Here is a summary of nuggets based on the extracts you provided, focusing especially on borrowings, sociocultural contexts, policies, and language regulation, with some points of interest in language vitality and technology:

---

**1.

Challenges and Support for Non-English Languages:**
- There is a notable lack of institutional support for translation projects in many Indian languages, suggesting that English often dominates culturally and in publishing.

New initiatives, such as translation fellowships, are working to address this neglect, but support is still limited.

- Projects and fellowships aimed at translation tend to be selective, with some, for example, excluding fiction from their scope, limiting the range of works that may carry over linguistic and cultural nuances amid global English influence.

Language Loss, Revitalization, and Documentation:**
- Language shift, often towards dominant languages like English, can lead to the loss of minority and indigenous languages, with elders sometimes being the last speakers.

Linguistic loss is also a loss of cultural knowledge.

- Efforts at language revitalization, such as community-based apps for indigenous languages (like Hoocąk) and university programs, are active attempts to reclaim and promote local linguistic heritage in the face of English and other dominant languages.

Sociopolitical and Policy Dimensions of Language Use:**
- Some governments actively intervene in language use to protect or promote state languages, sometimes imposing restrictions or regulations on borrowings from English and other languages (not directly cited in these extracts, but see France’s Toubon Law or Icelandic naming laws for examples).

- Attempts to regulate borrowing may be influenced by concerns about national identity, language purity, or cultural preservation.

The Role and Impact of English:**
- Borrowing from English is widespread due to its global standing, media dominance, and association with modernity and technology.

- There is a tension between embracing English for access to global knowledge and markets, and concerns over the erosion of local languages and identities.

Language, Identity, and Relations:**
- Language plays a key role in shaping personal and group identities.

Multilingualism can mean, as the Turkish proverb says, becoming "two people," reflecting how language opens up new cultural perspectives (e.g., migrants or bilinguals navigating different identities).

- "Familects" (family-specific language practices) and regional dialects embody intimate and unique ways language binds people, sometimes resisting or selectively incorporating borrowings from dominant languages.

Technological Divide:**
- Use of AI and language technology is significantly cheaper and more efficient for English than for other languages, largely due to the volume of training data and prioritization by AI companies.

This can widen the digital divide and limit resources for minority language preservation or development.

Importance of Non-English Perspectives:**
- Ignoring non-English languages in areas such as conservation or science can mean missing out on vital local knowledge and perspectives.

Language diversity supports a fuller understanding of the world.

**Summary Point:**
While English borrowings are increasing worldwide due to sociocultural, technological, and economic forces, local and governmental efforts—ranging from policy interventions to grassroots projects—seek to maintain linguistic diversity, prevent wholesale language shift, regulate the influx of English, and support translation and revitalization projects.

The success of these measures depends on political will, social attitudes, technology, and access to resources.

**Nuggets on Governmental Regulation of Borrowing in Russian and Sociocultural Contexts:**

- New laws in Russia seek to prohibit the use of foreign words in official, state-level language, except where there is no established Russian equivalent.

This targets especially Anglicisms (borrowings from English).

- The main challenge is enforcement: language is a living, changing entity, particularly youth slang, which evolves rapidly.

Many borrowed words don't survive long in popular usage.

- There's debate on where to draw the line.

Some words considered Russian now are historic borrowings (e.g., "barrier" from German), showing that borrowing is a continuous, natural process in language history.

- Clear, objective criteria are needed to decide which foreign words are "unacceptable," since arbitrary distinctions risk inconsistency and confusion.

- Sociological perspectives highlight that borrowing is inevitable and has always been part of language development.

Attempts to "purify" language can be excessive and may even be counterproductive.

- There's cultural tension about what borrowed words mean for national identity—borrowings from English, especially visible in advertising, youth culture, and signage, prompt concerns about losing the unique character of Russian.

- Some calls for intervention reference practices in other countries such as France, where there is a tradition of language "protection" laws to resist Anglicisms and promote French equivalents.

- The legislation is also a reaction to the prominent use of English (and Latin script) in public life (for example, on shop signs, brands, and in youth slang), which makes some people feel alienated in their own linguistic environment.

- Politicians express fears that widespread use of Anglicisms blurs the boundaries of Russian national identity and can result in “loss of native speech.”

- The drive for legislative action comes with a push for developing a "nationally oriented environment": fostering pride in and widespread use of Russian words, and reducing the influence of English in public and official contexts.

- Despite regulatory attempts, day-to-day spoken language, especially among young people, remains rich in abbreviations, puns, and borrowings, reflecting the dynamic nature of language and the difficulty of controlling it from above.

- In summary: Russia is moving to restrict Anglicism and other borrowings in state and official usage, motivated by concerns for cultural integrity and language preservation, but faces sociolinguistic realities that make rigid control difficult and potentially contentious.

These themes echo similar debates in other countries (notably France), and illustrate the complex interplay between politics, language change, and culture.

**Summary Nuggets on Borrowing, Translation, and Sociopolitical Contexts:**

- Translation goes beyond literal transfer of words; it involves recreating style, emotion, and identity from one language to another.

Translators must navigate deep cultural meanings and adapt symbols and imagery, not just vocabulary and grammar.

- In some cases, such as Francophone Arab writers (e.g., Amin Maalouf), works written in a foreign language (French) still convey a strong sense of their original (Arabic) cultural identity.

This highlights the complexity of linguistic borrowing and cultural transfer.

- Concerns over cultural identity in translation and borrowing have prompted international efforts since the 1930s, like the idea of developing translation indexes to track and perhaps influence cross-cultural flows.

- The translation process is affected by the societal context.

Linguistic phenomena like borrowing, retrograde inhibition (interference between languages during acquisition), and the creation of new terms (as in South Africa, where local languages borrowed from Dutch) are inherently tied to political, social, and cultural factors.

- Translation and borrowing are not neutral; they shape and are shaped by issues of power, identity, and evolution of cultures.

In South African and Indian contexts, translation has been a site for negotiating identity and mediating between various sociopolitical realities.

- Some languages, especially those facing endangerment (like Koru), exhibit direct effects of reality on language—as described by the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis—emphasizing the broader impact of sociocultural realities on language change, borrowing, and survival.

- The spread of English globally and in the U.S. has been marked by widespread lexical borrowing both ways.

English speakers often borrow words from languages they come into contact with, reflecting cultural openness but also sometimes leading to concern about identity loss in source languages.

- Some countries and organizations actively intervene in translation and borrowing, aiming to preserve local language identity, promote cultural renewal, and manage the influence of English and other dominant languages.

(E.g., conferences like the Arabic Language and Artificial Intelligence forums focus on challenges and preservation.)

- Legal and institutional frameworks (e.g., translation awards, language academies) are emerging to encourage translation *into* specific languages (like Arabic) and reward efforts that build and protect linguistic and cultural identity.

- There is recognition in the Arab world that borrowing and translation can stimulate local culture and connect it to global trends, but this also underscores an anxiety about maintaining a distinct cultural and linguistic core.

**In summary:** Borrowing and translation operate not only as linguistic processes but as complex sociopolitical acts.

Governments and institutions often see them as sites where identity, power, and cultural survival are negotiated.

Active efforts—ranging from awards, academic conferences, to proposed indexes—seek to guide the extent and nature of borrowing, especially from English, in order to maintain or revitalize local languages and cultures.

These dynamics reveal both the vitality and the vulnerability of languages in the face of global English and cultural exchange.

- Political Dynamics in Language: References to Hong Kong, Taiwan, and China highlight the political weight attached to language use and regulation in these areas.

Here is a summary of nuggets based on the extracts you provided, focusing especially on borrowings, sociocultural contexts, policies, and language regulation, with some points of interest in language vitality and technology:

---

**1.

Title:

Content: News | The Economist reads

Our language columnist, Johnson, picks five of his favourite recent reads

This is a golden age for good books about every facet of language

FOR A LONG time popular books about language were dominated by cranky editors airing pet peeves and wondering where it all went wrong, while academic linguists wrote impenetrable papers and struggled to explain their work to the public. Then, a couple of decades ago, bestselling books like Steven Pinker’s “The Language Instinct” (1994) and John McWhorter’s “The Power of Babel” (2001) convinced more linguists to try their hand at writing for a non-expert audience. This in turn raised the quality of books by non-linguists. The cranks no longer rule, and it is a golden age for good books about every facet of language.

Memory Speaks. By Julie Sedivy. Belknap Press; 368 pages; $29.95 and £23.95

Julie Sedivy moved from Czechoslovakia to Canada as a small child, and hence far from the home of her first language. Her tale of the gradual loss of her Czech, and her adult work to recover it, is not only beautifully told. It is also packed with a tour of the science on bilingualism, in which she is an expert, as well as the controversial topic of how one’s native language influences thought. As if that were not enough for this fascinating book, she embeds herself within the fight to prevent indigenous North American languages from disappearing entirely, and illuminates what is lost when a language dies. As Johnson I assessed the book, and the painful loss of native languages, early in 2022.

You Talkin’ to Me? By E.J. White. Oxford University Press; 216 pages; $19.95 and £14.99

In many countries, people are taught to revere and even strive to emulate the educated speech of their grandest city. Think of Parisian French. Not so the English of New York. On screen, for example, it is reserved for gangsters or wise-cracking sidekicks (why does the parrot in “Aladdin” have a New York accent?), never for heroes (such as Captain America, whose Brooklyn origins are inaudible in his speech in the Marvel films). That was not always so. Both presidents Roosevelt had an upper-class New York accent once considered respectable. Its disappearance is a tale of immigration and the relocation of an imaginary “real America” to the Midwest, rather than its world-bestriding metropolis. Johnson reflected on the book late in 2020.

What the F: What Swearing Reveals about our Language, Our Brains and Ourselves. By Benjamin K. Bergen. Basic Books; 288 pages; $10.99

Your pulse speeds up, and your palms start to sweat ever so slightly, upon hearing a swear word. People can tolerate more pain if allowed to cuss, and many victims of strokes and brain injuries lose all speech but the taboo variety. The words in question may be avoided in polite company, but they make for a fascinating scientific study by Benjamin Bergen, a cognitive scientist. Of the main sources of swear words, some are losing their bite (those concerning religion, for example) while some still hurt (slurs, especially). But Mr Bergen examines the claims of harm from swear words overall (America seems to regulate them more than guns), and dismantles them skilfully. Swearing is a core part of human life. To be used with care, but not to be abjured. Johnson wrote about the book, and weapons of crass construction, a few years ago.

The Prodigal Tongue. By Lynne Murphy. Penguin Books; 368 pages; $17. Oneworld; £16.99

Lynne Murphy is a linguist at the University of Sussex, married to a British husband and raising British children. But she is American, and years of experiencing polite (and sometimes not-so-polite) commentary about her native English in her adopted home prompted her to write this myth-shredding book about the relationship between British and American English. She is not a partisan of either, but in her close examinations of beloved beliefs she finds some that hold (Britons really do say “please” and “sorry” a lot) and many that do not. Time after time, for example, she shows that a perceived “Americanism” deprecated in Britain emerged there. You can listen to our interview with the author (first released late in 2018).

How We Talk. By N.J. Enfield. Basic Books; 272 pages; $30

Interruptions, “uh”, “um” and sentences beginning with “So,” are all considered bad linguistic form. But it seems odd that so many people would display such linguistic ineptitude. As a result, linguists like to investigate what functions and causes these behaviours have. A great introduction to the study is “How We Talk” by N.J. Enfield, who describes what he calls the “conversational machine”. Speakers take turns with only split-second pauses, which requires them to pay careful attention to each other; “um” and “uh” thus play a role in holding the floor. These and other mechanisms fill a surprisingly brisk book about elements of language most people disdain—when they think about them at all. Johnson, er, considered the topic and the book in 2017.

_______________

Johnson, who speaks nine languages, writes a regular column about language in the weekly edition of The Economist and helps update its official style guide. He is also the author of two books of his own:

You Are What You Speak. By Lane Greene. 336 pages. Delacorte Press; 336 pages; $25

On language and the politics of identity. An analysis of the politics and mythology of language

Talk on the Wild Side. By Lane Greene. PublicAffairs; 240 pages; $26. Profile Books; £14.99

On the untameable but robust nature of language

Do you have your own recommendations? Send them to [email protected] with the subject line “Language” and your name, city and country. We will publish a selection of readers’ suggestions.

Challenges and Support for Non-English Languages:**
- There is a notable lack of institutional support for translation projects in many Indian languages, suggesting that English often dominates culturally and in publishing.

Title:

Content: Hindustantimes wants to start sending you push notifications. Click allow to subscribe

Interview: Niraja Gopal Jayal, Trustee, New India Foundation

The NIF’s Translation Fellowship programme announced earlier this month aims to make important works of non-fiction written in regional languages accessible to a more diverse audience
By Simar Bhasin
UPDATED ON AUG 20, 2021 06:27 PM IST

What’s the story behind the NIF translation fellowship programme?

The translation fellowship programme is actually a logical outgrowth of the book-writing fellowships programme, which as you know is the flagship activity of the New India Foundation, aimed at nurturing high-quality scholarship on post-independence India. The first continuity between them then is the focus on modern Indian history, society and politics. However, while the book-writing fellowships are about India after 1947, the qualifying period for the translation fellowships is twentieth century India, even the late nineteenth century depending on the text. This is because there are many important works in Indian languages that could illuminate the longer period but to which readers of the English language, or indeed of other Indian languages, would not have access.

Secondly, the NIF has supported at least one translation as part of its book-writing fellowship programme. This was Ayesha Kidwai’s translation, with a superb introduction, of her grandmother Anis Kidwai’s book Azadi ki Chaaon Mein, which was published by Penguin in 2011, with the English title In Freedom’s Shade. At least two other books by NIF Fellows draw heavily upon sources and literature in regional languages – Akshay Mukul’s The Gita Press and the Making of Hindu India and SV Srinivas’s Politics as Performance: Social History of the Telugu Film Industry. Both these books, about different forms of cultural production, are deeply anchored in, respectively, Hindi and Telugu.

Tell us about the selection process? What are you looking for in applications?

RELATED STORIES

We are looking for proposals that bring together interesting books and good translators. This year, in the first round, we are inviting applications for translations from 10 languages: Hindi, Urdu, Bangla, Kannada, Assamese, Gujarati, Marathi, Odia, Malayalam and Tamil. The deadline for applications is December 31, 2021. The applications – which must include a sample translation - will be assessed by language experts, on the basis of which the shortlist will be compiled, followed by interviews and the selection of three Fellows.

We propose to constitute a Language Expert Committee, with one member for each of the three selected proposals, who will mentor the Fellows and help them structure and shape their work. We see these works as being on par with the other Fellowship projects in terms of their scholarly merit. We expect them to have a comprehensive introduction that provides the social, political and cultural context of the work, thorough annotations and a bibliography that could help the reader explore the terrain further.

Are there any caveats as to the texts that may be chosen for translation?

No fiction, no poetry, no drama. The focus will be on history (including social and cultural history), politics, society, biography, memoirs, and so forth.

What according to you are some of the challenges facing translators linguistically when it comes to expounding ideas contained in regional texts into the English language?

Ideally, any translation should be able to stand on its own, approximating the excellence of an original work. This is why translation is typically viewed as an art, rather than something mechanical. For this, translators have to be imaginative in how they render into English ideas or nuances that may be specific to the language with which they are working. Cultural differences can pose a challenge to translators who need not just felicity in the two languages they are working with, but also familiarity with the world of sociocultural meanings in both – else you can fall into the ‘lost in translation’ syndrome!

There is, of course, a very rich scholarly field of translation studies, with debates on language as identity, the politics of language, authenticity, and so on.

Do you feel that the outcomes of this fellowship will challenge and disrupt the conception of largely West-oriented notions of what constitutes a liberal public sphere?

That is not the driving motivation of the fellowship, but it could potentially do so, depending of course on the texts. Introducing readers to works in different languages should certainly contribute to an appreciation of the rich diversity of languages in our country; to recover indigenous debates on ideas that we have encountered only through the western canon; to encourage us to embrace our natural bilingualism, and perhaps also to value multilingualism.

Do you think that there is a lack of institutional support to translation projects from languages of the global South? What is required to encourage such projects?

I can’t speak to the global South, but certainly there is a lack of support for translation projects in the Indian languages. Quite a lot of fiction finds translation. As far as non-fiction goes, there is the Murthy Classical Library of India which has brought us fabulous English translations of great classics from the past two millennia. There is also the National Translation Mission that commissions translations, mainly of textbooks. The translation fellowships of the NIF represent a new beginning in a field that we believe has been largely neglected so far.

In its present form, the fellowship focuses on works of non-fiction in 10 languages. Are there any plans for more languages and for fiction works also to be included in the near future?

As of now, we envisage an expansion of the languages in the second round to include, for instance, Punjabi, Konkani, Manipuri, Bhojpuri, etc. We do not have plans to include fiction.

At the end of the fellowship, will all of the projects be published and available to a global audience?

Publication is the objective. As with the book writing fellowships, we would connect Fellows to publishers. We already provide in-house editorial help to our Fellows to shape and polish manuscripts into their final form, and this would be available to the translation Fellows as well.

To know more about the translation fellowships: https://www.newindiafoundation.org/nif-translation-fellowship

For queries, write to info@newindiafoundation.org

The link to apply : https://translationfellowships.paperform.co/

Simar Bhasin is an independent journalist. She lives in New Delhi.

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New initiatives, such as translation fellowships, are working to address this neglect, but support is still limited.

- Projects and fellowships aimed at translation tend to be selective, with some, for example, excluding fiction from their scope, limiting the range of works that may carry over linguistic and cultural nuances amid global English influence.

Language Loss, Revitalization, and Documentation:**
- Language shift, often towards dominant languages like English, can lead to the loss of minority and indigenous languages, with elders sometimes being the last speakers.

Title:

Content:
Emergent bilinguals lost vital instruction during remote learning, study shows

Emergent bilingual learners—students developing proficiency in English and another language—in kindergarten through second grade saw significant loss of language-rich instruction during remote learning caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, according to a study by Amy Crosson, associate professor of education in the Penn State College of Education.

The research by Crosson and Rebecca D. Silverman, associate professor at Stanford University's Graduate School of Education, was recently published in Reading Research Quarterly.

The "diary study" was conducted during school closures. Teachers submitted daily examples of literacy instruction with emergent bilingual children using photographs of literacy activities, video reflections on how the activities played out during remote instruction and observations about communications with multilingual families. Teachers also were asked to compare how they engaged emergent bilingual students in literacy activities in-person versus during remote instruction.

"I wanted a method that would allow me to understand how teachers were experiencing remote instruction, what decisions they were making on a day-to-day basis, and how literacy instruction was playing out with their children," Crosson said. "I didn't want to take just a broad look, I wanted to know what was happening day-to-day."

By using a daily diary method, Crosson said they got a more nuanced assessment of how much -rich instruction—activities such as book discussions and narrative writing Crosson said are vital—emergent bilingual students were missing by learning remotely.

"One of the major findings is with respect to foundational, code-related skills like learning to decode words, teachers reported a small reduction in instruction," Crosson said. "In contrast, it was those language-rich skills that were severely disrupted during remote instruction. Teachers reported providing much less instruction that would engage kids in book discussions and extended writing and building knowledge of word meanings. Foundation skills are critical, but also these language-rich interactions are essential to long-term literacy outcomes."

Fifty teachers from 10 states used a smartphone app to report. In addition to the general daily reporting, participants also chose three "focal" children and described how language-rich activities affected them.

Crosson said Penn State's outreach helped her connect to many teachers interested in taking part in a study using an uncommon method.

"The network the Penn State College of Education has with educators and administrators was important—even well beyond Pennsylvania," she said. "That network was part of the approach that helped me reach so many teachers in so many places. I didn't realize just how incredible that advantage would be.

"Methodologically, this research expands the way we can we try to understand teachers' relationships with families and how are making sense of the challenges to instruction and the innovations and what's successful on a day-to-day basis."

The challenge is how to apply what has been learned now that students are back to in-person learning.

"The key takeaway is thinking 'What do we do now?'" she said. "Where do we need to focus our energies? Where do we need to funnel resources? We ought to be thinking about that population of emergent bilinguals in the early elementary grades and especially thinking about how to funnel resources toward language-focused instruction that was disrupted during that time and putting a lot of effort there."

More information: Amy C. Crosson et al, Impact of COVID‐19 on Early Literacy Instruction for Emergent Bilinguals, Reading Research Quarterly (2021). DOI: 10.1002/rrq.456

Citation: Emergent bilinguals lost vital instruction during remote learning, study shows (2022, November 15) retrieved 15 November 2022 from https://phys.org/news/2022-11-emergent-bilinguals-lost-vital-remote.html
This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.

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Linguistic loss is also a loss of cultural knowledge.

Title:

Content: Bir lisan, bir adam…

In Turkish, that begins the saying, “one language, one person, two languages, two people,” meaning that we are literally different human beings when we fluently use another language.

I am thinking about this because I am going back to Turkey this week, for only the second time in 52 years. I’m brushing up on the language, words and phrases coming to mind after long absences. “Fark etmez,” I automatically answer when someone asks whether I want coffee or tea — “Makes no difference.”

And when a friend comes down with COVID, I say “gecmis olsun” — “may it pass quickly” — like I would have 50 years ago. We don’t have anything that handy in English.

That’s the fun of it, but there is a serious side to language and its relation to knowledge and culture. Author Wade Davis says in his 2009 book, “The Wayfinders: Why Ancient Wisdom Matters in the Modern World,” that of the 7,000 languages then spoken in the world, half of them were not being carried down to the next generation. Every two weeks, he said, an elder was dying and taking the last syllables of a language with her/him. He likened this loss to the loss of biological diversity. As we lose languages, we lose ways of seeing the world, ways of relating to other people. We lose part of the store of human knowledge.

I’m reminded that Alvin Josephy said over 50 years ago that the Americas had been inhabited by humans for more than 20,000 years, perhaps as many as 40,000. And he wrote that the population might have been as many as 90 million when Columbus hit the shore. He based his thinking on languages. Linguists told him how long it took for a language to break off and become unique, and the explorers and missionaries and settlers with language curiosity documented approximately 2,500 languages spoken on the two continents in 1492. Linguists have measured and followed the dispersion of peoples across the continents with language from then until now.

In Alvin’s time, archeologists were spouting the Bering Land Bridge theory, postulating a crossing from Asia about 12,000 years ago. And many anthropologists said that the population, from Arctic to the tip of South America, could not have been more than 10 million, that there were maybe one million inhabitants in what is now the United States.

They were wrong. Too many languages; too many peoples. There is now good documentation that 70%-90% of tribal populations were killed in early years of contact by European diseases to which they had no immunities. We have new findings on the Salmon River of 16,000-year-old settlements, and footprints in sand in the Southwest that date to 23,000 years ago. Coastal migration from Asia is now the theory. And modern DNA research shows migration patterns that follow the ways of language Josephy wrote about in “The Indian Heritage of America” — in 1968!

Language is the lens through which we see the world. My mother saw her world in Norwegian first, and then, embarrassed that his daughter didn’t know English, Grandpa Hagen said that they’d speak English at home. Mom hung onto the language enough so that she could talk secrets with her Minnesota friends in front of me growing up. I didn’t learn it.

I spent a summer working on a farm with Mexican laborers who’d come to California for the higher wages — 90 cents an hour. I had two years of high school Spanish and that summer of Tex-Mex Spanish. What a pity that I let it go.

***

The first colonists, from the British Isles, understood the confluence of language and culture. They saw Anglo-America as the arrow of civilization, led the new government with borrowings from England, engulfed immigrant populations with school and church English and sought to totally incorporate and assimilate American Indians by taking children from parents and putting them in boarding schools, outlawing their languages.

The wheel has turned, and American Indians are openly speaking old languages and reviving ones at the edge of extinction — about 250 individual languages, among them Nez Perce and Umatilla. I wish I knew enough to understand their complex family relationships — I only know that brothers, sisters, cousins, aunts and uncles have no direct translations and broader meanings than anything in American English.

And, thanks to an old Turkish roommate who has prodded me regularly on the phone for 50 years, and to a wonderful trip back in 2004, my four years of living in that language in that country is coming back — not totally of course, but enough to say please and thank you, to know what to call elders and children, to say “Hos bulduk” — “I find my coming back good,” when I arrive on Saturday.

———

Rich Wandschneider is the director of the Josephy Library of Western History and Culture.

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- Efforts at language revitalization, such as community-based apps for indigenous languages (like Hoocąk) and university programs, are active attempts to reclaim and promote local linguistic heritage in the face of English and other dominant languages.

Title:

Content: Hoocąk language organization preserves Indigenous culture

Language division offers services, apps to teach people to speak Hoocąk

· Oct 5, 2023 Tweet

Abby Cima/The Badger Herald

Of the nearly 8,000 enrolled members in the Ho-Chunk Nation, there are currently less than 40 who can speak the Ho-Chunk language (also anglicized as Hoocąk). This is due to past removals and relocations of Indigenous Americans, Hoocąk Waaziija Haci Language Division Program Manager Adrienne Thunder said.

According to The National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition, between 1869 and the 1960s, the American government sent Indigenous children to more than 350 Indian boarding schools. Students at these schools were forced to assimilate to a Westernized way of life. Several decades later, the repercussions of these institutions are evident through the dwindling number of Hoocąk speakers, according to NNABSHC.

Organizations like the Hoocąk Waazija Haci Language Division are working to change that. According to the division’s website, the group offers a range of programs including an online Hoocąk Academy, a Hoocąk language apprenticeship program and classes for local high schools. But these programs have a limited reach.

“I would say most families probably don’t have direct access to someone who can speak the language very well,” Thunder said. “And so even with our instructors, the ones that we have right now, it’s hard to reach everyone.”

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There are only about a dozen instructors for the 3,500 Hoocąk tribal members in Wisconsin, which makes covering the language and cultural education difficult. Additionally, not everyone can take the classes when they are offered, which compounds the challenge of preserving the Hoocąk language, Thunder said.

In response, the division has partnered with The Language Conservancy, a non-profit organization dedicated to saving endangered Indigenous languages, to expand the division’s virtual Hoocąk dictionary, Thunder said. These forms include a public website and app.

Also in development is an E-learning app for individuals to learn and speak Hoocąk. The plan is for the beta version of the app to be released this fall, with the final product set to release sometime this winter, Thunder said.

Thunder said the purpose of the app is to provide a base for individuals to start with Hoocąk. This could generate more interest and give people some information to work with before needing to work with an instructor.

“We’re hoping this gives people something to work with, and to be able to help them learn to the point where if they’re ready for further learning, then we have instructors who will be able to pick up from there or to be able to enhance their own instruction with the use of the app,” Thunder said.

While there are native speakers that can convey this immersive oral experience, Director of the University of Wisconsin American Indian and Indigenous Studies program Denise Wiyaka said that to teach a course on campus, instructors usually need a master’s degree.

“Most of the native speakers don’t have college degrees,” Wiyaka said. “And so we sometimes will pair them with somebody who does, we’ve done that in the past — paired them with a person who does have a PhD or Master’s [degree] and they’ll co-teach the course then, but it’s hard to find people with a Master’s who can teach.”

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UW’s AIIS program offers five Indigenous languages including Hoocąk as well as a certificate in which students can take classes about the literature, culture and folklore of American Indian Groups. Wiyak said that though the majority of students in these classes are Native American students, the number of non-Native students interested in learning Indigenous languages is increasing.

For these students, Wiyaka said the value for apps like the one the Hoocąk Waazija Haci Language Division is developing and believes they align with the evolution of teaching.

“I think it’s a tool for learning,” Wiyaka said. “So I think having an app is a good idea. And I think a lot of tribes are going that route. Because you know, everybody has a phone with apps on it.”

Wiyaka also said it is important to preserve native languages in order to preserve culture that has been passed down. Through events such as the Annual Evening of American Indian Storytelling, the AIIS program highlights the importance of having native speakers speak to students in their native tongues. During the event, elders from tribes all over the world are invited to narrate and act out stories in their native languages while being translated into English. By hearing and seeing stories acted and spoken out in their original form, listeners are able to gain a deeper understanding and appreciation for the preservation of Indigenous languages, Wiyaka said.

According to Thunder, the biggest difference between Hoocąk and English is the descriptiveness of the languages. Compared to English, Hoocąk is much more dimensional and offers a more immersive experience due to what are known as positionals. Positionals provide insights into the orientation of actions and are added to the end of a sentence to inform the reader of the position of the subject.

The work done by the Hoocąk Waazija Haci Language Division Program as well as the UW AIIS program are steps toward a revitalization of the Hoocąk language around Wisconsin. For Thunder, this means keeping the Hoocąk’s relationships and connections alive through spoken word.

“All of that history — all of those relationships, all of those events, everything is encapsulated in our language,” Thunder said. “And so I just think it’s important that we try to keep that going as long as possible to continue to tell those stories.”

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This article was published Oct 5, 2023 at 9:00 am and last updated Oct 1, 2023 at 11:09 am

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Going beyond English is critical for conservation

Date:
March 21, 2023
Source:
University of Queensland
Summary:
Research in languages other than English is critically important for biodiversity conservation and is shockingly under-utilized internationally, according to an international research team.
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FULL STORY

Research in languages other than English is critically important for biodiversity conservation and is shockingly under-utilised internationally, according to an international research team.

Dr Tatsuya Amano, from The University of Queensland's School of Biological Sciences, led a worldwide study that investigated national reports on biodiversity conservation in 37 countries and territories where English is not an official language.

"Non-English-language literature is almost entirely neglected in global biodiversity assessments," Dr Amano said.

"This means there's a serious risk that the world's existing global assessments overlook important conservation science by ignoring non-English-language literature.

"For example, in the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) reports, only 3.4 per cent of references are those published in non-English languages -- a shockingly low figure.

The team found that non-English-language literature was extensively used in the national reports of most individual countries, but had failed to be reflected in global reports.

Dr Tatsuya said, despite the benefits of a common language, having diversity of input was essential to saving the world's species.

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"English has been used as the common language of science for decades and this makes international communication much easier," he said.

"But so much research in the biodiversity conservation space is still being published in other languages too.

"Ignoring it could be a big issue, as we often don't know much about what to conserve and how to conserve it."

The team suggest that further international collaboration is essential to developing more effective conservation science, and therefore more effective policy interventions.

"Our research project is a great example of how cross-language, international collaborations can lead to better scientific outcomes," Dr Amano said.

"We've collaborated with over 100 people, who are collectively native speakers of about 20 languages, to identify important science available only in non-English languages.

"The use of machine translation tools would also help solve this problem more broadly, but it still would require validation by human native speakers.

"And developing multilingual databases of relevant literature is also effective, just like we did in a recent paper, in collaboration with the Conservation Evidence project.

"With these approaches, the world would be able to use the best scientific knowledge available, regardless of the language in which it is published."

Story Source:

Materials provided by University of Queensland. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

Journal Reference:

  1. Tatsuya Amano, Violeta Berdejo-Espinola, Munemitsu Akasaka, Milton A. U. de Andrade Junior, Ndayizeye Blaise, Julia Checco, F. Gözde Çilingir, Geoffroy Citegetse, Marina Corella Tor, Szymon M. Drobniak, Sylvaine Giakoumi, Marina Golivets, Mihaela C. Ion, Javiera P. Jara-Díaz, Ryosuke Katayose, Felicia P. S. Lasmana, Hsien-Yung Lin, Erick Lopez, Peter Mikula, Lucia Morales-Barquero, Anne-Christine Mupepele, Juan P. Narváez-Gómez, Thi Hieu Nguyen, Sá Nogueira Lisboa, Martin A. Nuñez, Diego Pavón-Jordán, Patrice Pottier, Graham W. Prescott, Farah Samad, Marko Šćiban, Hae-Min Seo, Yushin Shinoda, Flóra Vajna, Svetlana Vozykova, Jessica C. Walsh, Alison K. S. Wee, Hui Xiao, Veronica Zamora-Gutierrez. The role of non-English-language science in informing national biodiversity assessments. Nature Sustainability, 2023; DOI: 10.1038/s41893-023-01087-8

Cite This Page:

University of Queensland. "Going beyond English is critical for conservation." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 21 March 2023. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/03/230321112517.htm>.
University of Queensland. (2023, March 21). Going beyond English is critical for conservation. ScienceDaily. Retrieved September 24, 2023 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/03/230321112517.htm
University of Queensland. "Going beyond English is critical for conservation." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/03/230321112517.htm (accessed September 24, 2023).

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Sociopolitical and Policy Dimensions of Language Use:**
- Some governments actively intervene in language use to protect or promote state languages, sometimes imposing restrictions or regulations on borrowings from English and other languages (not directly cited in these extracts, but see France’s Toubon Law or Icelandic naming laws for examples).

- Attempts to regulate borrowing may be influenced by concerns about national identity, language purity, or cultural preservation.

The Role and Impact of English:**
- Borrowing from English is widespread due to its global standing, media dominance, and association with modernity and technology.

Title:

Content: AI Usage Fees Up to 15x Cheaper for English Than Other Languages

The language you're using for a Large Language Model (LLM) can have a huge effect on its cost and create an AI divide between English speakers and the rest of the world. A recent study shows that, due to the way services like OpenAI, measure and bill for server costs, English-language inputs and outputs are much cheaper than those in other languages with Simplified Chinese costing about twice as much, Spanishing costing 1.5x the price and Shan language going for 15 times more.

Twitter user Dylan Patel (@dlan522p) shared a photograph that leads to research conducted by the University of Oxford which found that asking an LLM to process a Burmese-written sentence cost 198 tokens, while that same sentence in English cost just 17 tokens. Tokens representing the computing power cost of accessing an LLM through an API (such as OpenAI's ChatGPT or Anthropic's Claude 2), this means the Burmese sentence cost 11 times more through the service than the one written in English.

See more

The tokenization model (which sees AI companies convert user input into computational cost) means that in a less-than-ideal world, models accessed outside the window of English language are much more expensive to access and train on. That's because languages such as Chinese have a different, more complex structure (either grammatically or by number of characters) than English, which results in their higher rate of tokenization.

For example, according to OpenAI's GPT3 tokenizer, giving someone a token of "your affection" would be just two tokens in English but eight tokens in Simplified Chinese. This is true even though the Simplified Chinese text is just 4 characters (你的爱意) and the English one is 14 characters. Aleksandar Petrov et al's Tokenization Fairness page has a number of charts and tools you can use to see the disparity between languages.

OpenAI itself has a pretty helpful page explaining how it monetizes API access and usage of its ChatGPT model, which even includes access to a tokenizer tool that you can use to test the token cost per prompt. There, we see that 1 token is around 4 characters in English, and that 100 tokens would be around 75 English words. But that math just can't be applied to any other language, as OpenAI clearly puts it

There's really no competition against the cost-effectiveness of English in AI-related costs; Chinese, for example, costs twice as much as English in terms of required tokens per output. But it's simply a reflection of the available training data that AI companies have (until now) used to train their models on. If there's one thing the AI explosion has done for the world is show just how valuable high-quality emergent data (that which is created as a record of life) really is.

This issue directly links with AI companies' desire to achieve recursive training, or the ability to train AI models on their own outputs. If that's achieved, then future models will still show the same cost-effectiveness of English compared to other languages whose complexity and more limited availability of base training data. And when that happens, it's not just this vicious cycle of algorithmic bigotry we have to contend with: it's also that for now, research points to AI networks going MAD when trained over five times on their own outputs (synthetic data).

To further complicate the issue, it seems that other ways of quantifying costs (other than tokenization) would end up running into the same problems. Either via bit or character-counting, apparently no language can beat the pragmatic practicality of English - it would still present lower costs due to its inherently higher "compressibility" into a lower token count.

That means the issue isn't in the way models have been monetized; it's an actual limitation of the technology and base models considered for training. And it should be no surprise to know the issue impacts multiple language models across their versions. They're all built mostly the same, after all.

This issue looks like a predictable one when we consider that the companies actually introducing Large Language Models (such as ChatGPT) or Generative Image networks (such as Midjourney) are mostly based in America. Lower usage costs and higher availability of quality data comes with the territory, in a way.

This cost difference has already led to a number of countries launching their own initiatives to train and deploy a native-language LLM. Both China and India have done so, and both claimed the same thing: that their plans were needed to accompany the pace of innovation allowed by English-based AI networks. And that rate is mostly limited by access and training costs.

It's only natural that everyone is looking to pay as little as possible for as much as possible; and these dynamics directly affect the cost of LLM training and deployment according to the base language. It's almost like this AI business is so complex, and its consequences so far-reaching, we have to be very careful with every little step we take.

Freelance News Writer

Francisco Pires is a freelance news writer for Tom's Hardware with a soft side for quantum computing.

- There is a tension between embracing English for access to global knowledge and markets, and concerns over the erosion of local languages and identities.

Title:

Content: There were 1,670 press releases posted in the last 24 hours and 424,932 in the last 365 days.

Brazilian Linguist Adriana Pagano Delivers Academic Lectures on "Corpus and Translation" and "Cognitive Approach to Translation Studies" at Macao Polytechnic University

MACAU, March 5 - In order to enhance academic cooperation with prestigious universities and scholars in Portuguese-speaking countries and explore the latest research advancements in the interdisciplinary fields of translation studies and cutting-edge corpus studies, the Faculty of Languages and Translation at Macau Polytechnic University extended an invitation to Adriana Pagano, a linguistics professor from the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG) in Brazil. She delivered a series of five academic lectures on "Corpus and Translation" and "Cognitive Approach to Translation Studies". These lectures garnered significant interest from both faculty members and students. The lecture series was conducted using a blend of online and in-person delivery, with active engagement and lively interactions among FLT faculty and students.

Professor Adriana Pagano, the Chief Researcher at the LETRA Translation Laboratory of UFMG in Brazil, is widely recognized for her expertise in translation studies, particularly in machine translation and natural language processing. She has overseen numerous research projects supported by entities such as the Brazilian National Commission for Science and Technology Development, the EU Commission, and others. Her research spans functional modeling of translation systems, multilingual text production processes, and human-computer interaction in computer-aided translation. With a publication record of over a hundred academic papers and monographs, Professor Pagano is a prolific contributor to the field. The series of lectures on "Corpus and Translation" and "Cognitive Approach to Translation Studies" lasted for five days. During these sessions, Professor Adriana Pagano presented theories and concepts in corpus and cognitive translation studies in a clear and concise manner, capturing the interest of attending teachers and students. Participants not only received theoretical insights but also had hands-on experience with various research tools, exploring usage methods and potential applications. Engaging in lively discussions, both Professor Pagano and attendees exchanged ideas, enhancing their understanding of translation research and broadening their academic perspectives within an enriching academic environment.

Joaquim Carvalho, the Coordinator of the Portuguese Doctoral Programme at FLT, has affirmed his commitment to fostering academic collaboration by inviting esteemed international scholars for exchanges. This initiative aims to establish a robust academic exchange platform for FLT's faculty and students, facilitating in-depth exploration of the latest advancements in Portuguese language teaching, cultural and literary studies, and translation research within Portuguese-speaking countries and regions. By enhancing the academic and theoretical environment at FLT, these efforts seek to contribute significantly to research in related academic disciplines, further elevating the scholarly discourse in the field.

Language, Identity, and Relations:**
- Language plays a key role in shaping personal and group identities.

Multilingualism can mean, as the Turkish proverb says, becoming "two people," reflecting how language opens up new cultural perspectives (e.g., migrants or bilinguals navigating different identities).

- "Familects" (family-specific language practices) and regional dialects embody intimate and unique ways language binds people, sometimes resisting or selectively incorporating borrowings from dominant languages.

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Familect: Unveiling the Secret Language of Families and Its Cultural Impact

Explore the fascinating realm of familects - the fusion of family and dialect. Delve into how these unique linguistic creations form bonds, spark creativity, and reveal the essence of family communication.

BNN Correspondents
New Update

The phenomenon of familect, a term that blends 'family' and 'dialect', was first introduced by linguistics professor Cynthia Gordon in 2009. It emphasizes the unique linguistic fabric that families weave through the repeated use of specific words and phrases, crafting a distinct identity. This intriguing aspect of communication was thrust into the spotlight by a BBC TV show in 2021, showcasing its significance in both linguistic evolution and personal expression.

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The Genesis of Familect

Professor Cynthia Gordon's seminal work, 'Making Meanings, Creating Family', delves deep into how familects are not mere linguistic anomalies but pivotal in forging a family's identity. Through pet names, inside jokes, and creatively altered words, familects enable a deeper connection and mutual understanding among family members. This unique form of communication often originates from the need to name new concepts or streamline conversations, incorporating both fun and functionality.

Cultural Recognition and Evolution

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The broader cultural recognition of familects, highlighted by their feature on the BBC TV show Quite Interesting, underscores their role beyond the confines of familial communication. Bill Lucas from the English Project celebrates the creativity inherent in familects, noting how they inject humor and novelty into everyday language. This public acknowledgment has spurred interest in how familects contribute to the dynamism of language, encouraging the adoption of new expressions within wider societal discourse.

Familect's Impact on Language and Identity

Familects serve as a testament to the fluidity and adaptability of language. They are not only a source of amusement or a means of efficient communication but also a mechanism for language evolution and personal expression. As families invent and adopt unique linguistic forms, they contribute to the tapestry of language, influencing its growth and transformation. Additionally, familects offer insights into the values, experiences, and histories of the families they originate from, serving as linguistic markers of identity.

The exploration of familects throws open the doors to understanding the intricate ways in which language shapes and is shaped by human relationships. It invites us to consider the powerful role of communication in creating shared identities and experiences. As we delve deeper into the study of familects, we uncover the rich, complex layers of language that bind us, revealing the beauty and diversity of human connection.

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Technological Divide:**
- Use of AI and language technology is significantly cheaper and more efficient for English than for other languages, largely due to the volume of training data and prioritization by AI companies.

This can widen the digital divide and limit resources for minority language preservation or development.

Importance of Non-English Perspectives:**
- Ignoring non-English languages in areas such as conservation or science can mean missing out on vital local knowledge and perspectives.

Language diversity supports a fuller understanding of the world.

**Summary Point:**
While English borrowings are increasing worldwide due to sociocultural, technological, and economic forces, local and governmental efforts—ranging from policy interventions to grassroots projects—seek to maintain linguistic diversity, prevent wholesale language shift, regulate the influx of English, and support translation and revitalization projects.

The success of these measures depends on political will, social attitudes, technology, and access to resources.

**Nuggets on Governmental Regulation of Borrowing in Russian and Sociocultural Contexts:**

- New laws in Russia seek to prohibit the use of foreign words in official, state-level language, except where there is no established Russian equivalent.

Title:

Content: The ban on foreign borrowings in the Russian language - what should be feared - RIA Novosti Crimea, 16.02.2023
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Radio "Sputnik in Crimea"
The ban on foreign borrowings in the Russian language – what should be feared
Philologists: in the fight against foreign borrowings in the language, it is important to prevent excesses
© Fotolia / daria rizaDictionary of the Russian language.
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SIMFEROPOL, Feb 16 – RIA Novosti Crimea, Alexey Goncharov.
The main risk of the law adopted by the State Duma on the restriction of the use of foreign words is the excesses that can be allowed in the struggle for the purity of the Russian language.
This opinion was expressed by the interviewed website RIA Novosti Crimea and radio "Sputnik in Crimea" experts.
Chancellery is no less an enemy
On Thursday, the State Duma in the second and third reading adopted amendments to the federal law "On the state language of the Russian Federation".
The law, in particular, prohibits the use of foreign words at the state level, with the exception of those that do not have common Russian-language analogues.
Deputies also approved a list of areas where Russian is mandatory for use.
These include information for consumers of goods, works and services, as well as the education sector, state and municipal information systems.
Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor of the Institute of Philology of the Crimean Federal University.
Vernadsky Vladimir Orekhov believes this law is correct and necessary, since the Russian language needs protection.
However, the main problem is how this document will work in practice.
"Indeed, there can be excesses, and on the part of officials, who in many cases are themselves a source of stupid borrowing.
It is this category that often distorts the Russian language with stationery and borrowings, inventing some new formulas.
To make a beautiful project or report, you need to call the old with new words, preferably foreign, and, passing the old for new, somehow raise your prestige.
And then it already diverges, ” the expert explained in comments to RIA Novosti Crimea.
Orekhov also does not believe that young people are the main source of borrowing in the language.
According to him, youth slang is changing so quickly that such loanwords rarely take root for a long time.
At the same time, what is recorded in official documents, already, as they say in a well-known saying, "you can not cut down with an axe."
Down with the Chancellery: Officials Were Requested to Speak Human > >
“Most of the borrowings that this law is designed to save us from are in official documents of different levels.
This also applies to the capital institutions, but to a greater extent provincial.
This is a kind of fashion – to show your knowledge using incomprehensible foreign words.
How to deal with it, I have no recipe.
On the other hand, this law in itself can change this fashion in the administrative environment.
In this case, he by the very fact of his existence will correct the situation, ” the philologist suggested.
Russia will support the creation of an organization to promote the Russian language – Putin
According to Orekhov, the mechanisms that will be able to effectively implement the norms of this law should be developed through a wide public discussion, with the involvement of school teachers, university teachers, cultural figures and all those who are involved in the development of the Russian language.
Define clear criteria
Director of the Crimean Republican Institute of Postgraduate Pedagogical Education, Doctor of Philology, Professor Alexander Rudyakov is also sure that the law adopted by the State Duma and the protection of the Russian language in general is a good thing.
But the question arises: where is the criterion that distinguishes foreign words from non-foreign ones.
After all, in our language there are many Russian words that are originally borrowed from other languages.
"My wife is a German, we often argue with her.
She believes that the word "barrier" is a German word.
And I, a simple Russian, I am convinced that this is a Russian word.
Therefore, it is important that there are clear criteria for all this.
That's what we're talking about.
The law is excellent, but it is important how it will be applied and what criteria will be there, ” the expert said on the radio “Sputnik in Crimea ”.
Another important fact to pay special attention to is professional universal terminology, said Rudyakov.
“In many branches of knowledge, say, in the banking sector, there are words that are, in principle, international.
It is probably not very smart to isolate yourself from the terminology that is inherent in this area.
Another thing is not to drag it into our public vocabulary.
This is also very important to understand and comply with, ” explained the philologist.
"Adapt and switch to Russian": how the schools of Kherson region work > >
At the same time, the professor agreed that today in a number of areas, including administrative and media, there is an excessive use of foreign words, which can be easily and simply replaced by Russian-language analogues.
"When you hear 'communicate', 'collaboration' - the hand reaches for the gun.
Somewhere I read the information that a "Children's Collaboration House" was built in Vladivostok.
That's what's scary, you know.
These are obvious excesses, ” said the doctor of science.
Rudyakov, who is also a member of the Council on the Russian language under the President of Russia, assured that he will raise questions regarding the new law at the next meeting of the organization on March 2.
Read also on RIA Novosti Crimea:
Quoting the classics: how and why great writers quarreled
Than English-language words interfere in advertising – the opinion of senators from the Crimea
Russia will support the creation of an organization to promote the Russian language – Putin
Leave the “barn ” and“ dog ” alone: a linguist about the law on the protection of language
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This targets especially Anglicisms (borrowings from English).

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Content: city news Yelets, news Yelets, Yelets news, Yelets newspaper, Red banner
Better than any passport.
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The Russian government has submitted to the state Duma a bill to protect the Russian language from excessive use of foreign words.
The document implies control over the observance by officials and citizens of the norms of the Russian literary language and the inadmissibility of the use of foreign words, with the exception of those that do not have common analogues in the Russian language.
"Wet feet"
by "toptalische"
Fighters for the purity of the native language waited, because the discussion about it among linguists, writers, scientists goes on constantly, then quiet, then flaring up with renewed vigor.
The initiative of the Government of Russia, which decided to wedge itself into the disputes of professionals, is quite understandable and understandable.
Today, when the United States and the entire Western world are in a rush to destroy, eradicate, wipe out all Russian, the frequent use of Anglicisms in everyday life is at least unpatriotic.
In fairness, it should be noted that borrowing from other languages is a constant process.
Lenin also proposed "to declare war on the use of foreign words unnecessarily", and the intricacies of relations and mutual accusations of Slavophiles and Westerners entered the textbooks, as well as the textbook proposals to replace other people's "galoshes" with their "wet feet", and "sidewalks" - with "toptalisches".
In the 1940s, a new wave: the struggle against cosmopolitanism suggested “for everything Russian against foreign ”, including in the language.
A printer is a printer?
Meanwhile, all – both supporters and opponents – agree that there are concepts in their native language that came after the phenomena, realities created in other countries, and therefore the words denoting them, well, not ours, but they can not do without them.
A striking example is the computer, IT technologies and everything related to them.
The word “printer ” cannot be replaced by a Russian translation from English, since“ printer ” does not mean a device for printing, but a person engaged in this process.
By the way, this phenomenon is not new: even under Peter I, who “cut through the window to Europe ”, dozens of Dutch and German words for technologies and mechanisms poured into Russia.
And in opera, many terms are borrowed from Italian and have long been part of the Russian language.
And we calmly use such words as “federation ”,“ sphere ”, “national ”,“ commission ” and many others that came from foreign languages, but are firmly entrenched in our own.
How to be
in one bow
Meanwhile, one cannot but agree with the authors of the bill: recently, the speech of deputies of different ranks, officials, political and economic experts, heads of federal and regional, and sometimes local authorities is simply replete with foreign words that have simple and understandable analogues in their native language.
And if we are almost reconciled with merchandisers (commodity scientists in our own way), then what do you think of the expression from the fashion world “in one bow ”?
The well-known vegetable has nothing to do with it: in English look - look, therefore, in Russian it is an image, appearance, look, etc. In texts related to business, "marketplace" (literally from the English place of trade), as well as "startup" (start, start, take the first steps) or "webinar" (training video conference live).
In the field of education, they like to talk about “bullying prevention ”: this word means ridicule, bullying of children at school by peers.
Increasingly, “campus ” sounds, while the translation from Latin is a familiar campus for many of us, or“ coach ” instead of the usual “coach ”,“ mentor ”.
Abilympics
with WorldSkills
I will also swing at my favorite “quest ” recently: again with the English“ game, search ”.
I do not like the sequestered budget, because it is “cut ”, but transparent is more to my liking, because it is“ open ”, “transparent ”.
And who will prove to me that “exchange of practices ” is better than the usual“ exchange of experience ”?
Or for days on TV reported about the participation of Russians in the championship "Abilympics".
You will break the language by pronouncing, although this is only a competition in professional skills among the disabled, in another way they are also called the “Olympics of opportunities ”.
From the same series, the widely distributed “WorldSkills ” (WorldSkills) is also a competition, but students studying a particular profession.
We have such competitions took place in the times of the USSR, then they were safely forgotten, and now they are back again, only in a Western manner.
And here is another illustrative example: the all-Russian social project “Agrofoodsharing ”.
We divide abracadabra into parts: agro - of course, something related to agriculture.
In English, food – food, share – share.
As a result, we get a movement of agricultural producers who want to share with other people the surplus of their crops.
The idea, of course, is good, right, but why break the language?
And finally from the sore: "solving cases." Brilliant!
In English, the word “case ” has two meanings: a briefcase, a suitcase and the second – circumstances.
Therefore, in Russian literally "the decision of circumstances" or, as the know-it-all Internet interprets, "the study of the situation and the choice of a suitable solution."
They will leave themselves
on your own?
Most likely, the desire to cleanse the language by introducing a law at the state level is an attempt to distance oneself from the West, its influence, to isolate oneself from someone else ’ s and alien mentality, lifestyle and dubious values.
However, it is not very clear what it will look like in practice: will there be lists of prohibited words and expressions or just recommendations, and addressed to high-ranking officials and other “persons in the TV ” – after all, it is with their filing that all sorts of newfangled borrowings from foreign languages often go“ to people ”.
However, a few decades ago, our teachers at the Yelets Pedagogical Institute hammered us, students, that the language is a self-cleaning system, and all harmful, fake after a while will simply disappear.
It has always been so, and I want to believe it will be so.
KSTATI:
I assume that all borrowings are from our haste, eternal saving of time even on pronunciation and writing of words.
We usually write in sms a short, indifferent “OK ”.
While in the native language for this almost a dozen words: “good ”,“ okay ”, “agree ”,“ give ”, “let ”,“ good ”, etc. No wonder there is a catch phrase: “Speech is better than any passport ”...
Tatyana SHCHERBATYKH
VRF News

- The main challenge is enforcement: language is a living, changing entity, particularly youth slang, which evolves rapidly.

Many borrowed words don't survive long in popular usage.

- There's debate on where to draw the line.

Title:

Content: Matvienko read a poem about anglicisms in the Federation Council - RIA Novosti, 22.06.2022
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Matvienko read a poem about Anglicisms in the Federation Council
Matvienko read a poem about Anglicisms at a meeting of the Federation Council
© Press Service of the Federation Council of the Russian Federation / Go to photobanPresident of the Federation Council of the Russian Federation Valentina Matvienko
Chairman of the Federation Council of the Russian Federation Valentina Matvienko.
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MOSCOW, June 22 - RIA Novosti.
Speaker of the Federation Council Valentina Matvienko, during the discussion on Anglicisms and foreign borrowings in Russian, read poems on this topic and did it so artistically that she earned friendly applause from senators.
On Wednesday, all senators received a dictionary compiled by Crimean officials that transmits Russian-language substitutes for foreign borrowing.
Matvienko praised its authors and read out the poems included in the handbook.
Konstantinov told how in the Crimea are struggling with the dominance of foreign words
"And we have a workshop here, and you?
And we got a babysitter hypanula the wrong word.
A year of PR parent together with the child on a talk show.
And we have a famous guru in the field of architecture made a selfie for PR, the bow he chose extreme.
Realizing all our trables, in nostalgic sadness we remember how boyfriends were called grooms, instead of casting, our mothers held and not men, and men gave flowers to girls.
The party was a party, the upgrade was an improvement.
Maybe after all we have enough Russians to offend people? "- read Matvienko.
The senators greeted her reading with loud applause.
The speaker also suggested discussing the possibility of fixing at the legislative level a ban on clogging the Russian language with spilled borrowings.
“Cashback ” as it was, and it is, and all this is pronounced at the government level.
Well, there are analogues in the Russian language, why do we clog our beautiful wonderful unique language with such different words?
We need to look at it at the legislative level.
Our responsibility is to preserve the language of Pushkin, the language of which we are proud and to stop these new trends that are absolutely inappropriate, ” Matvienko said.
According to her, both France and other countries do not allow to clog their languages, and in Russia should avoid the use of foreign words that have analogues in Russian.
The task to study the issue was given to the profile committee on science, education and culture.
From Proto-Slavic to Modern: Evolution and Features of the Russian Language
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Some words considered Russian now are historic borrowings (e.g., "barrier" from German), showing that borrowing is a continuous, natural process in language history.

- Clear, objective criteria are needed to decide which foreign words are "unacceptable," since arbitrary distinctions risk inconsistency and confusion.

- Sociological perspectives highlight that borrowing is inevitable and has always been part of language development.

Attempts to "purify" language can be excessive and may even be counterproductive.

- There's cultural tension about what borrowed words mean for national identity—borrowings from English, especially visible in advertising, youth culture, and signage, prompt concerns about losing the unique character of Russian.

- Some calls for intervention reference practices in other countries such as France, where there is a tradition of language "protection" laws to resist Anglicisms and promote French equivalents.

- The legislation is also a reaction to the prominent use of English (and Latin script) in public life (for example, on shop signs, brands, and in youth slang), which makes some people feel alienated in their own linguistic environment.

Title:

Content: The State Duma has developed a bill to combat anglicisms - RIA Novosti, 26.04.2022
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In the state Duma has developed a bill to combat anglicisms
Head of the State Duma Committee on Culture Yampolskaya is preparing a bill to combat anglicisms
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MOSCOW, April 26 – RIA Novosti.
The head of the Duma Committee on culture Elena Yampolskaya (“United Russia ”) said that is preparing a project to toughen the fight against borrowing from other languages on the signs of outdoor advertising.
“The draft law is now ready.
And we'll start talking to our colleagues, we'll start talking.
We need to tighten the norm against anglicisms...
We will introduce in the near future, first to the discussion of the faction and the party, and then all interested departments.
This is to the issue of creating a nationally oriented environment, "Yampolskaya said at a press conference.
Matvienko urged to protect the Russian language from external borrowings
She also gave data on the number of signs in foreign languages in Russian cities.
“We just walked through the central streets and counted the number of signs (in foreign languages).
This is not a purely Moscow disease, I see in other cities.
The statistics are as follows: there are more Latin signs on the central streets by 30-50% than signs in Russian, "Yampolskaya said.
According to her, with a change in this situation, it is necessary to start the creation of a "nationally oriented environment".
“And (when you walk around the city) you already begin to not understand what country we live in.
What is the state language here?
And if in the case of trademarks it is at least somehow possible to explain, then if Russian words with incomprehensible provincial ponts are written in Latin, then this (is) a bad taste fashion.
In fact, the creation I would have started with (creating the environment), ” she added.
VTsIOM found out how Russians relate to borrowings in the Russian language
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- Politicians express fears that widespread use of Anglicisms blurs the boundaries of Russian national identity and can result in “loss of native speech.”

- The drive for legislative action comes with a push for developing a "nationally oriented environment": fostering pride in and widespread use of Russian words, and reducing the influence of English in public and official contexts.

Title:

Content: 18 +
The Accounts Chamber has developed a course of “understandable ” Russian language for officials
10: 31, 21 December 2021
Photo: Sergey Bulkin / NEWS.ru
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The Accounts Chamber has developed a training video course for officials with recommendations on “how to write more easily about complex state issues. ”
The course consists of 24 videos with a total duration of four hours.
Its creation cost 1.375 million rubles, according to the website of the Accounts Chamber.
The main goal of the training course is the development of competencies of business speech and improving the clarity, accessibility of official documents, the report says.
rian _ en / t.me / RIA Novosti
Despite the fact that the course is based on examples and materials from the reports of the Accounts Chamber, it is noted that it can be useful for all employees of state bodies.
The course is divided into three blocks: "Fundamentals of information structuring", "Lexical and stylistic content of the text" and "Visual content".
Initially, the video was posted on the internal training platform of the Accounts Chamber, but due to the interest shown in it by other ministries and departments, it was decided to publish it in open access.
Now you can watch video tutorials and get presentations for the course on the YouTube channel of the Accounts Chamber.
rian _ en / t.me / RIA Novosti
It is reported that the services for the creation of these training materials and consultations for the staff of the chamber were spent 1.375 million rubles.
Earlier, the Chairman of the Federation Council Valentina Matvienko urged to treat the Russian language with respect, excluding from it the words “cashback ” and“ carsharing ”.
In her opinion, excessive abuse of Anglicisms leads to the loss of native Russian speech.
That is why she proposed to replace the above-mentioned borrowings with Russian analogues.
rian _ en / t.me / RIA Novosti
The most interesting - in our channel Yandex.Zen

- Despite regulatory attempts, day-to-day spoken language, especially among young people, remains rich in abbreviations, puns, and borrowings, reflecting the dynamic nature of language and the difficulty of controlling it from above.

Title:

Content: 5 february
Previous news Next news
Today, 18: 12 0
Amurchan is called to hype on crashes: on the Internet make up a map of the language of Russian youth
You can share phrases in the project “Listen to a stranger ”
Photo: pixabay.com
"Smart, even though Zusman."
If you can understand the phrase, then you are definitely from the Amur region.
Young people from all regions of the country are invited to join the project “Eavesdrop a stranger ”, which launched the project“ Another thing ” on the platform “Russia is a country of opportunities ” together with the project Sloooshai.
Children from different regions of the country will share interesting phraseological expressions, modern or local expressions and help make a map of the language of the youth of Russia.
The goal of the project is to collect “eavesdropping ”, quotes from strangers, and make an interactive map of them.
Phrases can be heard on the street, at work, at school.
Selected quotes will be printed and pasted in the very place where they were heard, say the organizers of the project.
To take part, you need to register in the application “Other Case ” through“ VKontakte ”, find the task “to listen to a stranger ” and add your phrase until February 7.
The first expressions have already arrived in the "Other Case".
For example, young residents of Tyumen say: “Never say“ once ”, and St. Petersburg: “Time flies like a seagull for bread. ”
“If your eyes are so blue, and not lenses, then I ’ m ready to drown in them, ” they overheard in Zheleznogorsk.
In Vladivostok, they say: “It seems that the book knows more than I do. ”
In Moscow, philosophically reason: "Half three nights.
I was bitten by a workaholic fly. ”
And in Kazan they say: “The price for individuality is loneliness. ”
In Ivanovo, young people came up with alternative interpretations of the word "babayka": it can be not only a fictional character, but also some vessel, container or even children's toys in the sandbox.
According to Amur teachers, modern schoolchildren are constantly generating new words and expressions.
And even teachers of Russian language and literature with their rich vocabulary need the help of “Google ”.
— During the period of distance learning, when the students were communicated via mobile communication, through the application I found a new tag of my phone number – “krashikha ”.
It is interesting to have a detailed description of the meaning.
"Okay, Google" did not fail.
“Funny, ” I thought,“ object of sympathy. ”
Of course, I concluded that only a 14-15 year old teenager could sign my number this way, because this is “their topic ”.
It was nice, no one canceled the compliments.
The wings have grown.
The school itself had its own “crash ” – idol teacher, ” recalled a case from the practice of the teacher from Blagoveshchensk Kristina Nedilskaya.
Young people of the 21st century have a very diverse vocabulary, and adults do not always understand adolescents.
One of the reasons is that the younger generation spends more time on the Internet, watching videos, taking some words and expressions from there.
I can tell from my students that when they are at recess or busy with their own affairs, they speak their own language.
They say their favorite words “HYIP ”,“ stream ”, “agritsya ”, something else in the same way.
Often these words fall into the youth slang of the English language.
There are in their speech and abbreviations, as well as words formed by consonance.
We even had a theme for the project – to investigate the frequency of using borrowed words in youth speech, – says another teacher of Russian language and literature from Blagoveshchensk Marina Fedoseeva.
For overheard bright phrases that meet the requirements of the organizers, participants receive 400 points in the "Other Business".
They can be exchanged for training courses or accumulate and get useful devices, meet interesting people.
Young people in different regions of Russia can speak differently using their specific expressions.
Often they are mixed with local customs, traditions, fashion.
But everything often forms a unique cultural code, characteristic of a particular area, and in general it becomes a new language in which young Russians express themselves.
Where did the “Other Cause ” participants get these phrases from?
They heard them on the street, in the store, in the subway from their peers.
We see a keen interest in the project.
In just a couple of days, we received hundreds of such interesting phraseologisms and other vivid expressions.
Russian youth are really curious to share such quotes with each other, ” explained the head of the project “Other Business ” Kirill Hvil.
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- In summary: Russia is moving to restrict Anglicism and other borrowings in state and official usage, motivated by concerns for cultural integrity and language preservation, but faces sociolinguistic realities that make rigid control difficult and potentially contentious.

These themes echo similar debates in other countries (notably France), and illustrate the complex interplay between politics, language change, and culture.

**Summary Nuggets on Borrowing, Translation, and Sociopolitical Contexts:**

- Translation goes beyond literal transfer of words; it involves recreating style, emotion, and identity from one language to another.

Title:

Content: Literary translation is a creative journey between languages and identities.
T + T - normal size
The identity of the translator, and the creativity of the translator, is problematic as long as it is overshadowed by the results of translation, since man began his first attempts to transfer the texts of other peoples in the fields of literature of various kinds, while this problem does not appear in research and scientific terms that do not tolerate diligence, and do not interfere with feelings and tendencies.
Opinions differ regarding the role of the translator in the field of literature, as some practitioners believe that it is necessary to remain behind the scenes and not to overwhelm the author, while some believe that his task is to accurately communicate the author ’ s voice.
The British writer Timothy Harold Parks is credited with saying: "A translator must do his job and disappear, while the German novelist Gunther Grasse says that" a literary book needs a translator who can recreate it in his own language, "as Lori Saint-Martin, professor of literary studies at the University of Quebec, Canada, says:" Translation remains an extreme experience of altruism, even in situations where he is the owner. "Translated work is culturally similar to ours. ”
Given the importance of the role of the translator, it was not surprising that 30 September of each year was designated International Translation Day to celebrate the professionals in the profession.
In its message this year, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) quoted the late French-American author George Steiner as saying: “In an age dominated by the search for identity, translation remains an indispensable balm against a retreat on heritage, without which we will live in provinces surrounded by silence. ”
Definition of term
The Director of Translation at the Syrian General Book Commission, Dr. Bassel Al-Masalmeh, answered the question of where creativity lies in translation if the task of the translator is to convey the text honestly?
“If translation is the art of transferring texts from one language to another, then creativity goes beyond that to convey style, emotion, attitude and identity. ”
“Translation cannot be separated from creativity, especially in the translation of literature in general, it is not enough for the translator to know two languages to be a translator, he may need to change some words, perhaps delete or add some phrases, or to reformulate the whole text in accordance with the identity of the target reader. ”
Al-Masalma concludes that: "The goal of any addition must be illustrative, to reach a text that is easy to understand for the reader in the target language, in turn, the deletion helps in evaluating, adjusting and summarizing the phrases.
In order for a translator to produce a creative translation, he must not only deal with structures and vocabulary, but also delve into meanings and extrapolate symbols and images. ”
Hossam Eddin Khaddour, editor of the magazine “Cultural Bridges ”, defines creative translation as“ a term derived from two words, translation and creativity, the English language was able to find them abbreviation in one word (Transcreation), and we could not do this in our mother tongue, except by combining two words without deletion, or adding “creative translation ”.
“Creative translation is a concept used in translation studies to describe the process of adapting a message from one language to another, while preserving its purpose, style, tone and context.
The reconstructed message evokes the same emotions, and carries the same effects in the target language, as in the source language.
It is linked to the concept of localisation, which similarly involves adapting a translated text comprehensively to the target audience. ”
Francophone text
I'm sorry.
Reem Shamieh, former Dean of the Higher Institute of Languages at the University of Aleppo, points to the problem of identity in translated texts, especially « Francophonie », such as the works of the Lebanese Amin Maalouf and George Shehada, for example, and says: « Their texts are saturated with the culture of the other, they are written in French, but they carry an Arab culture.
Hence the difficulty of translating it.
Is creativity limited by the fact that it offers a new paradigm?
Or is it just an intellectual, stretching the length and breadth of texts? ”
“Despite all this, creativity in translating the text remains present, whatever its culture. ”
Dr. Zubaydah Al-Qadi, Vice Dean of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Aleppo, believes that creative translation is the most difficult type of translation, because its goal is to introduce the masterpieces of world literature, it is not like scientific translation, which is sufficient to find the same equivalent, but requires more effort, and puts the translator in front of great challenges.
Semantic Approach
She says: « Translation is a form of comparative literature, depends mostly on the approach of semantic translation, because of the multiplicity of meanings, the expressive function, and the resulting pluralism of interpretation », noting that the importance of this approach lies in providing the possibility of transferring the meanings of the entire literary text, form and content, with emphasis on the transfer of its aesthetic value, without compromises in favor of the reader of translation.
She concludes: “Translation is a difficult process, based not only on the transfer of words from one language to another, each language stores the culture of a people, the translator must convey it to the recipient, with a high capacity of sense and flexibility in thinking and the ability to produce a translation that reflects the content, spirit and identity of the text. ”
Translation Index
The countries of the world have been paying attention to this issue since the 1930s when they announced their intention to create a translation index.
It was restored by UNESCO in 1948, allowing for the first census of translated works in the world.
The statistics of this index enabled us to know the number of translations published in the world until the end of the second decade, the most prominent of which were 4,296 by William Shakespeare, 4,751 by Jules Verne, 2,342 by Fyodor Destovsky, and 1,396 by Gabriel García Márquez.
At the Arab level, despite the lack of statistics, the International Organization reports a stagnation in translation into Arabic until the turn of the century, as one book was translated per million Arab citizens, while in Spain, for example, the ratio is 920 books.
This issue has been addressed by many parties on the Arab scene, including the Kalima translation project in the United Arab Emirates, which was launched in 2007, and its publications until the end of 2019 amounted to more than a thousand books in 17 languages.
In conclusion, the words of the Indonesian writer Ika Korniawan, whose works have been translated into more than 30 languages, remain the best expression of the importance of creative translation when he says: “How I wish to live surrounded by people who read the literature of the whole world. ”
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Translators must navigate deep cultural meanings and adapt symbols and imagery, not just vocabulary and grammar.

- In some cases, such as Francophone Arab writers (e.g., Amin Maalouf), works written in a foreign language (French) still convey a strong sense of their original (Arabic) cultural identity.

This highlights the complexity of linguistic borrowing and cultural transfer.

Title:

Content: A leap for non-English speakers.
Here is a list of the most widely used foreign languages in America.
One in five Americans speak a foreign language.
Borrowing words creates a cultural history.
Official figures in the United States show that the number of non-English speakers at home has tripled over three decades.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the number of people using a foreign language other than English in the country has risen to about 67 million, equivalent to the population of a country like Britain.
In other words, one in five Americans speaks a foreign language; 78% of Americans speak only English at home, meaning that a growing 21.6% do not speak English at home.
Many may not know that there are between 350 and 430 languages spoken in the United States, making it one of the most linguistically diverse countries in the world, according to the NGO Translators Without Borders, while official figures say there are 350 languages in the country.
English is the most commonly used language in the United States, yet it is not the official language of the country; there is no provision in the US Constitution explicitly stating that English is the official language, as other countries' constitutions do, and the Founding Fathers of the United States did not find the need to grant English such status.
Since the American community is a gathering of immigrants, they speak the language of their origins and speak it with those coming from those origins, according to the US State Department ’ s website America Share.
The list of the most widely used foreign languages in the United States includes Spanish, Chinese, Tagalog (spoken by some Filipinos), Vietnamese, and Arabic, which have been ranked as the most widely used languages in America, being used by more than 3.49 million people, according to Sky News Arabia.
It's not negative.
The increasing use of spoken languages in the United States is enriching the English language, which is constantly evolving by borrowing words from those languages, according to Susan Kemer, professor of linguistics at Rice University.
Kemer says part of the cultural history of English speakers is to borrow words from other languages they came into contact with.
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- Concerns over cultural identity in translation and borrowing have prompted international efforts since the 1930s, like the idea of developing translation indexes to track and perhaps influence cross-cultural flows.

- The translation process is affected by the societal context.

Title:

Content: Translation Studies and its Importance in Development and Renaissance
Translation Studies and its Importance in Development and Renaissance
Translated by: Hashem Kateh Lazem - Assistant Professor - Shatt Al-Arab University College - Basra [email protected]
Directed by: Anna Bernacka
In this article, Anna Bernaca highlights the translator as a mediator between different cultures. The translator ’ s role is not only to replace words from one language to another, but also to enhance our understanding of issues of evolution and innate cultures by conveying ideas across cultural and national boundaries.
The paper examines some of the case studies in which translation has played a crucial role in helping to communicate with new education and in achieving a deeper understanding of the rich and innate cultures of India and South Africa, enabling the expansion of the use of languages through education and work to secure formal protection in the constitutions and curricula of the countries concerned.
Introduction
The process is more complex than simply replacing a text in the original language with a text in the target language, it involves dealing with very subtle differences in cultural and educational aspects that can crystallize the choices and attitudes of the recipients.
Translation works cannot be produced in a cultural or political vacuum and cannot be isolated from the context in which the texts relate (Dingwaney and Maier, 1995: p.
In his book Translating Cultures, David Katan points out that a translator is a bilingual person and an intermediary between bilingual people in two different linguistic groups (2004: p.
Translators (not just mediators between different language systems, they should be mediators bridging the gap between two different cultures) or, as Aniela Korzeniowska and Piotr Kuhiwczak pointed out in the book entitled Successful Translation Tricks in English and Polish), they should be able to do so. These mediators can also be bilingual and bilingual (2006: 71), which makes translation play a fundamental role in our understanding of the cultural (other).
Translating stories from the South is a rich source of knowledge about unfamiliar languages, cultures and innate experiences, and is of paramount importance through the great benefit of understanding non-European societies.
Moreover, translation has a profound impact in the field of politics where it can be a factor for social adjustment and integration.
Translation can thus have a clear role in conveying issues relating to universal and human rights and ensuring that they are communicated to other parties.
This article aims to shed light on the different aspects of translation that are often misunderstood during a linguistic and essentially non-creative process where one textual material is replaced by another textual material.
I will first “standardize ” aspects of translation in light of the current situation in South Africa, where people speak 11 official languages recognized in the country ’ s constitution, even though English has become the dominant language.
Second, I will discuss the newly discovered Koro language and the difficulties of translating it, a sensory perception based on Whorf Hypothesis, which holds that language is shaped by the influence of the medium in which we live.
Translating a language will allow us to open doors to unfamiliar cultural and linguistic environments.
This will result in sophisticated global indicators related to translation methods and culture of evolution.
Finally, I will highlight the creative role of the translator, which often involves the development of new vocabulary in order to successfully convey the message of the original text.
As a result of this process, the interaction between the fields of translation studies and the culture of evolution will become apparent.
Explanation of meaning
Translations cannot arise out of a cultural vacuum. There is general agreement among translation scholars on the fact that the quest to transfer words as well as sentences and texts from one language to another does not oblige the translator to search only for synonyms in the target language in translating the meaning of the original text (Dunkwani and Meyer, 1995: p. Intermediates between different language systems, but they have to be mediators between different cultures.
The translator ’ s role is to mediate the transfer of ideas from the original text across cultural and national boundaries, which puts him in a unique position to understand the various issues of evolution.
The quest to translate stories from the South is therefore a critical resource of knowledge dealing with exotic languages and cultural experiences, as well as of great importance for understanding different societies and for the purposes of the culture of evolution in particular.
In South Africa, the social and political need for translation is paramount: at present, people in South Africa speak eleven languages recognized by the country's constitution, not just two, as in previous years, although some critics argue that multilingualism is nothing more than a facade given the predominance of the English language.
The Government was never prepared to deal with a complex language project in which native languages could coexist on the basis of equality.
As a result, English has regularly become the only means of communication in everyday political, economic and educational life.
Other languages, notably Zulu and Xhosa, have been ignored in the social, cultural and political spheres as well as in the Afrikaans (South Africans of European descent), where the decay of languages that evolved from Dutch can be observed in South Africa (Tonkin and Frank, 2021: p.
The Institute for Comparative Literature and Society at Columbia University (ibid., p. 17) witnessed an in-depth scholarly dialogue whose main theme was the urgent need to translate innate books and other forms of literature in South Africa.
At the symposium, Antije Krog, Rosalind C. Morris and Humphrey Tonkin discussed the initiative to translate African literature into English.
Everyone agreed that the translation of African literature and culture in such a multilingual country should be seen as a very important national issue because such an approach would contribute to the dissemination of knowledge about the little-known social and linguistic groups such as the Zulu and the Hausa.
Moreover, such a project would not make other voices heard but would expand the cultural base of the English language as well as other cultures and South Africans within the framework of a multilingual discourse.
Translation cannot be seen in that context as a kind of mediation, a kind of compromise between the periphery and the center, as well as between dominant and aspiring cultures.
This translation initiative includes not only the translation of African literature but also the transmission of native African languages to the South African education sector.
In carrying out the project, which involved translation work ranging from African poets to astronomers, the scientists identified some familiar difficulties with the absence of synonyms and a "gap" in vocabulary in languages spoken in South Africa in particular.
The translation of the expression black hole, which in a direct Afrikaans translation means swartgat, was one of the linguistic difficulties the translators faced at the time, and is a cynical expression notorious for innate Africans) (ibid., p.
Antije Krug, who was responsible for translating into local languages that evolved from Dutch, had to create new vocabulary borrowed from Dutch and then incorporate it into the target language.
Moreover, a similar phenomenon has occurred in languages such as Zulu and Hausa related to scientific vocabulary.
The absence of words describing not only the universe or planetary system but also the basic expressions used in mathematics or geography has restricted the inclusion of these languages in the South African educational system.
As a result, the team of translators used their creative skills to create new words instead of using the English word in the context of the Zulu language (ibid., p. 19).
However, the concept of the vocabulary gap does not occur in the translation of English expressions into African languages.
This can also be seen in the reverse process where English lacks a synonym, for example in the Afrikaans mede-menslikheid, which literally means humanism.
Some South African scholars claim that "the formalization of various African languages was nothing more than a gesture!"
(2020), and that such a thing has a political, not a cultural, motive.
It has been officially declared that African languages have been treated fairly, according to the authors.
In fact, not much has been achieved towards the introduction of African languages, about which little is known.
At present, researchers such as Antege Krug, Rosalind C. Morris and Humphrey Tonkin are taking an initiative to encourage the translation of African languages such as Zulu and Hausa in order to make their cultures known.
Creative translation for cultural understanding
Another example of facilitating understanding of the cultures of the South is the newly discovered Kuru language, an innate language that linguists accidentally found while researching Aka and Miji, two secondary languages in India.
Kuru was discovered during a scientific mission in 2008, part of the Enduring Sounds project launched by National Geographic (see Morrison, 2010: p.
Linguists have reported that the new language has distinguished itself from other popular languages in terms of vocabulary, sounds, and linguistic structures.
Remarkably, the proximity of the Aca did not affect the Kuru much and the differences in sounds between the two languages could be compared to those between English and Japanese.
Linguists have expressed concern about this endangered language, which is spoken by only about a thousand people, because the Koru language lacks a written form (ibid.).
Such a serious situation may represent one of the political difficulties that translators will face in this regard.
However, the challenge for translation in this case is not limited to the lack of a written form of language, as Gregory Anderson, who stressed that the Koru language depicts “reality in different ways ”, pointed out that“ this language reflects the knowledge of the natural world in ways that cannot be translated into a major language ” (see Hotz, 2010).
One possible reason for the remarkable description of the world around them, as well as the environment, is the isolation of speakers of this language, who were a group (hidden) from external influences.
Based on this, and from a linguistic point of view, the Koro language can be a prime example of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which states that language is greatly influenced by the reality in which we live.
The Koru vocabulary reflects the unique sensory perception of the world around us from this Northeast Indian tribe, and the translation of this language is a very important source of knowledge about this amazing culture and its existence.
This language embodies a profound insight into the vast world around them, their value system, and their sense of the environment in which they live.
Culturally sensitive and appropriate translations can serve as an approach to the culture of evolution in its most creative sense.
The role of translation in the culture of evolution is illustrated by the opinion of K. David Harrison, who introduced the world to this language: "The revival of language will take serious social paths in the coming decades, and such a move against globalization will greatly affect human intellectual life."
(2010: 12).
Abstracts
These examples show that translation can play an important role, such as unifying or creating new vocabulary, and that, more decisively, it is a source of knowledge about less popular foreign cultures.
Translation, therefore, cannot be seen only as a linguistic process, but also as having a political and social role, as has been shown in the cases mentioned in South Africa and India.
Translation can be seen as a means of promoting linguistic and cultural balance by enabling languages such as Hausa, Zulu or Kuru to be elevated by education and working towards formal protection through government laws and curricula.
It can also be a bridge between North and South.
We would not have known anything about the Koru language without the untiring efforts of the translators to study the innate Asian languages.
There is no doubt that translation is the main way to finally get to know the world of the Koru language, as translation helps us to see a previously unknown cultural and linguistic world.
In addition, translation provides a sophisticated and profound global indicator of both the translation approach and the culture of evolution.
References
Budick, S and Iser, W (1996) The Translability of Cultures, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
Dingwaney, A (1995) ‘ Introduction: Translating “Third World ” Cultures ’ in A Dingwaney and C Maier (eds.)
Between Languages and Cultures, London: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Hotz Lee, R (2010) ‘ Rare Find: A New Language ’ in Environment and Science, available: http: / / online.wsj.com / article / SB10001424052748703843804575534122591921594.html (accessed 9 January 2011).
Korzeniowska, A and Kuhiwczak, P (2006) Successful Polish-English Translation Tricks of the Trade, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Krog, A, Morris C R, Tonkin H (2010) ‘ Translation as reconciliation.
A conversation about politics, translation, and multilingualism in South Africa ’ in H Tonkin and M E Frank (eds.)
The Translator as Mediator of Cultures, Amsterdam: John Benjamin ’ s Publishing Company.
Morrison, D (2010) ‘ Hidden Language Found in Remote Indian Tribe ’, National Geographic News, available: http: / / news.nationalgeographic.com / news / 2010 / 10 / 101005-lost-language-india-science / (accessed 9 January 2011).
Harrison, K D (2010) The Last Speakers: The Quest to Save the World ’ s Most Endangered Languages, Washington DC: National Geographic.
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Anna Bernaca holds a Master ’ s degree in English Literature from Dalarna University and a Master ’ s degree in Translation from Surrey University.
She currently works as a translator for a company in Britain where she is fluent in three languages: English, Swedish and Polish.
Her area of research interest focuses on translation in cultural, social, and political contexts.
(Translator)
https: / / www.developmenteducationreview.com / issue / issue-14 / importance-translation-studies-development-education
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Linguistic phenomena like borrowing, retrograde inhibition (interference between languages during acquisition), and the creation of new terms (as in South Africa, where local languages borrowed from Dutch) are inherently tied to political, social, and cultural factors.

- Translation and borrowing are not neutral; they shape and are shaped by issues of power, identity, and evolution of cultures.

In South African and Indian contexts, translation has been a site for negotiating identity and mediating between various sociopolitical realities.

- Some languages, especially those facing endangerment (like Koru), exhibit direct effects of reality on language—as described by the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis—emphasizing the broader impact of sociocultural realities on language change, borrowing, and survival.

- The spread of English globally and in the U.S. has been marked by widespread lexical borrowing both ways.

English speakers often borrow words from languages they come into contact with, reflecting cultural openness but also sometimes leading to concern about identity loss in source languages.

- Some countries and organizations actively intervene in translation and borrowing, aiming to preserve local language identity, promote cultural renewal, and manage the influence of English and other dominant languages.

(E.g., conferences like the Arabic Language and Artificial Intelligence forums focus on challenges and preservation.)

Title:

Content: Wednesday 12 October 2022
Chairman of the Board of Directors and Editors
Abdurrahim Ali
Editor-in-Chief
Dalia Abdul Rahim
Chairman of the Board of Directors and Editorial Board
Abdurrahim Ali
Editor-in-Chief
Dalia Abdul Rahim
A culture
The Scientific Forum discusses cultural diversity, the importance of translation and its future.
Faisal bin Muammar: We aim to transfer knowledge, science, literature and cultures from and to the Arabic language
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King Abdulaziz Public Library organized, on Wednesday, the 10th Scientific Forum held by the King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz International Award for Translation at Cairo University.
The first session was chaired by Dr. Hisham Azmi, Secretary General of the Supreme Council for Culture, and spoke by Karma Sami, Director of the National Center for Translation, Dr. Haitham Al-Nahi, Director General of the Arab Organization for Translation, Mohammed Al-Faraih, Director of Publishing at the Obeikan Library, and Sherif Ismail, Director of Publishing and Translation at Arab Publishing.
The attendees discussed cultural diversity and the importance of translation between different languages, especially English literature, the future of translation in the Arab world, the importance of substance and diversity for cognitive literacy, and the need to commit the translator to a number of terms and avoid randomness in translation.
The attendees called for the importance of diligent efforts to enrich the Arabic content, and how to end the procedures that disturb the translators and speed them up and not waste time in the translation procedures.
His Excellency Faisal bin Abdulrahman bin Muammar, General Supervisor of King Abdulaziz Library, said: “On behalf of King Abdulaziz Public Library, I am pleased to welcome you to the 10th Forum of the King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz International Award for Translation: The Time Differences between Writing and Translation in the Arab World: Causes and Solutions. To enrich the process of transferring knowledge, sciences, literature and cultures to and from the Arabic language and to motivate Arab translators, especially young ones, to improve the quality of translation in the Arab world, to achieve a qualitative addition in filling the shortage of books translated in the fields of the branches of the award from various international languages.
He added during his speech: We hope that this forum will contribute to the promotion of cultural communication, the transfer of cultural sciences and the experiences of its followers, and the transfer and localization of knowledge in the Arab world, after the issues of translation have received special attention in the programs and activities of scientific and cultural institutions, so that they have become the first path to the globalization and exchange of knowledge.
He stressed that translation is a vast space for knowledge, acquaintance, cultural exchange and intercultural dialogue in a world founded on difference and heterogeneity, as it plays a major role in building bridges between nations and peoples. Therefore, many Arab thinkers working in scientific and cultural fields called for achieving a comprehensive vision and a unified strategy to promote the publishing and translation industries, especially in the scientific fields. We need to bridge this gap in the transfer of knowledge and literature from Arabic to foreign languages and vice versa, because of its cultural and cultural importance, and to be more willing and able to adapt the phenomenon of modernity in its broad space and its great meaning and absorb it without compromising our Arab identity and cultural specificities. The forum will discuss a number of topics, including: the responsibilities of local and international bodies and institutions in supporting translation; the reality of translation in the Arab world: towards anticipating solutions; towards establishing scientific standards for translation; the impact of delayed translation role: challenges and solutions; and the responsibilities of publishing houses in supporting translation movement, in addition to the experiences of some of those involved in translation.
Dr. Hisham Azmi said: We need more effort to translate from Arabic science to other languages, stressing that the Arabic language and its identity must be preserved among our students.
He explained that the translator is looking for all that is new in the various literary, scientific, social, cultural, technical and cognitive fields to obtain it. This is a kind of moving the cultural context to touch different places and times together and prove that peoples are moving towards their true cultural awareness.
He wondered whether translation institutions in the Arab world remain separate states or merge into a single cultural entity that sets a unified policy for translation, Dr. Karma Sami said: Language is the first article for translation, stressing that the world writer Taha Hussein demanded to facilitate the rules of language because the Salah of the whole thing is the goodness of language.
She added that translation is a permanent step towards the future, stressing that the highest translation in the world is Germany and Arabic is ranked 29th out of 50 countries and that the source language for translation is English.
I am an Arab, in order to preserve the Arab cultural identity to build children and work on Arab literacy, pointing out that translation is used to preserve the security of the homeland and its cultural identity.
Dr. Haitham Al-Nahi, Director General of the Arab Organization for Translation, said: Translation works to study the cognitive and academic reality of Arab societies, and that the translator must have a culture in the field in which he translates away from his superiority in the language to which he translates, explaining that the translator must know all the terms used in the language from which he translates.
Mohammed Al-Freih talked about the most prominent challenges and obstacles facing translation operations, while proposing some solutions and ideas that contribute and help to reduce these differences and obstacles, in addition to proposing some tools and techniques that facilitate the solutions of these obstacles.
Sherif Ismail Bakr stressed the responsibility of publishing houses in supporting the translation movement by reviewing the experience of Dar Al Arabi for Publishing and Distribution in Cairo as an independent publication that is 47 years old, and how it was able to translate more than 3000 titles from more than 60 countries and cover a gap in the publishing market while setting standards and assisting other publishing houses.
During the forum, the second session was held under the chairmanship of Dr. Ibrahim Al-Balawi, member of the Scientific Committee of the King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz International Award for Translation. Dr. Hamza Qablan Al-Muzaini, one of the winners of the award, said: "I am not a translation specialist and I have read only a few of the theories and procedures that the translator should follow to achieve his experience. From the field of linguistic studies the most disciplined modern scientifically among the humanities disciplines and the most important thing I came by benefiting from the vision of the pioneer of modern linguistics that good scientific research requires only an effort to take note of what was said about the subject to be studied and make an effort to clarify the studied issue and the willingness of the researcher to accept the possibility of what he finds views lacking.
For his part, Samir Mina Grace, one of the winners of the award, spoke about his experience in translating modern and contemporary German literature into Arabic and the frustrating problems he faced with publishers, especially in the beginning, and about his studies in Egypt, and considered his studies in translation and his master ’ s thesis in translation science as the basis for his subsequent work as a translator.
The forum concluded with Dr. Murtaza Syed Umarov ’ s talk about Arabic literature in Uzbekistan and comment and discussion.

- Legal and institutional frameworks (e.g., translation awards, language academies) are emerging to encourage translation *into* specific languages (like Arabic) and reward efforts that build and protect linguistic and cultural identity.

Title:

Content: Saturday 1 July 2023 Abu Dhabi UAE
Prayer times
News Highlights
Today 's Issue
Today 's Issue
A culture
Translation is an open bridge between cultures.
Thank you Saadi
July 1, 2023 01: 42
Sassi Jbeil (Tunisia)
Dr. Shukri Al Saadi, winner of the Sheikh Zayed Book Award 2023 Translation Branch, said that the award is considered one of the most prestigious international awards and one of the most valuable literary awards, and it is the aspiration of every thinker, researcher, translator and innovator, whether Arab or foreign.
For him, it is a generous tribute to the fruits of a painstaking and arduous effort of about five years.
In his interview with Al-Ittihad, Al-Saadi talked about the motives of his choice to translate John Searle ’ s book “The Phrase and Meaning ”, and about the current translation movement in the Arab world and the importance of the award in the translation service.
The most prominent deliberative book
Why choose the translation of the book “Phrase and Meaning ” by the American philosopher of the language John Searle?
- The book « Phrase and Meaning » from the mothers of books and basic references in the field of deliberation, a field of linguistic sciences attracted by linguistics and philosophy of language, and deals with issues of interest to those engaged in rhetoric and analysis of speech.
It is one of the major works on the subject of "linguistic works" which are also called "verbs of speech".
This book was concluded by the American philosopher of the language John Searle in his philosophical thinking before moving on to another stage related to the philosophy of the mind.
This book is based on a key idea summed up by the question: How can a speaker say something and mean something else?
That is to say, his subject is the difference between the meaning of the sentence and the meaning of the speaker, which Searle sought to analyse and explain in many linguistic and rhetorical manifestations, including imagination, metaphor, sarcasm and indirect linguistic works.
The book is also famous for its author, the American philosopher John Rogers Searle, who is considered a prominent linguist.
His views on language included the totality of what he took from his contemporaries and the concepts he himself developed.
Searle, a strong cognitive soul, was highly suggestive and creative, with little tradition and followers, inclined to contest the views of the oppressors of his time, and hardly reviews of their works an article other than examination and criticism.
He was also keen to find a position among the major conflicting theories, insisting on distinguishing his thesis from others, although it is close to what he goes to and says.
No absolute honesty in translation.
Is it easy to translate the book of Searle, whose author you said concluded the linguistic circle of his philosophical thinking with accuracy and honesty?
- Absolute honesty in translation is impossible, because some parts of the meaning can be lost when transferring from one language to another, and because some meanings are very attached to the structure of the grammatical and lexical language do not necessarily fit the structure of the language transferred to it and the habits of its people in speech. The meaning of the original text is lost, and at the same time express that meaning according to the customs of the people of the language to which it is transmitted in speech and their customs in speech.
Neighborhood, interlocutor and bypass
Q: What do you think about the current translation movement in the Arab world in light of the limited number of institutions involved in this framework?
- The volume of translations done in the Arab world is still less than hoped, and the Arabs are failing to care about translation compared to relatively small European countries such as Greece or Portugal, but it can be said that there is also today, and compared to a decade or two ago, a “translation ” awakening is reflected in the increasing number of translations done in various countries of the Arab world.
As well as the establishment of institutions and institutes specialized in translation and the launch of bodies and councils keen to support and support them, as well as the number of conferences and scientific seminars held specifically to control translation strategies and consider issues in order to promote and develop them.
This is natural, because the transfer of new sciences and new knowledge to our language is a necessary step that enables these sciences and knowledge to be represented and assimilated before reaching the stage of addition and surpassing them. By translation, Arab culture passes from the rank of neighbor to the rank of interlocutor before moving to the rank of transcendent.
Award for Translation
* How do you see the efforts of the Sheikh Zayed Book Award in serving the cultural scene in the Arab world and the world?
The Sheikh Zayed Book Award is one of the most prestigious and prestigious literary awards. It is an award that attracts thinkers, researchers, creators and translators from all over the world every year. It provides research, studies and works written in various languages or translated into several languages. It is only required to be related to Arabic language, literature, thought and culture.
What makes the award ambitious for these types of scientists and intellectuals is the multiplicity of its branches and diversity, it includes thought and creativity and relates to various fields of arts and humanities, in addition to its financial value, which rewards the efforts of creative authors and thinkers with a rewarding reward that pushes them to not be satisfied with the minimum, and to improve their works and produce them in the best way.
Related to the fields of thought, research and creativity is the field of translation, which is truly a bridge between different and divergent cultures.
What distinguishes the Sheikh Zayed Book Award in this regard is that it does not restrict translators in any of the languages, as it is open to the major international languages in which influential scientific works and literary monuments are written, which explains the large number of nominations in the translation branch, which reached a record number of 230 nominations this year.
In particular, the Sheikh Zayed Book Award entices young people, learners and researchers of all ages to learn foreign languages in order to benefit from their scientific and artistic achievements. It stimulates the spirit of competition and competition. There is no doubt that the competition for this award was the strongest since the beginning. It was created by renowned international translators whose names appeared in the long and short lists of the Award.
All rights reserved to Al Ittihad Newspaper 2023 ©

- There is recognition in the Arab world that borrowing and translation can stimulate local culture and connect it to global trends, but this also underscores an anxiety about maintaining a distinct cultural and linguistic core.

**In summary:** Borrowing and translation operate not only as linguistic processes but as complex sociopolitical acts.

Governments and institutions often see them as sites where identity, power, and cultural survival are negotiated.

Title:

Content: Thursday 29th September 2022 Abu Dhabi UAE
Prayer times
News Highlights
Today 's Issue
Today 's Issue
A culture
The translation strategy.
between necessity and reality.
The translation strategy.
between necessity and reality.
September 29, 2022 01: 11
Ezzedine Care
The translator has an important role to play in strengthening the capacities of the local culture by providing it with new insights and different experiences.
It is a vital need that is not without a culture that aspires to development and renewal.
Therefore, even flourishing cultures that are strongly present in the international arena are indispensable for translation.
There is no doubt that the current Arab culture is in the greatest need to attract foreign businesses, to stimulate the local culture and link it to what is happening in the global arena.
Communication with the global product follows two paths: the direct use of the foreign language and the translation path, the first path is elitist and exclusive, and it is difficult to turn the thought and literature of the other into a popular and widely circulated material, while the second path, the translation path and the acquisition of knowledge from language to language, is able to “invest knowledge ” in foreign work and integrate it into a cultural cycle. widely consumed.
Within the contemporary Arab context, there is often a dispute among intellectuals about how to get Arab culture out of the monotony of its statements, the fragility of its theses, and the narrowness of its outlook in various fields.
In fact, this transgression can only be achieved through structural changes that cover several sectors, including the intensification of the transmission of the experiences of others, cognitive, literary and artistic, and arguing with them and dialogue with them, and then keep abreast of what is happening in the global cultural movement and show its paths.
There is no doubt that we have many fields of knowledge that are of ruthless origin and fragile foundations, especially in the fields of the humanities and social sciences, and in the fields of knowledge of other civilizations and religions.
A series of approaches emerged, and a range of approaches developed, outside the incubator of Arab culture.
We did not keep up with her labor, and we did not follow up on the controversy about it, which made us not succeed in employing her capabilities well.
For example, it is not enough to study sociology and its history in a lackluster scholastic way, as it is prevalent in our universities, but to keep abreast of developments, to be aware of our urgent needs, to touch with the experiences of others, and to draw inspiration from their possibilities, in order to approach the functional Arabization of that science and others.
A cultural tributary
It is noticeable, in the midst of the effort exerted by Arab translators and sponsoring institutions, that the proportion of translation of the novel and the story - despite the limited quantity and quality - is what dominates us in the achievements of translation into Arabic, for purely commercial reasons.
The market for a novel translated into Arabic is in the hands of private publishing houses, which comply with the law of supply and demand and are unable, in their current situation, to adopt a national strategy in translation.
Hence, considerable foreign literature, intellectual and analytical, as well as major references in the study of literature, history, religion and philosophy, continue to suffer from a clear lack in the list of works that should be translated and contribute to Arab culture.
Based on this, I always insist that translation as a cultural asset is essentially a state strategy, and cannot be assumed by the private sector, although it contributes with a significant effort, because state-backed institutions are best able to establish meaningful and clear structural projects, such as the translation of dictionaries, encyclopedias and major references to the international code, in thought, cinema, literature and other arts in various fields of knowledge.
In the case of the current Arab publishing sector and its confused conditions, targeted translation cannot be carried out or handled by publishing houses, and their conditions are similar to those of grocery stores in dealing with goods and customers.
Prioritize
Talking about the structural issues of translation dictates the meaning of translation strategy.
In what we mean by strategy, it means understanding the culture of the meaning of its presence in the world, and its keenness to take note of what is happening in other cultures, which is vital for every culture interacting with the world, and whenever that flame fades, the local culture enters into a hibernation and stagnation.
As we speak about translation strategy, one question is worth asking: How does the prioritization of the translation industry fit into the current line of Arab publishing houses?
It is evident in the dominance of literary translation, which is summarized in the translation of the novel, guided by the lists of Western « best seller », and through selections of names popular in the publishing market, although sometimes lack to include cultural or literary issues meaningful to us other than being popular in the arena.
It is noteworthy that private Arab publishing houses have declined significantly from the 1980s and beyond, a period that witnessed the translation of important foreign works that contributed to the promotion and development of Arab thought.
A number of Arab publishing houses and research centers carried a clear and purposeful intellectual message, and employed the capabilities of the Arabic translator and directed them towards this direction.
Today, this directive has become lukewarm to the decline of incentives and the loss of major goals, not to mention the subordination of publishing houses in general to the logic of commercial competition, so that most of the owners of Arab publishing houses are closer to the world of trade and business than to the world of culture and intellectuals, although many of them are disguised as originally poets and writers and the like.
In light of this decline, it is necessary that the official bodies, with a national and national dimension, pay attention to the correction of the tracks, and bet again on the responsibility of promoting the awareness of the Arab man, in order to connect the reader with the creativity that is taking place in the global arena, at the intellectual, philosophical and literary levels, until the translation emerges from the state of confusion and confusion.
Painful reality.
From my own experience in the fields of translation and revision from foreign languages, especially those related to the humanities and social sciences, I do not see the eagerness or passion of private publishing houses to publish “heavy ” works.
If the owners of these roles accept the publication of an author of this type, the process often hides behind it disasters: violation of rights, burglary of efforts, with a low price for the translator - if available - that leads to frustration and non-repetition.
The blatant violation of the rights of the translator brings him closer to acquiescing to the system of forced labour than to playing a noble civilizational role.
This grievance, which has dominated the Arabic translator for decades, has raised the lid of the Kalima project in Abu Dhabi since its inception, with its keenness to appreciate the efforts of the translator and the author, and therefore the project represented a challenge to unfair traditions in the translation sector that did not take into account the minimum rights.
As a result of the loss of translation strategy, we have lost the professional translator of the translation work, and perhaps looking to develop a translation project within the limits of his possibilities and ambitions.
Therefore, Arab translators have a nomadic nature between the arts of works and works, and translation achievements are a marginal aspect of their preoccupations, not their permanent occupation or their ethereal project.
I asked a capable Arabic translator: Why not just do the translation, in order to avoid distracting your efforts and to preserve your energy?
He replied, “To achieve a decent living, the Arabic translator has to diversify the sources of income, otherwise he will be overwhelmed.
Therefore, most of our translators, in the field of transfer of works, studies and research, often work in a sudden and emergency, if they win a contract with an institution to accomplish a work, not to mention the loss of their own projects to focus on a particular field or engage in the work of a specific writer.
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Active efforts—ranging from awards, academic conferences, to proposed indexes—seek to guide the extent and nature of borrowing, especially from English, in order to maintain or revitalize local languages and cultures.

These dynamics reveal both the vitality and the vulnerability of languages in the face of global English and cultural exchange.

- Political Dynamics in Language: References to Hong Kong, Taiwan, and China highlight the political weight attached to language use and regulation in these areas.

Title:

Content: From "potato" to "cruise missile": the deliberate invasion of Chinese language cannot be generalized in terms of "natural flow of language and culture"
Photo Credit: Shutterstock
What we want you to know is
Today, the ROC is facing an invasion of the Chinese language, which is a deliberate attempt by the hostile regime to destroy the original cultural and historical context, and even to completely eliminate the language.
Text: Cr (Full-time freelance translator covering books, games, patents, contracts, etc.)
A few days ago, the newspaper reported that a textbook manufacturer used the Chinese phrase "potato" in a comic book in a national class book, and that the controversy caused by the use of the phrase "potato", and some legislators refuted on Facebook, saying that the comic book shows that both uses are used (and that the article also acknowledges that potatoes are used in the mainland), so there is no problem.
In recent years, many newspapers, magazines, and media in Taiwan have expanded their use of news, current affairs, and topics from mainland China.
Due to the convenience of publication, most of these articles do not modify the content, and only a few will occasionally supplement the Taiwanese language with parentheses, so that readers do not understand.
Before long, Taiwan ’ s electronic and print media were full of Chinese usage such as “Little Sister (Miss), ”“ This Practice (Quantitative Omission), ” and even “The United Kingdom teamed up with Japan and Italy to develop a new type of fighter (inverted grammar errors, oversimplified sentence patterns, should be“ The United Kingdom teamed up with Japan and Italy ”).
Now, when you open the TV ads, you can hardly see “smart ” products, and almost all of them are“ smart ” products.
A while ago, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) developed a suicide drone (also known as wandering ammunition, translated from English loitering munition), and sent to the media in a briefing, the content of the Chinese military's translation of the word "cruise missile".
Now, in the comic books of the book, some textbook manufacturers use the language of mainland China as "both visible names in daily life" to explain why there is a scientific name in biology.
As a professional translator, I have to identify and modify a large number of mainland Chinese, Japanese, and desktop Chinese every day, and I really feel that I have an obligation to explain it professionally.
Simplified Chinese "Simplified"
In 1950, Mao Zedong visited the Soviet Union and said that "the language of all mankind is to move to regional languages through a unified national language, and achieve a common world language" (that is, the ultimate goal of the Communist Party of China's implementation of simplified Chinese, which is to unify the world language, in fact, is to abolish Chinese). The idea of abolishing Chinese characters and replacing them with phonetic alphabets was also endorsed by Mao Zedong.
So we can see that Simplified Chinese was invented from the beginning in the premise of eliminating Chinese.
In fact, in the 1980s, the CCP did make a second wave of simplification, that is, the notorious "two simplified characters", and finally caused confusion in the use of words. Later, after the reform and opening up, the CCP began to attach importance to Chinese cultural assets, and did not further simplify it. About 500 words were deleted.
Simplified Chinese simplification is not limited to the font, word formation, translation methods, and even sentence patterns, grammar, none of which can escape the CCP ’ s policy of destroying Chinese.
For example, in the Chinese language, "report" and "report" are two different concepts. The Chinese Communist Party has translated the two usage as "report" in English, so that the translator does not have to think about what the original "report" actually means; because "several kilometers per hour" or "degrees Celsius" may be difficult to translate on some software interfaces (for example, only after a number of words). Therefore, the Chinese Communist Party changed it to "several kilometers per hour (km to kilometers is another independent change, unrelated to this matter)" and "several degrees Celsius"; in order to unify the transliteration, the foreign languages of each language are always spelled according to the way they are written, and a specific combination of letters must be a specific transliteration (so Stalin would become "Stalin"). Enumeration.
Among the many invasions of Chinese language, there are cases of particularly serious political problems, that is, the process of establishing the word itself is directly related to the political factors of the Chinese Communist Party: Iowa is only translated as “Iowa ” when used as the name of the warship (this is because the Chinese military is very close to the Soviet Union, so the name of the warship is transliterated in Russian; the name of the state is simply translated“ Iowa ”); The names of people and places in Slavic languages or related languages are mostly translated in English, while those in mainland China are mostly translated in Russian. The pronunciation of the English translation is "Hrvatska", which is completely unrelated to the Simplified Chinese translation; Croatian is a Slavic language.
What ’ s more, as foreign entertainment products, computer software, etc. are increasingly translated by Hong Kong and even mainland companies, you can occasionally even see a way to significantly devalue Taiwan.
For example, in 2005, Japan ’ s Glory (now merged into Glory Tkomo) released an online game, The Age of the Great Voyage Online.
The Chinese section of the game is translated by Tianjin Glory, so although Taiwan is one of the four cultural circles in East Asia in the original design of the Japanese factory, the Chinese interface used by the so-called "Chinese server" still has to write Taiwan as "Taiwan Island".
And this is still before the era when some people accidentally called Taiwan as a country will be launched by Little Pink.
Is the use of mainland Chinese language equivalent to a united front war?
Due to the political situation in Taiwan and Hong Kong, many people will think that Hong Kong is our comrade-in-arms in this matter, and is the victim of the CCP ’ s more serious control in recent years.
Whenever someone proposes that a usage is a mainland usage, it is often seen that someone argues that “Hong Kong is also used in this way. ”
However, in fact, Hong Kong ’ s traditional Chinese language, even before the Chinese Communist Party ’ s “You have me in your mud, I have you in my mud ”, is different from the Mandarin of the Republic of China because it is based on Cantonese.
For example, reports and reports, rides and rides, etc., there are many cases where “even if there is no CCP factor, you can clearly see the difference ”, and it is not suitable for mixed use.
What ’ s more, a large part of the “Chinese language ” that is now invading Taiwan is originally from, through, or in various other ways related to Hong Kong.