The NIF translation fellowship programme does not currently plan to include fiction among selected texts for translation.

It is not guaranteed that all projects completed under the fellowship will be published and accessible to a global audience.

A language educator in New Delhi spends her day supporting language students and teachers, positively impacting her department and serving as a motivating figure for the school year.

The importance of language in unification was emphasized, and music was metaphorically used to express this sentiment.

The popularity of guessing five-letter words daily was noted, and anticipation was expressed for sharing insights after reading a relevant book.

Children were described engaging with books and their surroundings in the car, making observations, and daydreaming, with a particular child influenced by the classical education method to develop intellectual virtue, as defined by Aristotle.

The process of encouraging children to commit, focus, and pursue intellectual activities for their intrinsic value was highlighted.

Researchers at the University of Queensland stressed the critical need to go beyond English for effective conservation, cautioning that ignoring this could have significant consequences due to lack of information.

Machine translation tools, while helpful, still require validation by native human speakers to ensure accuracy.

A series of lectures on corpus and translation, as well as the cognitive approach to translation studies, was conducted over five days.

Between May 6 and 7, 2024, the “World Languages Coloring Book for Kids” e-book was made available for free download on Amazon Kindle.

A Turkish saying, “one language, one person, two languages, two people,” illustrates the transformative effect of becoming fluent in another language.

Returning to Turkey after decades, a speaker describes the cultural resonance of native phrases and the absence of direct English equivalents, underscoring the connection between language, knowledge, and culture.

An elder’s death every two weeks was cited as leading to the disappearance of languages, with language described as the lens through which we perceive the world.

Reflecting on loss of personal linguistic skills, the importance of maintaining language proficiency was noted.

The concept of “familect” was introduced as the unique secret language of families, contributing to both amusement and linguistic evolution.

AI usage fees for English are up to 15 times cheaper than for other languages, potentially creating an AI divide between English speakers and the broader world.

AI company practices, including OpenAI’s API monetization and use of recursive training, were briefly explained.

Outreach to all language learners remains a challenge, but public websites and apps are emerging as tools for language revitalization, like ongoing efforts in the Hoocąk language community in Wisconsin through both local and university programs.

Borrowings occur when speakers adopt words from another language, often reflecting social, cultural, or technological change.

Learning vocabulary from different languages can make memorization more difficult, especially when juggling multiple languages.

Many Russian words trace their origins to other languages, such as the word for 'samovar,' which came from Turkey but ultimately derives from Arabic origins.

Some words evolve in meaning or usage in different languages; for instance, the root "mil" in Russian (meaning mercy) faded but remained prominent in other Slavic tongues.

Borrowed words are particularly common in the slang of young people, who often use English abbreviations or words created by sound resemblance.

Youth develop their own linguistic codes that set them apart, and these codes often integrate foreign, especially English, vocabulary.

Governmental concern about the influx of foreign words has led to legislative measures, such as the State Duma of Russia adopting a bill aimed at protecting the Russian language from foreign, particularly English, borrowings.

These initiatives reflect the view that using native words is preferable in many cases, though foreign words may sometimes gain a strong foothold in everyday speech.

Similar debates about replacing foreign borrowings with native equivalents are evident in other countries, as seen in discussions over substituting foreign words with Ukrainian ones.

In both Russia and Ukraine, there is an ongoing tension between adopting international vocabulary and protecting the purity of the national language.

Learning methods and technology, such as the use of subtitles and translations, make it easier to understand and absorb foreign vocabulary, but may increase the regularity of borrowing.

Some events, like International Esperanto Day, highlight efforts to create or maintain international or artificial languages, often to foster easier communication without dominance by one national language.

Cultural practices like tea drinking have their own vocabulary and traditions, sometimes tied to language and the movement of words across borders.

State efforts to control language borrowings can be motivated by a desire to protect cultural identity and national sovereignty in a globalized world.

Ultimately, despite such measures, language remains dynamic and open to influence from contact with other languages and cultures.

Countries around the world have been addressing translation and language issues since the 1930s, when they first discussed creating a translation index.

Translation serves as both an expressive medium and a means of sharing literature, as seen in the translation of works like "Arabic Tsar Glances."

Dr. Naseer al-Husseini’s translation of such texts highlights the multiplicity and diversity of translations within a cultural context.

Anna Bernaca emphasizes in Translation Studies the important role of the translator as a mediator between different cultures.

Translators do more than substitute words; they foster understanding about cultural evolution by bridging ideas across national and cultural boundaries.

Translations do not emerge from a cultural vacuum but are influenced by political motives as much as cultural ones.

The Koro language is cited as an example supporting the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, showing how language is shaped by lived reality.

Translation is essential to discovering lesser-known languages, allowing us access to previously unknown cultural and linguistic contexts.

There is a tension in Arab societies regarding foreign languages: while foreign languages are ever-present, they are not fully integrated into Arab identities and are often consciously marginalized.

Within the Arab world there are vocal opponents who minimize the value of translation and resist its institutionalization in schools and universities, questioning its capacity to transfer knowledge accurately.

Despite the strengths provided by Arabic as the language of Islamic religion used in religious rituals by over a billion Muslims, there is a call to further develop and modernize Arabic.

There is a recognized difference between religious language and the language of digital data, each serving different systematic purposes.

Major works in linguistics address speech acts, illustrating the challenge of translating complex philosophical texts such as those by Searle without loss of meaning and while respecting the target language’s customs.

Efforts like the Sheikh Zayed Book Award aim to promote Arabic language, literature, thought, and culture within the Arab world and internationally.

Every language has its own logic and worldview, influencing how speakers think and interpret events.

The notion that inability to express an idea signals a lack of clarity is discussed in the context of language competence.

The biography of some thinkers suggests they preferred the "authentic" language of the desert for its clarity and safety from the "spoils of civilization."

Kemer notes that English speakers have historically borrowed words from the many cultures they interact with as part of their cultural heritage.

Translation conferences, such as the 4th International Translation Conference in Abu Dhabi, continue to be platforms for sharing ideas and intensifying intellectual exchange on linguistic and translation topics.

On a deserted hill, an individual attempts to recall the sound of Darvish’s poetry, likening it to a bee in a nest and real honey, suggesting deeply rooted connections to language and culture.

A generational divide is present, as he respects the older Jewish national poet, yet they both contend for mastery of the land’s native language, mirroring broader ideological dynamics.

In language learning, challenges arise such as increased vocabulary in Chinese courses, concerns over fair assessment methods, insufficient teaching time, and the difficulty of using archaic words rarely found in modern speech.

Students often struggle to apply or understand obsolete vocabulary, leading to rote memorization, which is tedious and fails to address deeper linguistic issues.

Ancient ways of thinking are interwoven with language, as shown by etymological research in Chinese that fuses ancient and modern elements to trace a word’s origins and meaning.

Our mother tongue may shape our brain, as confirmed by studies on native speakers of languages such as German and Arabic, but new words remain an ongoing learning challenge.

Chinese characters, as the world’s oldest written script, are central to Chinese civilization, and proficiency in kanji is vital in Japanese.

Language reforms are historically significant: in 788 AD, Shilla established new learning methods and sent youths abroad to study, shaping officialdom and cultural exchange.

Regional variation is evident in the annual selection of Chinese characters, reflecting differences across the language community.

Effective language learning involves extensive listening, collaborative learning, and leveraging digital resources, which boost motivation and engagement for students.

The NIF translation fellowship programme does not currently plan to include fiction among selected texts for translation.

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Interview: Niraja Gopal Jayal, Trustee, New India Foundation

The NIF’s Translation Fellowship programme announced earlier this month aims to make important works of non-fiction written in regional languages accessible to a more diverse audience
By Simar Bhasin
UPDATED ON AUG 20, 2021 06:27 PM IST

What’s the story behind the NIF translation fellowship programme?

The translation fellowship programme is actually a logical outgrowth of the book-writing fellowships programme, which as you know is the flagship activity of the New India Foundation, aimed at nurturing high-quality scholarship on post-independence India. The first continuity between them then is the focus on modern Indian history, society and politics. However, while the book-writing fellowships are about India after 1947, the qualifying period for the translation fellowships is twentieth century India, even the late nineteenth century depending on the text. This is because there are many important works in Indian languages that could illuminate the longer period but to which readers of the English language, or indeed of other Indian languages, would not have access.

Secondly, the NIF has supported at least one translation as part of its book-writing fellowship programme. This was Ayesha Kidwai’s translation, with a superb introduction, of her grandmother Anis Kidwai’s book Azadi ki Chaaon Mein, which was published by Penguin in 2011, with the English title In Freedom’s Shade. At least two other books by NIF Fellows draw heavily upon sources and literature in regional languages – Akshay Mukul’s The Gita Press and the Making of Hindu India and SV Srinivas’s Politics as Performance: Social History of the Telugu Film Industry. Both these books, about different forms of cultural production, are deeply anchored in, respectively, Hindi and Telugu.

Tell us about the selection process? What are you looking for in applications?

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We are looking for proposals that bring together interesting books and good translators. This year, in the first round, we are inviting applications for translations from 10 languages: Hindi, Urdu, Bangla, Kannada, Assamese, Gujarati, Marathi, Odia, Malayalam and Tamil. The deadline for applications is December 31, 2021. The applications – which must include a sample translation - will be assessed by language experts, on the basis of which the shortlist will be compiled, followed by interviews and the selection of three Fellows.

We propose to constitute a Language Expert Committee, with one member for each of the three selected proposals, who will mentor the Fellows and help them structure and shape their work. We see these works as being on par with the other Fellowship projects in terms of their scholarly merit. We expect them to have a comprehensive introduction that provides the social, political and cultural context of the work, thorough annotations and a bibliography that could help the reader explore the terrain further.

Are there any caveats as to the texts that may be chosen for translation?

No fiction, no poetry, no drama. The focus will be on history (including social and cultural history), politics, society, biography, memoirs, and so forth.

What according to you are some of the challenges facing translators linguistically when it comes to expounding ideas contained in regional texts into the English language?

Ideally, any translation should be able to stand on its own, approximating the excellence of an original work. This is why translation is typically viewed as an art, rather than something mechanical. For this, translators have to be imaginative in how they render into English ideas or nuances that may be specific to the language with which they are working. Cultural differences can pose a challenge to translators who need not just felicity in the two languages they are working with, but also familiarity with the world of sociocultural meanings in both – else you can fall into the ‘lost in translation’ syndrome!

There is, of course, a very rich scholarly field of translation studies, with debates on language as identity, the politics of language, authenticity, and so on.

Do you feel that the outcomes of this fellowship will challenge and disrupt the conception of largely West-oriented notions of what constitutes a liberal public sphere?

That is not the driving motivation of the fellowship, but it could potentially do so, depending of course on the texts. Introducing readers to works in different languages should certainly contribute to an appreciation of the rich diversity of languages in our country; to recover indigenous debates on ideas that we have encountered only through the western canon; to encourage us to embrace our natural bilingualism, and perhaps also to value multilingualism.

Do you think that there is a lack of institutional support to translation projects from languages of the global South? What is required to encourage such projects?

I can’t speak to the global South, but certainly there is a lack of support for translation projects in the Indian languages. Quite a lot of fiction finds translation. As far as non-fiction goes, there is the Murthy Classical Library of India which has brought us fabulous English translations of great classics from the past two millennia. There is also the National Translation Mission that commissions translations, mainly of textbooks. The translation fellowships of the NIF represent a new beginning in a field that we believe has been largely neglected so far.

In its present form, the fellowship focuses on works of non-fiction in 10 languages. Are there any plans for more languages and for fiction works also to be included in the near future?

As of now, we envisage an expansion of the languages in the second round to include, for instance, Punjabi, Konkani, Manipuri, Bhojpuri, etc. We do not have plans to include fiction.

At the end of the fellowship, will all of the projects be published and available to a global audience?

Publication is the objective. As with the book writing fellowships, we would connect Fellows to publishers. We already provide in-house editorial help to our Fellows to shape and polish manuscripts into their final form, and this would be available to the translation Fellows as well.

To know more about the translation fellowships: https://www.newindiafoundation.org/nif-translation-fellowship

For queries, write to info@newindiafoundation.org

The link to apply : https://translationfellowships.paperform.co/

Simar Bhasin is an independent journalist. She lives in New Delhi.

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It is not guaranteed that all projects completed under the fellowship will be published and accessible to a global audience.

A language educator in New Delhi spends her day supporting language students and teachers, positively impacting her department and serving as a motivating figure for the school year.

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Content: Greetings dear friends and gentle readers and welcome back for our final January 2022 visit here on the Front Porch, where the sun is expected to rise at 6:59 a.m. and set at 5:02 p.m. and where I imagine we'll still be digging out from the weekend's blizzard!

I am writing this on Saturday morning — while the winds swirl and the snow mounts, and as the weather reports and warnings keep rolling in — so, like you dear readers, I have no idea what havoc this storm (the one named Kenan) will wreak. Since power outages are predicted, I guess I'd better zoom along!

Let's begin with a big brava to Westerly High School senior Chiara Andrews, the daughter of Jeff and Silvana Andrews, who earned a noteworthy honor last week. Chiara is one of only two students to receive the Student of the Year Award from the Rhode Island Foreign Language Association.

I heard the news from World Languages teacher Íde Motherway Koulbanis, who teaches French and World Cultures and who called Chiara a hero and a young woman that she is "fiercely proud of."

"I cannot wait to watch her achieve great things," Íde said, adding that "Chiara is truly an inspiration to the WHS World Languages Dept. She spends most of her day with language students and teachers and has brought a positive light to the dept. in the toughest of times in the education profession. She is truly our 'why' this school year. This is such an achievement!"

Sarah Steverman, Westerly Public Schools World Languages program coordinator, said in a press release: "A Westerly High School senior who has excellent achievement in French (level II), Spanish (level II), and Italian (AP), including successes in all national exams. She is also self-studying German. Chiara brings many cultural opportunities to her school as the President of the International Club, including a Chinese tea ceremony and an International Film Festival. Most impressively, Chiara's senior project paper is on the topic of language acquisition and she is currently interning in the Westerly School's middle and elementary schools as a world language intern! Chiara is interested in continuing her language study in college with the possibility of becoming a world language teacher!

Well done Chiara!!! And well done also to the language association, which, according to its website, is dedicated to "promoting and encouraging the teaching and study of foreign languages, literatures and cultures in the Rhode Island area."

Additionally, the organization states: "We understand that language has power and should be used to unify and not to attack or marginalize. We also believe that the racial and ethnic diversity of the United States is a force that does not weaken but instead enriches us as a country. We condemn the use of hateful language and violence against any person or community based on race or ethnicity and stand in solidarity with all victims of hate crimes and bigotry."

Such inspirational, encouraging words to read! "Language should be used to unify." Music to my ears. Thank you Íde and Chiara! If not for Chiara's award, I might not have visited the Rhode Island Foreign Language Association website and read those words which seem so timely right now. "Unify" is a good word.

Speaking of good words, how many of you have caught the Wordle bug? Let me hear from you if you're among the thousands of people who try to guess the correct five letter word each day!

Speaking of culture, as I mentioned last week, it's soupy-making season in Westerly, the time where folks gather to ceremoniously mix red and black pepper, salt, paprika and other personal secret ingredients with massive amounts of ground pork butts and shoulders, stuff them into the casings (or, as my pal Henry Fiore Jr., enjoys saying, the famous "stendines") then hang the completed sticks of soupy in a cool, dark place until Easter time.

Days after I wrote about soupy last week, and urged readers to send in photos of their soupy-making adventures — a big thank you to Maria and Jeff Pucci for sending in photos (see them at right!) that included some favorite Front Porch folks (Aaron Bliven, Derek Vacca, Nick DeLauro, Luke Arnold, John and Debbie Pucci, Sara Gabriele and Maria and Jeff of course!) — a slim book arrived on my desk in the newsroom with the title, "Making Sopressata."

The booklet was written by a fellow named Alex Cournoyer, who sent the booklet a good month ago (but since I am working mostly from home these days, I only retrieved it the other day!) Cournoyer, who lives in Portsmouth, writes that he has learned a lot about making soupy from Fr. Giacomo Capooverdi and Angela Larson of Westerly. Next week, after I've had a chance to read the book, I'll share more!

Until then dear readers, get boosted if you can, mask up when necessary, wash your hands, stay safe, be kind, ponder that word "unify" and ciao bella!

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The importance of language in unification was emphasized, and music was metaphorically used to express this sentiment.

The popularity of guessing five-letter words daily was noted, and anticipation was expressed for sharing insights after reading a relevant book.

Children were described engaging with books and their surroundings in the car, making observations, and daydreaming, with a particular child influenced by the classical education method to develop intellectual virtue, as defined by Aristotle.

Title:

Content: If they’re not reading books in the backseat of the car, my children are enjoying the view outside the window, relating memories, making observations, asking questions, and losing themselves in daydreams.  One fall afternoon, my seven-year-old noticed a Home Depot on our way to the park, and he asked if the word depot was French.  I smiled to myself, told him that his assumption was correct, and then praised his deduction skills.

This was hardly the first time my son had made this kind of observation, and while I was proud of him, I wasn’t surprised.

For two years now, he has been a student of the classical education method, and his mind has been trained to work in a very special way.

My son has never studied French, but he regularly encounters numerous foreign languages through our history and literature lessons and books.  He’s no stranger to Anglo-Saxon, Japanese, German, and Spanish and their linguistic variations.  He’s absorbed their appearance, intonations, and pronunciations, and he’s discovered their basic linguistic rules all on his own.  With remarkable precision, my son can look at foreign words, especially foreign surnames, and identify their etymology.

The classical education method trained him to do this – to pursue knowledge and to pursue it as a pleasurable activity.

Classical education organizes learning into a three-part process, which supports the maturing capacity of the child’s mind: absorption of knowledge, organization of knowledge, and expression of knowledge.

As a home educator, I chose this method, not because it will get my children into college, help them acquire a job, or earn them accolades from friends and family, but because knowledge – in and of itself – is valuable, good, and beautiful.  The attitude that one should pursue knowledge for its own sake developed during the Classical Period of Western culture – hence the name classical education.  The pursuit of knowledge, said the Greek philosophers, leads to the flourishing of the human being.

To Aristotle, in particular, it is an intellectual virtue, and it is as vital to the mind as food is to the body.

In our classroom of three, my children and I privately celebrate our discoveries and achievements.  At the end of our day, we feel perfectly delighted after working through Latin vocabulary, mapping ancient Mesopotamian empires, writing a chemistry report, diagramming sentences, and reciting, from memory, a Robert Louis Stevenson poem.

For achievement to happen, however, a child’s mind must be active.

It must be engaged in the activity at hand, executing all the difficult work that needs to be done.  Because classical education is language-based, it effectively trains the child’s mind to become active.  Reading, listening, and writing are the core components of language, so the child spends most of his time performing these exercises.  He rarely suffers from boredom and lack of interest because his mind is always in a position of engagement.

On the other hand, image-based learning, which supplies information through pictures, videos, and screens, keeps the child’s mind in an inert, passive state.  Unfortunately, because the mind is simply a bystander and at the mercy of the image in front of it, it is frequently susceptible to boredom and apathy when the image loses its appeal or is removed.

Since they were babies, my children have been inundated with words and language.  I controlled the presence of television, computer, and smartphone screens, and I made books plentiful around the house.  My seven-year-old and five-year-old read at a sixth and fourth-grade level, respectively.  They read every day, for hours a day, and they engage with what they read by asking questions, sharing what they’ve read with others, and writing their own story versions and sequels.  This year, my son’s reading comprehension has profoundly increased, as he is able to read an eight-page history chapter and summarize it in a written paragraph (with precision and articulation) without my assistance.

Known for its rigorous and challenging nature, classical education requires the child to meet a higher standard.

It requires the child to commit, focus, and follow through.

Through this process, the child engages in a variety of mental exercises such as asking questions, showing patience when answers don’t come readily, recognizing mistakes, and finding satisfaction in practice and revision.  This process requires discipline and control of one’s baser inclinations.

The child must learn to control his feelings and his immediate wants.  The child must learn to control his desire to quit, succumb to laziness and failure, or make excuses.

My son resisted some discipline in his first-grade year, but by the second grade, he had acquired new mental habits.  I persisted, gently encouraging him to try again, to do better, and to do more.  Now he completes his math worksheets on his own; he erases his messy handwriting when I ask him to; he re-reads a passage that he can’t quite comprehend.  At 8:30 a.m., my children have their books and materials ready for the day’s lessons, and they’ve usually started working before I enter the room.

One of the most valuable benefits of a classical education is that it is knowledge-centered, not child-centered.  It requires the child to set aside his ego, humble himself, and approach his studies from an objective position.  It helps him recognize that the world does not revolve around him and that there is a sphere of events, people, places, ideas, concepts, and phenomena that existed before him and that will exist after him.

Unlike other methods that focus on the child’s individual wants, interests, and abilities, the classical education method focuses on the academic subjects and knowledge at hand.

Over the past two years, my son has created a Venn diagram, read an adaptation of Beowulf, studied warlords of 17th-century Japan, and observed a meteor shower in order to gain knowledge.  And he gained all this knowledge for its own sake

A classical education was my gift to my children, and in a very short time, I have witnessed its rewards.  Knowledge has become the sustenance of a five- and seven-year-old who will seek it out their entire life, whether it’s in the pages of a book or through the window of a car.

Angela McCain

After teaching college for nearly two decades, Angela McCain turned her back on failing mainstream education to focus her passions elsewhere – on her home and her children. With pluck, perseverance, and zero regrets, she left her career and began homeschooling her son and daughter. She also found time to revitalize her creative life and started Bluecreek Journal, a video journal, to document her experiences teaching her children and navigating home education. Her purpose is to encourage others to restore dignity, beauty, and truth to their child’s education.

The process of encouraging children to commit, focus, and pursue intellectual activities for their intrinsic value was highlighted.

Researchers at the University of Queensland stressed the critical need to go beyond English for effective conservation, cautioning that ignoring this could have significant consequences due to lack of information.

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Going beyond English is critical for conservation

Date:
March 21, 2023
Source:
University of Queensland
Summary:
Research in languages other than English is critically important for biodiversity conservation and is shockingly under-utilized internationally, according to an international research team.
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Research in languages other than English is critically important for biodiversity conservation and is shockingly under-utilised internationally, according to an international research team.

Dr Tatsuya Amano, from The University of Queensland's School of Biological Sciences, led a worldwide study that investigated national reports on biodiversity conservation in 37 countries and territories where English is not an official language.

"Non-English-language literature is almost entirely neglected in global biodiversity assessments," Dr Amano said.

"This means there's a serious risk that the world's existing global assessments overlook important conservation science by ignoring non-English-language literature.

"For example, in the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) reports, only 3.4 per cent of references are those published in non-English languages -- a shockingly low figure.

The team found that non-English-language literature was extensively used in the national reports of most individual countries, but had failed to be reflected in global reports.

Dr Tatsuya said, despite the benefits of a common language, having diversity of input was essential to saving the world's species.

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"English has been used as the common language of science for decades and this makes international communication much easier," he said.

"But so much research in the biodiversity conservation space is still being published in other languages too.

"Ignoring it could be a big issue, as we often don't know much about what to conserve and how to conserve it."

The team suggest that further international collaboration is essential to developing more effective conservation science, and therefore more effective policy interventions.

"Our research project is a great example of how cross-language, international collaborations can lead to better scientific outcomes," Dr Amano said.

"We've collaborated with over 100 people, who are collectively native speakers of about 20 languages, to identify important science available only in non-English languages.

"The use of machine translation tools would also help solve this problem more broadly, but it still would require validation by human native speakers.

"And developing multilingual databases of relevant literature is also effective, just like we did in a recent paper, in collaboration with the Conservation Evidence project.

"With these approaches, the world would be able to use the best scientific knowledge available, regardless of the language in which it is published."

Story Source:

Materials provided by University of Queensland. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

Journal Reference:

  1. Tatsuya Amano, Violeta Berdejo-Espinola, Munemitsu Akasaka, Milton A. U. de Andrade Junior, Ndayizeye Blaise, Julia Checco, F. Gözde Çilingir, Geoffroy Citegetse, Marina Corella Tor, Szymon M. Drobniak, Sylvaine Giakoumi, Marina Golivets, Mihaela C. Ion, Javiera P. Jara-Díaz, Ryosuke Katayose, Felicia P. S. Lasmana, Hsien-Yung Lin, Erick Lopez, Peter Mikula, Lucia Morales-Barquero, Anne-Christine Mupepele, Juan P. Narváez-Gómez, Thi Hieu Nguyen, Sá Nogueira Lisboa, Martin A. Nuñez, Diego Pavón-Jordán, Patrice Pottier, Graham W. Prescott, Farah Samad, Marko Šćiban, Hae-Min Seo, Yushin Shinoda, Flóra Vajna, Svetlana Vozykova, Jessica C. Walsh, Alison K. S. Wee, Hui Xiao, Veronica Zamora-Gutierrez. The role of non-English-language science in informing national biodiversity assessments. Nature Sustainability, 2023; DOI: 10.1038/s41893-023-01087-8

Cite This Page:

University of Queensland. "Going beyond English is critical for conservation." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 21 March 2023. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/03/230321112517.htm>.
University of Queensland. (2023, March 21). Going beyond English is critical for conservation. ScienceDaily. Retrieved September 24, 2023 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/03/230321112517.htm
University of Queensland. "Going beyond English is critical for conservation." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/03/230321112517.htm (accessed September 24, 2023).

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Brazilian Linguist Adriana Pagano Delivers Academic Lectures on "Corpus and Translation" and "Cognitive Approach to Translation Studies" at Macao Polytechnic University

MACAU, March 5 - In order to enhance academic cooperation with prestigious universities and scholars in Portuguese-speaking countries and explore the latest research advancements in the interdisciplinary fields of translation studies and cutting-edge corpus studies, the Faculty of Languages and Translation at Macau Polytechnic University extended an invitation to Adriana Pagano, a linguistics professor from the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG) in Brazil. She delivered a series of five academic lectures on "Corpus and Translation" and "Cognitive Approach to Translation Studies". These lectures garnered significant interest from both faculty members and students. The lecture series was conducted using a blend of online and in-person delivery, with active engagement and lively interactions among FLT faculty and students.

Professor Adriana Pagano, the Chief Researcher at the LETRA Translation Laboratory of UFMG in Brazil, is widely recognized for her expertise in translation studies, particularly in machine translation and natural language processing. She has overseen numerous research projects supported by entities such as the Brazilian National Commission for Science and Technology Development, the EU Commission, and others. Her research spans functional modeling of translation systems, multilingual text production processes, and human-computer interaction in computer-aided translation. With a publication record of over a hundred academic papers and monographs, Professor Pagano is a prolific contributor to the field. The series of lectures on "Corpus and Translation" and "Cognitive Approach to Translation Studies" lasted for five days. During these sessions, Professor Adriana Pagano presented theories and concepts in corpus and cognitive translation studies in a clear and concise manner, capturing the interest of attending teachers and students. Participants not only received theoretical insights but also had hands-on experience with various research tools, exploring usage methods and potential applications. Engaging in lively discussions, both Professor Pagano and attendees exchanged ideas, enhancing their understanding of translation research and broadening their academic perspectives within an enriching academic environment.

Joaquim Carvalho, the Coordinator of the Portuguese Doctoral Programme at FLT, has affirmed his commitment to fostering academic collaboration by inviting esteemed international scholars for exchanges. This initiative aims to establish a robust academic exchange platform for FLT's faculty and students, facilitating in-depth exploration of the latest advancements in Portuguese language teaching, cultural and literary studies, and translation research within Portuguese-speaking countries and regions. By enhancing the academic and theoretical environment at FLT, these efforts seek to contribute significantly to research in related academic disciplines, further elevating the scholarly discourse in the field.

Between May 6 and 7, 2024, the “World Languages Coloring Book for Kids” e-book was made available for free download on Amazon Kindle.

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'World Languages Coloring Book for Kids,' Now Available

World Languages Coloring Book for Kids

Introduces children how to say “Hello”, and count “One, Two, Three” across 15 different languages

Free eBook Promotion of “World Languages for Kids" between May 4 and May 5, 2024 on Amazon KDP

Kids can learn world languages and diverse cultures through Factory Sachi's latest release, with coloring activities that inspire curiosity.

TORONTO, ON, CANADA, May 3, 2024 /EINPresswire.com/ -- Factory Sachi is excited to announce the release of "World Languages Coloring Book for Kids," a new educational tool that opens the door to a world of languages for young learners. This coloring book is designed to make learning fun and interactive, combining the joy of coloring with the discovery of diverse cultures and languages.

About 'World Languages Coloring Book for Kids':
This unique coloring book takes children on a global journey through 15 different languages, from English and Spanish to Mandarin and Swahili. Each page features hand-drawn illustrations depicting characters in traditional costumes and cultural items, bringing each language's unique heritage to vibrant life. As they color, children will learn basic greetings and numbers, supported by phonetic examples to aid pronunciation and boost memory retention.

Key Features:
Educational yet fun: Introduces children to new languages through engaging coloring activities.
Culturally enriching: Each language is illustrated with traditional attire and significant cultural symbols.
Interactive learning: Phonetic transcriptions help children learn pronunciation effortlessly.

Book Availability:
The "World Languages Coloring Book for Kids" is now available for purchase exclusively on Amazon Worldwide. It is ideally suited for children aged 4-8 and makes a perfect gift for young explorers eager to learn about the world in a colorful way.

Promotional Tie-in:
To enhance this launch, Factory Sachi is also promoting the award-winning original series "World Languages for Kids." Between May 6 and May 7, 2024, the e-book version will be available for free download on Amazon Kindle. This promotion encourages deeper exploration into the languages featured in the coloring book.

Press Contact:
For further information, press inquiries, or access to media assets, please contact:
Email: press@factorysachi.com

About Factory Sachi:
Factory Sachi, headquartered in Toronto, Canada, specializes in creating captivating, educational children's books with a focus on multicultural learning. By integrating innovative digital technologies and maintaining all production in-house, Factory Sachi delivers educational experiences that are not only fun but also foster a deeper understanding of the global cultural landscape.

For more insights into our innovative offerings, visit our website or follow us on Instagram.

Book Details:
Title: World Languages Coloring Book for Kids
Producer: Factory Sachi
Category: Children’s Coloring Book
Page Count: 66 pages
Target Audience: Ages 4-8
ISBN for Paperback: 978-1-7770108-7-4

Embark on a linguistic and cultural journey with the "World Languages Coloring Book for Kids," where learning meets creativity and global exploration.

Sachiko Otohata
Factory Sachi
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A Turkish saying, “one language, one person, two languages, two people,” illustrates the transformative effect of becoming fluent in another language.

Title:

Content: Bir lisan, bir adam…

In Turkish, that begins the saying, “one language, one person, two languages, two people,” meaning that we are literally different human beings when we fluently use another language.

I am thinking about this because I am going back to Turkey this week, for only the second time in 52 years. I’m brushing up on the language, words and phrases coming to mind after long absences. “Fark etmez,” I automatically answer when someone asks whether I want coffee or tea — “Makes no difference.”

And when a friend comes down with COVID, I say “gecmis olsun” — “may it pass quickly” — like I would have 50 years ago. We don’t have anything that handy in English.

That’s the fun of it, but there is a serious side to language and its relation to knowledge and culture. Author Wade Davis says in his 2009 book, “The Wayfinders: Why Ancient Wisdom Matters in the Modern World,” that of the 7,000 languages then spoken in the world, half of them were not being carried down to the next generation. Every two weeks, he said, an elder was dying and taking the last syllables of a language with her/him. He likened this loss to the loss of biological diversity. As we lose languages, we lose ways of seeing the world, ways of relating to other people. We lose part of the store of human knowledge.

I’m reminded that Alvin Josephy said over 50 years ago that the Americas had been inhabited by humans for more than 20,000 years, perhaps as many as 40,000. And he wrote that the population might have been as many as 90 million when Columbus hit the shore. He based his thinking on languages. Linguists told him how long it took for a language to break off and become unique, and the explorers and missionaries and settlers with language curiosity documented approximately 2,500 languages spoken on the two continents in 1492. Linguists have measured and followed the dispersion of peoples across the continents with language from then until now.

In Alvin’s time, archeologists were spouting the Bering Land Bridge theory, postulating a crossing from Asia about 12,000 years ago. And many anthropologists said that the population, from Arctic to the tip of South America, could not have been more than 10 million, that there were maybe one million inhabitants in what is now the United States.

They were wrong. Too many languages; too many peoples. There is now good documentation that 70%-90% of tribal populations were killed in early years of contact by European diseases to which they had no immunities. We have new findings on the Salmon River of 16,000-year-old settlements, and footprints in sand in the Southwest that date to 23,000 years ago. Coastal migration from Asia is now the theory. And modern DNA research shows migration patterns that follow the ways of language Josephy wrote about in “The Indian Heritage of America” — in 1968!

Language is the lens through which we see the world. My mother saw her world in Norwegian first, and then, embarrassed that his daughter didn’t know English, Grandpa Hagen said that they’d speak English at home. Mom hung onto the language enough so that she could talk secrets with her Minnesota friends in front of me growing up. I didn’t learn it.

I spent a summer working on a farm with Mexican laborers who’d come to California for the higher wages — 90 cents an hour. I had two years of high school Spanish and that summer of Tex-Mex Spanish. What a pity that I let it go.

***

The first colonists, from the British Isles, understood the confluence of language and culture. They saw Anglo-America as the arrow of civilization, led the new government with borrowings from England, engulfed immigrant populations with school and church English and sought to totally incorporate and assimilate American Indians by taking children from parents and putting them in boarding schools, outlawing their languages.

The wheel has turned, and American Indians are openly speaking old languages and reviving ones at the edge of extinction — about 250 individual languages, among them Nez Perce and Umatilla. I wish I knew enough to understand their complex family relationships — I only know that brothers, sisters, cousins, aunts and uncles have no direct translations and broader meanings than anything in American English.

And, thanks to an old Turkish roommate who has prodded me regularly on the phone for 50 years, and to a wonderful trip back in 2004, my four years of living in that language in that country is coming back — not totally of course, but enough to say please and thank you, to know what to call elders and children, to say “Hos bulduk” — “I find my coming back good,” when I arrive on Saturday.

———

Rich Wandschneider is the director of the Josephy Library of Western History and Culture.

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Returning to Turkey after decades, a speaker describes the cultural resonance of native phrases and the absence of direct English equivalents, underscoring the connection between language, knowledge, and culture.

An elder’s death every two weeks was cited as leading to the disappearance of languages, with language described as the lens through which we perceive the world.

Reflecting on loss of personal linguistic skills, the importance of maintaining language proficiency was noted.

The concept of “familect” was introduced as the unique secret language of families, contributing to both amusement and linguistic evolution.

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Content: Advertisment

Familect: Unveiling the Secret Language of Families and Its Cultural Impact

Explore the fascinating realm of familects - the fusion of family and dialect. Delve into how these unique linguistic creations form bonds, spark creativity, and reveal the essence of family communication.

BNN Correspondents
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The phenomenon of familect, a term that blends 'family' and 'dialect', was first introduced by linguistics professor Cynthia Gordon in 2009. It emphasizes the unique linguistic fabric that families weave through the repeated use of specific words and phrases, crafting a distinct identity. This intriguing aspect of communication was thrust into the spotlight by a BBC TV show in 2021, showcasing its significance in both linguistic evolution and personal expression.

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The Genesis of Familect

Professor Cynthia Gordon's seminal work, 'Making Meanings, Creating Family', delves deep into how familects are not mere linguistic anomalies but pivotal in forging a family's identity. Through pet names, inside jokes, and creatively altered words, familects enable a deeper connection and mutual understanding among family members. This unique form of communication often originates from the need to name new concepts or streamline conversations, incorporating both fun and functionality.

Cultural Recognition and Evolution

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The broader cultural recognition of familects, highlighted by their feature on the BBC TV show Quite Interesting, underscores their role beyond the confines of familial communication. Bill Lucas from the English Project celebrates the creativity inherent in familects, noting how they inject humor and novelty into everyday language. This public acknowledgment has spurred interest in how familects contribute to the dynamism of language, encouraging the adoption of new expressions within wider societal discourse.

Familect's Impact on Language and Identity

Familects serve as a testament to the fluidity and adaptability of language. They are not only a source of amusement or a means of efficient communication but also a mechanism for language evolution and personal expression. As families invent and adopt unique linguistic forms, they contribute to the tapestry of language, influencing its growth and transformation. Additionally, familects offer insights into the values, experiences, and histories of the families they originate from, serving as linguistic markers of identity.

The exploration of familects throws open the doors to understanding the intricate ways in which language shapes and is shaped by human relationships. It invites us to consider the powerful role of communication in creating shared identities and experiences. As we delve deeper into the study of familects, we uncover the rich, complex layers of language that bind us, revealing the beauty and diversity of human connection.

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AI usage fees for English are up to 15 times cheaper than for other languages, potentially creating an AI divide between English speakers and the broader world.

Title:

Content: AI Usage Fees Up to 15x Cheaper for English Than Other Languages

The language you're using for a Large Language Model (LLM) can have a huge effect on its cost and create an AI divide between English speakers and the rest of the world. A recent study shows that, due to the way services like OpenAI, measure and bill for server costs, English-language inputs and outputs are much cheaper than those in other languages with Simplified Chinese costing about twice as much, Spanishing costing 1.5x the price and Shan language going for 15 times more.

Twitter user Dylan Patel (@dlan522p) shared a photograph that leads to research conducted by the University of Oxford which found that asking an LLM to process a Burmese-written sentence cost 198 tokens, while that same sentence in English cost just 17 tokens. Tokens representing the computing power cost of accessing an LLM through an API (such as OpenAI's ChatGPT or Anthropic's Claude 2), this means the Burmese sentence cost 11 times more through the service than the one written in English.

See more

The tokenization model (which sees AI companies convert user input into computational cost) means that in a less-than-ideal world, models accessed outside the window of English language are much more expensive to access and train on. That's because languages such as Chinese have a different, more complex structure (either grammatically or by number of characters) than English, which results in their higher rate of tokenization.

For example, according to OpenAI's GPT3 tokenizer, giving someone a token of "your affection" would be just two tokens in English but eight tokens in Simplified Chinese. This is true even though the Simplified Chinese text is just 4 characters (你的爱意) and the English one is 14 characters. Aleksandar Petrov et al's Tokenization Fairness page has a number of charts and tools you can use to see the disparity between languages.

OpenAI itself has a pretty helpful page explaining how it monetizes API access and usage of its ChatGPT model, which even includes access to a tokenizer tool that you can use to test the token cost per prompt. There, we see that 1 token is around 4 characters in English, and that 100 tokens would be around 75 English words. But that math just can't be applied to any other language, as OpenAI clearly puts it

There's really no competition against the cost-effectiveness of English in AI-related costs; Chinese, for example, costs twice as much as English in terms of required tokens per output. But it's simply a reflection of the available training data that AI companies have (until now) used to train their models on. If there's one thing the AI explosion has done for the world is show just how valuable high-quality emergent data (that which is created as a record of life) really is.

This issue directly links with AI companies' desire to achieve recursive training, or the ability to train AI models on their own outputs. If that's achieved, then future models will still show the same cost-effectiveness of English compared to other languages whose complexity and more limited availability of base training data. And when that happens, it's not just this vicious cycle of algorithmic bigotry we have to contend with: it's also that for now, research points to AI networks going MAD when trained over five times on their own outputs (synthetic data).

To further complicate the issue, it seems that other ways of quantifying costs (other than tokenization) would end up running into the same problems. Either via bit or character-counting, apparently no language can beat the pragmatic practicality of English - it would still present lower costs due to its inherently higher "compressibility" into a lower token count.

That means the issue isn't in the way models have been monetized; it's an actual limitation of the technology and base models considered for training. And it should be no surprise to know the issue impacts multiple language models across their versions. They're all built mostly the same, after all.

This issue looks like a predictable one when we consider that the companies actually introducing Large Language Models (such as ChatGPT) or Generative Image networks (such as Midjourney) are mostly based in America. Lower usage costs and higher availability of quality data comes with the territory, in a way.

This cost difference has already led to a number of countries launching their own initiatives to train and deploy a native-language LLM. Both China and India have done so, and both claimed the same thing: that their plans were needed to accompany the pace of innovation allowed by English-based AI networks. And that rate is mostly limited by access and training costs.

It's only natural that everyone is looking to pay as little as possible for as much as possible; and these dynamics directly affect the cost of LLM training and deployment according to the base language. It's almost like this AI business is so complex, and its consequences so far-reaching, we have to be very careful with every little step we take.

Freelance News Writer

Francisco Pires is a freelance news writer for Tom's Hardware with a soft side for quantum computing.

AI company practices, including OpenAI’s API monetization and use of recursive training, were briefly explained.

Outreach to all language learners remains a challenge, but public websites and apps are emerging as tools for language revitalization, like ongoing efforts in the Hoocąk language community in Wisconsin through both local and university programs.

Title:

Content: Hoocąk language organization preserves Indigenous culture

Language division offers services, apps to teach people to speak Hoocąk

· Oct 5, 2023 Tweet

Abby Cima/The Badger Herald

Of the nearly 8,000 enrolled members in the Ho-Chunk Nation, there are currently less than 40 who can speak the Ho-Chunk language (also anglicized as Hoocąk). This is due to past removals and relocations of Indigenous Americans, Hoocąk Waaziija Haci Language Division Program Manager Adrienne Thunder said.

According to The National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition, between 1869 and the 1960s, the American government sent Indigenous children to more than 350 Indian boarding schools. Students at these schools were forced to assimilate to a Westernized way of life. Several decades later, the repercussions of these institutions are evident through the dwindling number of Hoocąk speakers, according to NNABSHC.

Organizations like the Hoocąk Waazija Haci Language Division are working to change that. According to the division’s website, the group offers a range of programs including an online Hoocąk Academy, a Hoocąk language apprenticeship program and classes for local high schools. But these programs have a limited reach.

“I would say most families probably don’t have direct access to someone who can speak the language very well,” Thunder said. “And so even with our instructors, the ones that we have right now, it’s hard to reach everyone.”

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There are only about a dozen instructors for the 3,500 Hoocąk tribal members in Wisconsin, which makes covering the language and cultural education difficult. Additionally, not everyone can take the classes when they are offered, which compounds the challenge of preserving the Hoocąk language, Thunder said.

In response, the division has partnered with The Language Conservancy, a non-profit organization dedicated to saving endangered Indigenous languages, to expand the division’s virtual Hoocąk dictionary, Thunder said. These forms include a public website and app.

Also in development is an E-learning app for individuals to learn and speak Hoocąk. The plan is for the beta version of the app to be released this fall, with the final product set to release sometime this winter, Thunder said.

Thunder said the purpose of the app is to provide a base for individuals to start with Hoocąk. This could generate more interest and give people some information to work with before needing to work with an instructor.

“We’re hoping this gives people something to work with, and to be able to help them learn to the point where if they’re ready for further learning, then we have instructors who will be able to pick up from there or to be able to enhance their own instruction with the use of the app,” Thunder said.

While there are native speakers that can convey this immersive oral experience, Director of the University of Wisconsin American Indian and Indigenous Studies program Denise Wiyaka said that to teach a course on campus, instructors usually need a master’s degree.

“Most of the native speakers don’t have college degrees,” Wiyaka said. “And so we sometimes will pair them with somebody who does, we’ve done that in the past — paired them with a person who does have a PhD or Master’s [degree] and they’ll co-teach the course then, but it’s hard to find people with a Master’s who can teach.”

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UW’s AIIS program offers five Indigenous languages including Hoocąk as well as a certificate in which students can take classes about the literature, culture and folklore of American Indian Groups. Wiyak said that though the majority of students in these classes are Native American students, the number of non-Native students interested in learning Indigenous languages is increasing.

For these students, Wiyaka said the value for apps like the one the Hoocąk Waazija Haci Language Division is developing and believes they align with the evolution of teaching.

“I think it’s a tool for learning,” Wiyaka said. “So I think having an app is a good idea. And I think a lot of tribes are going that route. Because you know, everybody has a phone with apps on it.”

Wiyaka also said it is important to preserve native languages in order to preserve culture that has been passed down. Through events such as the Annual Evening of American Indian Storytelling, the AIIS program highlights the importance of having native speakers speak to students in their native tongues. During the event, elders from tribes all over the world are invited to narrate and act out stories in their native languages while being translated into English. By hearing and seeing stories acted and spoken out in their original form, listeners are able to gain a deeper understanding and appreciation for the preservation of Indigenous languages, Wiyaka said.

According to Thunder, the biggest difference between Hoocąk and English is the descriptiveness of the languages. Compared to English, Hoocąk is much more dimensional and offers a more immersive experience due to what are known as positionals. Positionals provide insights into the orientation of actions and are added to the end of a sentence to inform the reader of the position of the subject.

The work done by the Hoocąk Waazija Haci Language Division Program as well as the UW AIIS program are steps toward a revitalization of the Hoocąk language around Wisconsin. For Thunder, this means keeping the Hoocąk’s relationships and connections alive through spoken word.

“All of that history — all of those relationships, all of those events, everything is encapsulated in our language,” Thunder said. “And so I just think it’s important that we try to keep that going as long as possible to continue to tell those stories.”

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This article was published Oct 5, 2023 at 9:00 am and last updated Oct 1, 2023 at 11:09 am

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All Content © The Badger Herald, 1995 - 2023

Borrowings occur when speakers adopt words from another language, often reflecting social, cultural, or technological change.

Title:

Content: Today, December 15, 2021, the world and Ukraine celebrate the Day of Court Workers of Ukraine, International Tea Day and International Esperanto Day.
Day of Court Employees of Ukraine
Since 2000, by the Decree of the President of Ukraine, December 15 in Ukraine is celebrated the Day of Court Workers of Ukraine.
According to Article 124 of the Constitution, justice in Ukraine is carried out exclusively by the courts.
The jurisdiction of the courts extends to all legal relations in the State.
The Constitution of Ukraine emphasizes the inadmissibility of the creation of extraordinary and special courts that would operate outside the boundaries of the constitutionally established system of courts.
The highest judicial body in the system of courts of general jurisdiction is the Supreme Court of Ukraine.
The Chairman of the Supreme Court shall be elected and dismissed by secret ballot by the Plenum of the Supreme Court of Ukraine.
Art.
127 of the Constitution establishes certain requirements for candidates for judges.
They must have an appropriate education, proper legal work experience, have lived in Ukraine for at least ten years and be proficient in the state language.
Judges in the administration of justice are independent and subject only to the law.
The people of Ukraine are provided with the opportunity to take part in the administration of justice through the introduction of people's assessors and jurors.
Court employees are people with special human and professional qualities.
Here, honesty, skills to remain impartial in decision-making, firmness of mind and at the same time calm and endurance are important.
The work of these people is very responsible, because they without exaggeration decide the fate of people, and sometimes entire groups.
To combine moderate rigidity, cynicism together with kindness for the benefit of the work of justice is far from everyone ’ s strength, which is why appointing a judge to this position is always a very time-consuming process.
Employees of the court celebrate their professional holiday collectively.
On this day, conferences and forums are often held, where the main common problems in the work are discussed.
On December 15, the ministers of Themis especially feel the importance of their work especially carefully.
After all, on this day, congratulations from various professional publications, colleagues flock to them.
All residents of Ukraine want to believe that the authority of the Court of any state rests on honest and just people.
International Day of Tea
Every year, on December 15, tea day is celebrated all over the world.
For some, this date will remain an ordinary day, but for real fans of the priceless drink will be a great occasion to enjoy the unique taste and divine aroma.
At this time, tea fairs, exhibitions of new varieties and tastings are held in many European countries.
In some countries, in particular Japan, Great Britain, China and Uzbekistan, the procedure of tea drinking has been accompanied by a whole ceremony for many years, and the preparation of this drink is a separate art, whose secret is owned by only a few.
In addition, today several hundred schools of tea skills are open all over the planet, the main goal of which is to teach you how to properly brew and serve tea to the table, depending on the particular variety.
According to legend, the creator of tea in 2737 BC was the ruler of China Shen Hung.
However, it is known that a few years before this event, the art of brewing tea was perfectly owned by the inhabitants of India and Tibet.
In addition, historians managed to prove that many thousands of years ago, tea plantations were on the territory of the Japanese and Korean states.
Speaking of tea, it will be interesting to know that:
- European countries did not immediately think that the tea should be brewed, at first some people cooked salads from them;
For many years, the inhabitants of Poland considered this drink a cure for many diseases and used it only for medical purposes;
- contrary to the erroneous opinion, black and green tea is prepared from the leaves of one shrub;
There is more caffeine in tea than in coffee.
- In 1904, the first packaged bags for express brewing were created;
– at one time, instead of pieces of sugar in a mug with a drink put salt;
– tea contributes to excellent absorption of odors, it is enough to rub the tea leaves with your hands and put them in the right place;
Every day around the world, approximately 3 billion cups of invigorating drink are brewed.
Zamenhof Day or International Esperanto Day
Initially, the idea of   celebrating this date arose in the 20s of the last century, when the poet Gyul Baghi, an admirer of the talent of the creator of Esperanto, proposed to organize a holiday in his honor.
It is December 15 that is the birthday of Ludwig (Lazarus) Zamenhof, who came up with the idea to unite all peoples and ethnicities in order to simplify interethnic communication.
At that time, the English language, which later became international, was not yet so popular, and therefore the issue of interethnic communication remained relevant.
The creator himself rightly believed that it would be wrong to give preference to one language, making it the main one among others.
He considered it more reasonable to create an artificial analogue containing norms, rules from most common languages in the world.
In addition, artificial linguistics allows you to create as necessary for a person.
Esperanto has rules without exception.
This greatly facilitates the learning process.
Once you have memorized a rule, you do not have to spend time on a separate study of exceptions that do not fit into the general linguistic framework.
And yet, the famous linguist thought everything out so that you could master the basics in just a few months, and start speaking freely in about a year.
This is facilitated by the fact that the asset has a lot of international words that came to European languages from Latin.
This is understandable to many people even without translation.
Unfortunately, Esperanto never became an international language, yielding eventually to English, but there are still a large number of enthusiasts in the world, the number of which, according to various estimates, ranges from 2 to 10 million people.
They mostly live in Europe.
In addition, today they note:
– Day of the United Nations Environmental Protection Organization;
Kingdom Day in the Netherlands;
– Memorial Day of St. Athanasius of Pechersk;
The Day of Remembrance of Prophet Habakkuk
- Cat Shepherd's Day.
Tags: holiday, court, Ukraine, society, tea, language, Esperanto, news of Ukraine, Ludwig Zamenhof
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Learning vocabulary from different languages can make memorization more difficult, especially when juggling multiple languages.

Title:

Content: Scientists have named the cause of difficulties in the study of several foreign languages
QJEP: Learning a new foreign vocabulary makes it difficult to memorize words in other languages
1: 19
Dutch researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics have found that learning several foreign languages in parallel can cause certain difficulties.
Their study was published in the Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (QJEP).
Learning the vocabulary of a new language can complicate the process of memorizing words from previously mastered languages.
According to scientists, this is due to the limited brain resources intended for processing and storing information.
The emergence of new information competes with the old for these resources, making it more difficult to recall previous information.
In the experiment, 117 native Dutch speakers, for whom English was a second language, took part.
Their knowledge of certain English words was confirmed by a dictionary test, after which they studied Spanish translations of half of these words.
The researchers then assessed the speed and accuracy of remembering English words.
It turned out that the participants remembered better those English words, the translations of which in Spanish they did not know.
The authors of the study concluded that these are the first empirical data indicating the negative impact of learning a new language on the memorization of words from previously studied foreign languages.
Author Makar Gorshenin
Makar Vadimovich Gorshenin is a student of the Moscow University of Finance and Law, a freelance correspondent of Pravda.Ru.
Latest materials

Many Russian words trace their origins to other languages, such as the word for 'samovar,' which came from Turkey but ultimately derives from Arabic origins.

Title:

Content: ANNOUNCEMENTS
FIND OUT
ADD
Classified newspaper Business Montreal
Society History Amusing (and sometimes obscene) linguistics
Even a locked gate opens if knowledge is applied, and allows you to go out of the darkness to the light (Phan Quong, an ancient Vietnamese thinker).
Photo by Megan Horhensen.
Amusing (and sometimes obscene) linguistics
An introduction to linguistics or a few illustrative examples that may arouse an interest in linguistics
How languages enrich each other, how they change under mutual influence, how often we do not even know what certain words meant before.
In principle, linguistics and historical linguistics are archival sciences...
As an easy introduction, give a few examples (as for the most recent in the short list, do not show children, ladies do not blush, do not faint),
The Tuaregs and Berber had (or still have) the word SAMOVERSUR.
From the self (or something like that) - water and VERSUR - pour.
Meaning the word pot, in which caravans brew tea...
In 18th-century France, the word Samover meant “an Arabic saucepan for making drinks ” (undoubtedly came from the Tuaregs).
By the way, in “Angelica ” (I recommend to those who are interested in history, there are a lot of historical curious moments.
We are talking about books, of course, and not about cinema), in one of the novels (about Arabs) Angelica brings to France from Tunisia a real Samover.
However, sometimes claim that the Tuaregs had the word Samo – pot, and VERSUR added by the French, as a derivative of VERSER – pour water.
It is believed that in the Russian language the word came from Turkey together with a vessel for making tea, in which both the vessel and its name came just from the Arabian and Saharan sands, as the samovar there was better than any other dishes suitable for boiling and saving water, not allowing the sand to enter and not allowing the wind to extinguish the fire.
In Turkey, the thing was brought by Turkish merchants.
The Russian language took the word as a native, because of the obvious similarity to the Russian words – “he cooks! ”
In principle, the vocabulary can be traced a lot in the history of mankind.
Youth and Gypsies - come from a single word, for example. (jeune, young, joven).
Servant – from slugui – home bodyguard in the Ottoman Empire.
Babusha is a warm knitted sneaker for old ladies in the same place (and in general, a knitted warm wearable thing).
Shoudi (Sudi) is a mediator, a magistrate in trade transactions in mixed markets in North Africa in the Middle Ages.
These markets were mostly visited by foreign traders.
Liubi – in Franusian, it is a whim, whim, passion, affection.
The word was used in Old French to refer to intimate relationships outside of marriage, as Ethiopism.
Later it was used in many countries of Europe to refer to the relationship of “non-indifference ” between people.
Lived in Russia.
But the word with the basis “mil ” (mercy, to be merciful) in Russian faded into the background, although in other Slavic languages it did not lose its meaning.
Ébat, in French, is a noun from the verb s ’ ébattre – to have fun, moving back and forth and having fun.
Russian nobles, who often knew the Russian language worse than French, used in chatter among themselves to denote a certain kind of entertainment with serf girls, so that the servants did not understand.
But that, too, was not so bad, all understood, the word entered the Russian language at first with a certain degree of mockery and shyness...
There's a lot more to it.
We'll go on sometime...
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Some words evolve in meaning or usage in different languages; for instance, the root "mil" in Russian (meaning mercy) faded but remained prominent in other Slavic tongues.

Borrowed words are particularly common in the slang of young people, who often use English abbreviations or words created by sound resemblance.

Title:

Content: 5 february
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Amurchan is called to hype on crashes: on the Internet make up a map of the language of Russian youth
You can share phrases in the project “Listen to a stranger ”
Photo: pixabay.com
"Smart, even though Zusman."
If you can understand the phrase, then you are definitely from the Amur region.
Young people from all regions of the country are invited to join the project “Eavesdrop a stranger ”, which launched the project“ Another thing ” on the platform “Russia is a country of opportunities ” together with the project Sloooshai.
Children from different regions of the country will share interesting phraseological expressions, modern or local expressions and help make a map of the language of the youth of Russia.
The goal of the project is to collect “eavesdropping ”, quotes from strangers, and make an interactive map of them.
Phrases can be heard on the street, at work, at school.
Selected quotes will be printed and pasted in the very place where they were heard, say the organizers of the project.
To take part, you need to register in the application “Other Case ” through“ VKontakte ”, find the task “to listen to a stranger ” and add your phrase until February 7.
The first expressions have already arrived in the "Other Case".
For example, young residents of Tyumen say: “Never say“ once ”, and St. Petersburg: “Time flies like a seagull for bread. ”
“If your eyes are so blue, and not lenses, then I ’ m ready to drown in them, ” they overheard in Zheleznogorsk.
In Vladivostok, they say: “It seems that the book knows more than I do. ”
In Moscow, philosophically reason: "Half three nights.
I was bitten by a workaholic fly. ”
And in Kazan they say: “The price for individuality is loneliness. ”
In Ivanovo, young people came up with alternative interpretations of the word "babayka": it can be not only a fictional character, but also some vessel, container or even children's toys in the sandbox.
According to Amur teachers, modern schoolchildren are constantly generating new words and expressions.
And even teachers of Russian language and literature with their rich vocabulary need the help of “Google ”.
— During the period of distance learning, when the students were communicated via mobile communication, through the application I found a new tag of my phone number – “krashikha ”.
It is interesting to have a detailed description of the meaning.
"Okay, Google" did not fail.
“Funny, ” I thought,“ object of sympathy. ”
Of course, I concluded that only a 14-15 year old teenager could sign my number this way, because this is “their topic ”.
It was nice, no one canceled the compliments.
The wings have grown.
The school itself had its own “crash ” – idol teacher, ” recalled a case from the practice of the teacher from Blagoveshchensk Kristina Nedilskaya.
Young people of the 21st century have a very diverse vocabulary, and adults do not always understand adolescents.
One of the reasons is that the younger generation spends more time on the Internet, watching videos, taking some words and expressions from there.
I can tell from my students that when they are at recess or busy with their own affairs, they speak their own language.
They say their favorite words “HYIP ”,“ stream ”, “agritsya ”, something else in the same way.
Often these words fall into the youth slang of the English language.
There are in their speech and abbreviations, as well as words formed by consonance.
We even had a theme for the project – to investigate the frequency of using borrowed words in youth speech, – says another teacher of Russian language and literature from Blagoveshchensk Marina Fedoseeva.
For overheard bright phrases that meet the requirements of the organizers, participants receive 400 points in the "Other Business".
They can be exchanged for training courses or accumulate and get useful devices, meet interesting people.
Young people in different regions of Russia can speak differently using their specific expressions.
Often they are mixed with local customs, traditions, fashion.
But everything often forms a unique cultural code, characteristic of a particular area, and in general it becomes a new language in which young Russians express themselves.
Where did the “Other Cause ” participants get these phrases from?
They heard them on the street, in the store, in the subway from their peers.
We see a keen interest in the project.
In just a couple of days, we received hundreds of such interesting phraseologisms and other vivid expressions.
Russian youth are really curious to share such quotes with each other, ” explained the head of the project “Other Business ” Kirill Hvil.
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Youth develop their own linguistic codes that set them apart, and these codes often integrate foreign, especially English, vocabulary.

Governmental concern about the influx of foreign words has led to legislative measures, such as the State Duma of Russia adopting a bill aimed at protecting the Russian language from foreign, particularly English, borrowings.

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Content: The state Duma adopted in the first reading the bill on the protection of the Russian language from foreign borrowings
The bill on the protection of the Russian language from foreign borrowings passed the first reading in the State Duma of the Russian Federation.
The document proposes to prohibit the use of foreign words except those that do not have common analogues in the state language.
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These initiatives reflect the view that using native words is preferable in many cases, though foreign words may sometimes gain a strong foothold in everyday speech.

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Content: Foreign words may not always be appropriate in your speech.
Sometimes it is better to prefer the words of the native language.
What borrowings should be replaced, will tell 24 Channel.
See also This is an argument: why these foreign words should be replaced by Ukrainian
What foreign language words to replace Ukrainian
In the twenty-first collection, we offer you a dozen more borrowings, which can be replaced by words from nightingale.
And also beautiful our matches, which you can replace the words in foreign languages.
• parameter – world, value;
• mentality – description of mislennya;
• parity – rivnist;
• speaker – river;
• Distillation – purification;
• international – international;
• manager – manager;
• sociology – knowledge;
• forum – forum;
• nuances – subtlety.

Similar debates about replacing foreign borrowings with native equivalents are evident in other countries, as seen in discussions over substituting foreign words with Ukrainian ones.

In both Russia and Ukraine, there is an ongoing tension between adopting international vocabulary and protecting the purity of the national language.

Learning methods and technology, such as the use of subtitles and translations, make it easier to understand and absorb foreign vocabulary, but may increase the regularity of borrowing.

Some events, like International Esperanto Day, highlight efforts to create or maintain international or artificial languages, often to foster easier communication without dominance by one national language.

Cultural practices like tea drinking have their own vocabulary and traditions, sometimes tied to language and the movement of words across borders.

State efforts to control language borrowings can be motivated by a desire to protect cultural identity and national sovereignty in a globalized world.

Ultimately, despite such measures, language remains dynamic and open to influence from contact with other languages and cultures.

Countries around the world have been addressing translation and language issues since the 1930s, when they first discussed creating a translation index.

Title:

Content: Literary translation is a creative journey between languages and identities.
T + T - normal size
The identity of the translator, and the creativity of the translator, is problematic as long as it is overshadowed by the results of translation, since man began his first attempts to transfer the texts of other peoples in the fields of literature of various kinds, while this problem does not appear in research and scientific terms that do not tolerate diligence, and do not interfere with feelings and tendencies.
Opinions differ regarding the role of the translator in the field of literature, as some practitioners believe that it is necessary to remain behind the scenes and not to overwhelm the author, while some believe that his task is to accurately communicate the author ’ s voice.
The British writer Timothy Harold Parks is credited with saying: "A translator must do his job and disappear, while the German novelist Gunther Grasse says that" a literary book needs a translator who can recreate it in his own language, "as Lori Saint-Martin, professor of literary studies at the University of Quebec, Canada, says:" Translation remains an extreme experience of altruism, even in situations where he is the owner. "Translated work is culturally similar to ours. ”
Given the importance of the role of the translator, it was not surprising that 30 September of each year was designated International Translation Day to celebrate the professionals in the profession.
In its message this year, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) quoted the late French-American author George Steiner as saying: “In an age dominated by the search for identity, translation remains an indispensable balm against a retreat on heritage, without which we will live in provinces surrounded by silence. ”
Definition of term
The Director of Translation at the Syrian General Book Commission, Dr. Bassel Al-Masalmeh, answered the question of where creativity lies in translation if the task of the translator is to convey the text honestly?
“If translation is the art of transferring texts from one language to another, then creativity goes beyond that to convey style, emotion, attitude and identity. ”
“Translation cannot be separated from creativity, especially in the translation of literature in general, it is not enough for the translator to know two languages to be a translator, he may need to change some words, perhaps delete or add some phrases, or to reformulate the whole text in accordance with the identity of the target reader. ”
Al-Masalma concludes that: "The goal of any addition must be illustrative, to reach a text that is easy to understand for the reader in the target language, in turn, the deletion helps in evaluating, adjusting and summarizing the phrases.
In order for a translator to produce a creative translation, he must not only deal with structures and vocabulary, but also delve into meanings and extrapolate symbols and images. ”
Hossam Eddin Khaddour, editor of the magazine “Cultural Bridges ”, defines creative translation as“ a term derived from two words, translation and creativity, the English language was able to find them abbreviation in one word (Transcreation), and we could not do this in our mother tongue, except by combining two words without deletion, or adding “creative translation ”.
“Creative translation is a concept used in translation studies to describe the process of adapting a message from one language to another, while preserving its purpose, style, tone and context.
The reconstructed message evokes the same emotions, and carries the same effects in the target language, as in the source language.
It is linked to the concept of localisation, which similarly involves adapting a translated text comprehensively to the target audience. ”
Francophone text
I'm sorry.
Reem Shamieh, former Dean of the Higher Institute of Languages at the University of Aleppo, points to the problem of identity in translated texts, especially « Francophonie », such as the works of the Lebanese Amin Maalouf and George Shehada, for example, and says: « Their texts are saturated with the culture of the other, they are written in French, but they carry an Arab culture.
Hence the difficulty of translating it.
Is creativity limited by the fact that it offers a new paradigm?
Or is it just an intellectual, stretching the length and breadth of texts? ”
“Despite all this, creativity in translating the text remains present, whatever its culture. ”
Dr. Zubaydah Al-Qadi, Vice Dean of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Aleppo, believes that creative translation is the most difficult type of translation, because its goal is to introduce the masterpieces of world literature, it is not like scientific translation, which is sufficient to find the same equivalent, but requires more effort, and puts the translator in front of great challenges.
Semantic Approach
She says: « Translation is a form of comparative literature, depends mostly on the approach of semantic translation, because of the multiplicity of meanings, the expressive function, and the resulting pluralism of interpretation », noting that the importance of this approach lies in providing the possibility of transferring the meanings of the entire literary text, form and content, with emphasis on the transfer of its aesthetic value, without compromises in favor of the reader of translation.
She concludes: “Translation is a difficult process, based not only on the transfer of words from one language to another, each language stores the culture of a people, the translator must convey it to the recipient, with a high capacity of sense and flexibility in thinking and the ability to produce a translation that reflects the content, spirit and identity of the text. ”
Translation Index
The countries of the world have been paying attention to this issue since the 1930s when they announced their intention to create a translation index.
It was restored by UNESCO in 1948, allowing for the first census of translated works in the world.
The statistics of this index enabled us to know the number of translations published in the world until the end of the second decade, the most prominent of which were 4,296 by William Shakespeare, 4,751 by Jules Verne, 2,342 by Fyodor Destovsky, and 1,396 by Gabriel García Márquez.
At the Arab level, despite the lack of statistics, the International Organization reports a stagnation in translation into Arabic until the turn of the century, as one book was translated per million Arab citizens, while in Spain, for example, the ratio is 920 books.
This issue has been addressed by many parties on the Arab scene, including the Kalima translation project in the United Arab Emirates, which was launched in 2007, and its publications until the end of 2019 amounted to more than a thousand books in 17 languages.
In conclusion, the words of the Indonesian writer Ika Korniawan, whose works have been translated into more than 30 languages, remain the best expression of the importance of creative translation when he says: “How I wish to live surrounded by people who read the literature of the whole world. ”
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Translation serves as both an expressive medium and a means of sharing literature, as seen in the translation of works like "Arabic Tsar Glances."

Title:

Content: Arabic Tsar Glances in translation
Arabic Tsar Glances in translation
Mohamed Ali Mohieddin
The Euphrates House for Culture and Information in Babylon issued a new achievement for the friend Dr. Naseer al-Husseini is a translation of a short novel by the Russian writer Alexander Pushkin, and a new addition to the translated texts of this great novelist.
The novel was translated from Russian and gave it the title of Arabic Tsar, it was translated by other translators, whether from the Russian text or from other languages the novel has already been translated, and translated by the Iraqi writer Abdullah Love, who translated it from the Russian text entitled Arab Rabib Boutros the Great and chose Dr. Fawad Marei Awana does not deviate from his predecessor only slightly is Habashi Boutros the Great, and translated into Arabic poetry Professor Abdul-Hadi Hesat.
It was published in Russian between 1825 and 1832 in serial parts in magazines and novels undoubtedly classics of Russian literature, the main themes of which dealt with the relationship between fiction, love, life and reality, and was turned by Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky into an opera that was performed in Russian theaters and was admired by viewers.
I do not care in this field to address the biography of Alexander Pushkin and his impact on Russian literature and the place he occupied. The translator enriched us with a thorough translation of the author and his literary status and detailed biography and writings that he achieved during his short life, a biography that suggests the importance he occupied in Russian literature and his positions on the regime at the time....
The multiplicity of translations of the same work gives room to compare these translations and show the similarities and differences between them and where they are suitable for success and success by virtue of the nature of the translation and the translator. Translation is a literary art that highlights the importance of the text by virtue of the translator ’ s ability to convey the spirit of the text and the extent of his interaction with the ideas of the writer.
The translator must take into account the three dimensions of translation represented by the content of the text, its original language and the language of the translator. Each translator has his way of translating the text by adopting a conscious understanding of the text and its content, and attention to the mother tongue from which it is translated by understanding its vocabulary, and the dimensions behind it. With its minutes knowing its methods, knowing and understanding it widely, navigating its vocabulary and what it beckons or suggests, the text is in accordance with the author ’ s wishes, even if it is influenced by the translator ’ s language.
Translated texts can be divided into two parts, scientific and literary, the scientific of which is more possible to preserve than the literary text, and the literal translation is necessary in it, so there is no room for dispute, and there is no way except for the literal method, but the dispute comes in one of the two ways when translating literary texts, and the differentiation falls in this type of translated texts.
The magnificence of literary texts is not due to the vocabulary alone, nor to the meanings alone, but to this combination of these vocabulary, resulting in this form of composition, the preservation of the literal translation only means the preservation of one part of the text, while the other part and important can not be preserved, because it is not possible to translate and transfer, as the characteristics of composition in one language differ from its characteristics in the other.
If you maintain a synthetic image in the Arabic language in the transfer to a foreign language, you can only maintain a structure without spirit, and sometimes without meaning, therefore it is not in the preservation of the vocabulary Murada its real meanings, but it is Murada its metaphorical meanings, for example, if translated literally may not perform in the other language the metaphorical meaning, so the literal translation may not indicate what you wanted in any way. And metaphor and metaphor, make up the important part of literary texts, and it is with its presence in the literary texts of each language is very different in its acceptance and palatability between one language and another, what palatable Arabic of the similarities between the two parties, may not palatable another language, and literal translation does not mean to maintain the parties of similarity and similarity. In metaphor and metaphor, and perhaps in the latter more unequal in languages than analogy and metaphor, the preservation of a particular metaphor, or metaphor, in the literal translation away from the splendor of the original text.
From here we look at Dr. Naseer al-Husseini ’ s translation of this text, which has been translated by others and where we can put it. The translator first of all has a full knowledge of the Russian language spoken and written, and has blended with different circles in the Russian society and was inspired by many of its customs and rituals. His translation of this effect is influenced by the knowledge and breadth of his information, in addition to his knowledge of the Arabic language and his mouth for the rules and semantics of its vocabulary as a writer has a literary place among the writers, and thus his translation is purely literary, acquires its importance from his full knowledge of both languages, with emphasis on being his product in this field. He wanted his author, in his structure, thoughts, gestures and sober literary style.
The novel after this and that is a realistic novel with a human dimension, and takes place in the time of the Tsar, derived by the writer from the biography of his grandfather, heard the events and awareness and poured into an attractive narrative template between the nature of the Russian view of the arrivals and immigrants from other countries, and the Russian society of class struggle by virtue of the nature of dealing between classes and social divisions that Tsarist Russia was.
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Dr. Naseer al-Husseini’s translation of such texts highlights the multiplicity and diversity of translations within a cultural context.

Anna Bernaca emphasizes in Translation Studies the important role of the translator as a mediator between different cultures.

Title:

Content: Translation Studies and its Importance in Development and Renaissance
Translation Studies and its Importance in Development and Renaissance
Translated by: Hashem Kateh Lazem - Assistant Professor - Shatt Al-Arab University College - Basra [email protected]
Directed by: Anna Bernacka
In this article, Anna Bernaca highlights the translator as a mediator between different cultures. The translator ’ s role is not only to replace words from one language to another, but also to enhance our understanding of issues of evolution and innate cultures by conveying ideas across cultural and national boundaries.
The paper examines some of the case studies in which translation has played a crucial role in helping to communicate with new education and in achieving a deeper understanding of the rich and innate cultures of India and South Africa, enabling the expansion of the use of languages through education and work to secure formal protection in the constitutions and curricula of the countries concerned.
Introduction
The process is more complex than simply replacing a text in the original language with a text in the target language, it involves dealing with very subtle differences in cultural and educational aspects that can crystallize the choices and attitudes of the recipients.
Translation works cannot be produced in a cultural or political vacuum and cannot be isolated from the context in which the texts relate (Dingwaney and Maier, 1995: p.
In his book Translating Cultures, David Katan points out that a translator is a bilingual person and an intermediary between bilingual people in two different linguistic groups (2004: p.
Translators (not just mediators between different language systems, they should be mediators bridging the gap between two different cultures) or, as Aniela Korzeniowska and Piotr Kuhiwczak pointed out in the book entitled Successful Translation Tricks in English and Polish), they should be able to do so. These mediators can also be bilingual and bilingual (2006: 71), which makes translation play a fundamental role in our understanding of the cultural (other).
Translating stories from the South is a rich source of knowledge about unfamiliar languages, cultures and innate experiences, and is of paramount importance through the great benefit of understanding non-European societies.
Moreover, translation has a profound impact in the field of politics where it can be a factor for social adjustment and integration.
Translation can thus have a clear role in conveying issues relating to universal and human rights and ensuring that they are communicated to other parties.
This article aims to shed light on the different aspects of translation that are often misunderstood during a linguistic and essentially non-creative process where one textual material is replaced by another textual material.
I will first “standardize ” aspects of translation in light of the current situation in South Africa, where people speak 11 official languages recognized in the country ’ s constitution, even though English has become the dominant language.
Second, I will discuss the newly discovered Koro language and the difficulties of translating it, a sensory perception based on Whorf Hypothesis, which holds that language is shaped by the influence of the medium in which we live.
Translating a language will allow us to open doors to unfamiliar cultural and linguistic environments.
This will result in sophisticated global indicators related to translation methods and culture of evolution.
Finally, I will highlight the creative role of the translator, which often involves the development of new vocabulary in order to successfully convey the message of the original text.
As a result of this process, the interaction between the fields of translation studies and the culture of evolution will become apparent.
Explanation of meaning
Translations cannot arise out of a cultural vacuum. There is general agreement among translation scholars on the fact that the quest to transfer words as well as sentences and texts from one language to another does not oblige the translator to search only for synonyms in the target language in translating the meaning of the original text (Dunkwani and Meyer, 1995: p. Intermediates between different language systems, but they have to be mediators between different cultures.
The translator ’ s role is to mediate the transfer of ideas from the original text across cultural and national boundaries, which puts him in a unique position to understand the various issues of evolution.
The quest to translate stories from the South is therefore a critical resource of knowledge dealing with exotic languages and cultural experiences, as well as of great importance for understanding different societies and for the purposes of the culture of evolution in particular.
In South Africa, the social and political need for translation is paramount: at present, people in South Africa speak eleven languages recognized by the country's constitution, not just two, as in previous years, although some critics argue that multilingualism is nothing more than a facade given the predominance of the English language.
The Government was never prepared to deal with a complex language project in which native languages could coexist on the basis of equality.
As a result, English has regularly become the only means of communication in everyday political, economic and educational life.
Other languages, notably Zulu and Xhosa, have been ignored in the social, cultural and political spheres as well as in the Afrikaans (South Africans of European descent), where the decay of languages that evolved from Dutch can be observed in South Africa (Tonkin and Frank, 2021: p.
The Institute for Comparative Literature and Society at Columbia University (ibid., p. 17) witnessed an in-depth scholarly dialogue whose main theme was the urgent need to translate innate books and other forms of literature in South Africa.
At the symposium, Antije Krog, Rosalind C. Morris and Humphrey Tonkin discussed the initiative to translate African literature into English.
Everyone agreed that the translation of African literature and culture in such a multilingual country should be seen as a very important national issue because such an approach would contribute to the dissemination of knowledge about the little-known social and linguistic groups such as the Zulu and the Hausa.
Moreover, such a project would not make other voices heard but would expand the cultural base of the English language as well as other cultures and South Africans within the framework of a multilingual discourse.
Translation cannot be seen in that context as a kind of mediation, a kind of compromise between the periphery and the center, as well as between dominant and aspiring cultures.
This translation initiative includes not only the translation of African literature but also the transmission of native African languages to the South African education sector.
In carrying out the project, which involved translation work ranging from African poets to astronomers, the scientists identified some familiar difficulties with the absence of synonyms and a "gap" in vocabulary in languages spoken in South Africa in particular.
The translation of the expression black hole, which in a direct Afrikaans translation means swartgat, was one of the linguistic difficulties the translators faced at the time, and is a cynical expression notorious for innate Africans) (ibid., p.
Antije Krug, who was responsible for translating into local languages that evolved from Dutch, had to create new vocabulary borrowed from Dutch and then incorporate it into the target language.
Moreover, a similar phenomenon has occurred in languages such as Zulu and Hausa related to scientific vocabulary.
The absence of words describing not only the universe or planetary system but also the basic expressions used in mathematics or geography has restricted the inclusion of these languages in the South African educational system.
As a result, the team of translators used their creative skills to create new words instead of using the English word in the context of the Zulu language (ibid., p. 19).
However, the concept of the vocabulary gap does not occur in the translation of English expressions into African languages.
This can also be seen in the reverse process where English lacks a synonym, for example in the Afrikaans mede-menslikheid, which literally means humanism.
Some South African scholars claim that "the formalization of various African languages was nothing more than a gesture!"
(2020), and that such a thing has a political, not a cultural, motive.
It has been officially declared that African languages have been treated fairly, according to the authors.
In fact, not much has been achieved towards the introduction of African languages, about which little is known.
At present, researchers such as Antege Krug, Rosalind C. Morris and Humphrey Tonkin are taking an initiative to encourage the translation of African languages such as Zulu and Hausa in order to make their cultures known.
Creative translation for cultural understanding
Another example of facilitating understanding of the cultures of the South is the newly discovered Kuru language, an innate language that linguists accidentally found while researching Aka and Miji, two secondary languages in India.
Kuru was discovered during a scientific mission in 2008, part of the Enduring Sounds project launched by National Geographic (see Morrison, 2010: p.
Linguists have reported that the new language has distinguished itself from other popular languages in terms of vocabulary, sounds, and linguistic structures.
Remarkably, the proximity of the Aca did not affect the Kuru much and the differences in sounds between the two languages could be compared to those between English and Japanese.
Linguists have expressed concern about this endangered language, which is spoken by only about a thousand people, because the Koru language lacks a written form (ibid.).
Such a serious situation may represent one of the political difficulties that translators will face in this regard.
However, the challenge for translation in this case is not limited to the lack of a written form of language, as Gregory Anderson, who stressed that the Koru language depicts “reality in different ways ”, pointed out that“ this language reflects the knowledge of the natural world in ways that cannot be translated into a major language ” (see Hotz, 2010).
One possible reason for the remarkable description of the world around them, as well as the environment, is the isolation of speakers of this language, who were a group (hidden) from external influences.
Based on this, and from a linguistic point of view, the Koro language can be a prime example of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which states that language is greatly influenced by the reality in which we live.
The Koru vocabulary reflects the unique sensory perception of the world around us from this Northeast Indian tribe, and the translation of this language is a very important source of knowledge about this amazing culture and its existence.
This language embodies a profound insight into the vast world around them, their value system, and their sense of the environment in which they live.
Culturally sensitive and appropriate translations can serve as an approach to the culture of evolution in its most creative sense.
The role of translation in the culture of evolution is illustrated by the opinion of K. David Harrison, who introduced the world to this language: "The revival of language will take serious social paths in the coming decades, and such a move against globalization will greatly affect human intellectual life."
(2010: 12).
Abstracts
These examples show that translation can play an important role, such as unifying or creating new vocabulary, and that, more decisively, it is a source of knowledge about less popular foreign cultures.
Translation, therefore, cannot be seen only as a linguistic process, but also as having a political and social role, as has been shown in the cases mentioned in South Africa and India.
Translation can be seen as a means of promoting linguistic and cultural balance by enabling languages such as Hausa, Zulu or Kuru to be elevated by education and working towards formal protection through government laws and curricula.
It can also be a bridge between North and South.
We would not have known anything about the Koru language without the untiring efforts of the translators to study the innate Asian languages.
There is no doubt that translation is the main way to finally get to know the world of the Koru language, as translation helps us to see a previously unknown cultural and linguistic world.
In addition, translation provides a sophisticated and profound global indicator of both the translation approach and the culture of evolution.
References
Budick, S and Iser, W (1996) The Translability of Cultures, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
Dingwaney, A (1995) ‘ Introduction: Translating “Third World ” Cultures ’ in A Dingwaney and C Maier (eds.)
Between Languages and Cultures, London: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Hotz Lee, R (2010) ‘ Rare Find: A New Language ’ in Environment and Science, available: http: / / online.wsj.com / article / SB10001424052748703843804575534122591921594.html (accessed 9 January 2011).
Korzeniowska, A and Kuhiwczak, P (2006) Successful Polish-English Translation Tricks of the Trade, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Krog, A, Morris C R, Tonkin H (2010) ‘ Translation as reconciliation.
A conversation about politics, translation, and multilingualism in South Africa ’ in H Tonkin and M E Frank (eds.)
The Translator as Mediator of Cultures, Amsterdam: John Benjamin ’ s Publishing Company.
Morrison, D (2010) ‘ Hidden Language Found in Remote Indian Tribe ’, National Geographic News, available: http: / / news.nationalgeographic.com / news / 2010 / 10 / 101005-lost-language-india-science / (accessed 9 January 2011).
Harrison, K D (2010) The Last Speakers: The Quest to Save the World ’ s Most Endangered Languages, Washington DC: National Geographic.
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Anna Bernaca holds a Master ’ s degree in English Literature from Dalarna University and a Master ’ s degree in Translation from Surrey University.
She currently works as a translator for a company in Britain where she is fluent in three languages: English, Swedish and Polish.
Her area of research interest focuses on translation in cultural, social, and political contexts.
(Translator)
https: / / www.developmenteducationreview.com / issue / issue-14 / importance-translation-studies-development-education
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Translators do more than substitute words; they foster understanding about cultural evolution by bridging ideas across national and cultural boundaries.

Translations do not emerge from a cultural vacuum but are influenced by political motives as much as cultural ones.

The Koro language is cited as an example supporting the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, showing how language is shaped by lived reality.

Translation is essential to discovering lesser-known languages, allowing us access to previously unknown cultural and linguistic contexts.

There is a tension in Arab societies regarding foreign languages: while foreign languages are ever-present, they are not fully integrated into Arab identities and are often consciously marginalized.

Title:

Content: The Arabic Language Between Attendance and Absence
Our Arab present suffers from several crises, foremost of which is the crisis of foreign intervention, which does not interfere with education and openness, but with domination and subordination, and among the manifestations of this hegemony in its best form is the linguistic hegemony that has absent our language and brought its language, as it has folded our culture with urgency and spread its culture.
The foreign language is an absent language in our society, and we do not mean the absence of its presence, because its presence is constant, but it is a prepared language that is not present, and thus remains absent because it is absent in the Arab, and absent from his conscience and imagination, and as a result must be absent from his statement.
The difficulty complained of is not because of the lack of understanding of the foreign language and not speaking it, but the difficulty lies in the inability to communicate and communicate, because the language absent from the imagination and conscience can not replace the language present in this conscience and that imagination, and therefore the difficulty complained of is inherent in the absence of foreign circulation from the conscience and imagination of the Arab, and therefore this foreign language will not be present in the statement. The list, which will be established in the control of the foreign language, will not be more than a technical and not deliberative control, that is, it deals with the language in its horizontal level only and not in its horizontal and vertical level together, as is the case in the present language.
The one who claims that Arabic is absent is sure that he did not see the reality of things, or that he was betrayed by the expression and means that Arabic is absent similar to the foreign language prepared, and as long as the language has been included here in the statement of effectiveness, either it is fighting if it is absent, or it is imposed if it is prepared, and therefore the real interaction is the statement of double interaction No language is more capable of this fruitful mating than the language present in conscience and imagination and then present in creativity and demonstration.
The concept of this is to resemble our language and to resemble our language, that is, to be our language and to be our language, and notice the harmony between the self-denoting “us ” and the self-denoting“ us ” in the self-denoting “our ” language as well, that is, I will not be me until I am who I am.
Therefore, if we are like the language of another, or in other words, if we are like his language, and assume that his language is like us, that is, we are his language, and notice the dissonance between "us" in the word "likeness" of the self and "him" in the word "his" language, the result of all this will be the same. I will not be me until I am He, He, and this for my age only stands as one who is equal to three by two, and logic can answer.
For all this, we see that the preparer of the prepared language does nothing as much as he brings the cultural action of the language, and his marginalization of the linguistic action related to it, believing that the cultural action is the mechanism capable of reproducing its model and continuing its cultural language. He is the One who is the One who is the One who is the One who is the One who is the One who is the One who is the One who is the One who is the One who is the One who is the One who is the One who is the One who is the One who is the One who
And so it becomes like his language, not in terms of being present, so that the ego is equal to "I", but in terms of being absent, so that the "I" becomes "He" in a prior stage, and then "He" becomes "He" into "He", so that in all cases, this sunset may resemble his language, despite his constant quest to disengage from this likeness because of alienation. He is the only one who can do it, and he is the only one who can do it, or he can do it.
The absence of the Arabic language is not due to weakness in the origin of the language as some claim or to its inability to keep pace with the times as others claim, but it is related to the dominant civilizational conflict, which does not seek anything to weaken the models that can match or exceed it in the days, to be sure that this civilizational opponent of the factors of cultural strength, attested by its linguistic reality. For beginners as well as specialists.
Revolutions based on the act of translation are painful for the enemies of Arabic in particular, and therefore we still hear voices within the Arab world that reject all upgrading of this act, but rather minimize and despise it by canceling the material of translation in many schools and institutions and coming to its people in universities and questioning its ability to transfer contents of knowledge and information.
As witnessed by its global reality, geography and culture, as it turned out in concrete terms that all societies that drew the language of others educationally and institutionally only increased backwardness and dependence, and that societies that learned the language of others but did not take it as a means of teaching were able to progress and prosper.
We will not find the example of Japan as a witness to this, as it did not overload its language, but defended its presence and accomplished every act of absenteeism that can be practiced on it, so it commissioned a selection of intellectuals to learn the languages of others, and then translate their useful knowledge to successive Japanese generations, the act of translation was a means to acculturation, learning and development with self-preservation from melting.
This act of translation is the shield with which our language, culture and civilization should face the ostracism of closure and non-openness, because it is openness with the preservation of the minor and the major identity, the preservation of the minor identity by retaining the language of conscience and creativity, and the preservation of the major identity by keeping the windows open to renew ventilation and benefit from the wisdom of the worlds, but without demolishing walls and denying foundations.
This Japanese acculturation based on the act of translation is the same done by the Arab and Islamic civilization when it ruled the world, as it worked hard to translate the Greek, Indian and Persian knowledge into its language and increased its creativity and giving until it became the language of civilization, culture and knowledge that does not enter science without mastery of it, and from it became the nations that want to develop into their languages to maintain their identities and incubation And see her too.
Therefore, we continue to hear voices within the Arab world that reject all promotion of this act, and even minimize and despise it by canceling the translation material in many schools and institutions and coming to its people in universities and questioning its ability to transfer the contents of knowledge and information, and other evasiveness that deliberately put obstacles in the face of the act of translation.
The truth is that there is nothing worse than this act in underestimating the value of man as a free being, as the vilification practiced by the enemies of Arabic on the act of translation, as an act that preserves the language of the nation its being and existence, and the nation its civilization and presence, as it is vilifying the Arab mind by inserting it into a spiral of theoretical categories to distract it from observing historical facts as we pointed out in the Arab and Islamic experience. We nodded to it in the modern Japanese experience.
In conclusion, it is necessary to insist on the development of our Arabic language, for despite the factors of strength that it has in terms of the language of the Islamic religion, which unites more than one and a half billion Muslims, all of them pray in Arabic, pray in it and read the Holy Quran in it, and by it they praise and remember and practice their religious rituals in general, so it is impossible to imagine a Muslim, even if he is not Arab race. The former religious rebuke.
Also, the Arabic language is a unifying means that matches religion and surpasses it in unifying the various races and nationalities that exist in the Arab space, even if they are not Muslim, because of the success of communication between them all because of the unity factor of the language, which is Arabic.
This is in addition to its distinguished presence in international organizations such as UNESCO, the United Nations and its institutions, the League of Arab States and its branches and other international organizations, and this distinguished presence also stands out in the visual and written media despite the many demolition attempts that seek to hide them from the global space.
This distinguished presence did not stop at the borders of the famous Arab channels, but exceeded it to the Western media channels, including the American, British, Russian, French and other news agencies.
All this is attested to by the many newspapers and magazines printed in Arabic and distributed by millions inside and outside the Arab world.
By mentioning the outside, we can refer in this context to another factor of strength of this language, which is its presence as a language of teaching in many Western universities through scientific institutes for the Arab and Muslim communities, and there are other factors that are not here to expand the mention, analysis and study.
In spite of all these manifestations that make Arabic present and alive, it is necessary to take its hand in order to be able to keep up with the world and the worlds, by strengthening its presence in the digital world, and enabling it to manage the technologies of networks and communications. Impact and impact with the need to note the difference of course between the nature of the religious and the nature of the digital data in a systematic, constructive and polarizing manner.
Then it is necessary to reconsider the lists that collect the linguistic balance of Arabic, by renewing the consideration of the composition of the Arabic dictionary in order to preserve the Arabic current and keep up with it, whether at the level of the way of arranging words, the way of explaining terms or at the level of evoking maqām and contexts and the methodology of employing citations.
It is no secret that the development of the Arabic language is no longer the work of individuals alone, but rather the work of universities, laboratories and graduate courses, and the consensus is that Arabic needs institutional work based on institutions that combine their efforts to serve this development and that keep pace.
If we talk about the institutionalization of the language, we must insist on providing a legislative and legal structure by which to protect our language from any violation, pejorative or dwarfism, including the law of respect for the Arabic language in public spaces, like many developed countries.
The institutionalization of the language requires the institutions of the Arabic language to convince all social actors of the usefulness of this language economically, politically and safely, so that each actor contributes to the preservation of this language as a means of profit, a means of management and a means of preserving the safety and security of society.
At the economic level, for example, we can talk about linguistic capital, for printing a book in Arabic is a great profit, because the space for publishing, presenting, receiving and selling it is very wide, extending from Rabat to Jakarta, while printing it in slang or other foreign languages makes it confined to the narrow geographical area in which these dialects or foreign languages live, and the investor and profit shady to manage.
The Arabic language has the status of a fingerprint that distinguishes every human being, because no matter how we adopt the language of others, we have become more detached from ourselves, because the circulation in which the Arab grew up has its own way of dealing with existence and looking at it, which is of course different from the circulation in which the non-Arab grew up. The courses that produce the second circulation, hence the different contents and ways of dealing with the meanings that characterize the civilizational and cultural character of each nation.

Within the Arab world there are vocal opponents who minimize the value of translation and resist its institutionalization in schools and universities, questioning its capacity to transfer knowledge accurately.

Despite the strengths provided by Arabic as the language of Islamic religion used in religious rituals by over a billion Muslims, there is a call to further develop and modernize Arabic.

There is a recognized difference between religious language and the language of digital data, each serving different systematic purposes.

Major works in linguistics address speech acts, illustrating the challenge of translating complex philosophical texts such as those by Searle without loss of meaning and while respecting the target language’s customs.

Title:

Content: Saturday 1 July 2023 Abu Dhabi UAE
Prayer times
News Highlights
Today 's Issue
Today 's Issue
A culture
Translation is an open bridge between cultures.
Thank you Saadi
July 1, 2023 01: 42
Sassi Jbeil (Tunisia)
Dr. Shukri Al Saadi, winner of the Sheikh Zayed Book Award 2023 Translation Branch, said that the award is considered one of the most prestigious international awards and one of the most valuable literary awards, and it is the aspiration of every thinker, researcher, translator and innovator, whether Arab or foreign.
For him, it is a generous tribute to the fruits of a painstaking and arduous effort of about five years.
In his interview with Al-Ittihad, Al-Saadi talked about the motives of his choice to translate John Searle ’ s book “The Phrase and Meaning ”, and about the current translation movement in the Arab world and the importance of the award in the translation service.
The most prominent deliberative book
Why choose the translation of the book “Phrase and Meaning ” by the American philosopher of the language John Searle?
- The book « Phrase and Meaning » from the mothers of books and basic references in the field of deliberation, a field of linguistic sciences attracted by linguistics and philosophy of language, and deals with issues of interest to those engaged in rhetoric and analysis of speech.
It is one of the major works on the subject of "linguistic works" which are also called "verbs of speech".
This book was concluded by the American philosopher of the language John Searle in his philosophical thinking before moving on to another stage related to the philosophy of the mind.
This book is based on a key idea summed up by the question: How can a speaker say something and mean something else?
That is to say, his subject is the difference between the meaning of the sentence and the meaning of the speaker, which Searle sought to analyse and explain in many linguistic and rhetorical manifestations, including imagination, metaphor, sarcasm and indirect linguistic works.
The book is also famous for its author, the American philosopher John Rogers Searle, who is considered a prominent linguist.
His views on language included the totality of what he took from his contemporaries and the concepts he himself developed.
Searle, a strong cognitive soul, was highly suggestive and creative, with little tradition and followers, inclined to contest the views of the oppressors of his time, and hardly reviews of their works an article other than examination and criticism.
He was also keen to find a position among the major conflicting theories, insisting on distinguishing his thesis from others, although it is close to what he goes to and says.
No absolute honesty in translation.
Is it easy to translate the book of Searle, whose author you said concluded the linguistic circle of his philosophical thinking with accuracy and honesty?
- Absolute honesty in translation is impossible, because some parts of the meaning can be lost when transferring from one language to another, and because some meanings are very attached to the structure of the grammatical and lexical language do not necessarily fit the structure of the language transferred to it and the habits of its people in speech. The meaning of the original text is lost, and at the same time express that meaning according to the customs of the people of the language to which it is transmitted in speech and their customs in speech.
Neighborhood, interlocutor and bypass
Q: What do you think about the current translation movement in the Arab world in light of the limited number of institutions involved in this framework?
- The volume of translations done in the Arab world is still less than hoped, and the Arabs are failing to care about translation compared to relatively small European countries such as Greece or Portugal, but it can be said that there is also today, and compared to a decade or two ago, a “translation ” awakening is reflected in the increasing number of translations done in various countries of the Arab world.
As well as the establishment of institutions and institutes specialized in translation and the launch of bodies and councils keen to support and support them, as well as the number of conferences and scientific seminars held specifically to control translation strategies and consider issues in order to promote and develop them.
This is natural, because the transfer of new sciences and new knowledge to our language is a necessary step that enables these sciences and knowledge to be represented and assimilated before reaching the stage of addition and surpassing them. By translation, Arab culture passes from the rank of neighbor to the rank of interlocutor before moving to the rank of transcendent.
Award for Translation
* How do you see the efforts of the Sheikh Zayed Book Award in serving the cultural scene in the Arab world and the world?
The Sheikh Zayed Book Award is one of the most prestigious and prestigious literary awards. It is an award that attracts thinkers, researchers, creators and translators from all over the world every year. It provides research, studies and works written in various languages or translated into several languages. It is only required to be related to Arabic language, literature, thought and culture.
What makes the award ambitious for these types of scientists and intellectuals is the multiplicity of its branches and diversity, it includes thought and creativity and relates to various fields of arts and humanities, in addition to its financial value, which rewards the efforts of creative authors and thinkers with a rewarding reward that pushes them to not be satisfied with the minimum, and to improve their works and produce them in the best way.
Related to the fields of thought, research and creativity is the field of translation, which is truly a bridge between different and divergent cultures.
What distinguishes the Sheikh Zayed Book Award in this regard is that it does not restrict translators in any of the languages, as it is open to the major international languages in which influential scientific works and literary monuments are written, which explains the large number of nominations in the translation branch, which reached a record number of 230 nominations this year.
In particular, the Sheikh Zayed Book Award entices young people, learners and researchers of all ages to learn foreign languages in order to benefit from their scientific and artistic achievements. It stimulates the spirit of competition and competition. There is no doubt that the competition for this award was the strongest since the beginning. It was created by renowned international translators whose names appeared in the long and short lists of the Award.
All rights reserved to Al Ittihad Newspaper 2023 ©

Efforts like the Sheikh Zayed Book Award aim to promote Arabic language, literature, thought, and culture within the Arab world and internationally.

Every language has its own logic and worldview, influencing how speakers think and interpret events.

Title:

Content: What effect does language have on human thinking, reasoning, and judgment?
What I read in a study conducted by Stanford University in California was that English speakers focused on causes while Japanese and Spanish speakers focused on the event itself without paying attention to the perpetrator.
This reflects their general way of thinking and looking at things and events, and the study links this difference to the impact of language logic on its speakers, as each language has its own logic and way of thinking.
The dialectic of the relationship between language, thought and thinking
Between language and thinking a dialectical relationship occupied the interested and researchers, philosophers and linguists divided and argued, and has emerged in this subject two teams, the first says the separation of thought from language and the inability of language to grasp the ideas of man, and a team says communication because language is the tool of thinking and our means to it.
Descartes, Valerie and others represent the first group, arguing that man ’ s thinking is restless and unstoppable while he can control his language, speech and speech.
Bergson expresses this meaning by saying, "Thought is subjective, and language is objective and social."
They also see language as a template for thinking, and often people are unable to express their thoughts in language, and their argument for this is to stop one while talking or writing about a topic in search of words that express his desire and fulfill his purpose of it.
As the German philosopher Karl Jaspers put it, “Language compels the individual to take the same path, resulting in the members of the same society appearing to think in the same way. ”
Burgson expressed this by saying "words are tombs of meaning" while Hamilton says "words are fortresses of meaning".
Those who hold this view that language is incapable of comprehending ideas and its failure to fulfill the expression of feelings, go on to assert their idea and support it by resorting to various arts such as music and painting to remedy what language is unable to express.
But the deeper question here is: has language really failed, or has people been unable to grasp the treasures of language in terms of words and meanings to express what they think and feel?
Isn't language just a tool for expression and communication?
So why do we stick deficit to it?
The second group, the likes of Hegel and Saussure, go on to say that the flow of language with thinking because they are acquired from the family and the surrounding environment by the experiences and events of living since the early childhood years, when the child learns a new word connects it to its meaning mentally, and prepares himself to use and repeat it in the appropriate situation, so that language goes hand with thinking, and even precedes it verbally to the child's mind during the stages of learning and concepts. Dal and connotation.
As Hegel said, “The word gives to the idea its true and supreme existence. ”
"We think in our own language, we speak in our own mind," Watson says, "so it seems strange that language cannot express ideas as long as its vessel and mouth are in our minds and we survive primarily between ourselves and ourselves.
If one feels unable to express an idea in one ’ s mind, it is evidence that the idea is still hazy and cloudy in oneself.
According to Abdul Salam al-Masadi, "there is no knowledge other than it is derived through the filter of language," because language is a selection, selection, arrangement and presentation of ideas.
Hence the idea of   the dominance of linguistic circulation on human thought, the predominance of the most common and used vocabulary and words, to think and express ideas, no matter how simple or deep.
Linguistic richness in the richness of thought and mind
Based on the aforementioned information review, we can say that the language has different levels of speech, it addresses the mind read, and addresses the mind and the sense of hearing and sight spoken, and from here we enter the talk of style, the expressions of the speaker and his linguistic statements and expressive style supplement what he utters and supports it positively or negatively.
The language that speaks to the mind and the senses is symbolic, unquestionably biased and more influential than others that are devoid of any conditions or tributaries, because it is faster to penetrate the subconscious of the speaker.
Language is in fact the template of thinking and its tool, and asking about the precedence between them is like asking about the primacy of the egg and the chicken!
Did he think before he spoke, or did he think?
What's the point of knowing that?
The language, including its symbols and expressions, is linked to the prevailing patterns of thinking in society, hence the keenness of the Arabs and their acquaintance to send their children to the desert and bear the difficulty of the situation and patience for it. Listen to him.
The biographies say that he was pushing them to do so "what is in the desert air of serenity, what is in its morals of safety and moderation, and away from the spoils of civilization, and because the language of the desert is sound and authentic."
This is an important indication that those who master a particular language master the logic of its people and acquire the prevailing thinking patterns among them in his approach to things and his trial of cases, and therefore those who master more than one language have carried in themselves more than one mind and more than one methodology of thinking according to the number of languages that he mastered.
It is said that "a new language means a new person": mastering languages means mastering their logic and thinking approach, and mastering multilingualism necessarily requires broadening perceptions, broadmindedness and the ability to deal with different issues in broader and more comprehensive ways of thinking.
As long as language is the highest and highest means of expressing human thoughts and providing social connections with his surroundings and environment, his verbal abilities, linguistic richness, the soundness of his style and adaptation to the need of the situation have a real impact on the abundance of thought and the appropriateness of his trials and balance of matters and matters around him. Ah, right.
“Language is an indicator of intelligence, a mirror of the mind and a means of expressing meaning, feelings and understanding with others, ” Chomsky said.
Harlock asserts that language development in children is one of the basic aspects on which it depends to a large extent when measuring the mental, emotional, psychological and social development of the child, the level of language proficiency indicates the degree of mental maturity.
As for the fluidity of the linguistic style and its sobriety, it is the best proof of the wisdom of the mind and the ability of one to arrange his ideas and refine and organize them, to present them in a manner close to the point of the far-reaching impact deep meaning. This generation has a wonderful artistic linguistic template, thought makes language and language feeds thought.
Max Müller says that "language and thought as one coin, the first face is thought and the second face is language, and if any of the two sides corrupt the piece, then the thought for language is like the soul for the body."
Modern Suspicions
In his book "The Formation of the Arab Mind", Mohammed Abed al-Jabri argues that the Arab person suffers from a linguistic crisis, which is that he lives in two different linguistic worlds, the world of the vernacular language used in the streets and used in daily life, and the world of classical Arabic.
The former is a rich language full of extraneous and Arabized terms and words to express the affairs of emergency and contemporary life, but it is not suitable for a language of thought and culture, unlike the classical language, which is the language of thought and the official high-end, but nevertheless falls short of expressing many aspects of real life.
In fact, his statement is a far exaggeration, since he believes that if we use classical to express our thoughts in everyday life as a common language, we would be too silent to express them.
However, the matter is not dealt with in this way or with these inadequate visions, if we used to use the standard in our daily lives, we would have used many words neglected and abandoned, because of the diarrhea and tendency to popular and known and recognized among people in the language of the street, so to speak, one is the outcome of his thought and language, if his attention to one of them appeared the product of that in the other. It is important to understand the language and its language.
As for the ability of the vernacular to meet the expression of man's daily needs, it is based on habituation, ease and dependence on the common man, and it is a pure reflection of one's upbringing and social environment.
While the standard places the intellectuals in a sophisticated linguistic corner, the vernacular tends to degenerate one into the popular environment in which he or she grew up.
To sum up: Whoever wants to take care of his thought and develop his mind, he must take care of his language, and whoever wants to expand his knowledge and enrich his thought, he must think about acquiring new languages and mastering them as much as he can.
Source: The Island

The notion that inability to express an idea signals a lack of clarity is discussed in the context of language competence.

The biography of some thinkers suggests they preferred the "authentic" language of the desert for its clarity and safety from the "spoils of civilization."

Kemer notes that English speakers have historically borrowed words from the many cultures they interact with as part of their cultural heritage.

Title:

Content: A leap for non-English speakers.
Here is a list of the most widely used foreign languages in America.
One in five Americans speak a foreign language.
Borrowing words creates a cultural history.
Official figures in the United States show that the number of non-English speakers at home has tripled over three decades.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the number of people using a foreign language other than English in the country has risen to about 67 million, equivalent to the population of a country like Britain.
In other words, one in five Americans speaks a foreign language; 78% of Americans speak only English at home, meaning that a growing 21.6% do not speak English at home.
Many may not know that there are between 350 and 430 languages spoken in the United States, making it one of the most linguistically diverse countries in the world, according to the NGO Translators Without Borders, while official figures say there are 350 languages in the country.
English is the most commonly used language in the United States, yet it is not the official language of the country; there is no provision in the US Constitution explicitly stating that English is the official language, as other countries' constitutions do, and the Founding Fathers of the United States did not find the need to grant English such status.
Since the American community is a gathering of immigrants, they speak the language of their origins and speak it with those coming from those origins, according to the US State Department ’ s website America Share.
The list of the most widely used foreign languages in the United States includes Spanish, Chinese, Tagalog (spoken by some Filipinos), Vietnamese, and Arabic, which have been ranked as the most widely used languages in America, being used by more than 3.49 million people, according to Sky News Arabia.
It's not negative.
The increasing use of spoken languages in the United States is enriching the English language, which is constantly evolving by borrowing words from those languages, according to Susan Kemer, professor of linguistics at Rice University.
Kemer says part of the cultural history of English speakers is to borrow words from other languages they came into contact with.
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Translation conferences, such as the 4th International Translation Conference in Abu Dhabi, continue to be platforms for sharing ideas and intensifying intellectual exchange on linguistic and translation topics.

Title:

Content: "...
The 4th International Translation Conference begins its work today in Abu Dhabi under the title of intensifying the contents of the papers and ideas discussed in this edition of the conference. The title indicates the new horizons of translation in the world and its role in building knowledge societies.
Dialogue of civilizations and cultures, bridges of cultural and intellectual cooperation between countries and peoples and institutions of education and development in culture, knowledge, creativity and creative industries, all converge as ideas and intellectual and philosophical deliberations within one framework: “translation ”.
Translation is no longer a narrow concept determined in the transfer of literature, arts and creativity from language to language only, and translation is no longer a literary art and a system of languages moving in the linguistic horizon only, but is today a set of channels of direct communication with the “other ”.
This concept or term, which has not been researched and read on more than one intellectual face for many years, both in the East and in the West.
Translation, today, is vitally relevant to economics, politics, development, and relations between states and academic and research entities, and translation today has measurement indicators that are an immediate translation of the civic and civilizational achievements of states and peoples.
Major international research centers and institutions of field studies industry and its social and cultural indicators rely on educated translators with intellectual and philosophical backgrounds, and their ideas and views are taken as cultural priorities when making some basic decisions in many fields and disciplines.
Translation, too, is present as an intellectual and cultural divider in the world.
She attends the formulation and reformulation of international, linguistic and lexical terms, and works on a kind of international open workshop among the world ’ s living languages.
In the UAE, cultural, research and academic institutions turn to an important and key knowledge base (Arabic language), its identity, cultural and historical personality, and its knowledge presence among the languages of the world, within the framework now existing in the Emirati culture, which is translation from the languages of the world to Arabic, and in return for this civilizational role.
Translation from Arabic into the languages of the world, two parallel lines that perfectly meet the idea of   the slogan of the conference:..
The new global horizons of translation, and considering it as a linguistic and cultural phenomenon that builds knowledge societies.
The UAE culturally and civilizationally welcomes the world ’ s languages, civilizations and cultures. The UAE rejects any distinction between languages. The country ’ s cultural institutions believe in the value of dialogue, rapprochement and coexistence between languages as the first and last tongue of the world ’ s peoples, which deserves life, culture of life, coexistence and dialogue.

On a deserted hill, an individual attempts to recall the sound of Darvish’s poetry, likening it to a bee in a nest and real honey, suggesting deeply rooted connections to language and culture.

Title:

Content: Sunday Literature ‧ Literature in the Cellular: The Literary Politics of Israel
Post Date: October 22, 2023
On the West Bank, in the outer city west of Ramallah, a Palestinian town, there is a small hill called Al Rabweh at the end of Tokyo Street, where Mahmoud Darwish, a Palestinian national poet, is buried.
Tokyo Street is named because the local cultural center was funded by the Japanese government.
This is according to the famous British art critic, John Berger.
At that cultural center, Darvish recited the last poems of his life.
Before long he was buried on this mountain, although he had said he wanted to be buried in Galilee, his birthplace.
Tens of thousands of people came to the funeral, and his elderly mother addressed the people.
“He ’ s the son of all of you, ” she said, piercing Berg ’ s heart.
As an important cultural figure of the Marxist left in the Anglo-American world, Berg regarded the poet's death as a pain that must touch the hearts and minds of the Palestinian people.
“What are we talking about when we talk about dead or murdered relatives? ” he suddenly asked.
On the deserted hill, he tried to recall the sound of Darvish ’ s poetry.
His voice was like a beekeeper, so calm, like a passage from his famous poem Mural:
A stone box.
The living and the dead move in the dry clay.
Like a bee in a nest.
When the siege tightens, they go on hunger strike.
Request an emergency exit from the sea.
Since the establishment of the Jewish state in Israel in 1948, the Palestinians have been bees in hives, living in ever-tightening nests.
At one end of the Gaza corridor is the vast Mediterranean Sea.
But to the request, the sea always responds in silence.
Love of the Land: Beekeepers and Honeysuckers
In 2000, Yossi Sarid, then Israel ’ s Minister of Education and Culture, tried to introduce several of Darwish ’ s poems into Israel ’ s high Chinese language curriculum, which met with strong opposition from right-wing members of the Knesset.
Prime Minister Ehud Barak had to compromise, declaring that Israel was “not ready ” to accept Darvish ’ s globally acclaimed poetry.
And by not ready, I mean that there will never be a ready day.
The truth is that since the Jews began to move into this land in large numbers in 1948, Israel and Palestine have engaged in an endless territorial dispute, as well as a cultural dispute over the land.
For conflicts, the mainstream media in the West often takes sides.
This is why we often see news in the media, such as the terrorist attack by the extremist group Hamas, or how the Israeli side uses the Iron Dome missile defense system to intercept each other ’ s missiles.
At first glance, the Palestinians are always on the side of the attack.
However, when it comes to culture and art, you often hear a different argument.
Mainly, there are a lot of Western culture people like John.
Berg, like many others, is a proponent of left-wing ideas, and so references to the literature of the land usually begin with the great Darvish, then often the Syrian poet Adonis in the neighboring Arab region; to say, from Israel, often heard writing about Kibbutz communism, supporting Israeli-Palestinian negotiations to achieve peace and opposing the construction of Israeli settlements. The writer, Amos.
"Amos Oz".
But when Darvish talks about poetry here, he will first mention the Hebrew poet Yehuda Amichai.
The two differed on their positions, but he was full of respect for the Jewish national poet, who was older than himself.
As he says: Ameehe ’ s poetry is “a challenge to me because we write in the same place. ”
He wanted the landscape and history to stand on his side, on my ruined identity.
And so we compete with each other: who is the master of the language of this land?
Who loves this land more?
Who writes better? "When people have different imaginations and different love for the same land, it makes a keen poet reflect on his own country.
Born in Germany, he moved to Jerusalem at a young age, fought against Nazi Germany in World War II, and then fought in the Palestine War from 1947 to 1949.
Amichai ’ s poems are often about war, and images of violence are always filled with them.
But in many works, a poem called "In the Apple" instead describes the plain, violence of life to the fullest (although the poet himself is not necessarily aware of this):
You come to visit the apple.
Together, we listened to the knife.
One by one, carefully,
So as not to break the skin.
You talk to me. I believe in your voice.
A painful lump.
Like real honey.
Condensed into wax in the nest.
I touch your lips with my fingers:
It is also a prediction.
And your lips are red, like burning fields.
It's black.
It's all true.
You came to visit the apple.
And you will be with me among the apples.
Until the knife is done.
Who do you and I represent in the poem? This land is like an apple, and we all live together in this apple, which is being peeled by a knife and waiting to become sweet food on the table.
However, it is ironic that Amee uses the metaphor of a honeycomb and honey to remind us of the situation of a honeycomb in Dalvish poetry.
“Intense lumps / like real honey / coagulated into wax lumps in the hive.
In the Jewish tradition of the New Year (Rosh Hashanah), people dip apples into honey, but here we think of others who bring sweet honey to themselves, but bear sharp pain.
This calm violence is punctuated by the last line of the poem: "You come to visit the apple / And you will stay with me in the apple / Until the knife has finished its work."
It is also out of love for a land, but the image transformed by love is very different.
NIKABA: The Struggle Between Facts and Ideology
Also in 2000, the Lebanese novelist Elias Khoury won the Prize of Palestine for his historical novel Gate of the Sun, about the destruction of Palestinian villages by Israel in 1948.
But from the Israeli side, the novel is nothing more than an unfair historical narrative.
As historian Tom Segev has argued, fiction is a means by which authors attempt to invade facts with literature.
Currie ’ s response is also very clear, directly stating the political implications of the art of fiction: “Literature is not, and cannot be, a historical reference, and all novels and poems involving the nakba are not documents, whether from Israel or Palestine. ”
But they can be seen as a mirror of a situation in the ideological scene. "The word" niqaba ", in Arabic, means disaster, in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, refers to the 1948 Palestinian war, and the subsequent seizure of nearly 80% of its territorial sovereignty, and the historical event of about 700,000 Palestinians fleeing or exiled.
In Curry ’ s eyes, this was all the iron truth that had happened.
The more the mainstream media in the West turns a deaf ear to the background of the Palestinians, the novelist can only hold a magnifying glass to illuminate the mirror of ideology.
The difference in ideology itself has the ability to explain the disputes between literature.
Members of the right wing of the Knesset cannot accept Darvish ’ s poetry precisely because of their fear of literature as an ideological weapon.
Darvish, who was a child at the time, was a victim of Niqaba, who said in his article “Not to Begin at the End ” that Niqaba“ is an extended present and will never die in the future. ”
Darvish was the one who was present, and his poems wanted to perpetuate that presence.
So it ’ s easy to imagine how, on the Israeli side, a few of the poet ’ s poems are enough of a threat to shake up the legitimacy of a regime.
In the context of strong nationalism, the political issues involved in literature became extraordinarily sensitive.
The inclusion of Darvish ’ s poetry in the teaching may be a disguised acknowledgement of Israel ’ s atrocities from 1948 to the present day.
Israel ’ s founding as a nation through the Holocaust in Nazi Germany is reminiscent of the intense public debate in which former victims suddenly become perpetrators.
However, on the other hand, the then Minister of Education and Culture and the Prime Minister were politically left-leaning, believing that the Israeli people should be more tolerant of Palestinian literature, and even understand the voices of different positions in the same land.
Darvish ’ s poetry was influenced by the Hebrew poet Ameeh, who, as he put it, was a poetic contest for love of the land; but at the same time, the contest was founded by the interweaving of Arabic and Hebrew in the land.
Unknown language:
"The Arabic Language"
Today, after most of the centuries-old conflict in Israel and Palestine, it is generally believed that there are two large groups of Hebrew-speaking Jews and Arab-speaking Arabs.
However, the truth is that the two languages have influenced each other since ancient times, and the way they intersect reflects the power structures of both sides.
In this area of research, the scholar Lital Levy (Lital Levy) has expressed a thought-provoking observation with the experience of a movie broadcast conference.
In 2009, Ajami, a film co-directed by a Palestinian director and an Israeli Jewish director, was widely praised by both Israelis and Palestinians for its portrayal of real life, which earned local and international acclaim.
The film tells the story of the dependence of Palestinians and Jews on each other in the crime-ridden Jaffa neighborhood.
Jaffa is a historic city located on the outskirts of Tel Aviv ’ s metropolis.
Naturally, the film is meant to show the real Palestinian community, political tensions, and the police ’ s abuse of violence.
However, behind the apparently clichéd discourse, what really surprised Israeli Jews was the fluid and unfamiliar language of the film ’ s characters.
Many of the Jews of this land, the so-called “majority ”, never spoke to Palestinians and did not understand the language of their place of residence.
In the cinema, they were shocked to hear familiar Hebrew words seamlessly interspersed in unfamiliar, unintelligible, yet word-by-word Arabic.
At the same time, some bilingual speakers responded to the hilarious dialogue with laughter, but more unknown Hebrew speakers responded with silence.
It is an embarrassment to one's own language as a powerful person.
The title of the film is "Ajami", which is Arabic, meaning foreign and unfamiliar, and seems to have a pun on its own.
In the land of Palestine, Hebrew appeared as a foreign language, but in the eyes of those who spoke Hebrew as a native language, the native language was used by others and transformed into unfamiliar, unrecognizable words.
Some linguists call it Arabebrew.
Interestingly, when the Palestinians in the film talk to the Jews, they immediately switch to Hebrew.
Levy says this is a linguistic phenomenon known as code-switching, which occurs in an asymmetrical relationship between the speaker.
As a politically and socially powerless language, all Palestinians speak at least Arabic and Hebrew; but conversely in everyday life, Jews speak only one language.
In other parts of the world, we can find a lot of examples: in today ’ s world of English as a language hegemony, almost all languages are mixed with English words; in countries in the Balkans, there are a lot of words brought from Turkey; in North Africa, almost all languages are a mixture of French and Arabic.
Or take the example of our own culture, before the economic take-off of mainland China, there are many examples of Cantonese language borrowed by Putonghua, and in recent years, it is more common for Putonghua words to be translated into Cantonese.
This is the result of cultural power substitution.
However, from a more optimistic point of view, we can at least see the consensus between languages.
Levy cites the Jewish philosopher Walter Benjamin ’ s The Translator ’ s Task to illustrate the invisible interplay between languages.
When Hebrew was translated into Arabic, the original Hebrew language underwent a reverse linguistic transformation.
The reason is that when it is assumed that the meaning of words can be transferred, it is necessary to assume the existence of the intangible commonality and translatability of the two languages, which he calls “pure language. ”
This philosophy, and I can not help but think of the literature produced in the nest.
Honey is formed by bees traveling between flowers and plants, collecting pollen and extracting nutrients.
That in itself is a transformation.
With regard to the conflict between land and culture, one must have an awareness that everything here has never belonged to any of us, it has been taken from outside.
Or, as in the last lines of Darvish ’ s Mural:
Absurd. Now there's a slight wound in his arm.
History laughs at it as a victim.
And its hero...
Just glanced at them and walked away.
The sea is mine.
The air of the sea is mine.
My name is —
If I misread the coffin...
It's mine.
As for me -
Full of reasons to leave -
I'm not mine.
I'm not mine.
I'm not mine.
WEN • Lentils
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Editors • Chow Ling Pu
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Related Words: War Yehuda Amichai Israel Lentils Sunday Literature Palestine Mahmoud Darwish Daily Ming Pao - Culture

A generational divide is present, as he respects the older Jewish national poet, yet they both contend for mastery of the land’s native language, mirroring broader ideological dynamics.

In language learning, challenges arise such as increased vocabulary in Chinese courses, concerns over fair assessment methods, insufficient teaching time, and the difficulty of using archaic words rarely found in modern speech.

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Chu Chia-an: Chinese annotations need to be memorized, because what you learn is “the vocabulary of the dead ”
Photo Credit: Shutterstock
What we want you to know is
Back notes are boring and time-consuming, but back notes are only one of the symptoms and not the lesion itself.
Annotation will become part of some Chinese lessons, representing not only the problem of teaching methods, but also the problem of teaching content: Chinese lessons require students to learn many dead words, these words are not universal, and can only be used to interpret and study the text.
Text: Zhu Jia'an
From "prokaryotes" to "orthotopes", from "federalism" to "ampere", all fields of knowledge will constantly accumulate new concepts to describe the world, so learning knowledge requires learning vocabulary, which is difficult to avoid, and every subject is the same.
However, why is it that only the Chinese language subject has a dispute that students should recite the vocabulary annotation? Many people have said that, such as the Chinese language class students have more words, other assessment methods are not "fair" or students' language ability is difficult to cope with, teaching time is not enough and so on.
But in my opinion, these phenomena come from a more fundamental reason: only the Chinese humanities, in an unreasonable proportion, have to learn dead words, words that allow us to read ancient works, but no one in the modern era has been used to express and create.
The words of the dead are not to be used, but to be recited.
Practical functions of “Annotation ”
In fact, students in the Chinese language class need to memorize notes, because the students need to explain the meaning of the words to prove that they understand.
Not all students have the ability to explain a word in their own language, so memorizing a given annotation is the quickest way. If you think about it a little bit, you will find that this way of proving that you know a word is not very “direct, ” for example, you can understand the following words, but you can ’ t necessarily explain their meaning by language alone:
• Scuffles
• Nails
• Cute
• Bluetooth
Anytime find a Taiwanese, he must know how to use these words, and in a way similar to you and I can communicate without hindrance, even then, he does not have to rely solely on Chinese to explain the meaning of these words.
If the goal of the Chinese language course is to enable Taiwanese to acquire the ability to use Chinese, it has already been passed.
For us, reading and using is the point, and you won ’ t think that someone in Taiwan doesn ’ t grasp the meaning of the word because they can ’ t describe “scuffle ” as“ holding each other and beating each other. ”
You may not always have a way to explain or explain the meaning of the words used in your life, but you will still use them, and they are very smooth to use, because that is how people ’ s language skills are.
If reading and use are the key to practice, then the way to test a person ’ s language ability is actually closer to reading tests and making sentences. Reading tests do not directly care whether you understand a particular word, but rather whether you understand the meaning of a word and context.
Sentences are not directly concerned with whether you understand a particular word, but rather test whether you can write a sentence that shows the common usage of a particular word.
By the way, even if you want to explain the meaning of these words in Chinese to test whether a person knows the words, the test here is also to provide an explanatory explanation, rather than reciting the notes verbatim.
We ’ ve all experienced that some comments don ’ t have the effect of stating, just letting us know that a word we don ’ t understand has the same meaning as another word we don ’ t understand.
If I have the opportunity in the future, I will also write an article about how to use the philosophy method to guide students to understand vocabulary and provide their own explanations.
Dead words are hard to use, so hard to learn, so hard to teach.
Chinese language classes do use reading tests and sentences to test whether people understand words, but this instead highlights the crux of the problem: In Chinese language classes, some words that need to be memorized are not new, and they have been dead for a long time: these words are not practical common, almost no one uses them to communicate, almost no one uses them to create, they are the object of study for Chinese scholars. And...
In this case, the more you have to design the application scenarios for them, the more embarrassing it is.
In the Mandarin Chinese text "The Legend of Mr. Wuliu", which many people are familiar with, a few words are annotated:
• Anxious: How comfortable it is
• Knot: Describe the clothes as broken
• Pole: Inference
It ’ s hard to ask students to use these words, because almost no one uses these words in modern times. Reading tests are not far apart, and it ’ s hard to find modern text passages to take these words for reading tests, because the combination of these words and meanings only appears in ancient texts, which is what the word is dead.
It can be compared, also from "Mr. Five Liu Biography", if a word is still alive to be used by someone, it is quite easy whether it is a reading test or a sentence:
• Poetry: Creative Poetry
• Period: Expectations
• Consciousness: Consciousness
In comparison, some words are still alive, although the average person will not use in life, but will be used in the academic context.
Such as the "prokaryotes", "orthonormal", "federalism" and "ampere" mentioned at the beginning.
In my more familiar field of philosophy, although people don ’ t use “justify, ”“ proposition, ” and “truth condition, ” these terms are actually common in academic discussions, just as people use“ scuffle, ” “nail, ”“ cute, ” and “Bluetooth. ”
The philosophy department does not need students to memorize these words, because these words are alive in philosophical communication, and we can check whether the students understand them in the context of practical application. (Even so, if a student does not want to learn philosophy, I do not think he must learn these words.)
It also means that the problem is not that the teacher provides notes for the purpose of teaching, but that the student is asked to provide notes for the purpose of the test.
The explanation of vocabulary is common and necessary in education, whether it is teaching vernacular, vernacular, or physical chemistry, if the teacher does not take the initiative to explain the meaning of the new words, teaching is difficult to make progress.
But when we need to test whether students understand the meaning of words in reverse, things are twofold: if the word is roughly dead, then we are not good at applying the test, and in the end it is easy to ask students to recite the notes.
Some people defend the recitation, saying that students do not have the ability to explain the meaning of words in their own language, so the recitation is the most fair and uncontroversial.
This reaction just goes to show that, in the case of many new words in Chinese literature, the purpose of teaching is not to let students use them, but to let students read certain ancient texts.
If the purpose is to use, then of course, it must be taught until the students will use it, and there are no such reasons as "insufficient language ability" and "insufficient fairness".
The "back note" is a symptom, not the lesion itself.
Back notes are boring and time-consuming, but back notes are only one of the symptoms and not the lesion itself.
Annotation will become part of some Chinese lessons, representing not only the problem of teaching methods, but also the problem of teaching content: Chinese lessons require students to learn many dead words, these words are not universal, and can only be used to interpret and study the text.
Of course, most people probably do not often use words such as "prokaryote", "orthonormal", "federal" or "ampere" in their lives, but these words are at least living academic languages, unlike some literary words, not even academic languages, and are at best only the object of research for academic language users.
In short, when a word is no longer used, naturally, students can not be required to use or operate the way to learn, can only insist on memorization.

Students often struggle to apply or understand obsolete vocabulary, leading to rote memorization, which is tedious and fails to address deeper linguistic issues.

Ancient ways of thinking are interwoven with language, as shown by etymological research in Chinese that fuses ancient and modern elements to trace a word’s origins and meaning.

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Content: People 's Daily Online > > Education > > Rolling News
The way of thinking and cultural genes contained in Chinese characters
February 26, 2023 09: 03 | Source: Guangming Daily
Small number
Culture is the soul of a nation.
The main carrier of culture is language.
General Secretary Xi Jinping stressed during his inspection of the Yinxu Museum in Anyang, Henan Province in 2022: “The Chinese script is very remarkable, and the formation and development of the Chinese nation cannot be separated from the maintenance of the Chinese script. ”
Language is not only a tool for the exchange of emotions, but also a carrier of cultural inheritance, the foundation of national prosperity and development, and a symbol and symbol of national identity.
Every word, every word, is a story.
The structure and change of each word and word embodies the thought imprint of the ancients' understanding of the world and carries the unique cognitive mode of the ancients.
Include the way of thinking of the ancients
Chinese characters are an important carrier for preserving the cultural genes of the Chinese nation. They are a mirror, and their unique way of creating characters reflects the ways and means by which the ancients understood the world and expressed their wishes. The creation and use of Chinese characters carry the unique and rigorous thinking and genetic code of the Chinese nation.
We can reveal the characteristics of the first people's character creation and use of words from the two perspectives of concrete thinking and abstract thinking.
A Chinese character can be represented by a picture, or from everyday life, or from natural landscapes, or from the human body itself.
Through this "painting", we can see the meaning of it.
Here, we take the three words "grab", "get" and "between" as an example, and talk about their rationale for creating words, so we can see how the ancients expressed abstract meanings through concrete pictures.
From the glyph, the meaning of the word "snatched" ("snatched") means that the bird is flying, and the "inch" is the right hand, and the whole indicates that a large bird is suddenly flying away.
Its characteristic meaning is "lose, leave", and all the meanings of "grab" are thus unfolded.
The term "catch-up" refers to the falling off of the text; "tears break down" refers to the tears leaving the eye socket; "catch-up" refers to the eyes leaving the original thing, that is, the eyes shift.
Losing and taking away are essentially two sides of the same coin.
The means by which one party loses is to force or seize by the other.
Li Mi's "Chen Fei Table" "Uncle snatched the mother's will" means that the uncle lost the ambition (idea) to no longer marry, in other words, to force the mother to remarry. Taking something from the other means to make the other party lose something.
"Lost - lose - take (lose) - take (lose)", this is the ancient thinking of the clues.
In ancient times, "scallop" was a universal currency, and "scallop" was a kind of gain, more a kind of happiness and satisfaction, a kind of psychological expectation and actual gain.
The ancients used the life scenes they had experienced to express the meaning of acquisition, and also expressed the meaning of psychological “matchmaking and ”“ matching ”.
In this way, we can accurately understand the meaning of many compound words and idioms such as "count", "proper", "triumphant", "handy", "and" very happy ".
One of the words “between ” in the Oracle text,“ [Figure 3], ” depicts a scene of life: a moon between the doors of two doors.
The expression of the scene is: at night, the bright moonlight penetrates through the door.
What is the meaning conveyed here?
About 2000 years ago Xu Shen has explained: "Between (idle), gap also, from the door, from the moon." The figurative meaning is the gap between the door, and the mystery lies in the relationship between various things in the picture, that is, the abstract meaning, the general feature expressed is the gap (or the formation of a gap).
The place of activity is called "space", the process of activity has "time", there is enough time is "leisure", so that people create estrangement is called "separation", snooping on the internal affairs of the target country (region) or enemy is called "spy"...
From the gap to space to time, and the psychological distance between people in the abstract, without relying on the picture presented by this life scene, perhaps we really do not know how to express it.
Preservation of national cultural genes
Most of the pictures presented by Chinese characters are carriers of meaning, not meaning itself.
When we extract abstract features from the creation of words, we will understand how the ancients used concrete expressions of abstraction, objectively expressed subjectivity, and substance to express psychology.
After mastering the mode of thinking from figurative to abstract, the ancients mainly used two ways to use it: in words, using the side to create a large number of homologous words, etc.; in the sense of words, using association and analogy to develop a variety of meanings.
First, let ’ s look at the same source.
A picture is a word, and the image created is a single word.
If every word is drawn like this, not only is it laborious, but some cannot be drawn.
The ancients used the method of extracting abstract features, and used a series of related things to share the same hieroglyphs as a side, and added a group of homologous words to express their understanding of a class of things.
For example, "Lu" is a word that takes the shape of a human body, and draws the appearance of a section of vertebrae connected, which is characterized by "connection".
From the image of the vertebrae of the human body, the ancestors thought of other things with similar characteristics: the eaves that lay down a section of the roof were called "mu", the slices of wild millet were called "mu", the alleys that formed a household were called "mu", the companions of people were called "old", and even a piece of cloth was sewn into clothes. And...
These are called "homologous words" and are also "homologous words".
This is a method of creating new words according to the abstract features of things.
Eaves, homes, partners, wild plants, sewing clothes, how can these seemingly unrelated things be linked together?
The bond of association is the abstract characteristic of these things or actions.
It is the most economical and convenient way to use partial partial head to synthesize phonetic characters, especially homologous characters.
Recognizing this, when we analyze these words, we cannot arbitrarily decompose them, and confuse a series of regular things with similar abstract characteristics that were well arranged by the ancients, and classify them according to superficial phenomena.
For example, the word "old" is placed next to "fu" and "Lu" is placed next to "door", so that the classification is too underestimating the cognitive level of the ancients.
Second, why does a word have many meanings? How are these terms related? The evolution of Chinese word meanings can best show the rich and wonderful associations of the ancients in the use of words, and this association is regular, is the use of the original word meaning abstracted features through many terms.
For example, "[Figure 5]" is an oracle glyph for "wait", indicating that the aiming arrow is fired at the target.
To shoot an arrow at a target, you must focus your eyes on the center of the target, that is, aim.
This is the meaning of its creation, and its literal meaning is to look at things, that is, to "see".
The object of eye contact is different, the meaning is changed, and thus, the ancients have developed a rich association -
(1) To aim at the enemy and its military installations is to wait and spy.
(2) Look at subordinates and their management objects, that is, monitor and supervise.
The two syllables have "waiting", "logos", "congregations", and the officials who supervise and supervise the supervision are also called "waiting".
The leaders of all places are “the princes ” (the word“ the Lord ” and “the Lord ”).
(3) Aiming at the guests, is to greet and greet.
To look at something else is to look at something else, to look at something else, to look at something else, to look at something else, to look at something else, to look at something else, to look at something else, to look at something else, to look at something else, to look at something else, to
The observation of the patient is waiting, waiting.
To change to a noun, there are "symptoms", "symptoms", etc.
(5) To look at the sky is to look at the sky, to observe the sky, to test and measure.
"Weather", "weather", "weather", "weather", "weather", "climate", "time", "year", etc.
It can be seen that the core meaning of "wait" is "look", that is, the attention of the eyes to things.
The ancients painted a simple and understandable image of the outside world in the way that best suited them, and the use of the image was based on experience.
Archery requires eye alignment, that is, gaze, and the movement of the eye from the target to something else creates a series of vantage points.
First use this cognitive system to refer to the surrounding related things, which is the key link between the meanings of words.
Why is the word “power ” strong?
No matter what you do, no matter what you do, you can ’ t watch.
For example, the word "Chinese character" means that a child is born in a house, and that the child is born in the house.
From the perspective of "fertility", "word" has four meanings: marriage, pregnancy, birth, and maintenance. "word" is "fertility" meaning, before marriage, gestation, and subsequent upbringing are also connected with it.
Since the word is procreation, what does it have to do with words?
In fact, the ancients created the hieroglyphics, called "writing" (unique characters).
Then the unique characters such as "text" are combined to create a fitting character, and the generation of new characters is also the breeding of "text", so that "word" from the birth of children to the meaning of "(produce) text".
The above is only an example, and it can be proved that the meaning of Chinese words is regular.
Through the Chinese characters, we can travel through the life scenes of the ancients and see how they knew the world.
Continuation of traditional Chinese culture
In 2022, the National Ancient Books Work Plan for 2021-2035 clearly listed "strengthening the interpretation of Chinese characters and revealing the Chinese cultural connotation contained in Chinese characters" as an important work content of "promoting the popularization and promotion of ancient books resources."
The study of the origin and evolution of lexical semantics in modern Chinese includes two aspects: First, how do Chinese characters form?
The glyphs often record the original meaning, which is a discussion of the source of the meaning of the word.
Second, how does the word develop?
The extension of the word meaning often has traces, which is the trace of the evolution of the word meaning, and also involves the generation of new glyphs in the process of the development of the word meaning.
Thus, the genetic code of Chinese characters is revealed, and the thinking mode of Chinese traditional culture and the cognitive thinking of Chinese people in observing the world are explored.
According to the pattern of ancient people's writing, we can deduce the thinking characteristics and laws of the ancients' understanding of things.
As discussed above, the creation of Chinese characters perfectly embodies the Chinese way of thinking.
The construction of Chinese characters is an artistic creation, which mainly uses image thinking to trace out a concrete scene or picture; the creation of homologous characters is a scientific reasoning, using abstract thinking to extract the commonality characteristics between the meanings of things, and with the addition of genus, its meaning category and implied characteristics are clearly presented.
The use of Chinese characters is also a rational and scientific deduction.
One is to use abstract thinking to extract its characteristic meaning and apply it to other objects.
For example, the word "Fen (Fen)" is a big bird flying over the field, which is characterized by upward force, and the common words such as "strive", "courage", "exhilaration" and "desperate" are used in "people".
The second is the association of the character of the creation.
For example, the "pipe" of "management" originally refers to bamboo pipes, and later refers to the ancient key, because it is shaped like a long and hollow bamboo pipe.
To master the key is to control things, and the "pipe" of "steward", "management" and "management" are produced by the meaning of the key.
The third is the connection of related things.
For example, the word is related to the related meaning of "marriage, gestation, and maintenance" by the meaning of fertility, which is a linear extension.
The evolution and application of this meaning depends on logical association and reasoning.
According to this idea, we can step into the wonderful world of Chinese characters step by step, and enter the vision of the ancients to observe things.
The purpose of Chinese traceability research is to excavate the unique thinking mode and cognitive concept presented in the evolution of Chinese character formation, word use, word formation and meaning, and reveal the cultural genes of the Chinese nation.
Specific to the research method level, the author believes that there are two main: one is from the present and ancient, ancient and modern fusion, through modern Chinese to trace the origin of its words.
The second is from the construction of the meaning of words, combined with exegetical materials and literature examples, the use of various analytical methods, to explore the formation of words and the change of meaning.
It is hoped that relevant research can further activate the active academic factors of traditional language and literature, absorb nutrients, and give more modern meaning to traditional scholarship, so as to realize the integration of traditional and modern, and carry out multi-level and multi-dimensional research on the history of linguistics and sociocultural history.
(Author: Wang Yunlu, Professor of Dunhe, Zhejiang University, Distinguished Professor of Yangtze River Scholars, Ministry of Education, President of China Institute of Exegesis)
(Editor: Sun Jing, Li Yihuan)
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Our mother tongue may shape our brain, as confirmed by studies on native speakers of languages such as German and Arabic, but new words remain an ongoing learning challenge.

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Content: How does the mother tongue shape our brain?
| Technology | DW | 09.04.2023
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How does the mother tongue shape our brain?
Language arises in different regions of our brain.
The researchers showed that different native languages make different connections between different regions of the brain.
This knowledge can be used to help treat stroke patients.
Based on an analysis of brain scans, scientists believe that mother tongues shape our linguistic fabric networks
Arabic native speakers need to listen carefully when they are talking: are they speaking "book" (kitabun) or "writer" (katib, katib, katib)? Both words are based on the same root, k-t-b (ب-ت-), which is very common in Arabic.
German native speakers, by contrast, are more concerned with sentence structure: "Did you borrow a book from your favorite author?" (Leihst du dir das Buch von deinem Lieblingsschriftsteller aus?) In German, separable prefixes and roots of separable verbs such as "ausleihen" are usually located in sentences. different locations.
Arabic and German are very different.
So, are there differences in how the brains of different native speakers process the two languages?
Researchers at the Max Planck-Institut für Kognitions- und Neurowissenschaften in Leipzig studied this.
The team, led by doctoral student and first author Xuehu Wei, examined 47 native Arabic speakers and 47 native German speakers, respectively.
When choosing subjects, the researchers made sure they grew up in a monolingual environment and spoke only one mother tongue.
In addition to the native language, the test subjects only have a little English.
Brain scans reveal differences between native speakers
The researchers asked the subjects to lie in a special magnetic resonance imager (MRT).
The device not only generates high-resolution scans of the brain, but also provides information about connections between nerve fibers.
Using this data, the researchers can calculate how strongly the connections between the various language regions are.
"The results are very surprising because we have always thought that language processing is universal." "We thought it had nothing to do with the type of language, it had nothing to do with which regions of the brain were processed, or how strong the connections between different regions of the brain were," said Alfred Anwander, a researcher in the Department of Neuropsychology at the Max Planck Institute in Leipzig.
In the case of native speakers of Arabic, the researchers found that the left and right hemispheres of the brain were more closely linked.
In addition, there is a stronger connection between the lateral lobe (temporal lobe) and the middle part (parietal lobe) of the brain.
Voice and semantic centers / native languages are different, connections are different
This is perfectly understandable: these brain regions are responsible for processing pronunciation and meaning.
A native speaker of Arabic must focus on distinguishing between pronunciations and similarities and the resulting semantic differences: "kitabun" (book) or "katib" (writer)?
The researchers found that native German speakers had stronger connections between the left hemisphere of the brain and the prefrontal lobe of the brain.
This can also be understood through the language features of the German language – these regions are responsible for processing the statement structure.
German native speakers can easily understand long nested sentences like the last sentence.
"Our research provides new insights into how the brain adapts to cognitive needs -- mother tongue shaping influences our language structure networks," concludes Anvand.
Uncover the mysteries of the human brain!
Promising to improve treatment for stroke patients
The researchers point out that it is important to emphasize that these different connections mean neither advantages nor disadvantages for the speaker. "These connections are just different, there is no difference between good and bad," Anvand said.
In fact, it would be beneficial for any native speaker to understand how this language processing differs in brain connections.
For example, the treatment of stroke patients could be improved.
For patients with aphasia (a language disorder), different treatments can be developed for different native speakers to help patients regain their ability to speak more quickly.
“In addition, it would be interesting to expand the study into more languages, ” says Anvand.
In another study, Max Planck researchers examined native speakers of German, English and Chinese.
The findings are yet to be drawn.
Whether and how other native languages shape the brain differently remains unknown.
Larger studies of native speakers of German and Arabic will also help confirm this result.
New ways to learn foreign languages
In the second step of the study, the researchers will analyze changes in the brains of native speakers of Arabic as they learn German.
"We would love to see what happens to the connections between regions of the brain when we learn a new language," Anvand said.
These findings will ultimately help improve foreign language learning methods.
Different learning strategies can be developed according to the individual type and mother tongue of the learner, so as to make it easier to learn German, for example.
However, a great deal of research remains to be done.
“We are a long way from developing personalized learning solutions through brain scans. ”
Until then, students may not be able to get around the new words.
© 2023 Deutsche Welle Copyright Notice: All content in this article is protected by copyright law and may not be used without special permission from Deutsche Welle.
Any misconduct will lead to recovery and criminal prosecution.
DW.COM

Chinese characters, as the world’s oldest written script, are central to Chinese civilization, and proficiency in kanji is vital in Japanese.

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Content: As the oldest written word in the world, the Chinese character is the carrier of Chinese civilization. For many years, the unique rhyme of the Chinese character has become a way for the world to understand Chinese civilization.
In recent years, the annual Chinese character selection has received more and more attention in year-end inventory around the world, and is becoming a "cultural custom" with a strong sense of ceremony.
Why did you choose the Chinese character “Inherited from Above ”? How does the Chinese character of the year bear witness to the international expression of the Chinese character culture?
How do Chinese characters express the self-summarization and spiritual resonance of the people of various countries? Recently, Li Yuming, president of the Chinese Lexicography Association, gave an exclusive interview to the China News Agency ’ s “East-West Question ” to explain the relevant issues.
A summary of the interview is as follows:
China News Service reporter: In 1995, "earthquake" was selected as the annual kanji of the year by Japan.
Since then, the annual Chinese character selection has become a selection event for regions using Chinese characters such as China, Japan, Korea, Malaysia and Singapore.
Why is that so?
Li Yuming: In Japan, kanji is an integral part of its writing system, including 1945 kanji and some personal kanji.
Learning and using kanji is an important part of Japanese language life. In 1995, the Kobe earthquake struck Japan, and the word "earthquake" became the first Kanji of the year in Japan.
Since then, every year on or around December 12, the “Japan Kanji Proficiency Testing Association ” will announce in Kiyomizu-ji Temple in Kyoto that the people will vote to choose the Kanji that best reflects the social hot spots and the people ’ s feelings in the world.
Since 2001, Korean university professors, newspaper columnists and intellectual celebrities have chosen a "Word of the Year" at the end of each year as a way to reflect current events, express their wishes and express their emotions in Korea. In 2008, Taiwan, China held the "Taiwan Representative of the Year" election; in 2011, Malaysia began the "Chinese Character of the Year" election; in Singapore, the United Morning Post Start a "Word of the Year" campaign...
The Chinese character is the carrier of the Chinese written language. It is a morpheme with expressive meaning. It can express multiple meanings from glyphs and meanings. It can be used independently as a word, but also has a strong ability to compose words. It has played an important role in the formation of languages in many countries and regions. The people have a sense of familiarity and identity with the Chinese characters.
In addition, due to the influence of traditional Chinese puzzle games, some countries and regions around China will also use the characteristics of the Chinese characters to form a new cultural custom of "annual words". And the number of spells.
China News Service reporter: Chinese character culture has played an important role in the transmission and sharing of neighboring civilizations in history. In ancient times, many countries used Chinese characters and literatures as written languages, forming a Chinese character culture circle.
How does the word kanji spread overseas?
Li Yuming: The Chinese language went out of the country and into the world, dating back to the Qin and Han dynasties.
At that time, the Chinese language was transmitted to the ancient land of Vietnam, and the Vietnamese dynasty used the Chinese written language for more than a thousand years, even after the creation of the mutant (also known as the "word").
Before 1895, the Korean Peninsula used Chinese as a written language for a long time, teaching aristocratic children through classics.
In 788 AD, the state of Shilla announced the method of "learning from the scriptures", and later sent a large number of children to the Datang to study and become officials.
In order to better record the Korean language, it is said that Xue Chung (645 – 701), who is known as one of the "Shilla Ten Sages", created the "official reading", using some Chinese characters as diacritical signs (and sometimes borrowed words).
Japan first came into contact with Han culture through Baekje, and there was a lot of cultural exchanges with China's Southern Dynasties, and then there were sui envoys and Tang envoys.
In 604 AD, the Prince of the Teikoo Dynasty promulgated 17 constitutions in Chinese characters, which was a landmark event in Japan ’ s use of the Chinese language as a document. In 645, Japan began to officially name “Japan ”, establishing a feudal system, formulating decrees in the Chinese language, and also writing historical books in the Chinese language. It is written in Chinese characters. In 720, Prince Seiji used Chinese characters to compose Japan ’ s earliest official history, the Japanese Book Chronicles.
With the pace of the Chinese people taking to the sea, the Chinese language, Chinese characters, and Chinese culture have also been brought to the Ryukyu Islands, the Lan Fong Republic in Borneo, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and other places.
In the process of learning Chinese classics and using Chinese characters, these countries and regions have also absorbed a large number of Chinese words and even used Chinese characters to create their own characters.
Today, they have their own written language, but Chinese characters are still present in some cultural areas, including some ancient cultural buildings and folk cultural activities.
China News Service reporter: Now there are annual Chinese character selection in Europe and America, how do you see the annual Chinese character breaking circle?
Li Yuming: In recent years, in addition to the traditional Southeast Asian Chinese language, North America is forming a distinctive new Chinese language, and Europe is also expected to form a new variant of Chinese.
The phenomenon of “breaking the circle ” in Europe and the United States is closely related to the promotion of the social status of Chinese people in the region, and it is closely related to the international application of the Chinese language and the promotion of international influence, and it is closely related to the increasingly important role that China plays on the world stage.
Nowadays, with the improvement of Chinese international communication skills, more and more foreigners are learning Chinese.
By the end of 2020, more than 180 countries and regions around the world have launched Chinese language education, and more than 70 countries have incorporated Chinese into their national education system. More and more international organizations have adopted Chinese as their official language or working language.
China News Agency reporter: In 2021, the annual kanji for Japan is "gold", the annual kanji for Malaysia and Singapore is "pan", the United States is "up", and France is "boil".
What are the regional differences in the annual Chinese character selection?
Li Yu-ming: The annual Chinese characters selected by various localities are a reflection of the social mentality of various localities, which depends on both social reality and social psychology.
The word “gold ” was selected as Japan ’ s kanji for 2021 because Japanese athletes won many gold medals at the Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics, Shōhei Otani won the Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award, and the issue of subsidies related to the coronavirus epidemic has attracted attention.
This is the fourth time that the word "gold" has been selected for the Japanese Kanji of the Year.
Affected by the epidemic, China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore, the United States and France have expressed their hope for an early end to the COVID-19 epidemic by using different Chinese characters such as "epidemic", "home", "hope", "rise" and "endure".
For example, in Malaysia and Singapore, the winning Chinese character is “hope ”, which expresses the hope for a better tomorrow. In Taiwan, the annual Chinese character is“ home ”, which describes the home life of everyone who turns into a housewife, “learning ” and“ working ” online, and various “home economy ” is booming.
China News Service reporter: As the most important users of Chinese characters in China, many overseas Chinese actively act as inheritors and disseminators of Chinese culture.
How does the annual Chinese Character Selection reflect the historical development of the overseas Chinese population actively integrating into the local society?
Li Yu-ming: Chinese (Chinese), or Chinese, is the mother tongue of Chinese people all over the world, and it is the cultural breast milk of Chinese people all over the world.
The annual selection of Chinese characters overseas is not only a cultural event in the country of residence, but also the active participation of overseas Chinese, and even the main focus of overseas Chinese.
The social cognition and psychological emotions expressed in the annual Chinese character are the organic integration of Chinese culture and local life, and are the local social consciousness expressed in the form of the Chinese character.
In this regard, the Chinese character is Chinese, overseas Chinese, or the world; the content of the annual Chinese character is Chinese, and it is also the people living in the country.
"One leaf knows autumn", the annual Chinese character phenomenon tells us that the retention of Chinese culture by overseas Chinese also promotes the cultural development of the country in which they live.
The inheritance and development of overseas Chinese Mandarin is the "advance team" of Chinese and Chinese culture to the world, and it is also an overseas platform for the internationalization of Chinese and Chinese culture.
Interviewee Profile:
Li Yuming, a second-level professor at Beijing Language and Culture University, is an expert with special subsidies from the State Council.
He is currently President of the Chinese Linguistic Association, Chairman of the Language Policy and Planning Committee of the Chinese Linguistic Association, and editor-in-chief of Language Strategy Research.
His main research interests are theoretical linguistics, grammar, psycholinguistics and language planning.
He has published more than 30 books, including “Research on Quantitative Areas of Chinese Language ”,“ Grammatical Studies ”, “Chinese Language Planning ”, and“ Research on Contemporary Chinese Linguistics ” (editor-in-chief), and has published more than 600 papers, edited the “Global Chinese Dictionary ” and“ Global Chinese Dictionary ”.
The research results have been translated into Mongolian, Tibetan, Japanese, French, English, Russian, Arabic, Korean and other languages.
(Source of this article: China News Agency "East and West Question" column, authorized by China Times News Network)
※ The above statements do not represent the position of Wangzhong Media Group ※
# Chinese # Word of the Year # Chinese # Selection # China

Language reforms are historically significant: in 788 AD, Shilla established new learning methods and sent youths abroad to study, shaping officialdom and cultural exchange.

Regional variation is evident in the annual selection of Chinese characters, reflecting differences across the language community.

Effective language learning involves extensive listening, collaborative learning, and leveraging digital resources, which boost motivation and engagement for students.

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Use the English learning platform app to master language learning 7 principles to improve English proficiency
【 Text / Zhongxin Company 】
In the process of learning English, parents often think: how to effectively improve the English ability, to prevent the child from losing interest in learning or stagnating progress?
Using the right methods, various online resources and language learning to help children learn English will not only make the learning process more interesting, but also deepen the impression of English, so that the English language into long-term memory.
The following will introduce the seven principles of language learning, English learning APP, English learning platform, parents can refer to these methods to enable children to learn English in a more efficient way.
The Seven Principles of Language Learning
In his TED Talk on “How to master any foreign language in six months, ” TED speaker Chris Lonsdale mentioned seven principles of language learning, and as long as you learn these methods, everyone can use the new language in a short time like a native speaker, and children are no exception.
These seven principles are:
1.
A lot of listening.
When learning a language, it ’ s important to expose yourself to a lot of the context of that language, which Chris Lonsdale calls “Brain Soaking. ”
Even if you can ’ t fully understand it, it doesn ’ t matter. A lot of listening can help you master the rhythm, rhythm, and obvious sounds of the language, and your subsequent learning will be smoother.
2.
First understand the meaning, then understand the meaning.
People who don ’ t understand each other ’ s words at all don ’ t need to understand each other ’ s words, and can also understand each other through body language.
Therefore, without having to delve into the meaning of each word, you can first try to understand the meaning of the whole sentence with your existing knowledge, and then you can deeply understand the meaning of the word.
3.
Large number of repetitive combinations
Chris Lonsdale believes that people who have just learned a new language are like babies, and must reuse the simple words they have learned.
With 10 verbs, 10 nouns, and 10 adjectives, you can create 1,000 usages. Through repeated combinations, you can become familiar with the rules of the language.
4.
Master the core vocabulary
Each language has a high degree of repetition, as long as you grasp the core vocabulary, you can quickly grasp the characteristics of the language.
For example, in English, if you learn 1,000 words, you can use it in 85% of your daily vocabulary; the next 3,000 words you learn will only be used to refine the first 1,000 words.
Therefore, grasping these core words first can greatly improve the efficiency of English learning.
5.
Find a partner for your child to learn English
Parents will always be patient when teaching their children their mother tongue, creating a safe language learning environment.
Similarly, the child needs this environment to learn English, so that he / she can learn confidently and happily.
Finding an “English partner ” who understands what your child is saying no matter what, doesn ’ t immediately correct mistakes, gives appropriate feedback, and interprets them in a way that your child can understand will help your child learn English in a more positive context.
6.
Imitate other people ’ s faces.
Imitating the mouth shape of a native speaker can help learners grasp the correct pronunciation faster, and observing the mouth shape of others can also allow you to subconsciously absorb the rules of English.
Whether it is talking directly with the native speaker or looking for a video imitation on the Internet, it is a good way.
7.
Link language and context directly, not to the native language
Most people associate the meaning of the new language with the meaning of their native language when learning a language, such as “Fire ”, but in fact, we should not link English and Chinese characters directly, but rather with the image in our head.
Think of "Fire" as a strong smoke, heat, and red flame, and then connect it to the Chinese word "fire", so that you can think directly about the meaning of English, instead of associating through your native language.
Make use of English learning APP and English learning platform resources
In addition to using textbooks and textbooks, there are also many English learning apps and English learning platforms on the Internet. Parents can use these resources to arouse their children ’ s interest in learning and cultivate their children ’ s English skills in a lively and diverse manner.
1.
RANS READING RATING
LENS Reading Rating is a system commonly used in primary and secondary schools in the United States. More than 50,000 English books are graded according to the difficulty of the book content, helping parents and children to choose the right reading.
The TOEFL Primary Test transcript provides a reading index to determine your child ’ s English reading level. Parents can use the reading index to select reading materials that meet your child ’ s interest and level, arouse their child ’ s interest in reading English stories, and increase the way and opportunity to learn English.
After learning your child ’ s Lansi reading index, it can also help your child strengthen their reading ability. Choose English books that are more advanced than the index on the score sheet, so that your child can read challenging but not too difficult English stories, and gradually increase their reading ability.
2.
Duolingo
Duolingo is a completely free English learning app that can be used to learn many different languages. English is the language that most users learn.
It divides language learning into multiple stages, allowing users to learn from the simplest words and phrases step by step, and design "level strengthening index" and "weak words" between levels and levels to enhance memory.
The most interesting thing is that it makes language learning fun in a gamified way. After successfully challenging levels, it can accumulate experience points, purchase new equipment with gems, and set up a two-player game mode so that children and peers can learn from each other.
3.
Dumb-dormant.
If the child feels that Duolingo's game is not high enough, you may want to try "Stuck Back More Points".
In this English learning APP, the "dormant student" is invaded by small monsters, and the player must constantly challenge the words in order to defeat the small monsters; the word recitation process uses the "card box learning method" of the German psychologist Leitner, mixing the new words with the familiar words, and learning each word at least five times, to achieve the most complete memory effect.
The most special thing is that as long as the word recitation threshold is reached, you can exchange the official stationery gift of the entity.
Using the right method to learn the language not only makes the learning process more lively and interesting, but also deepens the child's learning motivation.
In the process of learning English, in addition to the English learning platform and English learning APP, parents may wish to help their children register for the TOEFL Primary to help them understand the learning results. The Lansi Reading Rating Index provided by the TOEFL Primary Test transcripts can also help parents select English books that meet their children ’ s reading level, build a good English reading habit, and lay a good foundation for subsequent English learning.
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