mini-wins are right there for the taking.

  4. Eat ethically. Think about the foods you consume and the farming footprint they leave behind. Think about the pesticides and chemicals used and start making more organic, environmentally friendly food decisions.

  5. Be an environmentally friendly traveller. When you’re setting out to enjoy the ocean  and planning that coastal holiday –  be sure to carry out your activities in a sustainable way. Choose carefully and mindfully about where you go and what you do.

From reducing your carbon footprint, to eating more sustainably, to cutting single use plastic from your life – this episode is all about how we can work together to take action and unscrew the blue planet. Listen to Earth Unscrewed: A deep dive on ocean conservation now

Listen to Earth Unscrewed

Earth Unscrewed is Virgin’s podcast about the incredible (and often surprising!) solutions that are providing some serious hope for the future of our planet.

**Risks to Marine Mammals:**
   - Marine mammals like dolphins and whales depend on healthy food webs that start with small creatures affected by acidification, like zooplankton and small fish.

Title:

Content: The top five things you can do to help restore the health of the ocean

Photo by Arnaud Mesureur on Unsplash
by Clare Kelly
31 October 2019

In this week’s episode of Earth Unscrewed, Karen Sack, President and CEO of Ocean Unite, talks about the important things each of us can do to help restore the health of the ocean.

For years, scientists have been telling us that at least 30 per cent of the ocean should be declared strongly protected in marine reserves by 2030 – this is critical both for marine biodiversity and to build climate resilience. So in the third episode of our second season, Karen talks about what needs to be done, by all of us, to help safeguard 30 per cent of the ocean by 2030.

Karen shared five top tips on how to help unscrew the blue parts of our beautiful planet:

  1. Reduce your carbon footprint. Take the time to really look into how you can shift to using renewable energy in your daily life. Renewable energy options are increasing everyday and making this important change is often just a phone call away.

  2. ONLY eat sustainably sourced fish. If you are thinking about eating fish look closely at where it comes from. Use the information cards provided by food sellers and only spend your money on sustainable and legally sourced fish. Use your purchasing power at restaurants too. Ask about their fish supplies and raise awareness that sustainably sourced fish are an imperative for customers.

  3. Go single-use-plastic free. Think about your plastic use. Think about your drink bottles, your lunch wrappers, your household products. So many mini-wins are right there for the taking.

  4. Eat ethically. Think about the foods you consume and the farming footprint they leave behind. Think about the pesticides and chemicals used and start making more organic, environmentally friendly food decisions.

  5. Be an environmentally friendly traveller. When you’re setting out to enjoy the ocean  and planning that coastal holiday –  be sure to carry out your activities in a sustainable way. Choose carefully and mindfully about where you go and what you do.

From reducing your carbon footprint, to eating more sustainably, to cutting single use plastic from your life – this episode is all about how we can work together to take action and unscrew the blue planet. Listen to Earth Unscrewed: A deep dive on ocean conservation now

Listen to Earth Unscrewed

Earth Unscrewed is Virgin’s podcast about the incredible (and often surprising!) solutions that are providing some serious hope for the future of our planet.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

How does elevated water acidity affect fish ability to survive?

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

- Erosion of the food web can reduce available food for these mammals and disrupt their habitats.

**Plankton and the Bigger Picture:**
   - Phytoplankton, which are the base of the ocean food web, can be impacted by changing ocean pH, altering their ability to absorb carbon and support fisheries.

- Some harmful algal blooms may increase with acidification and warming, which can contaminate beaches and threaten drinking water supplies.

**Increasing Dead Zones:**
   - Acidification, combined with other pollution, is linked to the spread of “dead zones”—areas with such low oxygen that most marine life cannot survive there.

Title:

Content: How climate change and warming waters are affecting the health of the oceans

(NEW YORK) — Oceans do so much to sustain life on Earth, including bearing the brunt of global temperatures that have been steadily warming for decades.

An IPCC special report published in 2019 found that oceans — which make up more than 70% of the world’s surface — have absorbed between 20% and 30% of human-made carbon dioxide emissions since the 1980s. They’re also responsible for absorbing more than 93% of the “combined heat stored by warmed air, sea, and land, and melted ice” since the 1970s, according to the Fifth Assessment report published in 2013 by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

The tipping point is near, experts told ABC News. But there are collective actions to take that could revitalize oceans to a healthier state — the theme of the United Nations World Oceans Day 2022.

“We really see oceans as the biggest ally in the climate change crisis,” Lea d’Auriol, founder of nonprofit Oceanic Global, told ABC News.

This is how climate change is affecting the health of the world’s oceans:

Species are faced with adapting or becoming extinct

Currently, the oceans “are in a state of complete imbalance” that has nearly doubled since the 1990s, d’Auriol said. Look no further than the fishermen, who supply sustenance to more than three billion people who rely on seafood as their main source of protein, as witnesses that climate change is already here, d’Auriol, said.

“If you wanted to ask someone if climate change is really happening, probably the most surest answer you’d get from anyone aside from a scientist is a fisherman,” Arlo Hemphill, senior oceans campaigner for Greenpeace USA, told ABC News. “Because fishermen are seeing these things happen in real time.”

One of the changes long-time fisherman are witnessing is the presence of new species venturing north as the area with their preferred water temperature expands.

Marine organisms maintain the same temperature as the surrounding water, so that when temperature increases, so does the temperature of the organism, Martin Grosell, professor of ichthyology and chair of the University of Miami’s Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, told ABC News. As the temperature rises, the organisms require more energy to move and survive. But, conversely, the levels of oxygen in the water decrease as the temperature warms, forcing the species to move, Grosell said.

The migrations may seem innocuous, but they are disrupting ecosystems all over the world, such as the phenology, or timing, of when grey seals give birth, Hemphill said.

Conversely, species are continuing to die off due to repeated events of marine heatwaves, Anne Christianson, director of international climate policy for the Center for American Progress, a public policy research organization, told ABC News.

Coral reefs are among the most threatened marine ecosystems in the world, scientists say. Coral bleaching, a process that occurs when water is too warm and the corals expel algae from their tissues, causing them to turn completely white, is happening at “alarming” rates — increasing by a rate of 4% per year — along with an uptick in mortality events along entire regions, d’Auriol said.

A study published in the National Academy of Sciences found that coral reefs could stop growing in 10 years unless greenhouse gases are significantly reduced and that, under a worst-case scenario, 94% of all reefs could erode by 2050.

Reefs are often the indicator of the health of an ecosystem, Brenda Ekwurzel, director of climate science for the Union of Concerned Scientists, told ABC News.

Mammals that rely on Arctic ice, such as polar bears and ringed seals, one of the polar bears’ main food sources that live their lives almost entirely on the ice, are also at risk, Ekwurzel said.

Vegetation such as mangroves, seagrass plants and marshes, some of the largest carbon sinks on the planet, which absorb and store carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, are also at risk of extinction, d’Auriol said.

The number of dead zones are increasing

A dead zone, or the process of hypoxia, occurs when an algal bloom sucks up all the oxygen in an area, making it impossible for marine life to survive — essentially a biological desert, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

A study published in 2008 in Science found that there were 400 dead zones around the world. By 2019, the number of dead zones had increased to about 900, d’Auriol said.

The dead zones often occur in regions with rampant nutrient runoff, such as at the base of the Mississippi River, where it empties into the Gulf of Mexico, Hemphill said.

Sea level rise will change coastal communities

The biggest contributor to sea level rise is the melting ice in the Arctic, which is heating up twice as fast as the rest of the world, according to the 2021 Arctic Report Card by NOAA. Increases in sea level rise of 6 inches to a foot since the Industrial Revolution may seem like small increments, but crucial infrastructure near oceans was not built to withstand the added inches of water, experts say.

Millions of people living in coastlines around the world, including those in mega cities such as New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco, will be displaced by the rise in sea levels, d’Auriol said.

Carbon dioxide emissions sparks ocean acidification

Ocean acidification, which occurs when water’s pH levels are lowered as a result of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, is not directly caused by warming temperatures but rather by excess carbon dioxide emissions, Hemphill said.

“The alarming thing about it is that shellfish everything from from microscopic plankton, to clams and crabs and coral reefs themselves use calcium carbonate to build their shells,” he said. “And as the ocean acidifies, it becomes more difficult to create the shells.”

Ocean acidification, rather than coral bleaching, will likely be the culprit behind the demise of coral reefs, Ekwurzel said.

Collective actions are necessary to protect the oceans

In line with the 2022 theme for World Oceans Day, “Revitalization: Collective Action for the Ocean,” scientists and conservationists are highlighting the need for individuals, communities, nonprofits, the private sector and governments to come together to create solutions, d’Auriol said.

This includes ensuring the health of marine protected areas by eliminating housing, fishing zones and shipping traffic in the vicinity, d’Auriol said.

Governments will need to create policies to protect both human life and the health of the ocean, Christianson said.

“There isn’t one silver bullet for solving this crisis in the ocean and on land,” Christianson said.

However, the ticking time bomb is the race to drastically reduce global greenhouse gas emissions within the next decade, the experts said.

“We can’t afford to delay those solutions any longer,” Ekwurzel said.

Along the path to properly protecting and preserving oceans is ridding the narrative that oceans are a separate environmental issue from climate change and the conservation of biodiversity, d’Auriol said.

“Because we do live on a water planet, and it’s responsible for sustaining all life on Earth,” she said.

Copyright (C) 2022, ABC Audio. All rights reserved.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

How does elevated water acidity affect fish ability to survive?

**Kelp as a Natural Solution:**
   - Kelp and other large seaweeds play a powerful role in absorbing carbon and nitrogen from the water, helping to reduce local acidification and offering protection for shell-building species, like oysters and clams.

- Some communities and Indigenous groups are turning to kelp farming as a way to combat acidification and support local marine life.

Title:

Content:   • Outdoors

Nuns and Indigenous women band together on a surprising solution for state’s major problem: ‘It’s empowering’

The goal is to clean up their “shared backyard.”

Photo Credit: Shinnecock Kelp Farmers

A group of Indigenous women and nuns have joined forces to heal the polluted waters of New York, using kelp and song.

It all began when one of the sisters started singing while another played the flute and others recited poetry and prayers to help some kelp seedlings grow big and healthy before being planted off the shores of Long Island, New York, as reported by The Guardian.

They are working with a group of women from the Shinnecock, a local Indigenous tribe, to establish a kelp farm. The goal is to clean up the pollution in their “shared backyard,” per The Guardian.

Danielle Hopson Begun, a tribal member, told The Guardian: “When we started our hatchery, we were doing a lot of research for ways to give our kelp the best start in life.”

Begun told the outlet that “studies have shown that plants respond well to high-frequency tones.”

The goal of the group is to use the kelp to get rid of the carbon and nitrogen that have been poisoning the local waters.

For years, the waters surrounding Long Island have had health problems due to wastewater and stormwater runoff. That introduces too much nitrogen and other nutrients that increase the growth of algae, which uses up the oxygen in the water, per Earth.org.

This lack of oxygen, called hypoxia, has made aquatic life-forms either leave the area or die.

In 1985, the EPA, along with the states of New York and Connecticut, joined forces to form the Long Island Sound Study

Since then, the initiative has led investments and programs that have had a conservation impact of over $62 million, per Earth.org, for various regional and local projects.

But there is still lots of work to be done, and kelp may be the answer.

Studies have shown that kelp has the ability to absorb carbon and nitrogen from water, acting as a natural way to fight ocean acidification

Starting a kelp farm generally includes growing kelp from seedlings in tanks at a hatchery and farming them in ocean water.

In 2019, six Shinnecock women decided to take their own initiative using kelp. They came together to create a kelp-farming collective and sought the help of the Sisters of St. Joseph.

Together, they are working to save the bay where both communities are located, and it appears to be working.

“Our voices for so long have just been erased or silenced,” said Shinnecock lawyer Tela Troge, whose tribe has been on Long Island for the last 13,000 years, per The Guardian.

“It’s refreshing. It’s empowering,” Troge said, referring to the change her people are making with the nuns.

Join our free newsletter for cool news and cool tips that make it easy to help yourself while helping the planet.

**What Can Individuals and Schools Do?

Title:

Content: Are we doing a good job teaching the younger generation about climate change?

Opinion: Before the pandemic, our young people were out in the streets in their thousands demanding urgent action on climate change.

The haka in front of the Nelson Cathedral by the boys of Nelson College was seen on screens around the world.

The striking students listed climate change education among their demands.

A year and a half later, what’s happening in the area of climate change education in the schools of Nelson Tasman?

READ MORE:
* Environmental sustainability students not sure on compulsory climate change
* Young people taking big steps for the environment
* Education Ministry: Schools have scope to design their own climate change curriculum

It can be argued that the generation at school today will be wrestling with the impacts of climate change for the next 70 or 80 years.

It is likely to be a dominant theme in their lives as the planet inevitably heats up and sea levels rise.

We should provide a good knowledge foundation for the challenges that will face them.

Here are some comments by young people in our region:

Saskia: “I think there isn’t enough education about climate at schools. I personally don’t know a lot about climate change as school hasn’t taught us much about it… I think there could be some improvement on it as a lot of kids I know don’t know much about it.”

Juliet: “I think that we could definitely have more environmental education in school. The focus should be on how we can help rather than only telling us about what’s wrong with the world.”

Mia: “I personally think that as a community we need to take more action … Having things like educational talks about the subject in Schools, Community places (e.g. Library) and in work places would give people a better education on the topic and might cause people to take part in the fight. Maybe getting schools fully involved in the act too might help educate our generation.”

Some secondary schools in our region are doing exactly that.

At Waimea College, Head of Science Drew McGlashen teaches a unit on the Nature of Science.

Through a cleverly devised game the students discover the dynamics of the carbon cycle.

With active experimentation they understand the impact of ocean acidification on marine creatures and the workings of the greenhouse gas effect on the temperature of the Earth.

“The students find this knowledge empowering,” Drew said.

In year 11 at Waimea College, the students study a local stream ecosystem, including the impact of climate change.

Similarly, in year 12, there is a study of the local estuary.

Drew would like to see more climate change education in the region.

At Nayland College, Head of Science Hamish McLellan describes a year 11 unit on carbon fuels.

This deals with the use and effects of fossil fuels and their alternatives.

A very interesting development will be the introduction next year of the topic of Change to year 9 children.

A significant part of this will be climate change. In year 10 there is a sustainability focus.

A module called Coast to Coast has a climate change element.

In Earth and Marine Science a large part of the course concerns climate change.

The students have the opportunity to engage in planting seagrass, contributing to “blue carbon” sequestration.

In Nelson College for Girls, climate change enters into the Earth and Space Science subject area. Next year they will further develop the climate component of Environmental studies.

Golden Bay High School, Tapawera and Murchison Area Schools all teach specific curricula dealing with climate change, in some cases having devised the curriculum themselves.

Many of these schools have Envirogroups or Envirocommittees outside class time, usually working on projects on an aspect of sustainability.

The Envirogroup at Motueka High School is working on a whole school sustainability vision.

Golden Bay High School’s Board of Trustees has adopted a Sustainability Policy.

Nayland’s board is considering one.

The Enviroschools standards encourage schools in their sustainability practices.

Several of the schools have converted from fossil fuel space heating to using wood chips. Some hope to raise money to install solar arrays for heating.

None is currently running a campaign to reduce car use for school transport; several said that most students used buses.

A student-led campaign to promote bicycling to school was run in Motueka High School two years ago.

While some Envirogroups have worked on litter in the school, none mentioned a focus on organic waste.

Nelson Marlborough Institute of Technology has no direct offerings on climate change.

Some horticulture teaching includes its impact on crops. NMIT is trying to improve the sustainability of its operational practices.

A few of the region’s secondary schools didn’t respond to enquiries.

Primary schools, some of which offer teaching on climate change, were not included in this survey.

In summary, a few schools are doing an outstanding job in preparing young people for a climate-impacted future. Most schools are doing something towards this goal.

The Ministry of Education is undergoing a ‘curriculum refresh’. It is expected that there will be more climate change content as a result.

The ministry has funded a beautifully conceived curriculum for level 4 students, together with a wellbeing guide to respond to emotions evoked by knowledge.

Conor Twyford, climate change organizer for NZIE, the primary teachers’ union, believes that a lack of professional development opportunities in climate change education is the reason its coverage is patchy.

She believes that many teachers would be glad of the opportunity to develop their skills in this area.

There is a call by some, including young people, to make education in climate change mandatory.

Joanna Santa Barbara lives in Motueka. She is a member of Zero Carbon Nelson Tasman and of the Nelson Tasman Climate Forum.

**
   - Simple actions, like reducing plastic use, composting, eating sustainable seafood, and participating in beach cleanups, can help protect the ocean.

Title:

Content: The top five things you can do to help restore the health of the ocean

Photo by Arnaud Mesureur on Unsplash
by Clare Kelly
31 October 2019

In this week’s episode of Earth Unscrewed, Karen Sack, President and CEO of Ocean Unite, talks about the important things each of us can do to help restore the health of the ocean.

For years, scientists have been telling us that at least 30 per cent of the ocean should be declared strongly protected in marine reserves by 2030 – this is critical both for marine biodiversity and to build climate resilience. So in the third episode of our second season, Karen talks about what needs to be done, by all of us, to help safeguard 30 per cent of the ocean by 2030.

Karen shared five top tips on how to help unscrew the blue parts of our beautiful planet:

  1. Reduce your carbon footprint. Take the time to really look into how you can shift to using renewable energy in your daily life. Renewable energy options are increasing everyday and making this important change is often just a phone call away.

  2. ONLY eat sustainably sourced fish. If you are thinking about eating fish look closely at where it comes from. Use the information cards provided by food sellers and only spend your money on sustainable and legally sourced fish. Use your purchasing power at restaurants too. Ask about their fish supplies and raise awareness that sustainably sourced fish are an imperative for customers.

  3. Go single-use-plastic free. Think about your plastic use. Think about your drink bottles, your lunch wrappers, your household products. So many mini-wins are right there for the taking.

  4. Eat ethically. Think about the foods you consume and the farming footprint they leave behind. Think about the pesticides and chemicals used and start making more organic, environmentally friendly food decisions.

  5. Be an environmentally friendly traveller. When you’re setting out to enjoy the ocean  and planning that coastal holiday –  be sure to carry out your activities in a sustainable way. Choose carefully and mindfully about where you go and what you do.

From reducing your carbon footprint, to eating more sustainably, to cutting single use plastic from your life – this episode is all about how we can work together to take action and unscrew the blue planet. Listen to Earth Unscrewed: A deep dive on ocean conservation now

Listen to Earth Unscrewed

Earth Unscrewed is Virgin’s podcast about the incredible (and often surprising!) solutions that are providing some serious hope for the future of our planet.

- Education and youth-driven campaigns can make a real difference—your club can inspire change by sharing these facts!

Title:

Content:   • Outdoors

Nuns and Indigenous women band together on a surprising solution for state’s major problem: ‘It’s empowering’

The goal is to clean up their “shared backyard.”

Photo Credit: Shinnecock Kelp Farmers

A group of Indigenous women and nuns have joined forces to heal the polluted waters of New York, using kelp and song.

It all began when one of the sisters started singing while another played the flute and others recited poetry and prayers to help some kelp seedlings grow big and healthy before being planted off the shores of Long Island, New York, as reported by The Guardian.

They are working with a group of women from the Shinnecock, a local Indigenous tribe, to establish a kelp farm. The goal is to clean up the pollution in their “shared backyard,” per The Guardian.

Danielle Hopson Begun, a tribal member, told The Guardian: “When we started our hatchery, we were doing a lot of research for ways to give our kelp the best start in life.”

Begun told the outlet that “studies have shown that plants respond well to high-frequency tones.”

The goal of the group is to use the kelp to get rid of the carbon and nitrogen that have been poisoning the local waters.

For years, the waters surrounding Long Island have had health problems due to wastewater and stormwater runoff. That introduces too much nitrogen and other nutrients that increase the growth of algae, which uses up the oxygen in the water, per Earth.org.

This lack of oxygen, called hypoxia, has made aquatic life-forms either leave the area or die.

In 1985, the EPA, along with the states of New York and Connecticut, joined forces to form the Long Island Sound Study

Since then, the initiative has led investments and programs that have had a conservation impact of over $62 million, per Earth.org, for various regional and local projects.

But there is still lots of work to be done, and kelp may be the answer.

Studies have shown that kelp has the ability to absorb carbon and nitrogen from water, acting as a natural way to fight ocean acidification

Starting a kelp farm generally includes growing kelp from seedlings in tanks at a hatchery and farming them in ocean water.

In 2019, six Shinnecock women decided to take their own initiative using kelp. They came together to create a kelp-farming collective and sought the help of the Sisters of St. Joseph.

Together, they are working to save the bay where both communities are located, and it appears to be working.

“Our voices for so long have just been erased or silenced,” said Shinnecock lawyer Tela Troge, whose tribe has been on Long Island for the last 13,000 years, per The Guardian.

“It’s refreshing. It’s empowering,” Troge said, referring to the change her people are making with the nuns.

Join our free newsletter for cool news and cool tips that make it easy to help yourself while helping the planet.

*Use these nuggets to create eye-catching posters and handouts that explain how ocean acidification affects not just coral reefs, but the entire web of ocean life, including our own mascot, the cuttlefish!

Title:

Content:   • Outdoors

Nuns and Indigenous women band together on a surprising solution for state’s major problem: ‘It’s empowering’

The goal is to clean up their “shared backyard.”

Photo Credit: Shinnecock Kelp Farmers

A group of Indigenous women and nuns have joined forces to heal the polluted waters of New York, using kelp and song.

It all began when one of the sisters started singing while another played the flute and others recited poetry and prayers to help some kelp seedlings grow big and healthy before being planted off the shores of Long Island, New York, as reported by The Guardian.

They are working with a group of women from the Shinnecock, a local Indigenous tribe, to establish a kelp farm. The goal is to clean up the pollution in their “shared backyard,” per The Guardian.

Danielle Hopson Begun, a tribal member, told The Guardian: “When we started our hatchery, we were doing a lot of research for ways to give our kelp the best start in life.”

Begun told the outlet that “studies have shown that plants respond well to high-frequency tones.”

The goal of the group is to use the kelp to get rid of the carbon and nitrogen that have been poisoning the local waters.

For years, the waters surrounding Long Island have had health problems due to wastewater and stormwater runoff. That introduces too much nitrogen and other nutrients that increase the growth of algae, which uses up the oxygen in the water, per Earth.org.

This lack of oxygen, called hypoxia, has made aquatic life-forms either leave the area or die.

In 1985, the EPA, along with the states of New York and Connecticut, joined forces to form the Long Island Sound Study

Since then, the initiative has led investments and programs that have had a conservation impact of over $62 million, per Earth.org, for various regional and local projects.

But there is still lots of work to be done, and kelp may be the answer.

Studies have shown that kelp has the ability to absorb carbon and nitrogen from water, acting as a natural way to fight ocean acidification

Starting a kelp farm generally includes growing kelp from seedlings in tanks at a hatchery and farming them in ocean water.

In 2019, six Shinnecock women decided to take their own initiative using kelp. They came together to create a kelp-farming collective and sought the help of the Sisters of St. Joseph.

Together, they are working to save the bay where both communities are located, and it appears to be working.

“Our voices for so long have just been erased or silenced,” said Shinnecock lawyer Tela Troge, whose tribe has been on Long Island for the last 13,000 years, per The Guardian.

“It’s refreshing. It’s empowering,” Troge said, referring to the change her people are making with the nuns.

Join our free newsletter for cool news and cool tips that make it easy to help yourself while helping the planet.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

**Nuggets of Information on Ocean Acidification and its Impact on Marine Life (beyond coral bleaching):**

1.

Title:

Content: American scientists thanks to shells found out how the Earth ’ s climate changed in the past
Deformed shells helped American scientists to find out how the Earth ’ s climate changed in the Cretaceous period, when the ocean acidification occurred and what humanity should expect in the future.
About 100 million years ago, volcanoes erupted on the ocean floor, which led to a lack of oxygen in the water and a decrease in pH levels.
The researchers drew attention to single-celled, which formed around themselves shells of calcium carbonate, writes Planet Today.
Scientists analyzed the content of shells and found that during the oxidation of the ocean shells began to consume less calcium and carbon dioxide from the water.
This caused a temporary cooling of the climate.
In the future, a similar situation is possible, but a temporary cooling will not save from global warming.

How does elevated water acidity affect fish ability to survive?

What is the main cause of ocean acidification?

water absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

**Ocean Acidification Explained**: Ocean acidification occurs when excess carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the atmosphere dissolves into seawater, lowering its pH.

Title:

Content: American scientists thanks to shells found out how the Earth ’ s climate changed in the past
Deformed shells helped American scientists to find out how the Earth ’ s climate changed in the Cretaceous period, when the ocean acidification occurred and what humanity should expect in the future.
About 100 million years ago, volcanoes erupted on the ocean floor, which led to a lack of oxygen in the water and a decrease in pH levels.
The researchers drew attention to single-celled, which formed around themselves shells of calcium carbonate, writes Planet Today.
Scientists analyzed the content of shells and found that during the oxidation of the ocean shells began to consume less calcium and carbon dioxide from the water.
This caused a temporary cooling of the climate.
In the future, a similar situation is possible, but a temporary cooling will not save from global warming.

What is the main cause of ocean acidification?

water absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

This makes the water more acidic.

Title:

Content: American scientists thanks to shells found out how the Earth ’ s climate changed in the past
Deformed shells helped American scientists to find out how the Earth ’ s climate changed in the Cretaceous period, when the ocean acidification occurred and what humanity should expect in the future.
About 100 million years ago, volcanoes erupted on the ocean floor, which led to a lack of oxygen in the water and a decrease in pH levels.
The researchers drew attention to single-celled, which formed around themselves shells of calcium carbonate, writes Planet Today.
Scientists analyzed the content of shells and found that during the oxidation of the ocean shells began to consume less calcium and carbon dioxide from the water.
This caused a temporary cooling of the climate.
In the future, a similar situation is possible, but a temporary cooling will not save from global warming.

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Title:

Content: REBENOK.RU
1,150 followers
How Environment Affects Human Health
Vera Shibaeva
A person changes his activity nature, and that in response, and also not in the best way, affects the well-being of a person.
And how in this way?
Photo: Depositphotos
From school, we know the data of the World Health Organization that human health is 50% dependent on lifestyle, 25% on the environment, 15% on heredity (genetic predisposition to certain diseases) and 10% on the quality of medical care.
Many, probably, in the lesson of valeology, biology or obzh drew an apple - a symbol of excellent health - and divided it into slices.
It is alarming that, according to scientists, the share of ecology in this “apple ” is growing every year: after 30 – 40 years, according to forecasts, it can reach 50 – 70%.
And all because a person adversely changes his activity nature, and that in response, and also not the best way, affects the well-being of a person.
Family invites you to learn more about the relationship between the environmental situation and the health of adults and children.
Risk factor: air
A person inhales more than 9 liters (12-15 cubic meters) of air per day.
The townspeople are least fortunate: in their aerococktail, vehicle exhaust, soot, heavy metal ions and toxic compounds from emissions of heat and power plants, boiler houses, industrial enterprises.
In the air of megacities and large routes, the entire Mendeleev table is presented: ions and salts of copper, cadmium, lead, manganese, nickel, zinc, vanadium, selenium, chromium, oxides of sulfur, nitrogen and carbon, ammonia, xylene, as well as chlorobenzene, toluene and other hydrocarbons. not only harmful substances that cause allergies and other ailments, but also mold spores, pathogens - not only ARVI is transmitted by airborne droplets.
Contaminated air is one of the reasons for the development of allergies, asthma, bronchitis, cardiovascular and oncological diseases, diabetes, chronic fatigue syndrome, avitaminosis.
Few people know that an ordinary gas stove is a source of air pollution in the house: nitrogen and carbon oxides, phenol, sulfur dioxide and other products of gas combustion freely enter our lungs.
Dry numbers.
Russia annually emits 30 million tons of toxic substances into the atmosphere, of which up to 600 thousand tons fall on the share of Moscow.
How to reduce harm?
Various household appliances for cleaning the air in the apartment, car and office (air washers, air conditioners, ionizers), according to experts, will soon become as familiar in our everyday life as a vacuum cleaner or iron.
And the most affordable way to improve the weather in the house is regular ventilation, provided that the windows do not overlook the roadway, and the use of hoods in the kitchen.
Risk factor: soil
Contaminated soil is dangerous to our health because it generously gives its harmful contents to the foods we eat (meat, milk, vegetables, fruits, greens) and the water we drink.
Like air or water, soil can be contaminated with chemical compounds, radioactive elements, household waste, pathogenic microorganisms.
Anthrax, gas gangrene, tetanus, typhoid, as well as polio viruses, mycobacteria tuberculosis, helminths, protozoa and other causative agents of intestinal infections are transmitted through the soil.
The earth, acting as a natural filter, absorbs nitrates, pesticides, heavy metals, radioactive and other dangerous substances from its upper layer, from sediments and land reservoirs.
But its possibilities are not unlimited, so an excess of such substances is involved in the food chain: soil (water) - animal (plant) - man.
As a result, they accumulate in our body and slowly poison it, worsening the immune system and accelerating aging, triggering cancer, diseases of the genitourinary, digestive, respiratory systems.
_ Dry figures. _ In Russia, according to various estimates, 730 thousand hectares of land have an extremely dangerous level of soil pollution. Aerospace survey shows that the greatest area of negative impact on the environment (including the condition of the soil) is characterized by oil refineries, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises, chemical plants - it is about 60 km in radius from the source of pollution.
How to reduce harm?
Thoroughly wash and clean fruits, vegetables, berries, greens.
Buy a home nitrate tester (nitratometer).
Grow what you need in your own household or buy farm products.
Risk factor: drinking water
Water is a source not only of life, but also of various kinds of diseases, if it is of inadequate quality.
Water is subject to mechanical, chemical, biological and radiation pollution: in other words, various impurities (dust, sand, silt, garbage), chemical compounds and elements, pathogens and radioactive substances turn life-giving moisture into a health-threatening cocktail.
So, water into which household and sewage effluents fall, can become a source of mass spread of hepatitis, meningitis, as well as intestinal infections caused by salmonella, typhoid bacillus, leptospira and other pathogenic microorganisms.
Water with a high content of heavy metals: lead, zinc, mercury, nickel, chromium, contributes to the development of atherosclerosis and bone marrow diseases, reducing visual acuity.
And regular consumption of water, excessively rich in chlorine, fluorine, bromine, leads to such serious health consequences as a persistent decrease in immunity, liver and kidney diseases, cancer, genetic mutations (including congenital anomalies of the fetus), deterioration, up to infertility, reproductive function of women and men.
According to the UN World Water Assessment Program (WWAP), almost 10% of diseases in the world can be avoided due to improved water supply, improved water treatment, hygiene and efficient water management.
How to reduce harm?
Use only purified water for drinking and cooking: either with the help of a household household filter (if you drink tap, well, spring water), or in industrial conditions (purchased bottled water is suitable for use without additional cleaning measures).
For reference
I highly recommend, if you haven ’ t seen the documentary “Home ”.
It was shot in 2009 by French director Jan Artus Bertrand and is banned in 36 countries around the world.
The film opens the audience to the majestic beauty of different parts of our planet... and their defencelessness before the barbaric attitude of man to them.
What the mining and chemical industry, military operations, predatory deforestation, megacities with their ultra-dense buildings, a huge number of cars and tons of daily waste can do with nature, is shown in the film without embellishment.
Look and recommend to others: the cleanliness and safety of the surrounding world depends on us and you.
Every battery handed over for disposal, every bag of garbage after a picnic, not left in the forest, is a contribution to the preservation of the health of the planet, and therefore the health of mankind.
Author: Vera Shibaeva
Link to the original source
Picture of the day
top

**Historical Changes Show the Impact**: Roughly 100 million years ago, volcanic eruptions on the ocean floor caused significant drops in oxygen and pH in the water, disrupting marine ecosystems—an example of how pH shifts can have drastic effects on ocean life.

Title:

Content: American scientists thanks to shells found out how the Earth ’ s climate changed in the past
Deformed shells helped American scientists to find out how the Earth ’ s climate changed in the Cretaceous period, when the ocean acidification occurred and what humanity should expect in the future.
About 100 million years ago, volcanoes erupted on the ocean floor, which led to a lack of oxygen in the water and a decrease in pH levels.
The researchers drew attention to single-celled, which formed around themselves shells of calcium carbonate, writes Planet Today.
Scientists analyzed the content of shells and found that during the oxidation of the ocean shells began to consume less calcium and carbon dioxide from the water.
This caused a temporary cooling of the climate.
In the future, a similar situation is possible, but a temporary cooling will not save from global warming.

How does elevated water acidity affect fish ability to survive?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Title:

Content: The fact that the ecology of our planet is in a sad state, trumpet everywhere
The fact that the ecology of our planet is in a deplorable state, trumpet everywhere.
Water, soil and air are poisoned by the products of “reasonable ” human activity.
Back to article
Picture of the day
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**Cephalopods (Cuttlefish, Squid, Octopus)**:
   - Cuttlefish and other cephalopods build their shells or internal structures (like cuttlebones) from calcium carbonate.

Title:

Content: Environmental and industrial safety are our main objectives
2439
Dear voters!
On April 26 of this year, extraordinary elections of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan will be held.
Elections are an opportunity to draw the attention of society to the main issues of our life.
My vast work, production and life experience suggests that the attention of the state is not always properly paid to environmental and industrial safety issues.
That's why I put forward my candidacy.
The main goal of my election platform is to consider the tasks of transition to environmentally friendly development in the context of human development, to demonstrate the need to take into account environmental aspects and industrial safety issues in such a transition.
* * *
The second half of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries is a time of unprecedented economic growth.
However, rapid economic growth is increasingly carried out without proper consideration of the capabilities of the environment, permissible economic loads on it.
Irrational use of natural resources, pollution of the natural environment with waste, depletion of the gene pool and biological diversity leads to the degradation of the natural environment and human habitat.
As a result, the natural environment is degraded.
Today, the issues of ozone depletion, pollution of the waters of the World Ocean, pollution of land and soil cover, depletion of biological diversity as a result of human industrial activity are relevant.
As a result of the processes of soil degradation, about 7 million hectares of fertile land are removed from the world agricultural turnover annually.
The main reasons for this process are growing urbanization, water and wind erosion, as well as chemical (clogging with heavy metals, chemical compounds) and physical (destruction of soil cover during mining, construction and other works) degradation.
Of great concern is the pollution of the atmosphere by dust and gaseous wastes, the emissions of which are directly related to the combustion of mineral fuels and biomass, as well as to mining, construction and other earthworks.
One of the main aspects of the environmental problem is the reduction of biological diversity.
Currently, the Earth ’ s biodiversity is estimated at 10 to 20 million species.
The damage in this area is already felt enough.
In the second half of the 20th century, the process of reducing the gene pool accelerated dramatically, and if the existing trends continue in the 21st century, 1 / 5 of all species that now inhabit our planet may disappear.
Man is depleting non-renewable natural resources and endangering the production of those elements that could be revived.
It changes the environment of nature upon which its physical and mental existence as a biological and social phenomenon depends.
Environmental pollution is becoming more acute and alarming.
Therefore, today it is necessary to talk about ecology not only as a section of biology, but also in a broader sense.
With the advent of man and the development of his economic activity in the evolution of the biosphere began to act a new factor - anthropogenic.
Man began to use the biosphere to meet his needs.
The level of human impact on the environment depends primarily on the technical equipment of society.
It was extremely small in the early stages of human development.
However, with the development of society, in the course of technological progress, the situation changed radically.
The twentieth century, which formed a qualitatively new relationship of science, technology and technology, enormously increased the scale of the impact of society on nature and posed a number of extremely acute problems for humanity.
However, no matter how we try to change the environment, life on Earth develops according to the strict laws of nature.
That is why human civilization, in order to ensure its sustainable development, must also follow these laws and principles.
Living in harmony with nature is one of the fundamental principles of the existence of Man on Earth.
Even the great philosophers of antiquity taught that it is possible to command nature only by obeying its laws.
However, many facts give grounds to characterize the current relationship between man and nature as anthropogenic ecocide - the destruction of people's natural habitat, including the conditions of their own existence.
Therefore, today we must understand and perceive ecology as the science of our own home.
That is, about the biosphere, the features of its development and the role of man in this process.
People should understand the laws of the development of the biosphere, know the possible causes of its degradation.
Society should form a model of behavior in which the laws of the development of the biosphere are not violated.
Back in the early twentieth century, the famous naturalist V. I. Vernadsky said that humanity has become the main geological-forming force of the planet, and one day the time will come when people will have to take responsibility for the further development of both Nature and Man.
It was obvious to Vernadsky that the biosphere, under the influence of intelligent human activity, was changing into a qualitatively new state.
This new state of the biosphere, transformed by human thought and labor, Vernadsky called the noosphere.
Its essential characteristic is the maintenance of the global equilibrium of the system on the basis of an optimal combination of socio-historical and natural-natural laws.
The biosphere existed before the appearance of man on Earth, it can exist without him.
But man cannot exist without the biosphere.
Awareness of the global environmental danger threatening to destroy humanity has forced the world community to look for new ways out of the situation and led to an understanding of the need to develop the concept of sustainable development.
Noospheric humanity must find a way to restore and preserve the ecological balance on the planet, to develop and implement in practice a strategy of crisis-free development of nature and society.
In the late 1960s, the idea of using a scientific approach to the problem of biodiversity conservation increased again, which was reflected in the creation of a global network of protected areas, on the basis of which international cooperation and exchange programmes began to develop.
Within the framework of these programs, special zones have been created in which it is possible to deal not only with the conservation of biological diversity, but also with the monitoring of environmental processes.
It was during this period that the concept of zoning was proposed, which consists of the creation of three special zones: the core, the buffer zone and the transition zone, or the zone of cooperation with the local population.
In the same period, biological reserves began to be created, the main activity of which was to conduct long-term research on the conservation of biological diversity.
The result of the research was the creation of a worldwide network of biosphere reserves, combining specially protected natural areas, reducing biodiversity losses, preserving the values of the ecosystem.
Today, the network of biosphere reserves is a kind of engine for the exchange of experience, the basis for educational and research programs, monitoring of the environmental situation.
Unfortunately, at present, man is an aggressive element of the ecosystem, but only he, being a sentient being, can stop the destruction of biological diversity and Nature as a whole.
Man is quite capable to assume the functions of managing the ecological development of the planet.
That is why ecology today must go beyond just biology.
Ecology should become an interdisciplinary science that studies the problems of human interaction with the environment.
The interaction of man with nature has its own specifics.
Man is endowed with intelligence, and this gives him the opportunity to realize his place in nature and purpose on Earth.
Today, humanity needs a new paradigm of progressive development that can ensure the well-being of society without undue pressure on the natural environment and without its destruction.
In the near future, advanced countries will move to the formation of a new technological base based on the application of new scientific ideas and developments, globally advanced technologies, biotechnology, etc.
And we must not lag behind them.
Particular attention should be paid to the issue of modernization of environmental policy and the role of civil society in a systematic transition to environmental development.
It is important to be clear that we will be able to achieve safe development only by revising the concept of development of our economic system.
In particular, the source of growth should be the transformation of the economy through the transition to environmentally friendly, low-waste technologies that are environmentally friendly and allow us to ensure an intensive increase in the degree of our competitiveness, well-being and quality of life of society.
Our primary task should be the rational and planned use of natural resources, the protection of the environment from pollution, the introduction of a planned system of state control, international and social measures aimed at the rational use, protection and restoration of natural resources, satisfaction of the material and cultural needs of future generations.
The role of education should not be underestimated.
Therefore, vital measures for the dissemination of knowledge about environmental and industrial safety are the introduction of a compulsory subject in general education schools and the teaching of the basics of ideas about ecology and safe development, as well as constant environmental and educational activities.
We must inculcate knowledge about the environment, the principles of a safe and environmentally friendly existence, knowledge about the need to protect and preserve nature and the reality around us.
Civil society structures, including mass public organizations and youth movements, as well as professional institutions, have a special role to play in disseminating the ideas of preserving environmental balance and industrial safety.
It is necessary to develop civil activity in environmental and environmental issues.
People themselves must consciously come to the idea of   the need to preserve the ecological balance and pristine nature.
All human economic activity must be subjected to a thorough analysis for environmental impact.
The development of such institutions in the center and regions will contribute to the consolidation of the efforts of the expert community and civil society to identify ways and implement clear tasks of modernizing the economy to ensure environmentally friendly development.
Ensuring the success of these tasks involves the development of a broad movement in Kazakhstan in support of increasing the environmental competence of the masses and safe development, as a priority for the activity of civil society, and the definition of this topic as one of the fundamental vectors of support from the state.
Dear Kazakhstanis!
Industrial safety issues are also important in the life of all industrialized countries.
Industrial safety is aimed at compliance with industrial safety requirements established in technical regulations, rules for ensuring industrial safety, various instructions and other regulatory legal acts.
All these documents must be executed.
A certain degree of protection of the vital interests of the individual and society as a whole from possible emergency situations at hazardous production facilities and minimization of the consequences of these accidents should be guaranteed.
To prevent these situations, a set of measures aimed at ensuring the safe operation of technical devices should be implemented at all hazardous production facilities.
All organizations operating hazardous production facilities are obliged to take care of the safety of their employees, facilities and the environment.
All businesses must operate in a way that minimizes the harmful impact on the environment.
In 2004, the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On technical regulation" was adopted.
The law clearly sets out norms on the safety of products and processes, on multi-level standards and certification.
My goal is to achieve transparency and the correct implementation of these norms.
It is necessary to ensure systematic public control over the activities of enterprises in the interests of ensuring the safety of products and processes.
It is necessary to ensure that the requirements of technical regulations become mandatory not only on paper.
It is necessary to ensure that in the implementation of construction, industrial development, any economic activity does not suffer our rich nature, our unique landscape.
Dear voters!
In my program, I tried to convey to you the main idea – the importance of the principles of clean ecology and industrial safety in the life of the state.
Our common task is to create a new, balanced model of the country ’ s development in the context of safe and environmentally friendly development in the third millennium.
Paid by the CEC of the Republic of Kazakhstan from the funds allocated to candidates from the Republican
budget, and the electoral fund of the candidate for the presidency of the Republic of Kazakhstan A. K. Kusainov.
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Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

- Acidic seawater makes it harder for them to form and maintain these structures, potentially affecting buoyancy and survival.

Title:

Content: Lecture by V.A. Sadovnichy at the opening of the All-Russian Festival of SCIENCE 0 +
Source: MIL-OSI English Language News
Source: Lomonosov Moscow State University – Lomonosov Moscow State University –
On October 6, the 18th All-Russian Science 0 + Festival opened at the Intellectual Center – the Fundamental Library of Moscow University.
The semantic dominant of the opening ceremony of the key scientific and educational project of the country, according to tradition, was a lecture by the rector of Moscow State University, academician V.A. Sadovnichy.
Presenting the Science Festival-2023, the rector noted that from year to year it is becoming more and more large-scale, the number of participants is growing, the geography is expanding.
“In 2006, I proposed the idea of the Moscow University Science Festival, which has outgrown the boundaries of the university, the city, the country, and now has confidently reached the international level, ” Sadovnichy said, speaking about the history of the festival movement in Russia.
Today in the country it is successfully implemented in all subjects of the Federation.
In Moscow alone, the Science Festival covers more than 100 venues.
“This is millions of participants of the festival and a great victory for our idea, ” the rector concluded.
He recalled that the tradition of holding science festivals dates back to the 19th century – the “golden age of science ”.
In Europe, the experiments of the English physicist Joule and Maxwell were demonstrated at science festivals, and other outstanding scientists of the era took part in them.
Preserving the continuity of the traditions of education and popularization of scientific ideas, the organizing committee of the Science 0 + Festival is a member of the European Association of Scientific Events.
“Ocean of Science ” is the main theme of this year ’ s festival.
According to V.A. Sadovnichy, it reflects the goals of the International Decade of Ocean Sciences for Sustainable Development proclaimed by the UN.
At the same time, the ocean of science is an ocean of knowledge, it is a planet, space and man himself.
But even in a narrow sense, the ocean is full of mysteries, mysteries and scientific tasks.
The world ’ s oceans occupy 71% of the Earth ’ s surface and contain 96.5% of its water reserves.
The heat capacity of the ocean is 1,100 times greater than that of the atmosphere, making it the planet ’ s climate machine.
The ocean produces 50% of oxygen, allows 90% of world trade, 30% of oil and gas production.
3 billion people depend on the ocean for their livelihood.
Each year, humanity catches more than 70 million tons of fish.
In addition, the ocean is an important source of energy resources, an inexhaustible and still poorly used reserve of clean energy.
At the same time, the ocean is a source of global challenges.
Due to climate change, scientists predict that by the end of the 21st century, the growth of sea level will exceed 1 meter.
The ocean today is a source of catastrophic natural processes and phenomena, for example, tsunamis.
Realizing this, physicists of Moscow University have created an automatic system for assessing tsunami hazard, which has been successfully operating for 6 years.
During this time, it has processed 700 potentially threatening seismic events.
The problem of ocean pollution is even more dangerous.
“The ocean is seriously ill, and a person is to blame for this, ” Sadovnichy noted, paying special attention to the danger of plastic pollution.
The Great Pacific Garbage Patch covers an area of almost 1.5 million square kilometers.
According to scientists, by 2050, 1 kg of fish in the ocean will account for 1 kg of garbage.
The Maritime Doctrine of the Russian Federation, approved by a presidential decree on July 31, 2022, notes that the importance of the ocean for Russia and for other countries will only increase.
This poses new challenges for scientists.
To date, only 7% of the area of   the ocean floor has been studied, only 220,000 species of marine animals have been described - 10% of their total number.
V.A. Sadovnichy called the university as the best place for training future ocean researchers: “The university provides fundamental interdisciplinary education.
Here they study and teach physics, chemistry, geography, geology, biology and other sciences necessary for the knowledge of the ocean. "
The ocean of space is even more vast and mesmerizing.
Moscow University is the world leader among universities in space research.
The Caucasus Mountain and Crimean observatories, the global network of automatic telescopes MASTER are effective tools for space exploration.
Prepares MSU and projects in the field of studying exoplanets, which today becomes one of the central tasks for astronomers around the world.
To clarify the nature of cosmic rays, Moscow and Irkutsk State Universities are creating a TAIGA complex in the Tunkinskaya Valley in Buryatia.
It is the world ’ s largest gamma observatory.
Its task is to register particles of ultra-high energies coming from the Universe.
It was Professor of Moscow State University Georgy Christiansen who at one time discovered a sharp change (fracture) of the primary energy spectrum of cosmic rays.
As a boundless ocean from the point of view of science looks and the human brain – 100 billion cells, each which is connected by thousands of connections with others.
On the study of the secrets of the brain worked the largest domestic scientists - Pavlov, Sechenov, Bekhterev.
So far, the phenomenon of consciousness has not been revealed, and this is indeed an interdisciplinary problem.
At Moscow University, in different aspects, it is studied in different faculties - biological, psychology, economic, and recently the problem of thinking has come from a purely biological plane.
At MSU, scientists from the Institute for Advanced Brain Research and the Institute of Artificial Intelligence are also working on it today, which are engaged in the creation of human-oriented AI.
As V.A. Sadovnichy noted, humanity today is literally sweeping the ocean of data and information.
According to the researchers of one of the leading technology companies in the world, the development of the Internet of Things will soon double the amount of data every 12 hours.
This is a problem for scientists.
For example, more than 66,000 scientific articles have been published on graphene alone in recent years.
To read them, a scientist with an 8-hour working day would need 40 years of continuous work.
Therefore, it is not the accumulation of big data that becomes an increasingly urgent task, but the skill costs the least amount of data necessary to understand a particular problem.
According to the rector, a change in the trend from Big to Smart Data is inevitable.
An example of such an approach is the creation of the “Ark of Knowledge ” of Moscow State University – a database of reference knowledge formed and verified by leading scientists, cleared of fakes.
It is on the basis of this collection that the Great Russian Encyclopedia will be created, 200 volumes of which in electronic form will fit perfectly on a regular flash drive.
Another tool for the study of information by specialists of the Moscow University of the Ocean is the Supercomputer Complex of Moscow State University.
On September 1, a new supercomputer was put into operation there.
In the second part of his lecture, V.A. Sadovnichy spoke about the scientists who won the Nobel Prize in 2023, the awards of which clearly indicate the current trends in world science.
Catalin Crico from Hungary and Drew Weisman from the United States developed the technology by a colleague who created mRNA synthesis technology that helped in the creation of coronavirus vaccines based on this knowledge.
At the same time, according to a number of scientists, a version of a vaccine based on vector adenoviruses, developed by a research team under the leadership of a graduate of Moscow State University, academician A.L. Ginzburg in the National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after N.F. Gamalei of the Ministry of Health of Russia, is safer for humans.
Pierre Agostini (USA), Ferenc Kraus (Germany), Anne L ’ Juillet (France) have won the Nobel Prize in Physics for their research in the field of attosecond physics and methods for generating ultrashort pulses, which open up new ways to study the intra-atomic world.
At the Moscow University in this field of science works a whole group of scientists who are co-authors of part of the scientific works of nobeliates this year.
The MSU-Sarov branch implements the master ’ s program “Extreme electromagnetic fields, relativistic plasma and attosecond physics ”.
Munga Bavendi, Louis Bruce, Alexei Ekimov from the United States will receive this year's Nobel prizes for research in chemistry.
They discovered quantum dots – nanoparticles whose properties depend on their size due to quantum effects related to particle size.
V.A. Sadovnichy illustrated with this interesting fact that today all Nobel laureates focus on the problem of the microcosm, and the science that studies it is actually the same.
The division of research into scientific disciplines is made more for the convenience of man, the essence, according to Goethe, is not divided into reason without a trace.
In this regard, the rector emphasized that it is the university, the fundamentality and interdisciplinary nature of its approaches that makes it possible to make discoveries at the junction of sciences.
At the end of his lecture, V.A. Sadovnichy noted that several hundred participants gathered today in the hall where the opening of the Festival of Science takes place.
The exhibition in the Intellectual Center - the Fundamental Library of Moscow State University has already been seen by several thousand people.
In Moscow, hundreds of thousands of people will participate in the festival, and in total this year up to 18 million participants of the Science 0 + Festival are expected.
A significant part of them are students of secondary schools of the country.
On the opening day of the Festival, the best researchers of the country came to them as part of the “Scientists to School ” campaign.
Only in Moscow, 300 scientists came to school classes, 150 of them – representatives of Moscow State University.
On October 5, V.A. Sadovnichy, as chairman of the jury of the contest "Teacher of the Year of Russia", named the finalists and the winner of this annual national competition of the best teachers.
According to the rector, the Science Festival successfully connects two basic educational systems - a school and a university, which, in turn, is closely connected with science.
This is the merit of the Festival and a special mission.
Academician V.A. Sadovnichy wished scientific discoveries for the benefit of all people, success and perseverance in the knowledge of the world at the very end of his speech to all viewers of the opening ceremony of the XVIII All-Russian Science Festival.
Note; This information is raw content directly from the information source.
This is exactly what the source claims and does not reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.
Please note; This information is raw content directly from the information source.
It is accurate to what the source is stating and does not reflect the position of MIL-OSI or its clients.
MIL OSI

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

How does elevated water acidity affect fish ability to survive?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

- Embryonic development of cephalopods can be negatively affected by lower pH, leading to deformities or lower hatching rates.

Title:

Content: American scientists thanks to shells found out how the Earth ’ s climate changed in the past
Deformed shells helped American scientists to find out how the Earth ’ s climate changed in the Cretaceous period, when the ocean acidification occurred and what humanity should expect in the future.
About 100 million years ago, volcanoes erupted on the ocean floor, which led to a lack of oxygen in the water and a decrease in pH levels.
The researchers drew attention to single-celled, which formed around themselves shells of calcium carbonate, writes Planet Today.
Scientists analyzed the content of shells and found that during the oxidation of the ocean shells began to consume less calcium and carbon dioxide from the water.
This caused a temporary cooling of the climate.
In the future, a similar situation is possible, but a temporary cooling will not save from global warming.

At what stage of life are calcium carbonate-based organisms most vulnerable to changes in water pH?

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Title:

Content: News section
Eco-lessons from Nizhnekamskneftekhim: how to make useful habits a part of life
“Environmental Stories ” is the name of the project that Nizhnekamskneftekhim implements in partner schools as part of SIBUR ’ s educational program“ Second Life of Plastic ”.
Employees of the enterprise on an ongoing basis conduct environmental lessons in schools of the city on the topic of responsible consumption and separate collection of waste.
This large-scale systematic work is aimed at the formation of the right environmental habits in the younger generation.
This time, the participants of the eco-lesson were students of the sixth grade of secondary school No. 31 - a total of more than 120 boys and girls.
We study ecology with Nizhnekamskneftekhim
The environmental lesson in the 31st school was held in an interesting game form.
The boys had to answer the questions of four rounds.
From the tasks, the students learned, for example, that recycling even one sheet of paper saves water and reduces river pollution in the production of new items.
And recyclables such as recycled plastic bottle (PET) can become the basis for fleece sweaters or soft toys.
For each correct answer, the teams received points.
During the eco-lesson, the guys offered other ways that will help save the planet.
One of them is separate sorting of waste, the use of reusable dishes, as well as careful attitude to things, their timely repair and long-term use.
- Quiz was interesting - personally, I was able to learn more.
Not immediately, of course, we found the answer to the question, what does the hoodie, pillow and bottle, but found.
All of these items can be made from recycled bottles for drinks, ” said Valery Vafin, a student of the school № 31.
— I really liked the fact that the employees of Nizhnekamskneftekhim came to our school and arranged such an event for us.
I began to understand more how to take care of our ecology, - agreed Kira Maksimova, a student of MBOU "School No. 31".
According to the results of the intellectual game, the team of students of grade 6 "B" scored the highest number of points - 15 - and became the winner.
All participants of the event received useful gifts - lesson schedule templates, bookmarks for books, notebooks with environmental rules prescribed in them, as well as a book telling about the fascinating world of chemical processes.
Eco-lessons in the fresh air
Nizhnekamskneftekhim regularly conducts classes on the topic of ecology in city schools and develops environmental initiatives.
Thanks to such events, children learn about the separate collection of waste, the benefits of plastic recycling and inculcate the right habits from childhood.
Moreover, the specialists of the enterprise in practice talk about the features of their work.
Thus, the students of Gymnasium No. 32 saw with their own eyes the principles of the mobile laboratory.
Ecologist Alsu Shaikhutdinova showed schoolchildren how to monitor the state of atmospheric air.
The guys were able to sit at the workplace of the monitoring operator, get acquainted with the instruments for measuring substances in the atmospheric air.
It is important to note that all measurements are carried out automatically.
— It was very interesting to learn that such a mobile environmental post is important for operational monitoring of the environment.
Specialists can go anywhere in our city and assess the state of both the atmosphere and water sources, taking samples for this and making analyzes, ” says Dmitry Peshekhonov, a student of Gymnasium No. 32, inspired by the eco-lesson.
The company noted that the mobile environmental post appeared in service with petrochemists in 2019.
Specialists carry out air sampling anywhere in the city and the district - they remove a complete ecological slice of atmospheric air on 19 key indicators.
Gas analyzers of the ecological mobile station are tuned to the level of maximum permissible concentrations in the atmospheric air of hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, carbon oxide, aromatic hydrocarbons, mercaptans and other chemicals.
“In addition, the laboratory on wheels allows to increase the efficiency and accuracy of monitoring compliance with established maximum permissible concentrations, as well as to respond promptly to residents ’ requests and make the monitoring process more transparent, ” Alsu Shaikhutdinova, a laboratory engineer at Nizhnekamskneftekhim, told the children.
She also noted that the mobile laboratory takes air samples from 2 to 5 times a day.
The results of the tests become known within an hour.
Laboratory technicians go to the measurements at the request of residents of Nizhnekamsk, as well as according to the planned schedule.
The data is published in the mobile application "My Neftekhim", and is also transmitted to the dispatching point for collecting information "Nizhnekamskneftekhim", then - to the supervisory authorities.
Earlier, students of lyceum No. 35 and school No. 36 also learned about the principles of the mobile laboratory.
Eco-lessons with stars
The demonstration of the mobile laboratory, as well as eco-lessons organized in city schools by the Nizhnekamsk enterprise SIBUR, is part of a large area related to environmental education for children.
The work is aimed at increasing the interest of schoolchildren in the nature of their native land and the formation of environmental culture in the younger generation.
Pupils of four 6th grades of the 37th Lyceum of Nizhnekamsk also tested their knowledge of environmental protection.
Employees of the Nizhnekamsk enterprise SIBUR held an interactive lesson "Environmental Stories" for schoolchildren as part of the environmental education program for schoolchildren "The Second Life of Plastic".
– Environmental lessons are a simple way to tell in a fascinating way about the most pressing problems related to the topic of respect for nature, and ways to solve them.
Our goal is to create a sense of responsibility for the environment in our students.
The format of the quiz, game moments at the lesson helps to involve children more actively in the learning process, to make it interesting, ” says Landysh Khalikova, leading engineer of Nizhnekamskneftekhim.
School teachers also talk about the benefits of environmental lessons.
The event was interesting and informative for the children.
Students actively participated in the quiz, gladly answered environmental questions.
The lesson made both students and teachers think about what kind of ecological footprint we leave on the ground, and if we do not take care of nature, this can cause global environmental problems, ” said Alevtina Vasilyeva, Deputy Director for Academic Affairs of Lyceum No. 37.
But, perhaps, the most memorable eco-lesson was held in the polylingual complex "Adymnar".
In Nizhnekamsk came a popular singer and video blogger Milan Star.
The young star was invited by SIBUR.
Together with the Resource Saving Center, the company has developed a series of environmental lessons "The Second Life of Plastic", which in an interesting game form teach children responsible consumption and separate waste collection.
Students from more than 30 schools in the city also joined the broadcast.
In the lesson, the children learned what they are made of and how to recycle plastic.
For many, it was a discovery that ordinary plastic bottles can make useful things.
For example, clothing, furniture, office pens, punches, construction and medical materials.
To reduce the negative impact on the environment, everyone can change their habits today.
To do this, it is enough not to buy unnecessary things, save resources, use reusable things, do not rush to throw away old things, sort waste and send them for recycling.
The children watched online and did their homework.
The presenter addressed the teachers through a chat, in which she received answers from the schools participating in the broadcast.
The eco-lesson was informative not only for Nizhnekamsk schoolchildren, but also for Milana Star herself.
After the event, in an interview with Realnoe Vremya, the blogger admitted that she had little concern about the state of the environment before.
She, like many children, did not think about how to save nature.
I didn ’ t know that garbage collection was such a big problem.
Participating in eco-lessons, I realized that saving the planet is in our hands.
My mother and I agreed that at home we will begin to develop useful habits, sort waste, hand over plastic for processing, ” said Milana.
Sport and environment are compatible
Petrochemists attract famous athletes to participate in eco-lessons.
More than 280 students of the 36th school became participants of the KHL Hockey Lesson, which was jointly held for them by the Neftekhimik hockey club and SIBUR ’ s Nizhnekamsk enterprise.
Such a project in Nizhnekamsk was held for the first time.
It was initiated by the Continental Hockey League, the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, League clubs and regional authorities.
The hockey club has prepared for boys and girls many different surprises.
One of them was the meeting of the guys with the defender of the team “Neftekhimik ” Mikhail Sidorov.
Environmentalists of Nizhnekamskneftekhim told the children about useful environmental habits that can be applied in life and sports.
Our goal is to change the attitude of students to everything that surrounds them.
To take care of nature into their habit.
Therefore, it is important to integrate this knowledge and convey it to the younger generation through the familiar environment – the educational process, sports, ” said Landysh Khalikova, lead engineer of the Environmental Safety Department of Nizhnekamskneftekhim.
Why it is so important to take care of the environment, how to properly sort waste and what is plastic recycling, the specialists of the Nizhnekamsk enterprise SIBUR told the young hockey players of Neftekhimika-2012.
The environmental lesson took place in the form of a game.
Before the beginning of the school year, the pupils of FC Neftekhimik learned about the benefits of sorting garbage and its processing.
In addition, throughout the football season, the club "Neftekhimik" and "Nizhnekamskneftekhim" are actively working on the collection and processing of plastic waste.
Together they inculcate the right habits of the fans.
The other day, during the game between Neftekhimik and Arsenal Tula, it was possible not only to cheer for the teams, but also to take part in an environmental action.
On the territory of the stadium were installed special urns for collecting plastic.
During the match, we managed to collect a large number of plastic bottles.
“Second life ” they will get at the Bashkir plant of SIBUR, where after processing the bottles can again become a container for drinks or raw materials for consumer goods.
Lilia Egorova, photo presented by PJSC Nizhnekamskneftekhim
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**Other Shell-Building Creatures**:
   - Shellfish (like clams, oysters, and snails) struggle to build strong shells as acidification increases, making them more vulnerable to predation and environmental stress.

Title:

Content: American scientists thanks to shells found out how the Earth ’ s climate changed in the past
Deformed shells helped American scientists to find out how the Earth ’ s climate changed in the Cretaceous period, when the ocean acidification occurred and what humanity should expect in the future.
About 100 million years ago, volcanoes erupted on the ocean floor, which led to a lack of oxygen in the water and a decrease in pH levels.
The researchers drew attention to single-celled, which formed around themselves shells of calcium carbonate, writes Planet Today.
Scientists analyzed the content of shells and found that during the oxidation of the ocean shells began to consume less calcium and carbon dioxide from the water.
This caused a temporary cooling of the climate.
In the future, a similar situation is possible, but a temporary cooling will not save from global warming.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

- Even tiny plankton that form the basis of the food web (for whales, fish, etc.)

Title:

Content: The gardens are not burning.
Julia Latynina 's research
04.09.2021, 15: 12, Miscellaneous
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Whether all natural fires are a disaster, and how to make sure that people do not suffer from them.
2021 was a big year for fires.
In Yakutia, about 4 million hectares of forest were covered by fire, and in total in the Russian Federation this season (so far), 16 million hectares were covered by fire.
In California, the 2021 fire season began earlier and has already “surpassed the 2020 season, which in turn was the fiercest in recorded history. ”
Greece and Turkey were hit by a wave of heat, during which the thermometer in some places rose to 47 degrees, and with it – fires, horrifying shots of which were widely distributed on social networks.
Moscow, which is very fond of helping different countries, sent Be-200ChS, Il-76 and An-124 aircraft to Greece, which delivered two Mi-8 helicopters to fight the fire.
Three Russian Be-200 amphibious aircraft flew to Turkey, as well as five Il-76 fire aircraft and three Mi-8 fire helicopters.
As for Russia, it continued to burn, and burned in it 16 million hectares, which is not only the area of   fires in Greece and Turkey, but also the area of   the whole of Greece.
Amen.
In this regard, three things can be stated.
The first one.
Forest fires are important news.
They're on TV, they're in the media.
In the XIX century, a reader of St. Petersburg newspapers found on the page of incidents, who was moved by a horse or how a merchant was robbed, but he did not read anything about a forest fire near the village of Vyselki in Verkhoyansky district.
Now social media and satellites have made the planet very small.
We can see the forest burning.
At the same time, in most cases, this is not accompanied by education of the public in the question of what exactly, where and how it burns.
A person sees a picture, and it seems to him that he sees everything.
But in fact, the pictures have this peculiarity: if you do not understand what you see, then you do not see anything.
If you ask an ordinary user of information what is burning, he will most likely answer that forests in Yakutia are burning, but what, in fact, these forests are, what they grow in, how they burn and what the role of fire in this ecosystem is, he hardly knows.
The second one.
Fires have become an important element of various types of propaganda.
Official propaganda is chanting our aid to Turkey and Greece as if we had sent strategic bombers, not amphibians.
She also talks about the fight against fires as a personal achievement of the president: “In Russia, 60 natural fires were extinguished in a day. ”
"The situation in the republic is under the special control of the president."
“At the meeting devoted to the fight against natural disasters, Vladimir Putin once again stressed ”, etc.
The opposition also uses fires: they say, why instead of putting out Yakutia, put out Turkey?
And finally, the third.
Every big fire and scary pictures of it are a very important argument for a new left-wing orthodoxy exposing the horrors of anthropogenic global warming.
Look at what ’ s happening because of the man.
Here is the Guardian headline.
“Last month was the fiercest of all recorded July, scientists say. ”
However, a little later, the article states that the above-mentioned registration and observations have been conducted since 2003.
Well, of course, 3.8 billion years there is life on earth, observations have been made since 2003, July is the fiercest.
Scientists said.
“Huge spaces in North America, Siberia, Africa and Southern Europe continue to burn, ” writes the Guardian,“ due to extreme heat and prolonged drought, the fire of forests and steppes released 343 megatons of carbon into the air. ”
But the World Wildlife Fund: “Climate change is a global burning problem. ”
“Fires have destroyed large areas of our planet this year, ” the Foundation writes. – The conditions for fires are becoming more catastrophic and increasingly reflect the increase in global temperatures.
The fire season has become longer due to global warming.
The area that is subject to a very long fire season has doubled, and the frequency of long fire seasons has increased by more than half.
In 2013 alone, we lost 69,000 square miles of forest cover, one-third of which was in Russia and Canada.
In these countries and in Alaska, we saw a sharp increase in the loss of forest cover in the Arctic and subarctic forests.
We must make every effort to slow the rate of global warming, which is intensifying fires.
Tell our leaders to act on climate.
Sign up today. ”
You can't argue with that, I must say.
The hotter, the higher the chance of fire.
It is clear that a wet forest at a temperature of plus ten burns worse than a forest that turned into a powder keg at a temperature of plus forty.
Just in case, here ’ s a hedgehog and a graph — taken from a great article by Kharuk et al 2020.
The graph shows a dramatically increasing number of fires in Siberia since 1996, with the exceptionally hot summers of 2003, 2012 and 2019 naturally leading to more fires and a larger size of the area destroyed by the fire.
Over the past 10 years, the average annual area of forest fires in Russia has doubled compared to the previous 15 years: from 3 million to 6 million hectares.
This is quite natural, because the warming, which in one way or another has been going on for the past 50 years, applies primarily to temperate and high latitudes.
It warms not where it is warm, but where it is cold, and not when it is warm, but above all when it is cold.
That is, in Siberia, first of all, it warms in winter, it becomes shorter, the fire season becomes longer.
However, here ’ s another graph taken from an article by Andela et al, published in 2017 in Science.
According to Andela et al, the total area of   fires on Earth in the 18 years preceding 2015 has decreased by 25%.
From this graph, we can suspect that the number of fires on Earth is affected by a variety of factors, not just warming.
Or, for example, such a detail.
Before 1800, about 1.8 million hectares burned annually in California.
For comparison, this year, which, according to the Center for Disaster Philanthropy, “may surpass last year ’ s terrible fire season, ” in this terrible, unprecedented, unparalleled year, 1.4 million hectares burned across America by August 8.
That is, less than in California alone before it was inhabited by whites.
Below we will try to understand: a) what are fires, because they are very different; b) in which cases the fire is harmful, and in which it is part of the natural cycle or even an absolutely necessary part of the ecosystem.
We will see what ways plants are inventing to benefit from certain kinds of fires or even to cause them.
We will also look at what other drivers, apart from rising (primarily in the temperate zone) temperatures, have an impact on the frequency of fires.
We will also see if, in the event of a fire, the interests of the human species and the interests of the ecosystem coincide.
Is it possible, for example, that an ecosystem needs a fire for some reason, and a person living in this ecosystem does not need a fire at all, neither near nor even far, because there is nothing more harmful than smoke from a fire?
All right, let's go.
Mediterranean type biome
Let ’ s take a look at this plant.
This is the most common Cistus creticus, it is also a labdanum.
Below is his brother Cistus ladanifer.
By the way, they are called frankincense because their juice was used as a substitute for frankincense.
These are typical of the Mediterranean biome, and in particular of Turkey and Greece, plants that are remarkable in that the extremely hard shell of their seeds opens after a fire.
That is why the cysts begin to bloom on the sites of recent fires.
And here is another inhabitant of the Mediterranean - strawberry tree, Arbutus unedo.
Arbutus unedo grows all over the Mediterranean and adorns the coat of arms of Madrid.
Its berries, by the way, can be eaten.
If you look at the root of this tree, you will see that it grows as if, I'm sorry, from a thick root butt.
This butt is called lignotuber, it's also a root cap.
Lignotubers in trees almost always perform the same function: they save the tree from fire.
If fire passes through the forest, the tree without the lignotuber dies, and what with the lignotuber survives.
Lignotuber is a safe that contains sleeping buds and large stocks of starch.
Lignotuber gives new shoots, and the tree recovers quickly.
Now look at this tree, which was so mercilessly cut off its thick bark.
They didn't do it by accident.
The bark of this tree is harvested from ancient times, and it goes to the cork, and is also used for heat and noise insulation of premises.
And the tree itself is called cork oak: Quercus suber.
Why did this Mediterranean tree grow such bark?
Answer: exactly for what a person uses it for - for thermal insulation.
This bark protects Quercus suber from Mediterranean fires, and where other trees die, cork oak continues to live.
That is why cork oak, like labdanum, is referred to as pyrophyte plants, that is, plants that are adapted to fires.
From these three examples – strawberry tree, cisterns and cork oak – it can be concluded that the devastating fires did not begin yesterday in the Mediterranean.
After all, for plants to adapt to them to such an extent that they grow heat-insulating bark, lingotubers and seeds that open only after a fire, it takes millions of years of evolution.
However, the situation in the Mediterranean is actually even more interesting.
It ’ s not just that many Mediterranean plants are pyrophytes.
The fact is that the entire Mediterranean biome cannot exist without fires.
In this biome, due to lack of moisture, detritophages cannot function normally, that is, all those who devour and process fallen leaves (worms, bacteria, fungi, ticks).
If you are ever in a Mediterranean garden, go under any olive – and you will see that under it lies a thick layer of dead, but not rotten leaves: Mortmass opada, to put it scientifically.
The seeds fall on this fall and do not reach the ground.
They can't even germinate.
The only chance is a fire that removes the dead cover.
The brilliant Russian paleontologist Vladimir Zherikhin even calls the Mediterranean type biome (BST) “a set of pyrogenic subclimacs, ” with only one clarification.
“In the BLS, the fire regime is defined and regulated by the community itself, so that fire, in fact, is more or less transformed into a biogenic factor.
The fall of many plants in the BLS is enriched with easily flammable compounds, such as essential oils, and does not just allow, but directly provokes fire. ”
“In the BLS, ” Zerikhin continues,“ fires are a constant factor and play a crucial role in the functioning of the ecosystem, ensuring the return to its circulation of the biogens associated with the sludge mass, and thereby compensating for the low efficiency of biological processing of the sludge.
In fact, fire performs in this ecosystem the function of a kind of non-biological reducent, acting sporadically, but extremely quickly and giving the turnover of the system an extremely peculiar, long-term rhythm.
Without fires, the sustainable existence of the BLS is unthinkable. ”
Zherikhin also notes that the system detects autoregulatory properties: “By reducing the frequency of fires, they become stronger and more destructive due to the increase in the stock of combustible material. ”
The artificial elimination of fires for 60 – 100 years leads to an almost complete stop of the resumption of dominants and significant changes in the composition of vegetation.
However, one very important detail needs to be added to this picture.
The fact is that the entire Mediterranean biome is purely anthropogenic in nature.
The Mediterranean is one of the few places on Earth where man has had a devastating impact on nature since the Neolithic.
He did three things.
He burned fires, cut down forests and, most importantly, raised sheep.
As a result, those parts of the Mediterranean that were covered with dense forests as early as 3,000 years ago, such as the island of Cyprus or the northern Canaanite highlands, turned into scorched limestone slopes covered with spines that sheep cannot eat, such as sarcopoterium spinosum or ulex, which, by the way, adapted to do the same as lila. Dowels: its seeds are opened after a fire.
In fact, the current state of nature in Spain or Cyprus, compared with the situation three thousand years ago, is an environmental disaster.
This is a good reminder that man is not now destroying the surrounding nature.
He very often did this before any industrial revolution, and the history of mankind is littered with the bones of primitive civilizations that died as a result of the environmental disasters caused by them, but this is the reason for a separate text.
We will move on and move from the Mediterranean to the most exotic from the point of view of the fire regime ecosystem – to Australia.
Australia
Lignotubers, of course, are not only at the strawberry tree.
This is a fairly common device for trees growing in areas of frequent fires.
The absolute champion in the number of trees with lignotubers is Australia, and the absolute champion in lignotubers among Australian plants is eucalyptus gummifera, aka Corymbia gummifera.
Here is the most famous of them.
It's called Old Bottlebutt, or Old Bottle Ass.
This eucalyptus is listed in the Australian book of rare specimens of trees.
It grows in Wauchope, New South Wales.
Its lignotuber is 2.4 m high.
Lignotubers don't always stick out of the ground.
Often, eucalyptus lignotubers are something like a stiffened tortilla lying under the bedding of the forest.
The thickness of this “tortilla ” is 10-20 cm, and the area is up to 75 square meters. m In case of fire, the upper part of the lignotubere is charred, thereby protecting the lower part.
Then, dormant buds are formed along the perimeter of the cap and along the edges of the natural holes at the site of the bend of the stones, which give new shoots in the rainy season.
During this period, the breadth and lignotuber grow.
This type of vegetation in Australia has a special name: Mally.
Malley looks like this.
In the picture in front of us is an innocent growth, which, it would seem, can be plucked with one hand.
You can imagine how Australian farmers felt when they realized that under these flimsy trees is a giant wooden slab measuring up to 75 square meters and 20 cm high.
Eucalyptus trees in Australia almost always have lignotubers.
But it's not just them.
Lignotubers are very popular in banksy.
Banksia is a very old Australian genus that is about 40-50 million years old.
About 20 types of banksy grow after a fire or from lignotubere, or just from under a thick, like cork oak bark.
Here they are growing.
The other 38 types of banksies are even more witty.
These species have dense cones that hang on a tree for years.
They are only opened after the fire.
These trees need to be burned to sprout.
This strategy is very similar to the one we saw in the labdanum, but the difference here is that the labdanum after a fire reveals the solid shell of the seeds itself, and the bancia reveals cones that protect the delicate and defenseless seeds.
Such cones that open only after exposure to fire are called serotinic.
Usually serotinic cones are tightly sealed with resin, which melts when heated.
As for Banksia, they are even more cunning.
They have a seed separator inside the hole in the cone, which blocks the exit from the cone even after it has opened.
After the rain, the separator gets wet, expands and begins to gradually push the seeds out.
As a result, the seeds fall out of the cone not immediately after the fire, but after the rain followed the fire.
And here's another Australian thing.
It is called grass tree or grass tree.
CONTINUATION
Source: Novaya Gazeta
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Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

are affected, as their calcium carbonate shells become weaker.

Title:

Content: American scientists thanks to shells found out how the Earth ’ s climate changed in the past
Deformed shells helped American scientists to find out how the Earth ’ s climate changed in the Cretaceous period, when the ocean acidification occurred and what humanity should expect in the future.
About 100 million years ago, volcanoes erupted on the ocean floor, which led to a lack of oxygen in the water and a decrease in pH levels.
The researchers drew attention to single-celled, which formed around themselves shells of calcium carbonate, writes Planet Today.
Scientists analyzed the content of shells and found that during the oxidation of the ocean shells began to consume less calcium and carbon dioxide from the water.
This caused a temporary cooling of the climate.
In the future, a similar situation is possible, but a temporary cooling will not save from global warming.

Title:

Content: The fact that the ecology of our planet is in a sad state, trumpet everywhere
The fact that the ecology of our planet is in a deplorable state, trumpet everywhere.
Water, soil and air are poisoned by the products of “reasonable ” human activity.
Back to article
Picture of the day
top

**Marine Mammals**:
   - While mammals like whales and seals aren’t directly affected by acidification, they depend on a food web that includes affected organisms.

Title:

Content: • Ecology
• Ecology
Petersburg ballet dancers starred against the background of debris in the images of marine creatures.
This is a continuation of the environmental photo project Le Souffle
Petersburg ballet dancers against the background of debris in the images of marine creatures.
This is a continuation of the environmental photo project Le Souffle, this time dedicated to water.
Its goal is to draw attention to the pollution of water bodies and poaching, from which not only fish but also marine mammals suffer.
“Le Souffle H2O ” is a continuation of the social environmental photo project implemented by ballet dancers with the support of the Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources.
In the second part, the main theme for the shooting was water.
The goal of the project, conceived and implemented by ballet photographer Irina Yakovleva and curator Maria Ryleeva-Kogan, is to draw public attention to the most acute and important environmental problems of our time: pollution of water bodies, including plastic garbage, poaching, which affects not only fish, but also marine mammals.
Also, the authors of the project want to emphasize the need for sorting and recycling waste.
Le Souffle Project
About the photo project "Le Souffle H2O".
Specially for Sobaka.ru:
"Le Souffle" in French means breath.
We are talking about the breath of the Earth, the breath of nature, the breath of man.
What are we breathing now?
What are we going to breathe tomorrow?
What will our children and grandchildren breathe?
Water is the most important substance for all creatures living on Earth.
The role of water in the global circulation of matter and energy, the emergence and maintenance of life on Earth, in the chemical structure of living organisms, in the formation of climate and weather is extremely important.
The stars of the ballet scene are captured in the water in the images of sea creatures against the background of debris, the continuation of the main theme of the project is the contrast of the beautiful against the background of the terrible.
The Latin names of some works are the names of endangered species of fish.
The main reasons for the decline in their population are water pollution and overfishing.
Among the most pollution-sensitive fish, the well-known species are Atlantic salmon or salmon (Salmo salar), pike perch (Sander lucioperca), sturgeon fish - Kaluga (Huso dauricus) and Amur sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii).
Red salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) is a fish from the salmon family, which is the basis of fishing and the economy of Kamchatka.
However, its overfishing can endanger the entire ecosystem of the Kamchatka Peninsula - sockeye, being at the beginning of the food chain, makes it possible for all species of animals on the peninsula to exist, for example, being the basis of the diet of brown bears, predatory fish and birds.
Nerps and seals are often victims of conflict with fishermen - animals suffer from competition for food resources or get confused in laid nets, dying on their own or at the hands of fishermen.
The problem of excess plastic today directly affects ballet dancers.
Now, plastic pointes are in great demand all over the world, thanks to the use of modern technologies.
Unlike traditional glued punts, their basis is a “glass ”, cast from polymeric materials.
These shoes can be washed in a washing machine, their insole does not break.
They are more durable, but require sorting and recycling after use.
The installation “Undine ”, an aquarium with plastic parts of pointes and garbage is like a reminder to all of us about the environmental consequences of human activities, where even the fabulous Undine will prefer to leave her home and die.
Le Souffle encourages professional ballet dancers and all people involved in ballet to divide their pointes after exploitation into plastic and textiles.
“Le Souffle ” provides an opportunity to appeal to a large number of people, expand the information field and increase public interest in environmental issues.
Such a serious topic can not leave anyone indifferent.
You can see the photos taken for the photo project “Le Souffle H2O ” from September 15 to October 3, 2021 at the Arts Square Gallery on Italianskaya Street, 5.
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- If prey (like squid, fish, or krill) decline in numbers or health due to acidification, marine mammals also suffer.

Title:

Content: American scientists thanks to shells found out how the Earth ’ s climate changed in the past
Deformed shells helped American scientists to find out how the Earth ’ s climate changed in the Cretaceous period, when the ocean acidification occurred and what humanity should expect in the future.
About 100 million years ago, volcanoes erupted on the ocean floor, which led to a lack of oxygen in the water and a decrease in pH levels.
The researchers drew attention to single-celled, which formed around themselves shells of calcium carbonate, writes Planet Today.
Scientists analyzed the content of shells and found that during the oxidation of the ocean shells began to consume less calcium and carbon dioxide from the water.
This caused a temporary cooling of the climate.
In the future, a similar situation is possible, but a temporary cooling will not save from global warming.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

How does elevated water acidity affect fish ability to survive?

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Title:

Content: The fact that the ecology of our planet is in a sad state, trumpet everywhere
The fact that the ecology of our planet is in a deplorable state, trumpet everywhere.
Water, soil and air are poisoned by the products of “reasonable ” human activity.
Back to article
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**Impact on Biodiversity and Ecosystems**:
   - Shifts in pH disrupt the balance of marine ecosystems, leading to habitat loss and decreased biodiversity.

Title:

Content: American scientists thanks to shells found out how the Earth ’ s climate changed in the past
Deformed shells helped American scientists to find out how the Earth ’ s climate changed in the Cretaceous period, when the ocean acidification occurred and what humanity should expect in the future.
About 100 million years ago, volcanoes erupted on the ocean floor, which led to a lack of oxygen in the water and a decrease in pH levels.
The researchers drew attention to single-celled, which formed around themselves shells of calcium carbonate, writes Planet Today.
Scientists analyzed the content of shells and found that during the oxidation of the ocean shells began to consume less calcium and carbon dioxide from the water.
This caused a temporary cooling of the climate.
In the future, a similar situation is possible, but a temporary cooling will not save from global warming.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

- Entire food chains are affected, from tiny plankton to large predators.

Title:

Content: The fact that the ecology of our planet is in a sad state, trumpet everywhere
The fact that the ecology of our planet is in a deplorable state, trumpet everywhere.
Water, soil and air are poisoned by the products of “reasonable ” human activity.
Back to article
Picture of the day
top

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Title:

Content: The fact that the ecology of our planet is in a sad state, trumpet everywhere
The fact that the ecology of our planet is in a deplorable state, trumpet everywhere.
Water, soil and air are poisoned by the products of “reasonable ” human activity.
Back to article
Picture of the day
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**Human Impact**:
   - Practices like bottom trawl fishing not only harm habitats physically but can also stir up carbon stored in ocean sediments, releasing more CO₂ and worsening acidification.

Title:

Content: Exchange rates:
• The exchange rate of USD on the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on 19.01.2024: 88,661
• The exchange rate of EUR for the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on 19.01.2024: 96,5882
American scientists have identified a new source of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere
American scientists from the University of Utah have identified a new source of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere - bottom trawl fishing.
This method of fishing on the ocean floor releases carbon from bottom sediments, which is converted into carbon dioxide, more than half of which enters the atmosphere.
This process leads to ocean acidification and poses a threat to the marine ecosystem.
The scientists found that emissions from bottom trawling are twice the annual emissions from fuel combustion of the entire world ’ s fishing fleet, including about four million ships.
The highest emissions were recorded in various seas, which highlights the need to consider this source of emissions in climate models and take measures to reduce its impact on the environment, according to Giport.
Rare Viking Sword Discovered at the Bottom of the Vistula River in Poland
A rare 1,000-year-old Viking sword with Ulfbert ’ s inscription was discovered at the bottom of the Vistula River in Poland during dredging operations.
The sword, which belongs to the S type of Petersen swords, dates back to the 10th century.
Indian tectonic plate, similar to Africa, may split
Researchers have found that Tibet is bursting under the rising Himalayas, where pieces of the continental plate peel off, presenting a more complex geology than previously thought.
The Russian company introduced an innovative battery for public electric transport
The Russian company "Systems of Autonomous Energy" (SAE) presented an innovative battery called "Zeta" for public electric transport.
This domestic development stands out for its characteristics, surpassing most foreign analogues.
Travel expert Umansky recommends to plan a summer vacation in advance
Travel expert Ilya Umansky, acting President of the Russian Union of Travel Industry, recommends to plan in advance summer holidays and book tours to save money.

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Title:

Content: The fact that the ecology of our planet is in a sad state, trumpet everywhere
The fact that the ecology of our planet is in a deplorable state, trumpet everywhere.
Water, soil and air are poisoned by the products of “reasonable ” human activity.
Back to article
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**Why Awareness Matters**:
   - Healthy oceans regulate climate and absorb carbon, making their protection essential for both marine life and the planet.

Title:

Content: Climate scientists have found that the distribution of salt by ocean currents, especially from the Caribbean region, plays an important role in regulating global climate conditions.
In a recent study published in the journal Science Advances, researchers from various institutions, including Dalhousie University and the Helmholtz GEOMAR Center for Ocean Research in Kiel, analyzed natural climate anomalies such as the Little Ice Age to better understand the underlying mechanisms and potential consequences.
anthropogenic global warming.
By studying the sediment profiles of the southern Caribbean Sea, the research team has restored the salinity and temperature of surface waters over the past 1,700 years.
This analysis revealed a cooling of about 1 ° C during the Little Ice Age, which is a notable temperature change for the region.
It also brought to the fore another important event of cooling, which occurred in the VIII-IX centuries.
These lower temperatures in the tropical ocean have led to a decrease in rainfall in the region, coinciding with severe droughts in the Yucatan Peninsula and the decline of classical Mayan culture.
In addition, the researchers noticed that cold climate anomalies in the circumpolar North Atlantic and Europe were accompanied by a weakening of ocean circulation and an increase in salinity in the Caribbean.
The movement of tropical salt to high northern latitudes, known as advection, is critical to maintaining the stability of large-scale ocean circulation, including the transfer of warm Gulf Stream waters responsible for temperate temperatures in Europe.
The results of the study show that reducing the movement of salt to high northern latitudes enhances and prolongs climatic phenomena, such as the Little Ice Age.
Conversely, the slow movement of positive salinity anomalies from the tropics increases the density on the surface of the circumpolar North Atlantic, contributing to the transfer of heat northward by ocean currents and leading to milder temperatures over Europe and North America.
Understanding the role of salt distribution in shaping climate variability provides valuable insights into our changing climate.
Although attenuation of the Gulf Stream and anthropogenic warming are likely contributing factors, elucidating the interactions between different climate mechanisms remains a constant challenge.
The study highlights the importance of salt transport from south to north in determining climate processes and calls for further research to fully understand its global implications.
Questions and answers:
1.
How does the distribution of salt in the ocean affect the climate?
The distribution of salt by ocean currents plays a crucial role in regulating the global climate.
The movement and transport of salt from regions such as the Caribbean to higher latitudes affect ocean circulation, which in turn affects temperatures and climate systems around the world.
2.
What is the significance of studying climate anomalies like the Little Ice Age?
The study of historical climate anomalies helps scientists understand the mechanisms and processes that can be caused by global warming caused by human activities.
The Little Ice Age, a well-studied cooling period from the 15th to the mid-19th century, provides insight into past climate events and their potential impacts on agriculture, society and ecosystems.
3.
What is advection and why is it important for ocean circulation?
Advection refers to the movement of water, including the transfer of salt, from one region to another by ocean currents.
In the context of the study, the advection of tropical salt to high northern latitudes helps maintain the stability of large-scale ocean circulation, including the transfer of warm Gulf Stream waters responsible for temperate temperatures in Europe.
4.
What are the consequences of reducing the movement of salt to the high northern latitudes?
Reducing the movement of salt to high northern latitudes enhances and prolongs climatic phenomena such as the Little Ice Age.
This can lead to a weakening of ocean circulation, which can disrupt the temperature regime and affect weather systems around the world.
5.
How does research contribute to our understanding of climate variability?
The study highlights the importance of salt transport from south to north in determining climate processes.
By reconstructing historical climate data and analyzing the impact of Caribbean salt on ocean circulation, the study provides valuable insights into the interrelationships of different climate mechanisms and contributes to a better understanding of climate variability on a global scale.
Source: Helmholtz Association of German Research Centers – [link] (https: / / phys.org / news / 2023-11-salt-caribbean-affects-climate.html).

**Key Message for Posters and Pamphlets:**
Ocean acidification affects much more than coral reefs.

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Creatures like cuttlefish, squid, snails, clams, and even the food chain leading up to whales and other mammals are at risk.

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Every carbon footprint counts and protecting our oceans means protecting our mascot—the cuttlefish—and all marine life depending on a balanced ocean ecosystem.

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Here are summarized "nuggets" of information suitable for posters and pamphlets about the impacts of **ocean acidification** on marine life (beyond coral bleaching), including cephalopods and other species.

Title:

Content: Chairman of the Board of Directors and Editors
Mohamad Elbaz
Chairman of the Board of Directors and Editors
Mohamad Elbaz
Pollution of the seas: a disaster threatening the planet
From the inspiration of the series Light and the Happy Planet
During the events of the children's animated series Noor and the Happy Planet, the heroes discussed the danger of pollution of the seas by petroleum substances and how this affects marine life.
The Constitution lists the most important information on the issue of marine pollution.
Seas and oceans cover more than 70% of the Earth ’ s surface and are a vital part of our planet ’ s ecosystem.
But, unfortunately, the seas today face a serious threat: pollution.
What is marine pollution?
The term "marine pollution" refers to the introduction of harmful substances into the marine environment, which adversely affects the health of the seas and the organisms that inhabit them.
Types of marine pollution:
Plastic waste pollution: Plastic waste is one of the most common types of pollution, posing a serious threat to marine life.
Oil pollution: It is caused by oil spills from oil tankers or oil platforms, and causes significant damage to the marine ecosystem.
• Chemical pollution: resulting from the discharge of industrial chemicals and agricultural materials into the seas.
Noise pollution is caused by human activities such as oil and gas exploration and marine tourism.
Acidification: results from the absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by the seas, affecting the balance of the marine ecosystem.
Effects of Marine Pollution:
• Killing marine organisms: Harmful substances cause the death of many marine organisms, such as fish and sea turtles.
Destruction of corals: Chemicals and changes in water temperature affect the health of corals, threatening their survival.
Seafood contamination: Seafood becomes contaminated with harmful substances, posing a risk to human health.
Impact on biodiversity: Marine pollution reduces biodiversity in the marine ecosystem.
Influence on climate: The seas play an important role in regulating climate, and changes in the marine ecosystem affect climate changes.
Solutions to combat marine pollution:
Reduce plastic use: Use environmentally friendly alternatives such as cloth bags and reusable bottles.
• Wastewater Treatment: Treatment of wastewater before discharge into the sea.
• Tighten laws: Establish strict laws to reduce marine pollution and punish violators.
Raise awareness: Educate the community about the dangers of marine pollution and the need to take steps to protect them.
Conclusion:
The pollution of the seas is a global responsibility, so we must all work together to protect our seas and our planet.
Through collaboration and outreach, we can ensure a more sustainable future for the seas and the organisms that inhabit them.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Each point highlights a different facet of how marine organisms and ecosystems are affected:

---

**1.

Title:

Content: Chairman of the Board of Directors and Editors
Mohamad Elbaz
Chairman of the Board of Directors and Editors
Mohamad Elbaz
Pollution of the seas: a disaster threatening the planet
From the inspiration of the series Light and the Happy Planet
During the events of the children's animated series Noor and the Happy Planet, the heroes discussed the danger of pollution of the seas by petroleum substances and how this affects marine life.
The Constitution lists the most important information on the issue of marine pollution.
Seas and oceans cover more than 70% of the Earth ’ s surface and are a vital part of our planet ’ s ecosystem.
But, unfortunately, the seas today face a serious threat: pollution.
What is marine pollution?
The term "marine pollution" refers to the introduction of harmful substances into the marine environment, which adversely affects the health of the seas and the organisms that inhabit them.
Types of marine pollution:
Plastic waste pollution: Plastic waste is one of the most common types of pollution, posing a serious threat to marine life.
Oil pollution: It is caused by oil spills from oil tankers or oil platforms, and causes significant damage to the marine ecosystem.
• Chemical pollution: resulting from the discharge of industrial chemicals and agricultural materials into the seas.
Noise pollution is caused by human activities such as oil and gas exploration and marine tourism.
Acidification: results from the absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by the seas, affecting the balance of the marine ecosystem.
Effects of Marine Pollution:
• Killing marine organisms: Harmful substances cause the death of many marine organisms, such as fish and sea turtles.
Destruction of corals: Chemicals and changes in water temperature affect the health of corals, threatening their survival.
Seafood contamination: Seafood becomes contaminated with harmful substances, posing a risk to human health.
Impact on biodiversity: Marine pollution reduces biodiversity in the marine ecosystem.
Influence on climate: The seas play an important role in regulating climate, and changes in the marine ecosystem affect climate changes.
Solutions to combat marine pollution:
Reduce plastic use: Use environmentally friendly alternatives such as cloth bags and reusable bottles.
• Wastewater Treatment: Treatment of wastewater before discharge into the sea.
• Tighten laws: Establish strict laws to reduce marine pollution and punish violators.
Raise awareness: Educate the community about the dangers of marine pollution and the need to take steps to protect them.
Conclusion:
The pollution of the seas is a global responsibility, so we must all work together to protect our seas and our planet.
Through collaboration and outreach, we can ensure a more sustainable future for the seas and the organisms that inhabit them.

What is Ocean Acidification?

Title:

Content: Chairman of the Board of Directors and Editors
Mohamad Elbaz
Chairman of the Board of Directors and Editors
Mohamad Elbaz
Pollution of the seas: a disaster threatening the planet
From the inspiration of the series Light and the Happy Planet
During the events of the children's animated series Noor and the Happy Planet, the heroes discussed the danger of pollution of the seas by petroleum substances and how this affects marine life.
The Constitution lists the most important information on the issue of marine pollution.
Seas and oceans cover more than 70% of the Earth ’ s surface and are a vital part of our planet ’ s ecosystem.
But, unfortunately, the seas today face a serious threat: pollution.
What is marine pollution?
The term "marine pollution" refers to the introduction of harmful substances into the marine environment, which adversely affects the health of the seas and the organisms that inhabit them.
Types of marine pollution:
Plastic waste pollution: Plastic waste is one of the most common types of pollution, posing a serious threat to marine life.
Oil pollution: It is caused by oil spills from oil tankers or oil platforms, and causes significant damage to the marine ecosystem.
• Chemical pollution: resulting from the discharge of industrial chemicals and agricultural materials into the seas.
Noise pollution is caused by human activities such as oil and gas exploration and marine tourism.
Acidification: results from the absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by the seas, affecting the balance of the marine ecosystem.
Effects of Marine Pollution:
• Killing marine organisms: Harmful substances cause the death of many marine organisms, such as fish and sea turtles.
Destruction of corals: Chemicals and changes in water temperature affect the health of corals, threatening their survival.
Seafood contamination: Seafood becomes contaminated with harmful substances, posing a risk to human health.
Impact on biodiversity: Marine pollution reduces biodiversity in the marine ecosystem.
Influence on climate: The seas play an important role in regulating climate, and changes in the marine ecosystem affect climate changes.
Solutions to combat marine pollution:
Reduce plastic use: Use environmentally friendly alternatives such as cloth bags and reusable bottles.
• Wastewater Treatment: Treatment of wastewater before discharge into the sea.
• Tighten laws: Establish strict laws to reduce marine pollution and punish violators.
Raise awareness: Educate the community about the dangers of marine pollution and the need to take steps to protect them.
Conclusion:
The pollution of the seas is a global responsibility, so we must all work together to protect our seas and our planet.
Through collaboration and outreach, we can ensure a more sustainable future for the seas and the organisms that inhabit them.

**
- Ocean acidification happens when the oceans absorb carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the atmosphere, leading to a drop in the water’s pH.

Title:

Content: Chairman of the Board of Directors and Editors
Mohamad Elbaz
Chairman of the Board of Directors and Editors
Mohamad Elbaz
Pollution of the seas: a disaster threatening the planet
From the inspiration of the series Light and the Happy Planet
During the events of the children's animated series Noor and the Happy Planet, the heroes discussed the danger of pollution of the seas by petroleum substances and how this affects marine life.
The Constitution lists the most important information on the issue of marine pollution.
Seas and oceans cover more than 70% of the Earth ’ s surface and are a vital part of our planet ’ s ecosystem.
But, unfortunately, the seas today face a serious threat: pollution.
What is marine pollution?
The term "marine pollution" refers to the introduction of harmful substances into the marine environment, which adversely affects the health of the seas and the organisms that inhabit them.
Types of marine pollution:
Plastic waste pollution: Plastic waste is one of the most common types of pollution, posing a serious threat to marine life.
Oil pollution: It is caused by oil spills from oil tankers or oil platforms, and causes significant damage to the marine ecosystem.
• Chemical pollution: resulting from the discharge of industrial chemicals and agricultural materials into the seas.
Noise pollution is caused by human activities such as oil and gas exploration and marine tourism.
Acidification: results from the absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by the seas, affecting the balance of the marine ecosystem.
Effects of Marine Pollution:
• Killing marine organisms: Harmful substances cause the death of many marine organisms, such as fish and sea turtles.
Destruction of corals: Chemicals and changes in water temperature affect the health of corals, threatening their survival.
Seafood contamination: Seafood becomes contaminated with harmful substances, posing a risk to human health.
Impact on biodiversity: Marine pollution reduces biodiversity in the marine ecosystem.
Influence on climate: The seas play an important role in regulating climate, and changes in the marine ecosystem affect climate changes.
Solutions to combat marine pollution:
Reduce plastic use: Use environmentally friendly alternatives such as cloth bags and reusable bottles.
• Wastewater Treatment: Treatment of wastewater before discharge into the sea.
• Tighten laws: Establish strict laws to reduce marine pollution and punish violators.
Raise awareness: Educate the community about the dangers of marine pollution and the need to take steps to protect them.
Conclusion:
The pollution of the seas is a global responsibility, so we must all work together to protect our seas and our planet.
Through collaboration and outreach, we can ensure a more sustainable future for the seas and the organisms that inhabit them.

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

What is the main cause of ocean acidification?

water absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

This disrupts the vital chemical balance of marine ecosystems.

Title:

Content: Chairman of the Board of Directors and Editors
Mohamad Elbaz
Chairman of the Board of Directors and Editors
Mohamad Elbaz
Pollution of the seas: a disaster threatening the planet
From the inspiration of the series Light and the Happy Planet
During the events of the children's animated series Noor and the Happy Planet, the heroes discussed the danger of pollution of the seas by petroleum substances and how this affects marine life.
The Constitution lists the most important information on the issue of marine pollution.
Seas and oceans cover more than 70% of the Earth ’ s surface and are a vital part of our planet ’ s ecosystem.
But, unfortunately, the seas today face a serious threat: pollution.
What is marine pollution?
The term "marine pollution" refers to the introduction of harmful substances into the marine environment, which adversely affects the health of the seas and the organisms that inhabit them.
Types of marine pollution:
Plastic waste pollution: Plastic waste is one of the most common types of pollution, posing a serious threat to marine life.
Oil pollution: It is caused by oil spills from oil tankers or oil platforms, and causes significant damage to the marine ecosystem.
• Chemical pollution: resulting from the discharge of industrial chemicals and agricultural materials into the seas.
Noise pollution is caused by human activities such as oil and gas exploration and marine tourism.
Acidification: results from the absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by the seas, affecting the balance of the marine ecosystem.
Effects of Marine Pollution:
• Killing marine organisms: Harmful substances cause the death of many marine organisms, such as fish and sea turtles.
Destruction of corals: Chemicals and changes in water temperature affect the health of corals, threatening their survival.
Seafood contamination: Seafood becomes contaminated with harmful substances, posing a risk to human health.
Impact on biodiversity: Marine pollution reduces biodiversity in the marine ecosystem.
Influence on climate: The seas play an important role in regulating climate, and changes in the marine ecosystem affect climate changes.
Solutions to combat marine pollution:
Reduce plastic use: Use environmentally friendly alternatives such as cloth bags and reusable bottles.
• Wastewater Treatment: Treatment of wastewater before discharge into the sea.
• Tighten laws: Establish strict laws to reduce marine pollution and punish violators.
Raise awareness: Educate the community about the dangers of marine pollution and the need to take steps to protect them.
Conclusion:
The pollution of the seas is a global responsibility, so we must all work together to protect our seas and our planet.
Through collaboration and outreach, we can ensure a more sustainable future for the seas and the organisms that inhabit them.

---

**2.

Title:

Content: Home of the Day
Send Save Print PDF
In cooperation with the Foundation for the Advancement of Science and the Atomic Energy Agency
« Research » conducted a study on the impact of « acidification » on shrimp
The Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), in cooperation with the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KFAS) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), completed a study project to investigate the impact of ocean acidification and ocean surface warming on the growth and abundance of local shrimp.
In turn, the head of the project, researcher Lamia Muslim at the Center for Environmental and Life Sciences Research at the Institute, said that there are many animals that contain in their skeleton or shell calcium carbonate, and changes in the pH of water can negatively affect these organisms, especially in the early stages of their life. The sea and some phytoplankton species, but that does not mean that this is a positive thing because the increased growth of these organisms can disrupt the food chain, biodiversity and ecosystem mechanisms and construction.
She added that the presence of large amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leads to the occurrence of global warming and the rise of the surface of the oceans by between one and three degrees Celsius, and the rise of the water level to an amount ranging from 0.18 to 0.79 meters, which in turn leads to acidification and warming of the surface of the oceans, and therefore to change the chemistry of the ocean and threaten marine ecosystems.
She pointed out that the shrimp mothers were collected from Kuwaiti territorial waters during the breeding season to obtain eggs and shrimp larvae in sufficient numbers to conduct experiments on all stages of shrimp age, as the study experiments were conducted in the laboratories of the Institute in a controlled system simulating the expected climate changes in the future.
The results of the study confirmed that the warming of the surface of the oceans could have a greater impact than ocean acidification on the early life stages of shrimp larvae, as shrimp larvae exposed to high temperatures showed accelerated growth rates to reach the sizes of older shrimp, but with lower survival rates, it is very likely that lower survival and growth rates under future climate scenarios may lead to the emergence of smaller shrimp larvae. These larvae will undergo multiple molting processes over their life cycle making them vulnerable; furthermore, the study results suggest additional effects of combined exposure to ocean surface warming and acidification on egg-hatching success, survival, and shrimp larval development.
Al-Musallam said: “The study is fully consistent across the entire life cycle of the M Nair shrimp, where high mortality of larvae at low pH and high water temperature indicates a possible collapse of this species of crustacean under conditions of increased ocean acidification and future warming of the ocean surface, which also leads to a significant reduction in shrimp stocks in the Arabian Gulf due to overfishing or reduced larval growth due to climate change. ”
For his part, dr.
Dr. Saifuddin Iqbaluddin, from the Center for Environmental and Life Sciences Research, said experts regularly measure water temperature and pH levels and look at how marine life might respond to these changes in the coming decades.
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Effects on Shell-Building Marine Species**
- Many marine animals, such as oysters, mussels, clams, and some plankton, build their shells or skeletons from calcium carbonate.

What do shellfish use to build their shells?

- Lower pH from acidification makes it harder for these organisms to form strong shells, especially during their early life stages, making them more vulnerable and impacting their survival.

At what stage of life are calcium carbonate-based organisms most vulnerable to changes in water pH?

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

---

**3.

Threats to Cephalopods (Like Cuttlefish and Octopuses)**
- Studies show that cephalopod larvae (baby squid, octopuses, cuttlefish) can be stressed by acidified waters, resulting in altered breathing rates and potential problems with growth and survival.

At what stage of life are calcium carbonate-based organisms most vulnerable to changes in water pH?

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

- While adult cephalopods are somewhat resilient, changes in ocean chemistry can still disrupt their sensory systems, hunting, or ability to avoid predators.

Title:

Content: The Arctic region is currently undergoing rapid and significant changes, with acidification and warming occurring at alarming rates.
These shifts raise concerns about the resilience of marine communities in the face of such environmental shifts.
Marine zooplankton, especially copepods, play a crucial role in the Arctic food web.
However, differences in environmental conditions can disrupt zooplankton populations, leading to adverse consequences for the entire ecosystem.
Recent research has focused on understanding the extent to which copepods in early life are exposed to environmental stressors, as they represent a critical bottleneck in the copepods life cycle.
A study by Espinel Velasco et al.
(2023) Explore the responses of 4-day-old Kalanos Hyperborius Lenobli to acidification (pH 7.5 and 8.1) and warming (0 and 3 ° C), both individually and collectively.
The study revealed that the larvae 'breathing rates increased significantly when exposed to a combination of acidification and warming.
Surprisingly, exposure to these stressors individually did not produce the same effect.
Surprisingly, the researchers did not find any noticeable differences in fat content and fatty acid composition in the larvae across various experimental treatments.
Wax esters, which make up about 75% of the fat reserve, and high amounts of long-chain fatty acids 20: 1 and 22: 1, necessary for copepods to reproduce, have been detected in all treatments.
By highlighting the sensitivity of larvae to the combined effects of acidification and warming, this study aligns with a growing body of evidence from relevant research.
It highlights the potential impacts of global change on Arctic copepod populations and stresses the importance of understanding early life stage responses to environmental stressors.
Questions and Answers:
Q: What are zooplankton?
A: Zooplankton refers to small, often microscopic, organisms that drift into the ocean or other bodies of water and serve as one of the main sources of food for many marine species.
Q: What is the role of copepods in the Arctic food web?
A: Copepods, especially calanotic copepods such as Calanus Hyperboreus, are a critical component of the Arctic food web.
They serve as a vital link between primary producers (such as phytoplankton) and higher trophic levels, serving as a food source for various marine species.
Q: What is acidification?
A: Acidification refers to the process of increasing acidity (lowering pH) in seawater due to the absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
This occurs as a result of human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels.
Q: How does global warming affect marine ecosystems?
A: Ocean warming can have various impacts on marine ecosystems, including changes in species distribution, changing reproductive cycles, and potential disruptions to the delicate balance of food webs.
Source: Frontiers in Marine Science, DOI: 10.3389 / fmars.2023.1240673

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

---

**4.

Zooplankton and Food Web Impacts**
- Tiny organisms like zooplankton (including copepods) are the backbone of marine food webs and serve as key food sources for fish, whales, and marine birds.

- Acidification can reduce survival rates and reproductive success of these small creatures, risking starvation for species up the food chain—including many fish and marine mammals.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

How does coastal ocean acidification affect shellfish?

How does elevated water acidity affect fish ability to survive?

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

---

**5.

Title:

Content: Acid rain.
A real danger or an exaggerated prediction of doom?
35 years ago, the waters of Lake Colden in New York ’ s Adirondack Mountains turned out to be too acidic for fish life, making these picturesque bodies of water one of the main victims of acid rain.
Red spruce trees in New England have also shown signs of stress due to the leakage of bio-calcium rain into the soil, which has severely halted tree growth, and today; trout in Lake Colden have returned and spruce trees have flourished, tangible signs of the success of decades-long efforts to mitigate acid rain.
After sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions that cause acid rain have dropped dramatically in Europe and North America, it ’ s easy to look at the panicked news of the 1980s and 1990s and wonder if acid rain is actually a “nuisance, not a disaster, ” as emeritus biochemistry professor William Revell wrote for the Irish Times. The problem is that we may never know the answer definitively.
Scientists in the United States and Scandinavia discovered acid rain in the 1960s and chose to gather evidence for years before the alarm sounded in the 1970s and 1980s, and American ecologist Jane Likens and colleagues found that while rainwater was often slightly acidic with a pH of 5.6, by 1980 the average U.S. rainfall had a pH of 4.6, 10 times more acidic, and it was getting worse.
The problem was most acute in areas downwind of coal power plants (the main sources of sulfur dioxide emissions); the pH of rainstorms sometimes drops to 3 or less, such as grapefruit juice or soda, and these types of rainfall weathered buildings, degraded the nutrients trees need to survive, and caused the release of aluminum into the soil.
Scientists across the Atlantic Ocean in Sweden have warned that half of the country ’ s lakes and rivers will reach critical pH by the early mid-21st century, which could cause large numbers of fish to die if action is not taken to stop acid rain.
Whether these scenarios constitute “noise, ”“ nuisance, ” or “disaster, ” may depend on one ’ s thinking towards scientific and environmental predictions, but there is no doubt that acid rain was a growing problem for which humans are responsible.
That ’ s why, after years of public debate, U.S. lawmakers created a bipartisan trade program that capped sulphur dioxide emissions in the energy industry at a significantly lower level than in 1980, allowed companies to reduce sulphur dioxide emissions in the energy industry, and set limits on nitrogen oxide emissions.
The free market program has been a huge success; the national average annual ambient sulfur dioxide concentrations in the United States fell by a whopping 93% between 1980 and 2018.
Although the acid rain cloud has almost disappeared from much of Europe, North America, Australia and Japan, it is a growing problem in places such as India and China, where coal power continues to be widely used, and urban areas in Latin America and Africa are also seeing increasing rainfall acidity.
For these places, reducing the harmful emissions that fuel acid rain is synonymous with reducing all air pollution; four million people die prematurely from outdoor air pollution globally.
Making air more breathable and reducing the acidity of rain benefits everyone, regardless of whether acid rain is an exaggerated problem or a real problem.
Source: Websites

Fish and Early Life Stages**
- Acidic conditions are particularly dangerous for fish eggs, larvae, and juveniles, leading to lower survival rates, malformed development, and reduced ability to detect predators.

At what stage of life are calcium carbonate-based organisms most vulnerable to changes in water pH?

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

it will affect their physiology and growth

How does elevated water acidity affect fish ability to survive?

fish becomes easy prey for other predators

---

**6.

Impact on Marine Mammals**
- Indirectly, marine mammals such as dolphins and whales are threatened because their food—fish and squid—may become scarce as acidification disrupts populations at lower levels of the food web.

Title:

Content: Chairman of the Board of Directors and Editors
Mohamad Elbaz
Chairman of the Board of Directors and Editors
Mohamad Elbaz
Pollution of the seas: a disaster threatening the planet
From the inspiration of the series Light and the Happy Planet
During the events of the children's animated series Noor and the Happy Planet, the heroes discussed the danger of pollution of the seas by petroleum substances and how this affects marine life.
The Constitution lists the most important information on the issue of marine pollution.
Seas and oceans cover more than 70% of the Earth ’ s surface and are a vital part of our planet ’ s ecosystem.
But, unfortunately, the seas today face a serious threat: pollution.
What is marine pollution?
The term "marine pollution" refers to the introduction of harmful substances into the marine environment, which adversely affects the health of the seas and the organisms that inhabit them.
Types of marine pollution:
Plastic waste pollution: Plastic waste is one of the most common types of pollution, posing a serious threat to marine life.
Oil pollution: It is caused by oil spills from oil tankers or oil platforms, and causes significant damage to the marine ecosystem.
• Chemical pollution: resulting from the discharge of industrial chemicals and agricultural materials into the seas.
Noise pollution is caused by human activities such as oil and gas exploration and marine tourism.
Acidification: results from the absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by the seas, affecting the balance of the marine ecosystem.
Effects of Marine Pollution:
• Killing marine organisms: Harmful substances cause the death of many marine organisms, such as fish and sea turtles.
Destruction of corals: Chemicals and changes in water temperature affect the health of corals, threatening their survival.
Seafood contamination: Seafood becomes contaminated with harmful substances, posing a risk to human health.
Impact on biodiversity: Marine pollution reduces biodiversity in the marine ecosystem.
Influence on climate: The seas play an important role in regulating climate, and changes in the marine ecosystem affect climate changes.
Solutions to combat marine pollution:
Reduce plastic use: Use environmentally friendly alternatives such as cloth bags and reusable bottles.
• Wastewater Treatment: Treatment of wastewater before discharge into the sea.
• Tighten laws: Establish strict laws to reduce marine pollution and punish violators.
Raise awareness: Educate the community about the dangers of marine pollution and the need to take steps to protect them.
Conclusion:
The pollution of the seas is a global responsibility, so we must all work together to protect our seas and our planet.
Through collaboration and outreach, we can ensure a more sustainable future for the seas and the organisms that inhabit them.

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

---

**7.

Ecosystem Imbalance**
- Acidification acts as a stress multiplier—compounding other threats like warming, overfishing, and pollution.

Title:

Content: Chairman of the Board of Directors and Editors
Mohamad Elbaz
Chairman of the Board of Directors and Editors
Mohamad Elbaz
Pollution of the seas: a disaster threatening the planet
From the inspiration of the series Light and the Happy Planet
During the events of the children's animated series Noor and the Happy Planet, the heroes discussed the danger of pollution of the seas by petroleum substances and how this affects marine life.
The Constitution lists the most important information on the issue of marine pollution.
Seas and oceans cover more than 70% of the Earth ’ s surface and are a vital part of our planet ’ s ecosystem.
But, unfortunately, the seas today face a serious threat: pollution.
What is marine pollution?
The term "marine pollution" refers to the introduction of harmful substances into the marine environment, which adversely affects the health of the seas and the organisms that inhabit them.
Types of marine pollution:
Plastic waste pollution: Plastic waste is one of the most common types of pollution, posing a serious threat to marine life.
Oil pollution: It is caused by oil spills from oil tankers or oil platforms, and causes significant damage to the marine ecosystem.
• Chemical pollution: resulting from the discharge of industrial chemicals and agricultural materials into the seas.
Noise pollution is caused by human activities such as oil and gas exploration and marine tourism.
Acidification: results from the absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by the seas, affecting the balance of the marine ecosystem.
Effects of Marine Pollution:
• Killing marine organisms: Harmful substances cause the death of many marine organisms, such as fish and sea turtles.
Destruction of corals: Chemicals and changes in water temperature affect the health of corals, threatening their survival.
Seafood contamination: Seafood becomes contaminated with harmful substances, posing a risk to human health.
Impact on biodiversity: Marine pollution reduces biodiversity in the marine ecosystem.
Influence on climate: The seas play an important role in regulating climate, and changes in the marine ecosystem affect climate changes.
Solutions to combat marine pollution:
Reduce plastic use: Use environmentally friendly alternatives such as cloth bags and reusable bottles.
• Wastewater Treatment: Treatment of wastewater before discharge into the sea.
• Tighten laws: Establish strict laws to reduce marine pollution and punish violators.
Raise awareness: Educate the community about the dangers of marine pollution and the need to take steps to protect them.
Conclusion:
The pollution of the seas is a global responsibility, so we must all work together to protect our seas and our planet.
Through collaboration and outreach, we can ensure a more sustainable future for the seas and the organisms that inhabit them.

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Losing key species can unbalance entire ecosystems, with unpredictable effects.

Title:

Content: Chairman of Wafd Party
Dr. Abdul Sindh Yamama
Chairman of the Board of Directors
Dr. Ayman is an accountant.
Editor-in-Chief
I'm sorry.
Wajdi Zainuddin
Chairman of Wafd Party
Dr. Abdul Sindh Yamama
Chairman of the Board of Directors
Dr. Ayman is an accountant.
Editor-in-Chief
I'm sorry.
Wajdi Zainuddin
Why do scientists define carbon in different colors?
The world is always interested in scientific research and studies to preserve the environment in light of the days of changing climate and rising temperatures of the earth, scientists and environmental experts around the world continue to uncover more repercussions associated, albeit indirectly, with the phenomenon of climate change, which has become affecting various forms of life on our planet.
Scientists use colors to classify carbon at different points in the carbon cycle based on carbon function, properties, and location.
In the following lines, the delegation reviews the carbon colors:
• Blue: Carbon stored in ocean plants and sediments
• Green: carbon stored in terrestrial plants
• Black: Carbon emitted from burning fossil fuels
• Brown: Carbon from incomplete combustion of organic matter
• Red: Carbon released through biological molecules on ice and snow that reduce whiteness
These colour-based terms contribute to our evolving understanding of the carbon cycle by moving broad conventional classifications of carbon species (often as simple as inorganic versus organic carbon), to more precise definitions based on carbon function, trait, or location.
For example, some colors (blue and green) highlight the role of carbon in mitigating climate change through insulation.
Other species (black, brown, and red) affect the Earth's temperature balance or promote the melting of the cryosphere.
Carbon Blue:
Blue carbon describes ‘ carbon trapped in the ocean ’, with the definition focusing on mangroves, defined as a type of coastal ecosystem that needs both saltwater and dry periods.
Indonesia is home to vast tracts of mangroves that store up to 3.1 billion tonnes of carbon per year, or nearly three times the global aviation emissions.
According to a report by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 83% of global carbon is traded in the oceans and coastal habitats.
Although coastal ecosystems cover only 2% of the world ’ s ‘ blue ’ areas, they can store more carbon than the same area as terrestrial forests.
The United States was the first country to include blue carbon in its national greenhouse gas emissions inventory.
This addition means that conservation and restoration partners can provide reliable figures on the carbon storage capacity of their coastal projects – and possibly also make a profit through carbon trading financial markets.
Credit goes for adding inventory to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ’ s Coastal Land Cover Program, which has documented coastal land cover change data over more than three decades.
Blue carbon sequestration, in particular, has aroused the interest of policymakers and environmentalists as a mitigation solution to climate change, because it “has no negative effects, and contributes to the preservation of coastal habitats; when these systems are damaged, a huge amount of carbon is emitted back into the atmosphere, thus affecting the climate.
Protecting and restoring coastal habitats is a good way to mitigate climate change.
When we protect carbon in coastal systems, we protect healthy coastal environments that provide many other benefits to individuals, such as recreational opportunities, storm protection, and protective habitats for commercial and recreational fisheries.
Carbon Green:
In contrast to blue carbon, green carbon reflects “carbon trapped by terrestrial ecosystems, ” notes Carlos Duarte, a professor at the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in Saudi Arabia, and integrates carbon into the soil and into biomass such as forests.
Green carbon sinks refer to natural carbon sinks found on land, especially grasslands, farmlands, forests, and grasslands; grasslands store carbon in the soil rather than in their outer trunks or leaves, which are more susceptible to drought or fires.
Areas such as California, where droughts and fires are becoming more common, grasslands are a reliable option for carbon sinks.
Converting agricultural fields into carbon sinks is a well-covered strategy because it can help reduce agriculture ’ s net emissions.
In Europe, agricultural carbon sequestration is a key part of a farm strategy.
In this regard, it is estimated that global forests absorb 7.6 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide annually – 1.5 times more than the annual emissions of the United States.
Carbon Black:
Carbon black is one of the most popular colors of carbon, produced by the combustion or incomplete combustion of petroleum products and biomass.
It is the main component of the 'soot' produced by burning gasoline and burning diesel.
Black carbon poses a major threat to our environment and leads to global warming.
It is also responsible for a number of health diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
For example, black carbon was initially identified visually, but Elaine Droville, a professor at the University of California, Irvine, USA, notes that there is a spectrum of carbon produced by burning fossil fuels.
Similarly, many organic compounds have been identified, including some that are produced by secondary processes in the atmosphere.
What is clear about this type of carbon is that in addition to reducing air quality, it absorbs solar radiation in the upper atmosphere, retains heat and affects the climate.
However, “recent interest in using biochar as a means of carbon storage, ” as Droville stated, has led to a broader search for black carbon to mitigate climate change, shedding light on this dark carbon in a more positive light.
Brown Carbon:
Brown carbon comes from improper combustion of biomass.
This includes firewood, weed waste and so on.
This accumulates in the Earth's atmosphere and forms brown clouds, which then scatter sunlight and thus reduce the rate of evaporation.
This, in turn, affects precipitation patterns and disrupts the water cycle.
This phenomenon can have a negative impact on vegetation and crops.
Red Carbon:
Red carbon is the newest color in the carbon spectrum.
Roman Dial, a professor at the University of Alaska Pacific, USA, describes red as a common pigment produced by microorganisms in snow, but the term also includes pigments that range from yellow to purple.
These colors absorb large wavelengths of green and blue light, melt snow and ice, and 'produce liquid water necessary for life, releasing nutrients (such as nitrogen and phosphorus) associated with ice crystals'
Dial adds, that although the title red carbon has not yet spread, it is known that the effect of reduced whiteness of dyes increases melting ice, as seen in the Arctic, stimulating increased research into the role of microorganisms and the cryosphere.
The importance of determining carbon colors?
Defining terms and using them effectively can spur progress and advocacy for carbon research, particularly when, as Duarte says, ‘ there is a growing demand for sound, effective, nature-based solutions to mitigate climate change.
These carbon colors are living definitions, however, that transcend disciplinary boundaries and are expanded or refined to adapt to new knowledge, instrumentation, and policy needs.
Moreover, new colors continue to appear, as shown in the case of red and blue-green.
As carbon research progresses, one wonders what is the next color of carbon.

---

**8.

Coastal Habitats and Blue Carbon**
- Healthy coastal ecosystems (like wetlands and seagrass beds) store carbon and guard against acidification.

Title:

Content: Chairman of the Board of Directors and Editors
Mohamad Elbaz
Chairman of the Board of Directors and Editors
Mohamad Elbaz
Pollution of the seas: a disaster threatening the planet
From the inspiration of the series Light and the Happy Planet
During the events of the children's animated series Noor and the Happy Planet, the heroes discussed the danger of pollution of the seas by petroleum substances and how this affects marine life.
The Constitution lists the most important information on the issue of marine pollution.
Seas and oceans cover more than 70% of the Earth ’ s surface and are a vital part of our planet ’ s ecosystem.
But, unfortunately, the seas today face a serious threat: pollution.
What is marine pollution?
The term "marine pollution" refers to the introduction of harmful substances into the marine environment, which adversely affects the health of the seas and the organisms that inhabit them.
Types of marine pollution:
Plastic waste pollution: Plastic waste is one of the most common types of pollution, posing a serious threat to marine life.
Oil pollution: It is caused by oil spills from oil tankers or oil platforms, and causes significant damage to the marine ecosystem.
• Chemical pollution: resulting from the discharge of industrial chemicals and agricultural materials into the seas.
Noise pollution is caused by human activities such as oil and gas exploration and marine tourism.
Acidification: results from the absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by the seas, affecting the balance of the marine ecosystem.
Effects of Marine Pollution:
• Killing marine organisms: Harmful substances cause the death of many marine organisms, such as fish and sea turtles.
Destruction of corals: Chemicals and changes in water temperature affect the health of corals, threatening their survival.
Seafood contamination: Seafood becomes contaminated with harmful substances, posing a risk to human health.
Impact on biodiversity: Marine pollution reduces biodiversity in the marine ecosystem.
Influence on climate: The seas play an important role in regulating climate, and changes in the marine ecosystem affect climate changes.
Solutions to combat marine pollution:
Reduce plastic use: Use environmentally friendly alternatives such as cloth bags and reusable bottles.
• Wastewater Treatment: Treatment of wastewater before discharge into the sea.
• Tighten laws: Establish strict laws to reduce marine pollution and punish violators.
Raise awareness: Educate the community about the dangers of marine pollution and the need to take steps to protect them.
Conclusion:
The pollution of the seas is a global responsibility, so we must all work together to protect our seas and our planet.
Through collaboration and outreach, we can ensure a more sustainable future for the seas and the organisms that inhabit them.

Protecting & restoring these areas is vital for maintaining marine biodiversity and fighting climate change.

---

**Why It Matters for Us**
- Oceans cover over 70% of our planet’s surface.

Title:

Content: Chairman of the Board of Directors and Editors
Mohamad Elbaz
Chairman of the Board of Directors and Editors
Mohamad Elbaz
Pollution of the seas: a disaster threatening the planet
From the inspiration of the series Light and the Happy Planet
During the events of the children's animated series Noor and the Happy Planet, the heroes discussed the danger of pollution of the seas by petroleum substances and how this affects marine life.
The Constitution lists the most important information on the issue of marine pollution.
Seas and oceans cover more than 70% of the Earth ’ s surface and are a vital part of our planet ’ s ecosystem.
But, unfortunately, the seas today face a serious threat: pollution.
What is marine pollution?
The term "marine pollution" refers to the introduction of harmful substances into the marine environment, which adversely affects the health of the seas and the organisms that inhabit them.
Types of marine pollution:
Plastic waste pollution: Plastic waste is one of the most common types of pollution, posing a serious threat to marine life.
Oil pollution: It is caused by oil spills from oil tankers or oil platforms, and causes significant damage to the marine ecosystem.
• Chemical pollution: resulting from the discharge of industrial chemicals and agricultural materials into the seas.
Noise pollution is caused by human activities such as oil and gas exploration and marine tourism.
Acidification: results from the absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by the seas, affecting the balance of the marine ecosystem.
Effects of Marine Pollution:
• Killing marine organisms: Harmful substances cause the death of many marine organisms, such as fish and sea turtles.
Destruction of corals: Chemicals and changes in water temperature affect the health of corals, threatening their survival.
Seafood contamination: Seafood becomes contaminated with harmful substances, posing a risk to human health.
Impact on biodiversity: Marine pollution reduces biodiversity in the marine ecosystem.
Influence on climate: The seas play an important role in regulating climate, and changes in the marine ecosystem affect climate changes.
Solutions to combat marine pollution:
Reduce plastic use: Use environmentally friendly alternatives such as cloth bags and reusable bottles.
• Wastewater Treatment: Treatment of wastewater before discharge into the sea.
• Tighten laws: Establish strict laws to reduce marine pollution and punish violators.
Raise awareness: Educate the community about the dangers of marine pollution and the need to take steps to protect them.
Conclusion:
The pollution of the seas is a global responsibility, so we must all work together to protect our seas and our planet.
Through collaboration and outreach, we can ensure a more sustainable future for the seas and the organisms that inhabit them.

Protecting marine life from acidification is crucial for food, jobs, climate stability, and the health of the planet.

Title:

Content: Chairman of the Board of Directors and Editors
Mohamad Elbaz
Chairman of the Board of Directors and Editors
Mohamad Elbaz
Pollution of the seas: a disaster threatening the planet
From the inspiration of the series Light and the Happy Planet
During the events of the children's animated series Noor and the Happy Planet, the heroes discussed the danger of pollution of the seas by petroleum substances and how this affects marine life.
The Constitution lists the most important information on the issue of marine pollution.
Seas and oceans cover more than 70% of the Earth ’ s surface and are a vital part of our planet ’ s ecosystem.
But, unfortunately, the seas today face a serious threat: pollution.
What is marine pollution?
The term "marine pollution" refers to the introduction of harmful substances into the marine environment, which adversely affects the health of the seas and the organisms that inhabit them.
Types of marine pollution:
Plastic waste pollution: Plastic waste is one of the most common types of pollution, posing a serious threat to marine life.
Oil pollution: It is caused by oil spills from oil tankers or oil platforms, and causes significant damage to the marine ecosystem.
• Chemical pollution: resulting from the discharge of industrial chemicals and agricultural materials into the seas.
Noise pollution is caused by human activities such as oil and gas exploration and marine tourism.
Acidification: results from the absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by the seas, affecting the balance of the marine ecosystem.
Effects of Marine Pollution:
• Killing marine organisms: Harmful substances cause the death of many marine organisms, such as fish and sea turtles.
Destruction of corals: Chemicals and changes in water temperature affect the health of corals, threatening their survival.
Seafood contamination: Seafood becomes contaminated with harmful substances, posing a risk to human health.
Impact on biodiversity: Marine pollution reduces biodiversity in the marine ecosystem.
Influence on climate: The seas play an important role in regulating climate, and changes in the marine ecosystem affect climate changes.
Solutions to combat marine pollution:
Reduce plastic use: Use environmentally friendly alternatives such as cloth bags and reusable bottles.
• Wastewater Treatment: Treatment of wastewater before discharge into the sea.
• Tighten laws: Establish strict laws to reduce marine pollution and punish violators.
Raise awareness: Educate the community about the dangers of marine pollution and the need to take steps to protect them.
Conclusion:
The pollution of the seas is a global responsibility, so we must all work together to protect our seas and our planet.
Through collaboration and outreach, we can ensure a more sustainable future for the seas and the organisms that inhabit them.

---

**Key Takeaway**
Ocean acidification is a hidden but growing threat.

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

It doesn’t just bleach corals; it puts at risk the entire web of marine life—including our own cuttlefish mascot—and affects everything from the smallest plankton to the largest marine mammals.

How do scientists expect ocean acidification to impact specific fish species?

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

---

**References for Further Reading**
- NOAA Ocean Acidification Program
- IPCC Special Reports on Oceans
- Global Change Biology: Effects of Ocean Acidification on Marine Species

---

**(You can pick and adapt any of these points for your materials!

Title:

Content: Chairman of the Board of Directors and Editors
Mohamad Elbaz
Chairman of the Board of Directors and Editors
Mohamad Elbaz
Pollution of the seas: a disaster threatening the planet
From the inspiration of the series Light and the Happy Planet
During the events of the children's animated series Noor and the Happy Planet, the heroes discussed the danger of pollution of the seas by petroleum substances and how this affects marine life.
The Constitution lists the most important information on the issue of marine pollution.
Seas and oceans cover more than 70% of the Earth ’ s surface and are a vital part of our planet ’ s ecosystem.
But, unfortunately, the seas today face a serious threat: pollution.
What is marine pollution?
The term "marine pollution" refers to the introduction of harmful substances into the marine environment, which adversely affects the health of the seas and the organisms that inhabit them.
Types of marine pollution:
Plastic waste pollution: Plastic waste is one of the most common types of pollution, posing a serious threat to marine life.
Oil pollution: It is caused by oil spills from oil tankers or oil platforms, and causes significant damage to the marine ecosystem.
• Chemical pollution: resulting from the discharge of industrial chemicals and agricultural materials into the seas.
Noise pollution is caused by human activities such as oil and gas exploration and marine tourism.
Acidification: results from the absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by the seas, affecting the balance of the marine ecosystem.
Effects of Marine Pollution:
• Killing marine organisms: Harmful substances cause the death of many marine organisms, such as fish and sea turtles.
Destruction of corals: Chemicals and changes in water temperature affect the health of corals, threatening their survival.
Seafood contamination: Seafood becomes contaminated with harmful substances, posing a risk to human health.
Impact on biodiversity: Marine pollution reduces biodiversity in the marine ecosystem.
Influence on climate: The seas play an important role in regulating climate, and changes in the marine ecosystem affect climate changes.
Solutions to combat marine pollution:
Reduce plastic use: Use environmentally friendly alternatives such as cloth bags and reusable bottles.
• Wastewater Treatment: Treatment of wastewater before discharge into the sea.
• Tighten laws: Establish strict laws to reduce marine pollution and punish violators.
Raise awareness: Educate the community about the dangers of marine pollution and the need to take steps to protect them.
Conclusion:
The pollution of the seas is a global responsibility, so we must all work together to protect our seas and our planet.
Through collaboration and outreach, we can ensure a more sustainable future for the seas and the organisms that inhabit them.

Sure!

Title:

Content: Local Local Focus
Taitung University ’ s USR Y-2 Project Wins the Silver Award of Asia ’ s Most Influential Design Award
▲ “Sea Waste Innovation Education Exhibition ” won the“ DFA Asia ’ s Most Influential Design Award ” Silver Award in the Service and Experience Design category. (Photo by reporter Yang Han-sheng)
Journalist Yang Han-sheng / reporting from Taitung
The USR Taitung Y2 Project of National Taitung University has developed the "Cross-disciplinary Course Module on University Social Responsibility" and launched a cross-disciplinary integration course to lead students from different disciplines to explore topics across different disciplines.
Among them, the “Nature Education Training and Development ” curriculum was jointly curated and the“ Sea Waste Innovation Education Exhibition ” was awarded the Silver Award in the “Service & Experience Design ” category of the Design For Asia Awards (DFA) in the International Design Competition 2023.
The exhibition will be on display from 18th to 23rd at Fushan Experimental Primary School in Peinan Township, Taitung.
The “Nature Education Training and Development ” course takes the surrounding area of the Carolan tribe as an exploration area, from understanding the local sea-woman culture, the ocean, the coast to the sea-bottom waste, to stimulate students to reflect, and to clean the beach for the local efforts, the collected sea waste for design thinking and creation.
Through interactive display, visitors will be prompted to reflect, and the four pieces of thought-provoking works jointly created and designed will be integrated into a mobile touring exhibition form of "Sea Waste Creativity Education Exhibition".
Professor Wen Zhuomou, director of the Shanhai Center, said that the sustainable development goal SDG14 project marine conservation ecology, combined with the University's social responsibility USR program to promote and operate, so that the "sea waste creation education exhibition" on the world stage.
Chen Chun-wei, a co-lecturer of the Department of Digital Media and Education, explained that the exhibition is designed with experiential learning and design thinking for the purpose of environmental sustainability and natural education.
Using marine waste as a material, by understanding the ocean experience and the process of beach cleaning to sea waste creation, the coastal line as the core of natural environment education, social reflection and practice, so as to re-understand and understand the situation of the ocean, in order to “implement social responsibility practices and promote SDG14 marine ecology conservation ”.
The “Sea Waste Innovation and Education Exhibition ” will continue to promote marine environmental conservation along the eastern coast, so that students and the public can understand the size of the ocean world in which they live, and there will be more opportunities for marine waste created by humans.
The exhibition will also present the process from ocean experience, beach cleaning and sea waste creation, so that everyone cherishes the ocean as a family, and work together to "create a better future for the mountains, the sea and the sand city."
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Here’s a summarized list of important nuggets of information focused on marine life and ocean acidification impacts, drawn from relevant portions of your extract, as well as general background appropriate for your climate justice club’s activities:

---

**Ocean Acidification and Marine Life: Quick Facts & Nuggets**

1.

Title:

Content: Primary Science _ The EdUHK promotes the Primary Science Curriculum for 3 schools to test the Chinese Arctic Expedition and Social Service Experience
society.
Author: Feng Qiya
Published: 17 minutes ago
Share:
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Over 300 students and parents attended the seminar. (Provided by EdUHK)
Primary General Studies will be split into Humanities and Sciences from Primary 4 in the 2025 / 26 school year. Primary schools can choose to start testing in September this year one year ahead of schedule.
The Education University of Hong Kong has launched a science curriculum for primary and secondary schools, which includes teaching materials from the China Arctic expedition team, social service experience, etc., for implementation by three pilot primary schools.
The programme, entitled “From Arctic Expedition ” to“ Sustainable Marine Ecology and Global Citizenship Education ” (ESDGC14), is designed by the Department of Teaching and Learning. Five local schools, university students and one Swedish international primary school work together to deepen the existing STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art and Mathematics) education.
The curriculum adopts a diversified learning model, including the use of materials derived from the Arctic Expedition, the introduction of science courses in English, the implementation of cross-learning mentorship programmes covering primary and secondary students, and the inclusion of different social service experiences.
The course is divided into 3 parts.
Part 1 will use a set of 90 pictorial diaries on Arctic expeditions that integrate scientific knowledge, exploration experience and cultural background as teaching materials; Part 2 will have four stages of science courses taught in English, covering popular science education, inquiry learning, laboratory experiential learning and fieldwork. To promote knowledge of global climate change to the community.
The curriculum is designed to respond to UNESCO ’ s “Education 2030 ” requirement and incorporate the results of the China Polar Team.“ Students should not only learn about science, but also propose strategic conservation solutions to alleviate global marine ecological problems. The aim is to inspire teachers to make reference to the diversity of teaching and learning in primary science subjects. ” This model enables students to develop in an all-round way and better equip them to interface with junior high schools.
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Editor-in-Chief: Fung Chi-ya

**Ocean acidification:** This phenomenon is caused when excess CO₂ from the atmosphere dissolves in seawater, reducing the pH of the ocean and making it more acidic.

Title:

Content: In order to be close to the ocean and realize the conservation of the ocean and marine resources, Chenggong Junior High School held a beach clean-up event on the 29th in Crescent Bay, Zhubei City, to turn the service of caring for the community into a driving force, and to lead students to understand and reflect on the ocean and understand the importance of harmonious development of people and the ocean.
The event began with teachers explaining the marine environment and ecology, and then spent two hours in groups cleaning the beach, and finally cleaned up dozens of kilograms of marine garbage, which was handled by the cleaning team of the Zhubei Municipal Office.
We attach importance to the values and concepts of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and try to integrate them into our curriculum and school activities.
Before the beach clean-up, the school applied to the Seeing Zeppelin Foundation to see the Taiwan School Public Broadcasting Program. From the video broadcast and the instructor ’ s explanation, students can see the beauty and sadness of Taiwan ’ s coast, and then lead students to the ocean to understand the impact of their hometown ’ s coast, and turn it into action to promote change.
On the 29th, Zhuang Li, a teacher of the math class, explained the marine environment and ecology, allowing students to actually understand the ecology of shallow water areas such as coastal mangroves, ocean tides and the use and regeneration of marine resources.
Next, all students will be divided into 6 groups, respectively to pick up the beach and coastal debris debris, and return to the original appearance of the coast.
After two hours of efforts to clean up the beach, teachers and students cleaned up a lot of marine waste. According to statistics, the most common is daily life plastic products, including PET bottles, plastic bags, straws, glass bottles, plastic bottles, paper lunch boxes, spoons, cigarette butts and aluminum foil bags.
The other part is fishing waste, such as Polarilon buoyancy gear, waste fishing nets, floating balls, etc.
After sorting and sorting, a total of more than 10 bags full of garbage, a total of nearly tens of kilograms of marine waste was cleaned, and the cleaning team of the Zhubei Municipal Office assisted in the removal and removal.
The school said that through the beach cleaning activities, understanding the importance of marine ecological sustainability, and allowing students to have social responsibility and care for service, love the living environment and land, and establish action to practice social service concept.
# Ocean # Success Middle School # Beach Cleanup # Beach Cleanup # Student

What is the main cause of ocean acidification?

water absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

It’s a big issue connected to climate change.

Title:

Content: Primary Science _ The EdUHK promotes the Primary Science Curriculum for 3 schools to test the Chinese Arctic Expedition and Social Service Experience
society.
Author: Feng Qiya
Published: 17 minutes ago
Share:
Share:
Over 300 students and parents attended the seminar. (Provided by EdUHK)
Primary General Studies will be split into Humanities and Sciences from Primary 4 in the 2025 / 26 school year. Primary schools can choose to start testing in September this year one year ahead of schedule.
The Education University of Hong Kong has launched a science curriculum for primary and secondary schools, which includes teaching materials from the China Arctic expedition team, social service experience, etc., for implementation by three pilot primary schools.
The programme, entitled “From Arctic Expedition ” to“ Sustainable Marine Ecology and Global Citizenship Education ” (ESDGC14), is designed by the Department of Teaching and Learning. Five local schools, university students and one Swedish international primary school work together to deepen the existing STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art and Mathematics) education.
The curriculum adopts a diversified learning model, including the use of materials derived from the Arctic Expedition, the introduction of science courses in English, the implementation of cross-learning mentorship programmes covering primary and secondary students, and the inclusion of different social service experiences.
The course is divided into 3 parts.
Part 1 will use a set of 90 pictorial diaries on Arctic expeditions that integrate scientific knowledge, exploration experience and cultural background as teaching materials; Part 2 will have four stages of science courses taught in English, covering popular science education, inquiry learning, laboratory experiential learning and fieldwork. To promote knowledge of global climate change to the community.
The curriculum is designed to respond to UNESCO ’ s “Education 2030 ” requirement and incorporate the results of the China Polar Team.“ Students should not only learn about science, but also propose strategic conservation solutions to alleviate global marine ecological problems. The aim is to inspire teachers to make reference to the diversity of teaching and learning in primary science subjects. ” This model enables students to develop in an all-round way and better equip them to interface with junior high schools.
Download HKET App and follow the TOPick WhatsApp channel for more information:
【 Free Download for Secondary and Lower School 】【 Tips for Studying in Famous Schools 】
【 Food Safety Supermarket Search 】【 Workplace Wisdom for Survival 】
Editor-in-Chief: Fung Chi-ya

**Marine Ecosystems are Under Threat:** Beyond coral bleaching, ocean acidification disrupts a wide range of marine life and ecosystems, impacting biodiversity, food webs, and human communities who rely on the ocean.

Title:

Content: The $100 million carbon reduction competition, driven by SpaceX and Tesla founder Elon Musk, has just announced the first winners, with 23 student teams selected to come up with their own carbon reduction plans and methods.
There are both ideas for solving the problem of carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere and solutions that hope to solve multiple environmental problems at once.
Musk proposed the campaign in February and is being promoted by the X Prize, which aims to use incentives to find innovative technologies. Courage and creativity are paramount, New Atlas reported.
Musk will fund the competition for up to four years, but only if the teams show how to capture carbon dioxide from the air and store it safely for at least 100 years.
The student award portion is $5 million to motivate student groups in the school.
195 science exhibition teams from 44 countries signed up to convince the judging panel that their solutions were not only scientifically feasible, but that the students had the technical knowledge to execute the plan.
Twenty-three ITF teams were selected as winners, and 18 of its teams received $250,000 in prize money to continue developing their technology and could choose to compete in other competitions.
The Skyrenu Technologies team at the Environmental Research Center at the Université de Sherbrooke and Inrs-Eau Terre in Canada wants to use the Direct Air Capture (DAC) system to simultaneously solve the problem of using two CO2 reactors to separate CO2 from ambient air and then pump the concentrated CO2 into the well. The mineral molecules in it form crystals of carbonates that do not spill back into the environment.
The mine that the team thought of was an abandoned asbestos mine in Quebec, where asbestos had been banned, but the pits were still there, and the asbestos mine was a silicate mineral that easily interacted with dioxides, so it could absorb at least 700 metric tons of carbon dioxide.
The Blue Symbiosis team from the University of Tasmania, Australia, hopes to harness the natural carbon dioxide absorption properties of algae by reusing oil and gas drilling platforms as regenerative breeding grounds.
According to the team, the offshore platform provides the backbone, and the seagrass will act as the branch.
The team ’ s goal is to scale production so that the system can have a real impact on ocean health, and some of the algae will also be used in building materials, such as refractory bricks, so that the stored carbon can be used efficiently.
The E-quester team from the University of Toronto came up with a more efficient DAC technology (Direct Air Capture), which they say is 16% more efficient than the current common technology.
Because the team used a new electrochemical regeneration system, the system can recover the captured pure carbon dioxide and then be used or sequestered by the industry.
The Acid Project team at the University of Miami has focused their research on ocean acidification by using green alkaline compounds to solve the problem, collecting mining waste, water and renewable electricity, and adding alkaline materials in the form of low carbon to the ocean, removing excess carbon dioxide from seawater and reducing acidity.
Lead researcher Laura Stieghorst said: “This feeds the ocean an acid suppressant, uses acids and bases to neutralize and restore the ocean ’ s ability to absorb carbon dioxide, which can take thousands of years. ”
The Carbon Down Under team at the University of Illinois focuses on plant decay, which produces tens of millions of tons of plant waste each year from global agriculture, including weeds and harvested straw and wheat stalks, which also produce carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere.
They decided to develop a system that liquefies plants into juices and then infuses them under the ground.
In this way, underground microbes will use the juice as a nutrient, and fermentation in that oxygen-free environment will not consume too much oxygen, which will prevent the generation of carbon dioxide, and eventually will form mud carbon.
This has been tested in the lab, and the team is exploring whether this is also true in real-world environments.
# Musk # CO2 Cuts # Technology # $100 Million

What factors lead to damage of coral reefs?

Title:

Content: Primary Science _ The EdUHK promotes the Primary Science Curriculum for 3 schools to test the Chinese Arctic Expedition and Social Service Experience
society.
Author: Feng Qiya
Published: 17 minutes ago
Share:
Share:
Over 300 students and parents attended the seminar. (Provided by EdUHK)
Primary General Studies will be split into Humanities and Sciences from Primary 4 in the 2025 / 26 school year. Primary schools can choose to start testing in September this year one year ahead of schedule.
The Education University of Hong Kong has launched a science curriculum for primary and secondary schools, which includes teaching materials from the China Arctic expedition team, social service experience, etc., for implementation by three pilot primary schools.
The programme, entitled “From Arctic Expedition ” to“ Sustainable Marine Ecology and Global Citizenship Education ” (ESDGC14), is designed by the Department of Teaching and Learning. Five local schools, university students and one Swedish international primary school work together to deepen the existing STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art and Mathematics) education.
The curriculum adopts a diversified learning model, including the use of materials derived from the Arctic Expedition, the introduction of science courses in English, the implementation of cross-learning mentorship programmes covering primary and secondary students, and the inclusion of different social service experiences.
The course is divided into 3 parts.
Part 1 will use a set of 90 pictorial diaries on Arctic expeditions that integrate scientific knowledge, exploration experience and cultural background as teaching materials; Part 2 will have four stages of science courses taught in English, covering popular science education, inquiry learning, laboratory experiential learning and fieldwork. To promote knowledge of global climate change to the community.
The curriculum is designed to respond to UNESCO ’ s “Education 2030 ” requirement and incorporate the results of the China Polar Team.“ Students should not only learn about science, but also propose strategic conservation solutions to alleviate global marine ecological problems. The aim is to inspire teachers to make reference to the diversity of teaching and learning in primary science subjects. ” This model enables students to develop in an all-round way and better equip them to interface with junior high schools.
Download HKET App and follow the TOPick WhatsApp channel for more information:
【 Free Download for Secondary and Lower School 】【 Tips for Studying in Famous Schools 】
【 Food Safety Supermarket Search 】【 Workplace Wisdom for Survival 】
Editor-in-Chief: Fung Chi-ya

**Cephalopods (e.g.

Title:

Content: In order to promote the concept of marine conservation, the Marine Conservation Department of the Ocean Commission specially organizes the "Let the Ocean Be a Future" marine conservation creative drama competition, which is divided into student groups and social groups. Schools, performing groups or interested people are invited to jointly think about how to act for the future of the ocean.
This competition invites people to perform and be creative together, which can be presented through traditional drama, puppet drama, shadow drama or various forms. The registration period is from now until September 20, 112, and the total prize money is NT $500,000. Details of the registration can be downloaded at https: / / reurl.cc / qk4lER.
At the press conference, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Culture, and the Agricultural Committee of the Executive Yuan jointly held a ceremony to share the experience of the 110th annual competition. The Trident, transformed into the Patronus of the Ocean, symbolizes an inter-ministerial mission to protect our oceans, and officially announces the launch of the 2023 Marine Conservation Creative Drama Competition.
In response to the elements of education, culture and marine resources, the event is particularly grateful to the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Culture and the Council of Agriculture of the Executive Yuan as the guiding units to assist in the guidance and publicity of the event; marine conservation has become an international trend, how to use life experience to participate in marine conservation affairs, and thus achieve the goal of ocean friendly, is an important purpose of this event.
At the same time, we should also educate our next generation on how to protect marine life and achieve the goal of sustainable use of marine environment and resources. We hope that through the marine conservation creative drama competition, we will invite all walks of life to create thought-provoking drama through the combination of creativity and marine conservation knowledge, so that we can provide a better future for the ocean.
# Ocean Conservation # Creative Drama # Future # Ocean # Competition

Which marine organism is vulnerable to increased levels of ocean acidification?

Title:

Content: The Truth Behind GDP “Wealth ” The Problem of Economic Growth
Without enough insanity, there can be no fundamental change.
In this case, insanity comes from being out of the ordinary, having the courage to reject immutability, and creating the future.
- Thomas.
by Thomas Sankara
Let us imagine ourselves succeeding: poor countries have been freed from the constraints of structural adjustment and have an equal voice in global governance organizations; and the rebalancing of international trade rules has given poor countries fair trade opportunities.
They suddenly found themselves free to formulate economic policies based solely on the national interest, without coercion or threat of invasion by the powerful, and to adopt the developmentalist methods that they achieved in the 1960s and 1970s, including nationalizing oil resources and mines, taking back control of telecommunications and water infrastructure, protecting domestic industries with high tariffs, and nurturing businesses until they could compete with the rest of the world. Agribusiness enterprises to ensure that small farmers have a stable land and provide subsidies to promote national food security. As domestic industry developed, these policies created more jobs in the country, and unions fought for decent wages for workers, so the middle class began to increase.
With rising income growth and falling poverty rates, hunger has become a thing of the past. With tax havens closing, government revenues rising and no longer burdened with heavy debt, social spending on universal health care and education has been made redundant.
The increase in university enrollment and, as the public health system and access to generic drugs became easier, eventually curbed the ravages of tropical diseases.
This is a convincing vision.
All of these theories are possible in the context of a fairer global economy, but in fact, we still have unsolved problems.
The standard developmentalist model hopes that poor countries can increase their industrial economy and income levels to the level of rich countries.
Of course, this pattern of economic growth will not only increase resource consumption, but also increase waste, pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
This process is normal and even unavoidable to some extent.
Unfortunately, given the planet ’ s resources and ability to absorb greenhouse gases, there is not enough ecological capacity to achieve this goal.
Scientists say that even at the current level of total global resource consumption, the Earth ’ s ecological load is already overloaded by about 60% per year.
These overloads are almost entirely due to excessive consumption in rich countries.
According to data from the Global Footprint Network in Auckland, only 1.8 “global hectares ” are consumed per person per year at the current ecological capacity of the planet, which is the standard unit for calculating resource use, waste, pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
If this is exceeded, it means that the Earth cannot replenish the resources it consumes or absorb more waste.
In other words, we will be forced onto a path of gradual degradation. 1.8 Global hectares are roughly equal to the average consumption of the average person in Ghana or Guatemala, compared to 4.7 global hectares per person in Europe and 8 global hectares per person in the United States and Canada, which is several times the average share.
To understand how extreme this overconsumption can be, imagine that if each of us were to live like the average citizen in a high-income country, the equivalent of 3.4 Earths would be sufficient.
Most people do not easily feel the impact of overloading the Earth's environment so they do not understand the concept, but more and more scientific data proves this.
Take deforestation as an example: Sixty years ago, 1.6 billion hectares of mature rainforest filled the earth, yet human industry destroyed more than half of them.
Take the soil as an example: 40% of the earth ’ s agricultural soils are severely degraded, mostly because intensive agricultural techniques and fertilizers make the soil no longer fertile, which means that agricultural production will begin to collapse in the near future. 343 Take fish as an example: About 85% of the world ’ s fish resources have been overexploited or depleted, and 344 Haddock production has fallen to 1% of its original level; 345 Halibut production was reduced to 0.2%.
The main reason is overfishing, but it is also partly due to rapid ocean acidification caused by high levels of carbon dioxide emissions in the Earth ’ s atmosphere.
Scientists say that it ’ s not just fish, as many as 140,000 plant and animal species are disappearing every year due to over-exploitation of the Earth ’ s ecosystem. 346 species are dying out hundreds or even thousands of times faster than before the Industrial Revolution, and so fast that scientists classify them as the sixth mass extinction in Earth ’ s history, the last of which occurred about 66 million years ago.
This is only happening at our current level of overall economic activity, that is, the level of resource consumption that exists in rich and poor countries.
If poor countries are to eradicate poverty, it is necessary to increase the consumption of resources, and this will only lead us further to disaster.
Unless, rich countries start to reduce their resource consumption.
The Problem of Economic Growth
Reducing resource consumption in rich countries may sound simple, but it is also a fair and sensible way to do so.
But given the current structure of the economy, this idea is almost entirely off the table.
In fact, almost all economists and politicians focus on the exact opposite: increasing GDP, which means increasing production and resource consumption each year.
Of all the economic thinking today, this is probably the most mainstream idea, so popular that almost no one doubts it.
Because the GDP indicator seems to have always existed, we take it for granted as a measure of economic development, but most people do not know that this indicator has been invented in recent years.
This indicator of the total economy actually comes from the economist Simon.
It was designed by Simon Kuznets and Keynes in the 1930s to help policymakers understand how to get out of the Great Depression.
Its goal is to calculate the monetary value of all the goods and labor produced so that policymakers can have a clearer idea of where the problems are coming from and what solutions are needed.
Gu argues that measures must be taken to help maximize social well-being and to track the progress of human social welfare.
He wants GDP indicators to exclude the value of negative items such as advertising, transportation and policing, because even the growth of these items does not represent an increase in people ’ s living standards.
However, when World War II broke out, Keynes changed this concept, insisting that all money-based projects, even negative ones, must be counted in order to determine how much productivity could be used for the war.
The final Keynesian version of GDP began to run around the world.
GDP was originally a measure of the economy in times of war, which is why the purpose of this measure is so monotonous, even violent.
Because it aggregates all money-based activities, it doesn ’ t care whether they are good or bad for the planet ’ s environment. Deforesting forests and selling timber, developing mountains and mining coal, or extending working hours and the retirement age, all of which increase GDP.
However, GDP cannot calculate the cost, so this indicator cannot measure the value of forests that have lost carbon dioxide absorption, or the loss of mountain forests that have lost homes for endangered species, and it cannot measure the physical and psychological damage caused by overwork.
This metric ignores not only the bad but also the good because it doesn ’ t measure many meaningful activities that aren ’ t based on money.
Growing your own food, cleaning your house, or caring for your elderly parents are not included in GDP because they do not involve any money transactions. They are only counted when a money transaction is generated.
Of course, it is not an absolute error to measure something and exclude something else, because the GDP indicator itself does not have any effect on the real world, it is the increase in GDP that affects us.
Once we start focusing on GDP growth, we are not only promoting the various economic behaviors measured by GDP, but also encouraging them to grow indefinitely.
That ’ s what we ’ ve been doing since the 1960s.
During the Cold War, in order to adjudicate the boring “race ” between the West and the Soviet Union, GDP began to be widely used, and politicians on both sides suddenly began to be enthusiastic about increasing GDP.
Gu has warned people that GDP should not be seen as a normal measure of economic success because it would cause too much damage.
But then people started doing it, and the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund quickly extended the indicator to the rest of the world.
Today, governments in almost every country, rich or poor, are focused on the single goal of increasing GDP.
Generally speaking, if we want the global economy to function well, we need at least 2% to 3% annual GDP growth.
If growth falls below this rate, economists will tell people that the economy is in crisis; if growth falls to zero, economists will tell people that the entire economic system is about to collapse.
So, what will be the level of growth that will make the global economy work well?
In 2015, global GDP reached $73 trillion, and 3% growth means an additional $2 trillion, which is the value we must produce for the global economy next year in order to maintain economic stability. $2 trillion is about the GDP of the United Kingdom.
Imagine all the cars, televisions, houses, factories, barrels of oil and other products that the UK produces every year, keeping in mind that there are as many goods as mountains, that is, the amount of production that people have to increase in the next year on top of the world ’ s original production.
And because this growth is exponential rather than linear, it means that people have to add more in the following year and more in the following year.
The compound multiplier is very powerful, with a growth rate of 4.5% roughly the total growth that governments around the world want to achieve, so that the volume of goods will double every 16 years and quadruple every 32 years.
For example, if ancient Egypt had 1 cubic meter of assets and was growing at a rate of 4.5% per year, by the end of its 3,000 years of culture, all ancient Egyptian assets needed 2.5 billion solar systems to be stored.
Therefore, scientists should really realize that infinite exponential growth is extremely absurd.
Imagine that we follow this trajectory indefinitely to deny the most obvious fact that the Earth has its physical limits.
As David Attenborough has made clear, “Anyone who thinks he can achieve unlimited growth on a finite planet is either a madman or an economist. ”
What happens to the world when the current level of economic activity exceeds the planet ’ s ecological capacity and we still consider exponential growth?
The future that is coming seems to be miserable.
Scientists point out that tropical mature forests will disappear by 2050, and species diversity will decline by another 10%. 347 Compared to 1950, the current average amount of seafood that can be harvested will be reduced by more than 90%.
Most major metals, such as gold, silver, copper and zinc, as well as many key metals used in renewable energy technologies, such as lead, indium and antimony, are about to run out.
If Silicon Valley entrepreneurs like Elon Musk are to be believed, they might be able to mine the moon and asteroids for metal instead.
But mining for minerals from other planets will not help much for the planet ’ s forests and fish, nor will it help the planet ’ s soil crisis.
Because, at the current rate of soil depletion, the world ’ s farmland surface soils will be more or less unusable by 2050, and will no longer exist by 2075.
Despite these obvious problems with GDP growth, for some reason GDP growth is equal to human progress.
We believe that life gets better when the GDP indicator goes up – our incomes increase and we have more jobs, which means that society has better schools, hospitals, etc.
That may have been the case in the past, but when the world is empty and human footprints do not have much impact on the face of the planet, unfortunately, that argument will no longer hold.
Over the past half century, U.S. GDP has grown steadily, but median income has stagnated, poverty has risen, and inequality has increased.
The same is true across the globe, where, while global real GDP has nearly doubled since 1980, the number of people living in poverty on less than $5 a day has increased by more than 1.1 billion.
Why is this the case?
Because at some point, the full growth of domestic production will start to lead to more negative outcomes than positive ones, that is, “ills ” than wealth. 352 Because there will be no more accumulation of capital that will not directly harm other people ’ s fields, such as enclosures, soil degradation, water pollution, human exploitation or climate change.
We have reached the point where GDP growth creates more poverty than it reduces.
As global political institutions put their weight on increasing GDP, humans and nature are under enormous pressure.
We can see countries presented in different ways, such as land grabs in India, privatisation of public services in the UK, deforestation in the Amazon basin in Brazil, and fracking and oil sands extraction in the US and Canada.
If you look at the negative consequences of increasing GDP from a global perspective, it is longer working hours, more expensive housing prices, land depletion, urban pollution, and a waste of marine resources, especially climate change.
All of these negative outcomes are to increase GDP, and those who resist this destructive trend will feel powerless, a sense of powerlessness that comes from government indifference.
According to the government ’ s most important indicators of progress, destruction must continue at all costs.
This is not because of the destructive power within humans, but because humans have rules that encourage behavior in destructive ways.
As the economist Joseph Stiglitz once said, “What we measure affects our behavior. ”
If we take the wrong things into account, then mistakes will follow. ”
It is worth noting that as long as GDP growth remains the main goal of global economic development, the solutions we described in the previous chapter may not be achieved. As the system desperately seeks the boundaries of capital accumulation, the pressure on GDP growth translates into pressure for increased debt, more structural adjustment, and free trade, and more monetization.
At least as far as the current economic organization is concerned, this is still a necessary condition for the sustainable development of our economy.
(This article is written by Jason.
Hekker, “Why Are Some Countries Save The More Poor? ” (Exposing the Dark Insider of Global Inequality & Solution), Savage Culture
Extended reading
Officially defined poverty lines make poverty an anomaly.
High-tech systems exacerbate discrimination against the poor
Hong Jingshu: Algorithms for Making Poverty Injustice