Biohacking, originating from Silicon Valley, refers to using a variety of methods to reprogram the mind and body for enhanced health, performance, and longevity.

Practices identified as biohacking include dietary interventions like intermittent fasting, keto or bulletproof diets, gluten-free and dairy-free approaches, as well as supplement use, with a strong focus on “reducing inflammation” and “gut optimization”.

Biohacking also involves physical activity, often in extreme or unconventional forms, and exposure-based methods such as ice baths.

Mental health and mind-body connection practices are included, such as yoga and its eight limbs including asana (physical postures), and Ayurvedic approaches to life and nutrition.

Additionally, some biohackers monitor biological markers using advanced medical testing, personalized screenings, and genetic techniques.

Women are entering the biohacking space in greater numbers, and it's expected to become more intuitive rather than obsessed with hitting every performance metric.

Anecdotes exist of individuals claiming remarkable results, such as maintaining health into advanced age, or reversing biological age as measured by tests.

There is a drive among some to seek alternatives beyond pharmaceutical interventions for chronic disease management, instead trying lifestyle-based approaches for harmony and symptom relief.

Technological advancements in biohacking include gene-editing tools like CRISPR, which allow researchers to study diseases, find vulnerabilities in cancer, and edit hereditary genetic disorders, though these are primarily at the research and clinical trial stages.

Experiments in mice and humans are ongoing, but most gene-editing therapies remain unproven in the broad population and present ethical and delivery challenges.

The concept of “metabolically healthy obesity” is discussed, with some individuals remaining healthy despite obesity if lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise are optimal, but health risks remain a concern.

Efforts to map genes and detect genomic changes are improving cancer diagnosis and enabling targeted treatments, sometimes at lower costs than traditional sequencing.

Many biohacking techniques are only partially supported by clinical research, with evidence for some dietary and lifestyle modifications (such as moderate intermittent fasting, exercise, and some supplements) but limited robust data for more extreme practices, supplement overuse, or unregulated genetic editing.

Overall, while biohacking encompasses a wide range of proactive health strategies, its long-term safety and efficacy remain uncertain, and methods should be evaluated critically with reliance on quality scientific data and professional medical guidance.

- Scientists are developing ways to detect diseases like cancer early using blood drops and advanced technologies such as Raman microscopy and machine learning.

- In mice with induced brain cancer (glioma), researchers studied changes in molecular composition to potentially improve human diagnostics.

- Tumor development is often, though not always, preceded by inflammation.

- Machine learning and gas analysis have enabled detection of tumors and other diseases by identifying specific marker molecules, like high ammonia levels indicating diabetes.

- Analysis of air samples and chemical profiles can reveal health issues, where deviations from the healthy molecular "peaks" are warning signs.

- The EU is investing in research and support for millions with rare, complex diseases such as Coffin-Lowry syndrome which is caused by specific gene mutations.

- For many rare diseases, therapies are long-term and rarely curative, but physiotherapy and other interventions help improve quality of life.

- The expansion of research and funding is expected to bring new hope to patients with such conditions.

- Gene editing therapies have already led to remarkable advances, such as curing a terminally ill child from leukemia using engineered T-cells created with new gene-editing technologies.

- DNA’s sequence acts as instructions for the body, and new tools allow doctors to program immune cells to target and destroy cancer.

- Animal models like rats and zebrafish are instrumental in exploring affective disorders, by enabling identification of brain proteins and genes involved in conditions like depression.

- Researchers have succeeded in reprogramming human skin cells to be 30 years younger by reversing signs of aging at the cellular and genomic level.

- As humans age, DNA accumulates changes that reduce cell function, but advances in genome research aim to address this.

- The sequencing of the human genome from only one individual was limited, and broader efforts are leading to improved genetic understanding.

- Non-coding DNA mutations can increase risk for autism, and laser tweezers are being developed for rapid, accurate diagnosis by manipulating individual molecules.

- Genetic mutations can involve chromosome duplications or inversions, affecting disease and traits such as obesity, which is increasingly recognized as influenced by genetics.

- Advances in CRISPR gene editing now allow safer and more precise DNA interventions, including copying healthy genes to replace faulty ones.

- These breakthroughs in genetics and diagnostics are leading to new hopes for disease detection, treatment, and life extension.

Some individuals use drugs as an escape from life's worries, but this can come at a high cost and even life-threatening consequences.

Drugs like prestam were originally designed to help people with cognitive and neurological conditions such as Alzheimer’s and speech disorders in children.

All drugs have side effects, which can range from mild issues like headaches to severe complications requiring further medication.

Long-term use of cognitive enhancers can lead to tolerance and increased dosage, as reported by users experiencing diminished effects over time.

One user described how casual use evolved into a dependency, resulting in emotional instability, anger, and social withdrawal.

This dependency led to a life falling apart, prompting the decision to quit these substances altogether.

The desire for self-optimization and enhanced performance can make the pursuit of achievement an obsession in modern, material-driven culture.

Previously, some students used drugs for recreational highs, but now academic pressures lead them to use drugs to improve grades.

In competitive industries like Silicon Valley, employees have turned to LSD to manage stress and enhance productivity.

Biohacking techniques like gene editing (e.g., CRISPR with enzymes like Cas14) are being developed with potential to treat genetic diseases, although human applications remain limited and experimental.

One notable gene editing study was published in Molecular Cell and has been attempted on human embryos to correct genetic defects, but the field is still emerging.

Gene therapy, which involves altering gene function or introducing natural genes, is mainly experimental with several methods under investigation.

Medical research suggests that early forms of liver disease can significantly impact heart health, with 86% of affected patients showing heart abnormalities.

It is recommended that the relationship between liver and heart health be considered more closely in medical evaluations and further research.

Studies on genetics, such as those involving the exome, aid in developing targeted drugs that may be administered as a first-line therapy for conditions like migraines.

Birth order theories claim one’s position among siblings can affect personality traits like leadership, perfectionism, and a fear of failure, particularly in eldest children.

Eldest siblings may feel dethroned by younger siblings, which could foster bossiness, anxiety, and rule-following tendencies.

Younger children are thought to be more spoiled or free, but individual personality and circumstances still play significant roles.

Genetic diagnosis can be useful in treating illnesses such as cancer by tailoring treatments to patients' specific genetic profiles.

Transferring human brain cells to animal models is another advanced research method used to study neurological diseases and brain function.

Biohacking refers to a range of self-optimization techniques that aim to improve health, well-being, and longevity, often outside of traditional medical guidance.

Practices include specialized physical exercises, such as moves to maintain upper body function and using posterior muscle activation for posture improvement.

Some techniques are informed by genetic research, where a person’s genetic risk is determined by analyzing base pairs from saliva samples.

Biohacking enthusiasts also incorporate methods to address perceived misinformation and emphasize critical evaluation of scientific claims, suggesting discernment is a core value.

Nutritional interventions are popular, including following restrictive diets such as gluten-free, dairy-free, and ketogenic, as well as specialized protocols like the Bulletproof Diet.

Supplement intake is widespread, with a focus on individual needs such as calcium and iron, and some claim connections between nutrient supply and broader health issues.

Physical routines may involve extreme exercise regimens and recovery practices like ice baths, purported to reduce inflammation and optimize bodily function.

Mental health strategies and mindfulness about familial or psychological patterns are also integrated, with attention to the impact of childhood experiences and emotional well-being.

Biohackers may seek frequent, sometimes experimental, medical screenings to personalize interventions and track health changes over time.

Medical technologies, such as communication devices for paralyzed individuals, are embraced by some in the community as part of a broader interest in human enhancement.

Biohacking, originating from Silicon Valley, refers to using a variety of methods to reprogram the mind and body for enhanced health, performance, and longevity.

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biohacking, reprogramming mind and body to live better

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It’s called “biohacking” and comes from Silicon Valley.

A relatively new word that comes from the union of “biology” and “hacker” and indicates the attempt to positively influence the functioning of the organism, by hacking, ie trying to “force”, one’s genetic heritage. A strategy to live better and longer launched years ago by Californian top managers and which then spread throughout the world. How to upgrade the “operating system” of the human body? No manipulation, here we are talking about “reprogramming” and new lifestyles. “Our genetic heritage has enormous unexpressed potential that can be activated,” he explains Fabio Piccinidoctor and psychoanalyst, researcher of Food Sciences of theMarche Polytechnic University, author of the book “Biohacking Techniques: how to optimize metabolism to increase health and longevity”. “Biohacking aims to activate epigenetic modifications by awakening dormant genes to enhance the body’s resources.” While genetics studies the structure of DNA, epigenetics the way genes express themselves, i.e. how much they are turned on or off. “We’re talking about a set of strategies that aim to strengthen the body from a physical and mental point of view, first of all through nutrition, sleep quality, physical activity, cognitive stimulation”. One of the pillars of biohacking and the intermittent fasting, Piccini adds, which plans to concentrate the diet in a precise time span of the day (to be followed always under medical supervision). «But it is equally important to take care of sleep, we know very well that sleep debt accelerates aging and that 30-40 percent of people sleep too little. Just as it is essential to check thehydration. Physical training must also be intermittent, with recovery periods in place to allow the muscle layers to rebuild. And then, you have to keep learning something at any age, another pillar of biohacking: studying music or a new language, for example, to counteract cognitive degeneration”.

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THE QUALITY OF LIFE

Sandra Milo is one of the supporters of this well-being and longevity strategy. «I’m lucky, at 90 I’m in full health and I still have a great desire to enjoy life. I don’t know if it’s a matter of genetics, nor do I think there is a “magic formula” of longevity, but I have certainly always been careful to lead a healthy life. There is nothing more beautiful than reaching old age with a smile and in full autonomy », says the actress who baptized the first Biohacking Suite in Rome. “Our mission is not so much to lengthen life but to improve its quality by lowering the rate of morbidity,” explains Dr. Claudio Urbani, specialist in regenerative medicine, neuroscience and stress therapy, head of the longevity center Umb. «Biohacking aims to modify dormant functional responses from non-use, from muscular or cardiovascular function to flexibility. It is about regaining possession of the body and the mind-body axis, starting with stress management». Diagnosing your own state of “aging” involves a series of tests. «The measurement of oxidative stress which measures the quantity of free radicals and indicates any inflammatory states, plethysmography to evaluate the functionality of the microcirculation of the legs, impedancemetry to study body composition, fat and lean mass, nutritional status and hydration level. And only after the check is a tailor-made program created for each person. Among the suggested therapies, there is also that of the cold which stimulates the metabolism and reduces inflammation ».

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Practices identified as biohacking include dietary interventions like intermittent fasting, keto or bulletproof diets, gluten-free and dairy-free approaches, as well as supplement use, with a strong focus on “reducing inflammation” and “gut optimization”.

Biohacking also involves physical activity, often in extreme or unconventional forms, and exposure-based methods such as ice baths.

Mental health and mind-body connection practices are included, such as yoga and its eight limbs including asana (physical postures), and Ayurvedic approaches to life and nutrition.

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Biohacking & Toxic Masculinity: How Women Dismantled The Boys Club

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By Jamie Schneider
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Jamie Schneider is the Beauty Editor at mindbodygreen. She has a B.A. in Organizational Studies and English from the University of Michigan, and her work has appeared in Coveteur, The Chill Times, and Wyld Skincare.
Medical review by
Bindiya Gandhi, M.D.
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Dr. Bindiya Gandhi is an American Board Family Medicine–certified physician who completed her family medicine training at Georgia Regents University/Medical College of Georgia.
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Take a quick search for “biohacker” on TikTok (a tag with over 137 million views), and you’ll discover a slew of men discussing their muscle gains, testosterone levels, and cold plunge routines. You’ll see some women on the page, but the space is undoubtedly dominated by male energy. And think of the outspoken biohackers you may listen to on podcasts—chances are most of them are men, too.

This gendered approach to biohacking, while pervasive, is simply misguided. But now, women are asserting their authority in health optimization, and we expect their emphasis to soar in the year ahead.

Meet the experts

Molly Maloof. M.D.

Molly Maloof. M.D. provides health optimization and personalized medicine to high-achieving entrepreneurs, investors, and technology executives. Since 2012, she has worked as an advisor or consultant to more than 50 companies in the digital health, consumer health, and biotechnology industries. Her company, Adamo Bioscience, is working on sexual health optimization.

Gabrielle Lyon, D.O.

Gabrielle Lyon, D.O. is a board-certified family physician leading a disruption in modern medicine that focuses on the largest organ in the body: skeletal muscle. With a background that includes a combined research and clinical fellowship in geriatrics and nutritional sciences at Washington University and undergraduate training in nutritional sciences at the University of Illinois, she is a subject-matter expert on protein for health, performance, aging, and disease prevention.

Stacy Salvi

Stacy Salvi is the vice president of product and strategy at the medical device company Movano Health—the creator of the Evie Ring, the first medical-grade health wearable designed for women.

Mona Vand, PharmD

Mona Vand, PharmD studied pharmacy at Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences before developing her platform that shares holistic wellness advice.

Why biohacking isn’t just for “bros”

“Women are the original biohackers,” declares family physician, Molly Maloof, M.D. “Our hormones change throughout our lives, and this requires us to adapt accordingly.” Our biology means that women often need to constantly edit their health routines and experiment with lifestyle habits as time goes on. Isn’t that the very definition of biohacking?

Let's back up: Here at mindbodygreen, we think of “biohacking” as the practice of making lifestyle tweaks to optimize health and promote longevity. Not shortcuts—contrary to popular belief—but low-lift, everyday habits that complement and enhance an existing well-being routine. Think: optimizing your exercise regimen using tools and techniques (the “biohacks”) to enhance muscle growth. It’s essentially all about advancing health with “do it yourself” biology—a topic that can pique anyone’s interest, regardless of gender.

“[Women] have a most complex physiological lifecycle that requires us to track and manage fertility, pregnancy, breastfeeding, sexuality, perimenopause, and menopause. So we should be looking at biohacking as a path to even greater health and owning the opportunity to improve our lives,” says Maloof.

Yet many women feel intimidated to enter the biohacking scene as it exists today, turned off by the male-dominated energy in the room.

Women are the original biohackers

Molly Maloof, M.D

“Biohacking has always grabbed my attention, and I want to learn, but it sometimes makes me really stressed out, because I go into this state of perfectionism where I have to do all the things,” says doctor of pharmacy and wellness practitioner Mona Vand, PharmD. “The few biohackers that I followed were all males… it just doesn't really resonate with my energy.”

This male energy is not only frustrating but can potentially harm women’s health in the long run. After all, building muscle, prioritizing protein, and keeping an eye on various health metrics are crucial for longevity—in some cases, these proactive measures can save lives. When women don’t get involved, it can totally impact their well-being.

“Physical strength is nonnegotiable,” says functional medicine doctor Gabrielle Lyon, D.O. “I've been a physician since 2006, and I've never heard someone say, ‘I regret being physically strong.’” And the muscle-building space impacts more than just physiological changes, she says. “You optimize fertility, you make healthier babies, you help the epigenetics of your child,” Lyon adds. “You age better, your skin is better, you're less likely to fall and break a hip… There's nothing that doesn't get better the stronger you are.”

So let’s be clear: Dismantling the biohacking boy’s club is not just about helping women feel included; there are real health implications at stake here.

Why the biohacker space actually really needs a dose of feminine energy

I’d be remiss not to mention how biohacking culture can easily become synonymous with hustle culture (some experts don’t even like to use the term, as it implies you can achieve optimal health with quick fixes). But as more women enter the biohacking space, we expect it to become more intuitive and less about hitting every single benchmark. From there, we predict women will focus more on sustainable changes long-term instead of a gazillion quick hacks.

“I used to think it was a flex to do a million things at the same time and habit stack,” Vand recounts. “I now carve out time for doing things that have no efficiency to them, that are strictly for joy or rest and relaxation, versus benefiting my longevity or health. It can be a little bit obsessive when you get into this thought pattern, and I just don't resonate with it.”

This doesn’t mean biohacking will become “softer” as it embraces feminine energy. But there’s an opportunity here for women to introduce some much-needed flexibility into a space that has long felt needlessly rigid.

How the biohacker game is changing — and where it’s headed next

Thanks to a growing awareness that healthcare protocols should not be gendered, more women are now starting to pay attention to markers of performance like lean muscle, hormetic stressors, VO2 max, HRV, zone 2 training, etc. “Cold plunging, saunas, and harder, more physical activities are not just for the boys anymore,” adds Lyon—and we expect an even bigger shift to come in 2024.

“I think it’s super exciting to see biohacking become more mainstream and more women joining the conversation,” adds Maloof. She praises apps like Wild.AI, for women who aim to make lifestyle adjustments based on their menstrual cycle, and Zero, for women who want to dabble in time-restricted eating, both of which have helped to herald the shift.

Other existing health optimization companies are now inviting women into the conversation by introducing specific features informed by their unique physiology. WHOOP, for example, is currently working on upgrades to their popular health-tracking band: “We did a study recently where we learned a lot about how a woman's body changes during pregnancy and how her heart rate variability (HRV) will evolve. It'll decrease, and then about seven weeks before she gives birth, it will increase sharply,” explains Will Ahmed, WHOOP founder and CEO, on the mindbodygreen podcast

If a woman didn’t know that this was supposed to happen, she might look at this stark increase with a critical (or anxious) eye. “We've been able to take population-level data on pregnant women and now have a feature in the app, where a woman can see how her body is evolving alongside what other pregnant women are experiencing,” he adds.

Similarly, creatine supplements—from the ingredients to the packaging—are no longer marketed toward dudes looking to bulk up, and we are certainly here for it. After all, muscle mass is a predictor of longevity and healthspan, so supplements that promote it can help all of us “hack” our health in a big way.

And as Lyon notes, women have lower endogenous creatine stores compared to men (meaning, they have less available). And the amino acid has been associated with significantly increased muscle mass1 in both men and women, without increasing the risk of adverse outcomes2, like weight gain. “Most of the women in my practice will go on creatine, and they find anecdotally that it really improves both anaerobic and aerobic exercise performance,” Lyon shares.

Not to mention the supplement’s brain health perks: Taking creatine has been shown to benefit both working memory and processing speed3 as well as cognitive longevity4. “It is above and beyond simply sport performance,” adds Lyon, who has certainly seen an uptick in women curious about creatine.

As women feel intimidated (or even restricted) by biohacking spaces, some experts have taken it upon themselves to create new ones that center the feminine. For example, neuropsychophysiologist Kayla Osterhoff, MPH, offers a Women's Biohacking Mini Course, consisting of lifestyle routines and tips aligned with female physiology.

Osterhoff also recently presented at the 2023 Dragonfly Live Conference—among other female biohackers—to discuss the latest advancements in women's well-being and the “health revolution” that’s sweeping the mainstream. This conference aims to gather the “who's-who” in the health space to discuss cutting-edge strategies and innovations that optimize well-being—by having women biohackers at the forefront of the conversation, we can expect them to hit the main stage in a broader sense.

Or take the brand new Evie Ring, the first medical-grade health wearable designed for women, created by medical device company Movano Health. The technology ties hormonal information to a woman’s sleep, activity, and heart health data (among other metrics).

For instance, “If we notice a more restless night of sleep in the luteal phase, we'll point it out and also give some strategies for how somebody may attack their day, despite having not gotten as good of a night of sleep,” says Stacy Salvi, vice president of product and strategy at Movano Health. Similarly, “We know that there are cardiovascular implications when your estrogen drops, so they would want to keep a better look on the function of their heart,” she adds. “This would be something that they would be able to do from our app.”

Even the design itself was made with women in mind: The ring features an open band meant to accommodate how women’s fingers change in size throughout the day, so it can stay comfortable.

To avoid needless stress, Evie also limits the amount of goals you can set on the app. “You can only set three at a time, because we do not want to overwhelm [users] with a bunch of different things,” says Salvi. “I mean, I'm an overachiever. I probably would set every single goal and then fail at them.” And heaven knows we don’t need yet another way for busy, overwhelmed women to feel like they’re failing in a society with unsurmountable standards.

Forecasting the future

A woman walks up to the weight rack in 2024. She sees the usual suspects—bros pounding protein shakes and grunting through their bicep curls—but now she also sees a fair amount of women on the scene. They’ve got creatine supplements! Fitness trackers! Kettlebells! (And no, they aren’t pink.)

Granted, we still have a ways to go before women feel totally embraced by the biohacking space (we’d first have to close the centuries-long gender gap in science and medicine), but it’s clear that the arena is becoming way less of a boy’s club. “And the world is ready, my friend,” says Lyon. “The world is absolutely ready for this.”

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Additionally, some biohackers monitor biological markers using advanced medical testing, personalized screenings, and genetic techniques.

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Mapping genes could improve cancer diagnosis

Date:
July 4, 2017
Source:
Babraham Institute, The
Summary:
Large-scale changes to the structure of the genome are often seen in cancer cells. Scientists have found a way to detect these changes, which could enhance cancer diagnosis and aid the use of targeted treatments.
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Large-scale changes to the structure of the genome are often seen in cancer cells. Scientists at the Babraham Institute in Cambridge, UK, have found a way to detect these changes, which could enhance cancer diagnosis and aid the use of targeted treatments.

The report, in the journal Genome Biology, outlines a new application of a technique called Hi-C, which allows scientists to map how genetic material is arranged inside cells. By analysing this information, researchers can reliably identify major genetic changes that other methods may miss. This all comes at a lower cost than standard DNA sequencing methods.

Hi-C can detect chromosome rearrangements -- where large sections of DNA are exchanged or moved between pieces of the genome called chromosomes -- and also copy number variation -- where genetic material gets copied or deleted. Both of these changes can have drastic effects on how the cell behaves.

First author on the paper, Dr Louise Harewood, said: "Chromosomal rearrangements are seen both in the general population and in the majority of cancers. Detection of chromosome rearrangements in patients can be troublesome and many can be missed. This can be detrimental, particularly in oncology where rearrangements can play both diagnostic and prognostic roles."

The scientists, led by Professor Peter Fraser, used Hi-C to examine the genome of cancer cells from six people with brain tumours. They were able to identify major genome changes, often with pinpoint accuracy. Uniquely, this approach allows doctors and scientists to study genetic changes in the wider context of the whole genome. Hi-C could become a powerful tool for understanding the complex genetic changes found in many cancers.

Professor Fraser, said: "Hi-C could play a pivotal role in the detection of chromosomal abnormalities and may aid the discovery of new fusion genes. The technique works with much lower quality samples than current techniques and has the additional advantage of being able to provide copy number information from the same data. This all comes at a significantly lower cost than standard methods that use DNA sequencing."

Story Source:

Materials provided by Babraham Institute, The. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

Journal Reference:

  1. Louise Harewood, Kamal Kishore, Matthew D. Eldridge, Steven Wingett, Danita Pearson, Stefan Schoenfelder, V. Peter Collins, Peter Fraser. Hi-C as a tool for precise detection and characterisation of chromosomal rearrangements and copy number variation in human tumours. Genome Biology, 2017; 18 (1) DOI: 10.1186/s13059-017-1253-8

Cite This Page:

Babraham Institute, The. "Mapping genes could improve cancer diagnosis." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 4 July 2017. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/07/170704093912.htm>.
Babraham Institute, The. (2017, July 4). Mapping genes could improve cancer diagnosis. ScienceDaily. Retrieved November 16, 2023 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/07/170704093912.htm
Babraham Institute, The. "Mapping genes could improve cancer diagnosis." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/07/170704093912.htm (accessed November 16, 2023).

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Women are entering the biohacking space in greater numbers, and it's expected to become more intuitive rather than obsessed with hitting every performance metric.

Anecdotes exist of individuals claiming remarkable results, such as maintaining health into advanced age, or reversing biological age as measured by tests.

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The baffling case of metabolically healthy obese people: Are they protected from chronic diseases?

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THE CONVERSATION

This article was originally published on The Conversation, an independent and nonprofit source of news, analysis and commentary from academic experts. Disclosure information is available on the original site.

——

Authors: Stan Kubow, Associate Professor, School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, McGill University and Michele Iskandar, Research Associate and Lecturer, School of Human Nutrition, McGill University

There is a growing global body positivity movement to combat the stigma and prejudice that overweight and obese individuals face. Some of this stigma arises from the perception that obese individuals are unhealthy.

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However, weight is only one of the metrics that medical professionals use to assess overall health. In fact, some studies have demonstrated that a significant number of obese people are metabolically healthy, leading to the contention that one could be healthy at any size. This phenomenon is referred to as metabolically healthy obesity (MHO). Research is now starting to explore what this means.

A person who is MHO has healthy blood pressure, normal levels of blood lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides) and normal blood sugar. Having high values of one or more of these measures significantly increases one’s risk for cardiovascular disease.

It has been proposed that metabolically healthy obese individuals might be protected against obesity-related diseases. The extent of this protection has been controversial within the scientific community, and this is partly because we still don’t have a standardized definition of MHO.

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So, over the past few years, researchers have gone to work to find out who can be defined as MHO, and to what extent people with MHO are protected from chronic disease.

Emerging consensus

Several large population studies have been initiated towards this end. So far, results show that, indeed, more rigorous definitions of MHO are needed. This can be achieved by including other measures of health such as insulin resistance and blood markers of inflammation. Insulin resistance is when the body does not respond well to the insulin hormone that helps to take up sugar from the bloodstream for use as a fuel for energy. This leads to elevated blood sugar and the consequent health complications.

An emerging consensus has been that although MHO individuals show some protection from chronic disease, they still seem to be significantly less protected than those who are metabolically healthy and lean.

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The fact that people with MHO still have a relatively higher disease risk led some researchers to suggest that the term “metabolically healthy obesity” could be a misnomer. Moreover, a majority of the MHO population tends to progress towards “metabolically unhealthy obesity” or MUO over a number of years, leading to enhanced risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease and other disorders linked with obesity.

This leads to another question: is MHO truly protective over an entire lifetime, or is it just a question of time before MUO sets in, making MHO a transient state?

Protective factors

One factor to consider that might differentiate metabolically healthy versus unhealthy obesity is how fat is distributed in the body. A genetic predisposition for depositing fat under the skin, called subcutaneous fat, seems to play a protective role.

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People with this predisposition are mostly premenopausal women who accumulate subcutaneous body fat in the hips rather than the waist (pear-shaped). They are better protected against diabetes and cardiovascular disease compared to people whose body fat is located more in the abdomen (apple-shaped).

In contrast, obese individuals with a high waist circumference show excessive fat deposition in the abdomen and a pro-inflammatory state that leads to insulin resistance, which can be a precursor to Type 2 diabetes.

Researchers have also looked at the lifestyle habits that differentiate MHO from MUO individuals to see if development of metabolically unhealthy obesity can be prevented.

One factor is exercise. People with MHO are involved in regular physical activity to a greater extent than MUO individuals. The other is diet. Although dietary studies show mixed results, it seems that MHO people consume healthier diets such as the Mediterranean diet, which is rich in fish, fruits, vegetables, whole-grain products, legumes, extra virgin olive oil and nuts.

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Healthy diets provide anti-inflammatory and antioxidant benefits that help achieve a healthy metabolic profile. Indeed, of the MHO population, those who follow the Mediterranean diet seem to have lower mortality rates. Adopting these healthy lifestyle habits could help prevent the trajectory of metabolically healthy obesity moving towards metabolically unhealthy obesity over the course of a lifetime.

Is metabolically healthy obesity real?

So is MHO real and does it protect against disease? There isn’t a yes or no answer yet. The more we learn about it, the more nuance is injected into the concept that one can be perfectly healthy at any size. Based on the information we have so far, only a narrow segment of obese individuals are without risk of developing obesity-related chronic diseases.

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We also know a lot more about their characteristics. They have less abdominal fat and more subcutaneous fat. They have less insulin resistance, less inflammation and a metabolically healthy cardiovascular profile. They also have healthy lifestyle habits such as regular exercise and a healthy diet. It seems that genetics play a role as well.

We can expect more insight from major international population studies and clinical trials that are currently underway. But in the meantime, the age-old advice holds truer than ever: regular physical activity and a healthy diet are crucial to maintain health and longevity.

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The authors do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

——

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Disclosure information is available on the original site. Read the original article: https://theconversation.com/the-baffling-case-of-metabolically-healt https://theconversation.com/the-baffling-case-of-metabolically-

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According to the studies, how does intermittent fasting help?

There is a drive among some to seek alternatives beyond pharmaceutical interventions for chronic disease management, instead trying lifestyle-based approaches for harmony and symptom relief.

Title:

Content: I’m 58 but have a biological age of 21 – this is how I did it

After eight rounds of failed fertility treatments and a rheumatoid arthritis diagnosis, Leslie Kenny changed her lifestyle with the aim of reducing inflammation – the results, she says, were dramatic

Leslie Kenny was 39 and had endured eight rounds of failed fertility treatments, including IVF using a donor egg, when her doctor delivered even more bad news: the pain she’d been feeling in her wrists and fingers was rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and her blood tests showed signs of the disabling autoimmune condition lupus.

“The doctor prescribed me immunosuppressants and said, ‘You have five good years left’,” Kenny says. “I don’t know what that meant but I took it as ‘that’s all you’ve got’ – that this was the end. I was crushed.”

Lupus is an autoimmune condition in which the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues and causes inflammation that can cause permanent damage to the skin, joints, heart, lungs, kidneys and even the brain. There is no known cure, although it may relapse and remit. RA, another autoimmune condition, affects the joints leading to inflammation and thickening in the joints, which causes pain and reduced mobility. Again, there are treatments available, but it cannot be cured.

That bombshell diagnosis came in 2004. Today, Kenny is 58 and a slim, healthy woman with boundless energy. Her arthritis and lupus – a diagnosis she now questions – have gone into remission. But more than that, she appears to have beat the ageing process: recent blood tests show her biological age is just 21.

She took the “GlycanAge” blood test while attending a conference on longevity in the US. It is offered by a London-based bioinformatics company and measures levels of inflammation in your body. The results are based on determining the process of ageing as an accumulation of damage to your body over time by over-activation of the immune system, leading to inflammation of the tissues and cells. The result generates an estimated “biological age” depending on the average level of inflammation observed in the body at various points during a normal lifespan.

“Inflammation is the thing that I have been paying attention to for the last 19 years, so I suppose it’s not a surprise,” Kenny says.

Kenny is likely one of only a handful of people who could achieve such results. She is one of a breed of ‘biohacking’ devotees who swear by putting cutting-edge research into cell rejuvenation into practice in their own lives to keep their bodies and minds young, and to fight off the common causes of ageing, including inflammation, high blood sugar and cardiovascular degeneration.

The most well known of these biohackers is Bryan Johnson, the American multi-millionaire entrepreneur and venture capitalist. At 46, he spends $2m (£1.5m) a year on treatments and techniques – including restricting calories, taking large amounts of daily supplements, a strict sleep schedule that involves early nights and very early mornings, and blood transfusions – in an attempt to stop the ageing process.

He claims to have reversed his heart age by five years and has the lung capacity of an 18-year-old. Of his particular quest, Kenny reflects: “That very British saying ‘horses for courses’ comes to mind… but he is biohacking for immortality, whereas I prefer to think of myself as ‘bioharmonising’ for a healthy lifespan.”

Kenny is the co-founder of a not-for-profit group, the Oxford Longevity Project, whose aim is to get the latest groundbreaking ideas and research findings on anti-ageing and longevity to the widest possible audience – and she’s testing them out on her own body.

She set up the organisation with Oxford biologist Professor Denis Noble; Dr Paul Ch’en, a GP with a special interest in the ageing process; and academic and multiple marathon runner Sir Christopher Ball. Kenny brings lived experience as a patient who has seen her own health transformed by putting the latest academic findings into practice.

It was the shock of such a devastating diagnosis at such a young age that prompted Kenny to start doing her own research into autoimmune conditions and inflammation. It encouraged her to turn away from the pharmaceutical answers given by her doctors and find a new approach.

“I did try immunosuppressants and I really hated them. You had to jab yourself in the tummy. There are lots of bruises and it hurts. I just felt I shouldn’t be doing this,” she explains. “I have more of an Asian philosophical orientation, of the idea of bringing the body into balance rather than ‘let’s squash this symptom’. What I wanted to do was bring the body back into harmony.”

Back in 2004 the internet was still in its relative infancy, but patient groups had already started forming to share information on common health conditions. Kenny searched for anything she could find about the link between autoimmune disorders and inflammation in the body. She found there were common causes of inflammation including poor diet, lack of sleep, stress and undiagnosed allergies.

Kenny quit her job (she was, at the time, running a matchmaking agency) to reduce stress and improve sleep, and then overhauled her diet. Allergy testing found she was reacting to wheat and dairy, so she cut both out, and also reduced her sugar intake.

“At the time the idea that sugar was bad for you was kind of a new thing, but I removed sugar from my diet as much as I could and then took lots of foods that were anti-inflammatory,” she says. This involved a largely plant-based diet, also including oily fish such as salmon, lots of extra virgin olive oil and plant milks. She followed guidance from Dr Barry Sears, whose bestselling book The Zone Anti-Inflammatory Diet, had been recently released.

Then, after much discussion with autoimmune sufferers in the US, Kenny took a very radical – and expensive – step: online patient networks in the US were recommending intravenous immunoglobulin, a treatment that resets the immune system by replacing antibodies in your blood but was not recommended on the NHS. Kenny underwent two eight-hour blood transfusions at a hospital in Denver, Colorado in the United States, costing £24,000 and funded by health insurance provided by her then-husband’s employer. It is offered as a treatment for some conditions on the NHS, but not for lupus or RA.

Six months later her blood results had been reversed. The three readings her doctor was monitoring – C Reactive Protein, cytokines and TNFalpha, all of which measure inflammation and the function of the immune system – had reduced rapidly. Her doctor reported that her lupus appeared to be in full remission and she was free of disease and in control of her arthritis symptoms.

Kenny’s rapid success at improving her health kicked off a passion for self-management of illness and ageing that has defined her last two decades. “I really feel that patients need to have a chance of a fair fight,” she says, adding that not everyone can afford expensive blood infusions, but there are many things we can all do cheaply to improve our health.

Living in Oxford and surrounded by academics, Kenny began discussing her results with local friends and neighbours, including Lachlan MacKinnon, who was working on commercialising biotechnology for the Oxford Science Enterprise. He introduced her to Prof Katja Simon and Dr Ghada Alsaleh, who were both working at the Kennedy Institute for Rheumatology at Oxford University at the time, who had discovered something quite surprising – spermidine. “He [Lachlan] said, ‘It’s a terrible name, but it’s really interesting because it seems to be helping with the immune system’.”

In mice, spermidine – a polyamine found in high levels in plants such as mushrooms and fermented foods – was able to boost antibody levels in elderly subjects, keeping the immune system strong, and activate the process of autophagy: a natural cell rejuvenation process that usually happens during periods of fasting.

You may have heard the word recently due to Rishi Sunak’s commitment to a 48-hour fast every week. Consuming spermidine is believed to make the same cellular process happen, but without the inconvenience of starvation. Studies are ongoing but the first published papers also show the same effect in humans as mice.

Kenny has been taking a spermidine supplement ever since, and now promotes these findings alongside other new research through the Oxford Longevity Project.

Kenny also follows a ketogenic diet, very low in carbohydrate and higher in protein, which some academic research shows can help to preventing and treat diabetes, controlling blood sugar spikes and reducing inflammation.

Kenny’s daily routine also includes supplements of collagen, antioxidant-rich raw cacao, and glutathione, which helps repair tissues. She takes HRT to manage her body’s transition through the menopause and says the progesterone helps with restful sleep.

Two days a week she fasts for 16 hours, but she admits “I’m not slavish about it”. More important is the foods you do eat. “The Japanese drink and smoke like chimneys but they only lose four years of life to this, but in the UK we lose 10. It’s because they’re microdosing every day with green tea, they’re eating natto, which is full of spermidine; they’re eating fish full of Omega 3, and lots of fermented foods.”

Kenny walks her dog for at least 30 minutes a day and has an active life. She uses katsu bands, a product from Japan similar to a blood pressure cuff, which pulls the blood into one limb for 30 seconds then when it releases “the blood hits the pituitary gland and says ‘I’ve been lifting heavy weights’, and sends hormones to repair the body,” she explains.

She also uses an inversion chair – a small stool that makes doing a headstand easy for anyone, whatever their age – that trains the core and stimulates the vagus nerve, responsible for the regulation of organ functions such as digestion, heart rate and respiratory rate.

The efforts of figures like Kenny are being watched by experts. Vasa Curcin, professor of health informatics at King’s College London, says the “exciting work” going on among the global community of biohackers is “a huge opportunity to raise awareness and identify challenges for novel therapies and lifestyle tech interventions”.

But he adds: “We need to start considering pragmatic methods that would allow for these efforts to stop being just anecdotal evidence and start contributing to larger knowledge bases to support scientifically rigorous validation studies.”

So what is Kenny’s advice to the rest of us? “The most important thing is to get started and just do one thing. Whether that’s diet or putting a weight by the kettle and doing a bicep curl while you boil it. Just ask yourself to do it once a week, and the next week do it twice a week. Do it slowly and then it becomes a habit.”

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Technological advancements in biohacking include gene-editing tools like CRISPR, which allow researchers to study diseases, find vulnerabilities in cancer, and edit hereditary genetic disorders, though these are primarily at the research and clinical trial stages.

Title:

Content: CRISPR, 10 years on: Learning to rewrite the code of life

In just a decade, CRISPR has become one of the most celebrated inventions in modern biology, swiftly changing how medical researchers study diseases: Cancer biologists are using the method to discover hidden vulnerabilities of tumor cells; doctors are using it to edit genes that cause hereditary diseases. But CRISPR's influence extends far beyond medicine

By Carl Zimmer
Published: Jun 28, 2022

Jennifer Doudna, who shared the 2020 Nobel Prize for chemistry for her work on CRISPR, at the University of California in Berkeley, Jan. 15, 2019. The gene-editing technology has led to innovations in medicine, evolution and agriculture — and raised profound ethical questions about altering human DNA. (Anastasiia Sapon/The New York Times)

Ten years ago this week, Jennifer Doudna and her colleagues published the results of a test-tube experiment on bacterial genes. When the study came out in the journal Science on June 28, 2012, it did not make headline news. In fact, over the next few weeks, it did not make any news at all.

Looking back, Doudna wondered if the oversight had something to do with the wonky title she and her colleagues had chosen for the study: “A Programmable Dual RNA-Guided DNA Endonuclease in Adaptive Bacterial Immunity.”

“I suppose if I were writing the paper today, I would have chosen a different title,” Doudna, a biochemist at the University of California, Berkeley, said in an interview.

Far from an esoteric finding, the discovery pointed to a new method for editing DNA, one that might even make it possible to change human genes.

“I remember thinking very clearly, when we publish this paper, it’s like firing the starting gun at a race,” she said.

In just a decade, CRISPR has become one of the most celebrated inventions in modern biology. It is swiftly changing how medical researchers study diseases: Cancer biologists are using the method to discover hidden vulnerabilities of tumor cells. Doctors are using CRISPR to edit genes that cause hereditary diseases.

“The era of human gene editing isn’t coming,” said David Liu, a biologist at Harvard University. “It’s here.”

But CRISPR’s influence extends far beyond medicine. Evolutionary biologists are using the technology to study Neanderthal brains and to investigate how our ape ancestors lost their tails. Plant biologists have edited seeds to produce crops with new vitamins or with the ability to withstand diseases. Some of them may reach supermarket shelves in the next few years.

Also read: Inside the world of DNA decoding in India

CRISPR has had such a quick impact that Doudna and her collaborator, Emmanuelle Charpentier of the Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens in Berlin, won the 2020 Nobel Prize for chemistry. The award committee hailed their 2012 study as “an epoch-making experiment.”

Doudna recognized early on that CRISPR would pose a number of thorny ethical questions, and after a decade of its development, those questions are more urgent than ever.

Will the coming wave of CRISPR-altered crops feed the world and help poor farmers, or only enrich agribusiness giants that invest in the technology? Will CRISPR-based medicine improve health for vulnerable people across the world, or come with a million-dollar price tag?

The most profound ethical question about CRISPR is how future generations might use the technology to alter human embryos. This notion was simply a thought experiment until 2018, when He Jiankui, a biophysicist in China, edited a gene in human embryos to confer resistance to HIV. Three of the modified embryos were implanted in women in the Chinese city of Shenzen.

In 2019, a court sentenced He to prison for “illegal medical practices.” MIT Technology Review reported in April that he had recently been released. Little is known about the health of the three children, who are now toddlers.

Scientists don’t know of anyone else who has followed He’s example — yet. But as CRISPR continues to improve, editing human embryos may eventually become a safe and effective treatment for a variety of diseases.

Will it then become acceptable, or even routine, to repair disease-causing genes in an embryo in the lab? What if parents wanted to insert traits that they found more desirable — such as those related to height, eye color or intelligence?

Françoise Baylis, a bioethicist at Dalhousie University in Nova Scotia, worries that the public is still not ready to grapple with such questions.

“I’m skeptical about the depth of understanding about what’s at issue there,” she said. “There’s a difference between making people better and making better people.”

Also read: Pfizer offers to sell medicines at cost to poorest countries

Making the cut

Doudna and Charpentier did not invent their gene-editing method from scratch. They borrowed their molecular tools from bacteria.

In the 1980s, microbiologists discovered puzzling stretches of DNA in bacteria, later called Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, or CRISPR. Further research revealed that bacteria used these CRISPR sequences as weapons against invading viruses.

The bacteria turned these sequences into genetic material, called RNA, that could stick precisely to a short stretch of an invading virus’s genes. These RNA molecules carry proteins with them that act like molecular scissors, slicing the viral genes and halting the infection.

As Doudna and Charpentier investigated CRISPR, they realized that the system might allow them to cut a sequence of DNA of their own choosing. All they needed to do was make a matching piece of RNA.

To test this revolutionary idea, they created a batch of identical pieces of DNA. They then crafted another batch of RNA molecules, programming all of them to home in on the same spot on the DNA. Finally, they mixed the DNA, the RNA and molecular scissors together in test tubes. They discovered that many of the DNA molecules had been cut at precisely the right spot.

For months, Doudna oversaw a series of round-the-clock experiments to see if CRISPR might work not only in a test tube but in living cells. She pushed her team hard, suspecting that many other scientists were also on the chase. That hunch soon proved correct.

In January 2013, five teams of scientists published studies in which they successfully used CRISPR in living animal or human cells. Doudna did not win that race; the first two published papers came from two labs in Cambridge, Massachusetts — one at the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, and the other at Harvard.

Also read: Can these startups fix rural healthcare in India?

‘Did you CRISPR that?’

Lukas Dow, a cancer biologist at Weill Cornell Medicine, vividly remembers learning about CRISPR’s potential. “Reading the papers, it looked amazing,” he recalled.

Dow and his colleagues soon found that the method reliably snipped out pieces of DNA in human cancer cells.

“It became a verb to drop,” Dow said. “A lot of people would say, ‘Did you CRISPR that?’”

Cancer biologists began systematically altering every gene in cancer cells to see which ones mattered to the disease. Researchers at KSQ Therapeutics, also in Cambridge, used CRISPR to discover a gene that is essential for the growth of certain tumors, for example, and last year, they began a clinical trial of a drug that blocks the gene.

Caribou Biosciences, co-founded by Doudna, and CRISPR Therapeutics, co-founded by Charpentier, are both running clinical trials for CRISPR treatments that fight cancer in another way: by editing immune cells to more aggressively attack tumors.

Those companies and several others are also using CRISPR to try to reverse hereditary diseases.

Other companies are injecting CRISPR molecules directly into the body. Intellia Therapeutics, based in Cambridge and also co-founded by Doudna, has teamed up with Regeneron, based in Westchester County, New York, to begin a clinical trial to treat transthyretin amyloidosis, a rare disease in which a damaged liver protein becomes lethal as it builds up in the blood.

Doctors injected CRISPR molecules into the volunteers’ livers to shut down the defective gene. Speaking at a scientific conference last Friday, Intellia researchers reported that a single dose of the treatment produced a significant drop in the protein level in volunteers’ blood for as long as a year thus far.

The same technology that allows medical researchers to tinker with human cells is letting agricultural scientists alter crop genes. When the first wave of CRISPR studies came out, Catherine Feuillet, an expert on wheat, who was then at the French National Institute for Agricultural Research, immediately saw its potential for her own work.

“I said, ‘Oh, my God, we have a tool,’” she said. “We can put breeding on steroids.”

A photo provided by Rice University shows Gang Bao, a biochemical engineer who is working on a treatment for sickle cell disease using CRISPR. Ten years after CRISPR’s introduction to the world, the gene editing technique continues to create new avenues for exploration, reinvigorate old studies and spur complicated ethical discussions. (Rice University via The New York Times)

Prime CRISPR

The original CRISPR system, known as CRISPR-Cas9, leaves plenty of room for improvement. The molecules are good at snipping out DNA, but they’re not as good at inserting new pieces in their place. Sometimes CRISPR-Cas9 misses its target, cutting DNA in the wrong place. And even when the molecules do their jobs correctly, cells can make mistakes as they repair the loose ends of DNA left behind.

A number of scientists have invented new versions of CRISPR that overcome some of these shortcomings. At Harvard, for example, Liu and his colleagues have used CRISPR to make a nick in one of DNA’s two strands, rather than breaking them entirely. This process, known as base editing, lets them precisely change a single genetic letter of DNA with much less risk of genetic damage.

Liu has co-founded a company called Beam Therapeutics to create base-editing drugs. Later this year, the company will test its first drug on people with sickle cell anemia.

Liu and his colleagues have also attached CRISPR molecules to a protein that viruses use to insert their genes into their host’s DNA. This new method, called prime editing, could enable CRISPR to alter longer stretches of genetic material.

“Prime editors are kind of like DNA word processors,” Liu said. “They actually perform a search and replace function on DNA.”

Rodolphe Barrangou, a CRISPR expert at North Carolina State University and a founder of Intellia Therapeutics, predicted that prime editing would eventually become a part of the standard CRISPR toolbox. But for now, he said, the technique was still too complex to become widely used. “It’s not quite ready for prime time, pun intended,” he said.

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©2019 New York Times News Service

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Experiments in mice and humans are ongoing, but most gene-editing therapies remain unproven in the broad population and present ethical and delivery challenges.

The concept of “metabolically healthy obesity” is discussed, with some individuals remaining healthy despite obesity if lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise are optimal, but health risks remain a concern.

Efforts to map genes and detect genomic changes are improving cancer diagnosis and enabling targeted treatments, sometimes at lower costs than traditional sequencing.

Many biohacking techniques are only partially supported by clinical research, with evidence for some dietary and lifestyle modifications (such as moderate intermittent fasting, exercise, and some supplements) but limited robust data for more extreme practices, supplement overuse, or unregulated genetic editing.

Overall, while biohacking encompasses a wide range of proactive health strategies, its long-term safety and efficacy remain uncertain, and methods should be evaluated critically with reliance on quality scientific data and professional medical guidance.

- Scientists are developing ways to detect diseases like cancer early using blood drops and advanced technologies such as Raman microscopy and machine learning.

Title:

Content: Breathing and a drop of blood.
New method determines cancer in minutes - RIA Novosti, 04.10.2023
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Breathing and a drop of blood.
New method detects cancer in minutes
Russian scientists have developed a new method of rapid diagnosis of cancer
© iStock.com / urbazonGirl undergoing lung function testing in a medical clinic
Read ria.ru in
MOSCOW, 4 Oct — RIA Novosti, Vladislav Strekopytov.
Scientists from Tomsk State University (TSU) have developed a painless rapid diagnosis of health status by a drop of blood or exhaled air.
In just a few minutes, you can identify markers of dangerous diseases, including nascent cancer.
Human Molecular Profile
Doctors say that proper and timely diagnosis is the key to successful treatment.
It is especially important to quickly and accurately diagnose such critical conditions as a heart attack or stroke, when the bill literally goes on for minutes.
And in the case of oncology, the main task is not to miss the disease at an early stage.
The idea that the composition of blood, urine and saliva reflects the state of human health has existed since ancient times.
However, only the technological progress of recent decades has made it possible to quantify the metabolic products contained in biological fluids - metabolites.
There was a separate scientific direction - metabolomics, in which scientists study the molecular signs of various processes in the body, including pathological ones.
Based on mathematical modeling, scientists from the Laboratory of Laser Molecular Imaging and Machine Learning at TSU calculated multicomponent molecular profiles characteristic of certain diseases.
Then, mixtures of marker molecules were produced from known compounds in a certain concentration for each of the profiles, the neural network was trained on their example and the results were tested on real samples of biological fluids and tissues taken from patients.
“Our diagnostic method is based on the component analysis of tissues, biological fluids or exhaled air on biomarker molecules, ” says Denis Vrazhnov, a project participant in the laboratory.“ For this, we use modern devices — a Raman microscope, a terahertz spectrometer, gas analyzers. ”
© RIA Novosti / Vladislav StrekopytoJunior Researcher, Laboratory of Laser Molecular Imaging and Machine Learning, TSU Denis Vrazhnov
Denis Vrazhnov, Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Laser Molecular Imaging and Machine Learning, TSU
Diagnosis by molecular profiles is much more accurate than by individual marker molecules, and the use of artificial intelligence in interpreting data minimizes the risk of errors.
In the future, the entire procedure of analyzes can be performed completely automatically, according to the authors of the new method.
How it works, journalists were shown during an excursion to the laboratory, organized within the framework of the initiative "Popular Science Tourism" of the Decade of Science and Technology, which provides for visits to the objects of the national project "Science and Universities".
Find cancer by blood drop
Directly tracking metabolic changes in the human body is very difficult.
Some – for example, the breakdown of hormones – occur very quickly, others are realized at the intracellular level and are not available for direct observation.
Therefore, most methods of functional diagnostics are based on indirect data.
So, in ultrasound studies (ultrasound), the doctor analyzes the picture created by sound waves when passing through tissues and organs.
A radiograph is a projection of X-rays reflecting the internal anatomical structure.
By the spectral characteristics of light, one can judge the molecular composition of tissues or liquids.
© RIA Novosti / Vladislav StrekopytovEmployees of the Laboratory of Laser Molecular Imaging and Machine Learning at TSU work on a Raman microscope
Employees of the Laboratory of Laser Molecular Imaging and Machine Learning at TSU are working on a Raman microscope
“Looking at the spectral profile, we can say what reactions occur in the body, how it reacts to external stimuli, viruses, bacteria, ” explains the scientist.
In experiments conducted on one of the most sensitive devices, the confocal Raman spectrometer, the researchers found that the shape of the profile can be tracked, and at a very early stage, the development of cancer: skin cancer (melanoma) and glioma - one of the most aggressive forms of brain cancer.
The results were confirmed by another instrument, the terahertz spectrometer.
CC BY 4.0 / Michael B. Fenn {et al.}, 2011 / Schematic diagram of the Raman spectrometer
Glioma is most often detected in the later stages, when the patient develops symptoms such as severe headaches and nausea.
The diagnosis is confirmed by an MRI of the head.
Now the disease can be detected by a drop of blood.
The proposed method has passed the stage of pilot testing on animals, and now experts are moving to research on human biomaterials.
"We studied how the molecular composition of brain tissue changes in mice that were planted with cancer cells, as a result of which they developed glioma, - says Vrazhnov. - It turned out that a healthy brain has one profile, and a patient has a completely different one.
What's more, we found that it's different for tumor and inflammation. "
This solves another diagnostic problem.
It is known that the development of a tumor is often, but not always, preceded by inflammation.
Analysis of molecular profiles makes it possible to isolate metabolites of pre-oncological inflammation in a blood serum sample with high reliability and to notice the beginning of brain tumor development much earlier than it is done now.
The authors are confident that it will be possible to detect not only glioma, but also other types of tumors.
All data on blood changes in various oncological diseases are now included in the electronic database, which will be accessed by artificial intelligence in the process of analysis.
Diagnosis of Breathing
Researchers from TSU have learned to obtain a molecular profile not only by blood, but also by the composition of the air exhaled by a person.
To do this, they improved with the help of machine learning methods of chemical analysis on another device - a gas analyzer.
“Changes in metabolism are reflected in the composition of the blood that washes the lungs, – explains the scientist. – Due to gas exchange, marker molecules that accompany some pathological process enter the exhaled air, and we catch them with the help of a gas analyzer. ”
© RIA Novosti / Vladislav StrekopytovDobrovolets takes a sample of air for diagnosis
The volunteer takes a sample of air for diagnosis
At the same time, the diagnostic is important not so much the set of analyzed compounds (as a rule, it is standard: nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ammonia and some other volatile hydrocarbons), as the ratio of their concentrations.
For example, increased ammonia content is a good marker of diabetes.
With the help of molecular profiles, covid, tuberculosis, heart disease can be recognized.
"All these diseases change the composition of the exhaled air, - the researcher notes. - Our device works in a very wide range and can" catch "a large number of marker molecules."
© RIA Novosti / Vladislav StrekopytovOn the profile of a healthy person should be four peaks, if less - this is an alarming sign
There should be four peaks on the profile of a healthy person, if less is an alarming sign
The method has already been tested in clinical conditions on patients with tuberculosis.
Good results were also shown in trials in groups of volunteers with primary myocardial infarction.
Molecular psychosomatics
Recently, laboratory scientists have tried to diagnose mental illness with the help of a gas analyzer.
To do this, we collected exhaled air samples from patients with depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, compared the results with a control group and identified chemical features characteristic of each of the diagnoses.
“When we conducted the studies, we were asked to check whether the markers of depression in the exhaled air were preserved in those who have already undergone treatment, ” says Vrazhnov.
But in some patients in the group that was already preparing for discharge, the spectral characteristics did not change.
This suggests that the treatment was insufficient and the disease may return quickly. "
© RIA Novosti / Vladislav StrekopytoGas analyzer in the laboratory of laser molecular imaging and machine learning TSU
Gas analyzer in the laboratory of laser molecular imaging and machine learning TSU
The proposed method, according to its authors, can become the first objective tool for monitoring the effectiveness of treatment in psychiatry, where traditionally used to rely only on the subjective opinion of the observing physician.
The most unusual experiment the laboratory staff conducted in one of the cinemas of the city.
Assuming that the set of chemicals produced by the body depends, among other things, on the general psychological state of the person, they collected air samples in the cinema hall during the demonstration of the action film, analyzed them and obtained a profile of "collective stress", which became more pronounced as the plot developed and tensions increased.
The researchers hope that the rapid diagnosis of molecular profiles will receive wide practical application.
In addition to medicine, it will be able to be used in forensics, inspection and control systems, as well as in other areas.
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- In mice with induced brain cancer (glioma), researchers studied changes in molecular composition to potentially improve human diagnostics.

- Tumor development is often, though not always, preceded by inflammation.

- Machine learning and gas analysis have enabled detection of tumors and other diseases by identifying specific marker molecules, like high ammonia levels indicating diabetes.

- Analysis of air samples and chemical profiles can reveal health issues, where deviations from the healthy molecular "peaks" are warning signs.

- The EU is investing in research and support for millions with rare, complex diseases such as Coffin-Lowry syndrome which is caused by specific gene mutations.

Title:

Content: The EU will improve the treatment of rare diseases, supporting pharmaceutical companies and scientists
In collaboration with the European Commission
Copyright euronews
Euronews
The EU will lend a helping hand to millions of patients with rare and poorly understood diagnoses.
Brussels promises to support pharmaceutical manufacturers who work in the interests of this group of patients.
Help is waiting for little Victor, the hero of our report.
Three years of diagnosis
Victor lives near Bucharest, the capital of Romania.
Shortly after his birth eight years ago, his parents realized that his son ’ s development was in jeopardy.
His mother, Juliana, recalls: “We went to a neurologist every month.
And then every two months to genetics.
It was obvious to us that something was wrong with the development. ”
It took the family 3 years and tests in 6 countries to make a diagnosis.
Victor suffers from Coffin-Lowry syndrome, it is caused by a small mutation in one of the genes.
"The mutation causes a great delay in psychomotor development, - says Juliana. - He is 8 years old, but mentally and physically he is developed by 2-3 years.
The delay will continue throughout life. ”
The woman became a co-founder of the association of patients with Coffin-Lowry syndrome.
Swimming, physiotherapy, working with a speech therapist help improve the quality of life of her boy.
But how to cure it, science does not yet know.
After consulting with doctors from different countries, Iuliana realized that “the child needs a drug that will help the neurons to better interact with each other. ”
She summarizes: "There has been no research in this regard."
Fold the puzzle of disease
Victor's case is not unique.
The European Union has approved treatment for about 300 of the more than 6,000 rare diseases identified, or just 5%.
One of the addresses where Victor's family received help is the Center for Medical Genetics in Craiova.
Each year, the local specialists treat about a thousand people suffering from rare diseases.
Diagnosis and selection of therapy is fraught with difficulties.
Iona Streta, a geneticist, explains: “Sometimes rare diseases are like a puzzle consisting of 20 pieces.
Then you go to a neurologist, then a pediatrician, a cardiologist and a lab, do a general blood test, a genetic test, to get the big picture.
But some diseases are puzzles of more than 2 thousand pieces, very small.
It takes a lot of time to assemble them.
But people need quick answers to their needs and questions. ”
Aware of the need for new, more advanced and at the same time cheaper drugs, the European Commission seeks to stimulate developers by giving them the right to increased scientific and administrative support.
The Commission also proposed granting companies additional periods of market exclusivity, during which their products are protected from competition.
Eurordis is a non-profit alliance working for the benefit of 30 million Europeans suffering from rare diseases.
Its director, Jan Le Cam, talks about the specifics of helping such patients: "Treatment means eliminating only some of the symptoms, sometimes delaying the onset of the disease, slowing its progression or even stopping the development of the disease.
This is usually a long-term therapy that rarely leads to a full recovery.
So the needs in this area are huge, and the most important thing here is science.
Now we are experiencing an exceptional moment, we are witnessing the emergence of new therapies, including gene and cell therapy, but not only this: pharmacology is developing, including through the reuse of old molecules.
It ’ s just a fountain of opportunity. ”
Joint work of countries and doctors
According to experts, the European Union has every opportunity to maximize this potential.
Dr. Streta relies on information exchange and joint research.
“Imagine that I have three such patients here, perhaps three more will be found in France, the same number in Finland.
Let ’ s look at these people ’ s genetic profiles, their analyses, to see if we can find some biomarkers, potential therapeutic targets, and then maybe run trials and find the right treatment. ”
The family of Victor also has hopes for science.
“In the last two years, treatments based on gene editing have appeared, ” the boy ’ s mother says.“ We are also betting on neurological treatment to improve the connections between neurons.
So the son will learn faster, his speech will improve.
I think the more we talk about rare diseases, the more research is funded, the closer we are to giving patients a better life. "
Also on the subject

- For many rare diseases, therapies are long-term and rarely curative, but physiotherapy and other interventions help improve quality of life.

- The expansion of research and funding is expected to bring new hope to patients with such conditions.

- Gene editing therapies have already led to remarkable advances, such as curing a terminally ill child from leukemia using engineered T-cells created with new gene-editing technologies.

Title:

Content: A new method of cancer therapy has allowed to cure leukemia terminally ill child
Subscribe to our newsletter “Context ”: it will help you understand the events.
A British teenage girl managed to cure leukemia by applying a new type of therapy - the so-called base editing.
All other methods of treatment of 13-year-old Alyssa were unsuccessful, so the doctors of the world-famous London children's hospital Great Ormond Street, in fact, created a new medicine for her.
Six months later, no cancer cells were found in her body, although Alyssa is still under medical supervision.
Last May, Alyssa was diagnosed with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Under normal conditions, T cells are the body's defenders, but in Alyssa, their activities have become out of control and have become dangerous.
Alyssa had an aggressive type of cancer.
Neither chemotherapy nor bone marrow transplantation helped.
“After all, I would have died, ” Alyssa says.
Her mother, Kiona, says that last year she waited with horror for Christmas, thinking that they were meeting him together for the last time, and just cried on her daughter ’ s birthday in January.
What happened a few years ago was unimaginable.
Great Ormond Street ’ s team used gene editing technology that emerged just six years ago.
Editing the grounds
Nitrogenous bases are organic compounds that make up nucleic acids.
The four base types — adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T) — are the building blocks of our genetic code.
Like the letters of the alphabet, the billions of bases in our DNA make up the instructions for the human body.
Base editing allows scientists to select a specific part of the genetic code and then change the molecular structure of just one base, transforming it into another and changing the genetic instructions.
A team of doctors and scientists used this tool to create a new type of T cells capable of tracking and killing cancer T cells in Alyssa's body.
Healthy donor T cells were used for this purpose.
The first modification turned off Alyssa ’ s T-cell targeting mechanism so that they would attack her body
The second amendment removed the CD7 leukocyte antigen, which is present in all T cells.
• The third edition prevented the death of cells from chemotherapy, making them “invisible ” to the drug.
In the final stage of genetic modification, T cells were instructed to hunt for all cells in which the CD7 protein was present in order to destroy all T cells in her body, including cancer cells.
Alyssa's immune system, including T cells, was supposed to be restored with a second bone marrow transplant.
Alyssa remained vulnerable to infections, as both cancer T cells in her body and those that protected her from disease.A month later, Alyssa went into remission, and she underwent a second bone marrow transplant to restore her immune system.Alyssa spent 16 weeks in the hospital and was at this time maximally protected from possible infections.
After the examination, three months later, the doctors were alarmed, as the girl again found signs of cancer.
But two subsequent examinations showed a complete absence of cancer cells.
Huge potential
"Alyssa is the first patient to be treated with this technology," says Professor Wasim Qasim of the University of California and Great Ormond Street Hospital.
According to him, such genetic manipulation is a very rapidly developing field of science with huge potential for the treatment of a number of diseases.
However, the technology used to treat Alyssa is only a small fraction of what can be achieved using base editing.
Dr. David Liu of the Broad Institute, one of the inventors of the method, finds it surprising and unusual that the new method began to be used to treat people just six years after its development.
In the therapy developed for Alyssa, each base editing involved breaking down a section of the genetic code so that it no longer worked.
But the technology can be applied more subtly and selectively - for example, instead of turning off a defective instruction, you can adjust it.
Sickle cell anemia, for example, is caused by a change in just one base that can be corrected.
Scientists are already testing base editing in sickle cell anemia, as well as hereditary elevated cholesterol and beta-thalassemia (blood disease).

- DNA’s sequence acts as instructions for the body, and new tools allow doctors to program immune cells to target and destroy cancer.

- Animal models like rats and zebrafish are instrumental in exploring affective disorders, by enabling identification of brain proteins and genes involved in conditions like depression.

Title:

Content: .
Interspecific "genes of depression"
Interspecific "genes of depression"
Scientists from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Almazov National Medical Research Center, Sirius University, the Institute of Translational Biomedicine of St. Petersburg State University, Granov Russian Research Center for Radiology and Surgical Technologies, the Institute of Neurology and Medicine (Novosibirsk) and the Ural Federal University conducted an interspecific analysis of brain gene expression in zebrafish, rats and humans to identify new common molecular targets. and for the treatment of central nervous system disorders caused by chronic stress.
The study identified several key brain proteins that may play an important role in the pathogenesis of affective disorders.
The work is reported by the press service of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.
Affective disorders, also known as emotional disorders, are a set of mental disorders with a change in emotional state.
These are various forms of depression and mania, psychosis, increased anxiety.
They are widespread, as they are formed not only as an independent mental pathology, but also as complications in neurological and other somatic diseases.
This fact causes difficulties in diagnosis: low mood, anxiety and irritability people refer to temporary, situational manifestations.
According to statistics, emotional disorders of varying severity occur in 20% of people, but only a quarter of them receive qualified help.
Despite the high prevalence of such diseases, many pathological mechanisms are still not clear.
Animal models such as rats and zebrafish are often used to investigate affective disorders.
However, not all the data obtained in animal models can then be applied to humans.
This leads scientists to look for new techniques that would help identify evolutionarily stable molecular mechanisms for the development of affective disorders.
The team, led by Alan Kaluev, chief scientist at the MIPT Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Neurobiological Problems and Bioscreening, conducted the study, which used both traditional methods, such as comparing “healthy ” humans and animals with those who have symptoms of the disease, and more complex approaches: cross-species analysis by comparing orthologists —“ similar ” genes of different organisms that perform a similar function and are descended from a single DNA sequence.
The analysis used sequencing data of RNA — ribonucleic acid, which is an intermediate biomolecule for the transfer of information from the “source ”, DNA, to proteins that perform a certain function.
Genome-wide DNA sequencing gives an overall picture of the diversity of genes in the body, but it cannot answer the question of which are active in different cells and tissues at a certain point in time.
For this reason, RNA sequencing is used to analyze gene expression, through which a direct link can be established between gene activity and certain physiological conditions.
Scientists have managed to fix some common mechanisms of response to stress, including changes in the activity of genes responsible for calcium signaling, cell adhesion molecules and oxidative phosphorylation.
Elena Petersen, Head of the Laboratory of Molecular Biological and Neurobiological Problems and Bioscreening at MIPT, says: “We were able to identify several key brain proteins (GRIA1, DLG1, CDH1, THRB, PLCG2, NGEF, IKZF1 and FEZF2) as promising targets for drug exposure, as well as offer a new set of genes that can be used for further study of affective pathogenesis."
Scientists have identified common genes that are involved in pathogenesis in all three species and, therefore, are evolutionarily stable biomarkers of affective pathology.
The data were re-checked using several different techniques.
In the future, the results of the study can be used in the diagnosis and therapy of affective disorders.
The work was published in the journal Scientific Reports.
Source: polit.ru

- Researchers have succeeded in reprogramming human skin cells to be 30 years younger by reversing signs of aging at the cellular and genomic level.

Title:

Content: Researchers at the British Babraham Institute managed to reprogram human skin cells and make them 30 years younger.
A new technique for rejuvenating skin cells allowed researchers to rewind their biological clock, making a “leap in time ”, while the cells did not lose their functions, according to Bloomberg.
In the study, scientists describe the possibility of partially restoring the function of old cells, as well as updating their biological age.
In experiments modeling the skin wound, the partially renewed cells showed signs of behavior more similar to the behavior of young cells.
Experts suggest that the results of the study may change regenerative medicine, especially if this process can be replicated in other types of cells.
Professor Wolf Reik, head of the epigenetics research program, said the work has very exciting implications.
"We will be able to identify genes that rejuvenate without reprogramming, and specifically target cells to reduce the effects of aging," he explained.
Dr. Diljit Gill, a research fellow at Professor Rake's lab at the Bebraham Institute, said:
"Our results are a big step forward in understanding cell reprogramming.
We have shown that cells can be rejuvenated without losing their function. "
It is noted that as a person ages, the ability of cells to function normally decreases, and the genome - the DNA circuit - accumulates signs of aging.
Regenerative biology aims to repair or replace cells, including old ones.
One of its most important tools is the ability to create “induced ” stem cells.
However, this process erases the functions of cells and gives them the ability to become cells of any type.
The new method, based on a technique that was a Nobel laureate and which scientists use to create stem cells, overcomes the problem of completely erasing the identity of the cell, stopping the reprogramming of part of the process.
This allowed the researchers to find the exact balance between reprogramming cells, making them biologically younger, but in doing so they could regain their specialized cellular function.
Scientists noted that the potential application of this technique depends on the fact that the cells not only look younger, but also function as young cells.
Experts suggest that in the future, the study may open up other therapeutic options.
They noticed that their method also affected other genes associated with age-related diseases and symptoms, such as the APBA2 gene associated with Alzheimer's disease and the MAF gene, which contributes to the development of cataracts.
You may also be interested in news:

- As humans age, DNA accumulates changes that reduce cell function, but advances in genome research aim to address this.

- The sequencing of the human genome from only one individual was limited, and broader efforts are leading to improved genetic understanding.

Title:

Content: Pangenom: Scientists are synthesizing genes from 350 people.
The clues of life are getting closer
4: 51
Two decades ago, the Human Genome Project successfully fulfilled its mission of sequencing the entire human genome, which allowed us to gain a deep understanding of how the human body works.
This groundbreaking project is widely recognized as one of the most significant milestones in biology.
However, despite its monumental nature, there were limitations.
The original human genome was based on the genetic code of one person, which yielded only a limited amount of information.
In addition, there were gaps in the original genome that remained unfilled until recently.
In response to these limitations, the researchers sought to expand the foundations of human genomics.
Today, a group of scientists has taken a significant step forward in this direction.
In a series of published papers, they successfully synthesized nearly complete genomes of 47 people representing different racial and ethnic groups.
This comprehensive collection, known as the "pangenom", captures an unprecedented level of human genetic diversity.
Erich Jarvis, one of the main researchers involved in the project, highlighted the significance of this achievement, saying in a press release:
"This complex genomic collection represents a significantly more accurate human genetic diversity than has ever been recorded before.
With broader and deeper genetic data at their disposal, as well as improved genome assembly, researchers can deepen their understanding of the relationship between genes and disease signs, thereby speeding up clinical research. "
A comprehensive understanding of the human genome, encompassing a variety of information, is vital to a holistic understanding of humanity.
Certain genes and conditions are unique to certain racial and ethnic groups, making their inclusion in the genome crucial for study and research.
In addition, the pangenome takes into account genetic differences between men and women — a factor overlooked in the original genome sequence.
However, it is important to note that some categories of the genome are currently missing.
Some cultures, especially Native Americans and Aborigines, are hesitant to provide their genetic material due to historical cases of obtaining medical information without consent.
Therefore, the team working on the pangenome project is working with these communities to establish ethical guidelines for the use of their genetic information.
However, it may take time before the representation of these communities is secured, if at all.
Statistics
Statistically speaking, the pangenome represents a huge leap forward.
The new sequence detects more than 120 million pairs of genetic bases that were previously unknown, including about 90 million base pairs that represent significant genetic differences known as structural variants.
Jarvis emphasized the impact of these structural variants, which can significantly affect the signs, diseases, and functions of genes.
With the identification of numerous new options, countless revolutionary discoveries are possible.
However, access to and comprehension of these discoveries will undoubtedly require time and effort.
Expanding the dataset by 47 times brings tremendous benefits, but at the same time increases complexity.
Pangenom resembles a map rather than a direct GPS route, with numerous combinations of features that need to be guided to reach a diagnostic destination.
Ensuring that scientists can effectively interpret and use this biological miracle presents a new, complex and challenging challenge.
As long as we are in possession of the map, developing the means to unleash its full potential is the next important task.
Once this key is developed, a new wave of genetic research will emerge.
As the project continues to expand — with plans to synthesize the genomes of at least 350 people by next year — a huge amount of data will descend on the researchers.
Hoping to study more genetic traits and diseases than ever before, this wealth of information promises new discoveries.
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Vaccination, Pangenom and Archetypal Horror.
Sergey Pereslegin
Author Oleg Loginov
Oleg Loginov — HSE student, Pravda.Ru freelance correspondent
Topics Science

- Non-coding DNA mutations can increase risk for autism, and laser tweezers are being developed for rapid, accurate diagnosis by manipulating individual molecules.

Title:

Content: NEWS
Coronavirus
Diseases and medicines
Science
Traditional medicine
HLS
Chromosomal rearrangements diagnosed with laser tweezers
Chromosomal permutations, or aberrations, are considered the main cause of spontaneous abortions.
Moreover, about one percent of people on Earth live with such mutations.
That is why it is necessary to quickly and reliably diagnose such disorders, for which scientists proposed the use of laser tweezers, which allows you to manipulate individual molecules.
Photo: Naked-Science.ruNaked-Science.ru
The human genome consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes, of which one is sexual, identical in the case of women (XX) and dissimilar in the case of men (XY).
This whole set includes structures of different size, having a stretch and so-called shoulders, which sometimes vary markedly in size.
Video of the day
Sometimes in such a set there are quite serious changes.
For example, individual chromosomes in a pair can be doubled (as in the case of Down syndrome) or fall out (an example is Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome, when only one X chromosome remains from the sex chromosome).
Smaller scale rearrangements are also described: for example, in Oldred and Wolf-Hirschhorn syndromes, a small portion of the chromosome disappears.
In other cases, part of the chromosome can double or turn 180 degrees.
About one percent of people live with chromosomal aberrations of one kind or another.
Moreover, they are considered the most common cause of spontaneous abortion in the early stages.
Therefore, it is very important to have reliable and rapid diagnostic methods that allow you to detect such mutations in time.
Sometimes doctors who suspect another case of chromosomal rearrangements cannot understand which of them they are dealing with, or assess the size of the defect - all this makes it difficult to predict the course of the disease.
To solve such problems, researchers from the University of Copenhagen (Denmark) proposed diagnostics based on high-precision biophysical methods.
It made it possible to achieve very high accuracy and to notice those chromosomal aberrations that are indistinguishable by standard methods.
"Ideally, we would like to take a sample from a person with infertility, for example, and use our method to analyze chromosomes to detect the defects present.
In principle, it can also be useful for the study of other chromosomal rearrangements and diseases, in particular cancer, ” said Professor Ian Hickson (Ian Hickson) from the Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, one of the authors of the new paper in Nature.
The scientist notes that modern hospitals (for example, in Denmark) are already diagnosing chromosomal aberrations, but their technology is far from perfect.
"Now, when studying chromosomes, they are exposed to chemical reagents with which they are fixed.
It ’ s all like a veterinarian who wants to see a pet dog, but to do this, he must first make a stuffed animal out of it, ” explained Hickson.
The solution proposed by the Danes is much more delicate and high-tech.
They use laser, or optical tweezers – a special tool that allows you to manipulate microscopic objects and even individual molecules.
Scientists use optical tweezers in protein research and for particularly accurate measurements.
When working with chromosomes, this technique essentially works like a very high resolution microscope.
Moreover, in this case, you can move, squeeze and stretch the chromosomes.
For example, with such manipulations, a piece at the end of a chromosome can fall off, which indicates certain mutations.
It turns out, with the help of optical tweezers, it is really possible to notice even the smallest defects and conduct a better diagnosis.

- Genetic mutations can involve chromosome duplications or inversions, affecting disease and traits such as obesity, which is increasingly recognized as influenced by genetics.

Title:

Content: Scientists have discovered the genes responsible for weight gain and weight loss
The study may help make a breakthrough in the treatment of obesity.
Although it is generally believed that the main factors in weight gain in people are excessive appetite and lack of exercise, but scientists are beginning to paint a much more complex picture.
It turns out that our genes can also play a significant role in this.
A team of scientists from the University of Virginia during the study was able to identify 14 genes that can cause weight gain, and another 3 that can prevent it.
Scientists hope that their discovery will help make a significant breakthrough in the treatment of obesity.
Genes and obesity
It is known that there are hundreds of genes associated with obesity that are more common among overweight people than with healthy ones.
Therefore, the team set out to determine which of these genes play a causal role in promoting or preventing weight gain.
To do this, they developed an automated pipeline to simultaneously test hundreds of genes.
And helped them in this modest worms, known as Caenorhabditis elegans.
These tiny individuals, which live in rotten vegetation, share more than 70% of our genes and have become the basis for many key scientific discoveries.
How the study was conducted
Developing a new approach for some worms, the researchers put them on an unhealthy high-fructose diet so that they served as a model for obesity, whereas the control group received regular food.
The scientists then applied machine learning to screen 293 genes, trying to identify those that directly cause or prevent obesity in worms.
This analysis allowed the researchers to identify 14 genes that cause obesity, and 3 others that dim weight gain.
When the scientists blocked the negative effects of the three genes, it led to the worms living longer and having better neuromotor functions.
We expect that our approach and the new genes we have discovered will accelerate the development of treatments to reduce the burden of obesity.
Study author Eileen O'Rourke said.
And while the discovery holds promising promise, the team understands that there is still a lot of research to be done before we start developing drugs aimed at influencing these genes.
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- Advances in CRISPR gene editing now allow safer and more precise DNA interventions, including copying healthy genes to replace faulty ones.

Title:

Content: Science and technology
Intervention in human DNA was secured
The University of California has created a safer DNA editing using CRISPR
Scientists at the University of California, San Diego have developed a new, safer method of editing human DNA that could be useful as gene therapy.
To do this, they used a softer CRISPR technology that reduces the number of unwanted side mutations.
The results of the study are published in the journal Science Advances.
The approach of geneticists is based on a natural mechanism for repairing damaged DNA called homologous recombination.
It involves the exchange of genetic sequences between two homologous chromosomes — copies of the same chromosome, one from the mother and the other from the father.
In many cases, people suffering from genetic disorders carry a mutation in one of the homologous chromosomes.
According to the researchers, you can cut out a mutant gene, after which the normal gene is copied from another chromosome and inserted in place of the previous one.
In the course of the experiments, scientists interfered with the DNA of fruit flies to create mutant individuals that had not normal red, but white eyes.
This external trait indicated damage to the gene needed to produce the red pigment.
For DNA repair, the researchers used CRISPR technology.
A specific RNA molecule, called guide RNA, marks a mutant gene sequence for the Cas9 enzyme that cuts it out.
When the cells began to produce guide RNA and Cas 9, large red spots appeared in the eyes of the flies.
In the next phase of the study, geneticists took advantage of various variants of Cas9, called nicases (incision endonucleases), which target only one strand of double-stranded DNA.
The result was also the restoration of the red color of the eyes, with the use of nicases being 30-40 percent more effective than the double-stranded approach with the traditional Cas9.
Unlike nicases, Cas9 contributes to a variety of non-targeted, i.e., side, mutations in other parts of the genome.
According to the authors of the work, further research is needed to find out how nicases will work in human cells and whether they are universal in relation to any genes.
Withdrawal Syndrome: Russia
The good tape is deactivated.
Welcome to the real world.

- These breakthroughs in genetics and diagnostics are leading to new hopes for disease detection, treatment, and life extension.

Some individuals use drugs as an escape from life's worries, but this can come at a high cost and even life-threatening consequences.

Title:

Content: New superhuman brains.
About drugs that make you smarter and more miserable!
Entrepreneur and programmer Dave Asbury ’ s mornings may not seem different at first glance than anyone else ’ s.
Dave wakes up and takes his young children to school, then comes home and makes himself a breakfast of coffee and butter.
Then, he walks into his office, reaches out to a corner, pulls several capsules out of boxes that look like medicine, and then starts working.
[1] Here it is.
Everything is normal, until we discover that the capsules he takes are not really drugs, but drugs.
Dave ’ s use of these drugs cannot be considered strange: throughout human history, before civilizations even existed, drugs accompanied humans.
For the damage that may lead the individual to death, some found in them an escape from the worries and burdens of life, although the price they will pay for this is high.
What is really strange is that what Dave, and many others, want from taking a certain type of drug is the complete opposite of all this; he doesn ’ t want to get away with it every morning; he wants to indulge more in it and manipulate it to his advantage; he wants to become smarter, more productive, richer.
Dave ’ s drugs are neither weed nor opioid, nor are they similar to any other familiar drug, Dave taking nootropics, or “smart ” drugs.
The chemist C.C. didn't have a clue.
Giragia Yuma said that the word he invented as the name for the drug Pristam, which he installed in his laboratory one day in 1964, would become so popular 60 years later.
The name of this compound came from the combination of the Greek words "nos", which means brain, and "tropin", which means "me," and created in his laboratory the first drug that he hopes will succeed in bending the brain of those who use it.
[2] Like any medicine.
Another, Gergea designed the prestam as a treatment, and he hoped it would help patients with brain and cognitive disorders, such as Alzheimer ’ s in the elderly and speech disorders in children.
But most Nutrobix users now are often completely healthy individuals with no brain abnormality, and do not aim to cure themselves of a disease.
[3]
Smart drug users are also different from any other type of drug users: they are not marginalized groups or young Magna people who dose drugs in dark dens or raucous parties; nootropics are some of the world ’ s finest college students and some of the brightest tech minds in Silicon Valley, the tech heartland of San Francisco.
By taking drugs that are mostly made for people with cognitive disorders as a result of mental illness, these brilliant students and programmers want to enhance their ability to learn, focus and think creatively to become smarter, which seems to be happening under the influence of these drugs.
Phoebe, a history student at a prestigious university in England, describes the impact of nootropics on her in an interview with The Guardian: “These drugs help you work, so you can study longer without distractions.
You feel like going to the library on your own, and you don ’ t even want to take a lunch break.
You look at the clock and it ’ s 7: 00 p.m., but you can still keep going. ”
Johnny, a student at the same university, describes his first experience with drugs: "I had a strange feeling, I remember sitting in the exam and thinking, 'This is terrible!
Oh, my God!
I feel as if I ’ m going to lose consciousness, ” but at the same time I could remember everything, whole paragraphs remembered word for word.
That was great. "[4]
It all sounds really cool, taking a few pills in the morning gives you an incredible ability to work and think.
But, as anyone who has ever taken a drug knows, every drug has side effects that range in severity, from mild things like a headache to symptoms as severe as the disease for which you took it, and additional drugs have to be taken to treat it.
So what are the side effects of entropy?
There aren ’ t enough studies to answer this question, but many people ’ s long-term experience with Nutrobox has never been promising.
Writer and journalist Kate Miller tells her story with those drugs that she started taking after a student in her final year of university, continuing with her after entering her career.
At first, everything seemed great, she found that she could concentrate for long hours and work tirelessly until late at night, and with all this, she was able to maintain a good social life.
But not long after, the ugly face of Nootropics revealed itself to her: Kate became an addict.
In her New York Times article, Kate recounts what she went through: “I was fooling myself when I thought I could stay balanced while taking these drugs, when I thought the benefits outweighed the harm.
I started to increase the doses I was taking, and then, I found myself spending long nights flipping over in bed and falling asleep, my mind racing and my heart beating violently.
When I woke up the next morning, the first thing I did was reach out to take the pills again.
My body started getting used to these drugs, and then I lost their effect, so I started to increase the dose.
I would take it if I found myself yawning after I turned off the alarm.
I turned into a wreck, always angry and lost my ability to connect with the world. ”
Kate reached the point where she found her life was falling apart on all levels, and here came her decision to stop taking those drugs once and for all.
But what no one has told her is that stopping itself will be difficult, as nitrobix, like other drugs, leaves its users at the beginning of quitting defenseless in front of a barrage of painful withdrawal symptoms.
“I found myself sleeping during meetings and I couldn ’ t finish my work before the deadline.
I also began to feel very hungry and began to eat heavily.
This disorder left me with a very fragile and sensitive brain chemistry, and my weight gain and late work only made matters worse.
It was hard for me to understand at the time that what I was going through was withdrawal symptoms; no one had warned me about the side effects of these drugs. ”
Phoebe and Jonny, students who had been helped by Nootropics during the exam period, soon noticed the bad effect on them; Phoebe began to feel severe pain in her stomach, and Jimmy felt that he was becoming too dependent on her for everything, and he ate it every morning without really needing it.
Fortunately, before they went through Kate ’ s bad experience, the Taliban gave up Nutropics altogether.
Even Dave Asbury, an entrepreneur who takes huge amounts of nootropics every morning and founded a company that makes coffee mixed with the drugs, has developed a severe allergy to certain foods that he has been eating normally throughout his life.
In a paper in the journal Clinical Neuroscience, researchers Farid Taleh and Jane Aglotti found that many Nutrobix drugs cause side effects ranging in severity from diarrhea, headaches, dizziness and insomnia, to memory loss, identity disorders and motor system deficiencies.
The research also included a case study of four individuals between the ages of 17 and 28 who were taken to the hospital emergency room after a nervous breakdown. [6] Here, we find ourselves faced with a more important question: Why would people with high levels of intelligence resort to drugs that may add to their intelligence even deeper, but they may also have side effects that no one knows are serious?
[7]
Tim Farris, an entrepreneur and renowned author of human development books, has no real qualms about the long-term side effects of nootropics.
Speaking to CNN, after he started talking about the amount of pressure entrepreneurs are under today, he concluded: “Just like an Olympian who is willing to do anything, even if he reduces his age to five years, to win a gold medal, you ’ ll think about any drugs you take to become smarter. ”
[8]
Jeff Wu, a software engineer who set up a company that specializes in manufacturing nootropics, goes on to say, “Creativity and high mental performance are the only ways you can succeed in Silicon Valley.
I liken tech and finance to professional athletes, so the only way for your team, product or project to be successful is to have a comparative advantage over competitors. ”
It ’ s not just the tech industry, Wu adds: “To become smarter and more productive is to meet modern day standards of success. ”
If some people seem willing to swallow poorly researched drugs without suffering from a real disease just to increase their ability to produce something strange, you ’ ve never heard of the term and the practices that these drugs and many other strange practices include: body hacking, or “biohacking. ”
As a programmer or engineer might look at a computer looking for ways to develop it, biohackers are trying through methods that vary in extremes, from intermittent fasting to injecting themselves with stem cells, to make their bodies and brains better, stronger, healthier.
At first glance, this may not seem like a bad thing, so who wouldn ’ t want to be the best possible version of themselves?
But what ’ s interesting about this is that their desire to develop their bodies and brains stops at the point where these bodies and brains are more productive, and does not go beyond them to other areas of life, where none of the body hackers, for example, thought about creating a drug that by taking it more willing to help others in their distress.
Faced with the large number of people who are willing to take Nutropics to increase their production capacity, neuroscientist Anders Sandberg found in a study that only 9% of people are willing to take a drug that makes them more empathetic or kinder.
This increased use of nootropics and the willingness to manipulate the very composition of the body in order to increase production is itself a symptom of a civilizational disease that envelops our world today: the obsession with success at any cost.
The Guardian ’ s Carol Gadwallar says of this: “In the 1960s, sedatives were known as the little helper of mothers.
Today, however, Futropics is a small aid to capitalism.
“It ’ s just another symptom of a world dominated by competition where everyone is looking for a comparative advantage that puts them above others. ”
[10] Neuroscientist Anjan Chatterjee says: "Today, from the moment of their birth until their death, people only know about running in a rat race.
We are overwhelmed by the feeling that there are a limited number of prizes on the horizon and that everyone is competing for them.
It ’ s hard and you ’ re willing to do anything to win. ”
[11]
In this world governed by machines and numbers, we are also expected to become machines: machines that wake up in the morning and work tirelessly until evening falls, and everything is ultimately governed by numbers.
How successful you are depends on how much you produce each day, which at the end of the month will translate into how much you make.
Your salary or wealth is no longer just a means to provide you with a decent life, but has become a kind of obsession, everyone wants to be successful in a modern culture that values only material values, and defies those who fail the test of making money.
In such a culture, it is not surprising to find people willing to swallow drugs with unknown side effects in order to be better.
Isn ’ t that, in one way or another, what modern culture imposes on us all today, working to burn and losing some of life ’ s simplest pleasures just to live properly and escape the stigma of failure?
The question remains: Is there then a relentless pursuit of success, what kind of happiness?
Or is the summit nothing more than a glittering image of something really empty and cold and lonely?
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Sources:
1.
I ’ m The Guy Who Created Bulletproof Coffee – This Is My Morning Routine
2.
Nootropic
3.
Under pressure, Silicon Valley workers turn to LSD microdosing
4.
Students used to take drugs to get high.
Now they take them to get higher grades
5.
The Last All-Nighter
6.
Probable Nootropicinduced Psychiatric Adverse Effects: A Series of Four Cases
7.
My smart drugs nightmare
8. smart drugs: what silicon valley is on
9.
Under Pressure: Silicon Valley workers turn to lsd
10.
Students used to take drugs to get high.
Now they take them to get higher grades
11.
Under Pressure: Silicon Valley workers turn to lsd
Source: The Island
About this story
“Narcissism ” is a widespread term, often misused to describe anyone who abuses us.
But in fact, a little bit of narcissism will do you good -- this report looks at the evolution of the concept of narcissism over the past decades.
6 / 10 / 2017
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Drugs like prestam were originally designed to help people with cognitive and neurological conditions such as Alzheimer’s and speech disorders in children.

All drugs have side effects, which can range from mild issues like headaches to severe complications requiring further medication.

Long-term use of cognitive enhancers can lead to tolerance and increased dosage, as reported by users experiencing diminished effects over time.

One user described how casual use evolved into a dependency, resulting in emotional instability, anger, and social withdrawal.

This dependency led to a life falling apart, prompting the decision to quit these substances altogether.

The desire for self-optimization and enhanced performance can make the pursuit of achievement an obsession in modern, material-driven culture.

Previously, some students used drugs for recreational highs, but now academic pressures lead them to use drugs to improve grades.

In competitive industries like Silicon Valley, employees have turned to LSD to manage stress and enhance productivity.

Biohacking techniques like gene editing (e.g., CRISPR with enzymes like Cas14) are being developed with potential to treat genetic diseases, although human applications remain limited and experimental.

Title:

Content: A Gene Editing Technique Called the Swiss Army Knife Could Treat Intractable Genetic Diseases
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People with incurable genetic diseases such as Parkinson's disease, sickle cell anemia and cystic fibrosis can get a lifeline using a new technique.
The new technique, dubbed the Swiss Army Knife, is an evolution in the technology known as the CRISPR gene editing procedure, first developed in 2012 and described as one of the most powerful medical tools in history.
The technique works by cutting out specific sections of DNA.
Experts agree that there is huge potential in CRISPR as an effective treatment, and the CRISPR gene editing system is usually associated with Cas9 (an enzyme derived from bacteria that cuts and replaces defective genes), but there is a problem that its efficiency is somewhat constrained by its relatively large size, making it difficult for the mechanism to squeeze cells and start working.
Scientists at Stamford University have now developed a CRISPR tool called CasMINI, using a protein close to Cas9, but much smaller than it, that should be able to enter human cells more easily.
The team created a tiny enzyme called Cas14, which is half the size of Cas9.
But Cas14 doesn ’ t work in mammals, so Stamford ’ s team genetically manipulated the enzyme to fix this problem and named it CasMINI.
Dr Lee (Stanley) Key, from the research team at Stamford who worked on the project, said: “There have been previous efforts to improve CRISPR ’ s performance.
This is a crucial step forward for CRISPR genome engineering applications.
The work presents the smallest CRISPR to date, according to our knowledge, as a genome-editing technique. ”
“If people sometimes think of Cas9 as molecular scissors, here we made a Swiss knife that has multiple functions.
It ’ s not big, but it ’ s miniature portable for ease of use. ”
In their experiments, the researchers noted that CasMINI can delete, activate, and modify genetic code just like its larger counterparts.
Its smaller size means it should be easier to deliver to human cells and the human body, making it a potential tool for treating various diseases, including eye diseases, organ degeneration, cancer treatment and genetic diseases in general.
CRISPR is known to be a serious game-changer in the medical field.
That ’ s why Professors Emmanuel Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna, who were involved in the discovery of Cas9, won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry last year for their work in the field.
But until now, CRISPR ’ s use in humans has been very limited by a small set of studies.
Some people are concerned about the potential long-term effects of this type of technology, with safety and ethical implications being a particular concern.
There have been some examples of illegal use of CRISPR, such as the infamous scientist He Jiankui, who used CRISPR on twin embryos of girls in an attempt to make them resistant to HIV.
But scientists are still unable to use this technology to fight some of the world ’ s most problematic diseases.
The study was published in the journal Molecular Cell.
Source: Express
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One notable gene editing study was published in Molecular Cell and has been attempted on human embryos to correct genetic defects, but the field is still emerging.

Title:

Content: Gene Therapy
by David N. Finegold, MD, University of Pittsburgh
Reviewed by 1444.
Although gene therapy is defined as any treatment that alters the function of a gene, it is often thought of as inserting natural genes into the cells of a person who lacks these natural genes due to a specific genetic disorder.
In gene stitch therapy, natural genes can be synthesized, using PCR, from natural deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) donated by another person.Currently, this gene stitch therapy is most likely to be effective in preventing or treating single gene defects, such as cystic fibrosis (see also Genes and Pigment). Yat.
The transfer of natural deoxyribonucleic acid to someone ’ s cells can take place in a number of ways.
Infection with viral transfection
One method of gene injection therapy is to use a virus, because some viruses have the ability to insert genetic material into human DNA.
Natural DNA is introduced, via a chemical reaction, into a virus that then infects (transfects) a person ’ s cells, leading to the transfer of deoxyribonucleic acid to the nucleus of these cells.
Another concern is that new natural deoxyribonucleic acid may be “lost ” or fail to integrate into new cells after a period of time, leading to the re-emergence of genetic disorder. A virus, too, which causes a reaction similar to rejection of the transplanted organ.
They are liposomes.
Another way of inserting or inserting genes is by using liposomes, which are microscopic vesicles or sacs with a layer of lipids. Liposomes can be customized to contain DNA that can be absorbed by a person ’ s cells, thus giving their DNA to the cell ’ s nucleus. Because the lipid particles are not absorbed into a person ’ s cells, this new gene does not work properly, or the new gene is eventually lost.
Anti-Expression Technique
There is a different method of gene therapy, which uses so-called anti-expression technology.In anti-expression technology, it does not stitch natural genes. It simply disables abnormal genes. Using anti-expression technology, modified RNA molecules can bind to specific parts of DNA, preventing the affected genes from working. It is also being tried to treat cancer and some neurological disorders, but it is still in the early experimental stages.
Chemical modification and chemical modification
Another method of gene therapy is to increase or decrease the activities of certain genes with chemicals to modify the chemical reactions in the cell that control gene expression. [1] For example, modifying a chemical reaction called methylation can alter the function of a gene, causing an increase or decrease in the production of certain proteins, or the production of different types of protein. These methods are currently being used experimentally to treat some types of cancer.
Transplant treatment with transplantation
Gene therapy is also being studied experimentally in transplant surgery; by altering the genes of transplanted organs to make them more compatible with the recipient's genes, the recipient of the organ is less inclined to reject the transplanted organ.
Thus, the recipient may not need to use drugs that suppress the immune system, which can have serious side effects, but this type of treatment, so far, is usually unsuccessful.
CRISPR-Cas9
CRISPR-CAS9 refers to the initials of the words clustered regularly spaced short palindromic repeats – CRISPR-associated protein 9, and means "CRISPR-associated protein 9 short symmetrical cluster repeats".
CRISPR-Cas9 is a gene-editing tool that makes a precise cut in the DNA strand, thus, the natural DNA repair process takes responsibility for incorporating the newly introduced gene into the DNA. [1] The technique is still in experimental stages, but has been applied to several human embryos in an attempt to fix a genetic defect.
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Gene therapy, which involves altering gene function or introducing natural genes, is mainly experimental with several methods under investigation.

Medical research suggests that early forms of liver disease can significantly impact heart health, with 86% of affected patients showing heart abnormalities.

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Content: Gulf News
Study Shows Early Forms of Liver Disease Affect Heart Health
Thank you for reading and your interest in a study showing that early forms of liver disease affect heart health.
ADEN (Reuters) - Researchers from the Smedt Heart Institute in Cedar Sinai have found that even early forms of liver disease directly affect heart health.
Study Shows Early Forms of Liver Disease Affect Heart Health
The findings, published recently in the journal Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, help further clarify the link between liver disease and heart disease beyond their common risk factors.
In the study, researchers compared patients ’ FIB-4 scores — a marker for cirrhosis that could indicate the risk of acute liver disease — with heart abnormalities visible through heart MRI scans.
They found that high FIB-4 scores were associated with impaired heart function and vascular dimensions.
Alan Cowan, a cardiologist and cardiac imaging researcher at the Smidt Heart Institute as well as the lead author of the study, said it was known that non-alcoholic fatty liver disease was linked to cardiovascular death, but the relationship was not well understood and may be obscured by risk factors common to the two, such as diabetes.
Previous similar studies have been limited in scope, looking only at how cirrhosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease affect the heart.
Earlier this year, the American Heart Association (AHA) released a statement that non-alcoholic fatty liver disease — an increasingly common liver condition — is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease associated with atherosclerosis.
Surprisingly, heart disease — not the progression of liver disease — is the leading cause of death in people with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, according to the American Heart Association.
“If 25% of the population has this potential risk factor for heart disease, we know we need to fully understand it.
Therefore, our overall goal from this study was to examine the links between the heart and liver – a new area of study, but it makes sense to explore further.
The liver treats cholesterol and produces factors that contribute to blood clotting and inflammation.
And all of that can affect the heart — so we wanted to take a closer look at these correlations. ”
For the study, the researchers reviewed electronic medical records from the past 11 years of 1,668 patients with low, medium or high scores of FIB-4 within one year of performing an MRI of the heart, adjusting for standard cardiovascular risk factors.
They found that nearly 86% of patients had at least one heart abnormality.
Cardiac MRI provides a unique view of the heart, using detailed imaging that can identify subtle changes in heart structure and function, blood vessel size and structure, heart muscle composition, and more.
"The abnormalities we saw were changes in blood vessels - enlarged blood vessels coming out of the heart - as well as an increase in the amount of blood moving and usually, when doctors check the heart, we don't think about the liver, and vice versa.
We tend to be very specialized in our member categories.
"But the results of this study suggest that we can and should examine liver disease when looking at heart disease, and we cannot consider the heart and liver as completely separate organs."
Cowan added that the next step in the research is to explore the impact that liver disease can have on heart health.
"Other questions arise, such as: When treating people with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, can medications that treat this also help the heart?
Or when you see a cardiologist or primary care physician and risk factors such as high cholesterol, blood pressure, diabetes, and family history, should non-alcoholic fatty liver disease be a standard risk factor to consider?
A new study suggests that leprosy, one of the oldest and most persistent diseases in the world, may have a surprising ability to stimulate liver growth and regeneration.
Scientists discovered that parasites associated with the disease can reprogram cells to increase the size of the liver in adult animals without causing damage, scarring or tumors.
The results suggest that it is possible to adapt this natural process to rejuvenate the aging liver and increase the period of health - the length of time you live free of diseases - in humans.
Experts say it can also help restore the growth of a damaged liver, reducing the need for transplantation.
Currently, transplantation is the only option for people with end-stage liver scarring.
Professor Anora Rambukana, lead author of the Centre for Regenerative Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, said: “If we can determine how bacteria grow in the liver as a functional organ without causing harmful effects on living animals, we may be able to translate this knowledge to develop safer therapeutic interventions aimed at regenerating aging liver and regenerating damaged tissue. ”
Previous studies have promoted liver regrowth in mice by generating cells through an invasive technique that has often led to scarring and tumor growth.
To overcome these harmful side effects, the Edinburgh researchers built on their earlier discovery about the ability of partial cellular reprogramming of leprosy causing bacteria, Mycobacterium leprosy.
Working with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, the team infected 57 animals, the natural host of the leprosy bacteria, with Mycobacterium leprosy, and compared the livers of these animals with their uninfected counterparts and those found to be resistant to infection.
They found that the infected animals developed an enlarged liver — but intact and uninfected — with the same vital components, such as blood vessels and bile ducts, such as an uninfected, infection-resistant armadillo.
The researchers believe that the bacteria hijacked the liver ’ s inherent regenerative capacity to increase the size of the organ and, therefore, to provide it with more cells that can grow within it.
They also discovered several indications that the main types of liver cells — known as liver cells — had reached a regenerative state in infected animals.
The researchers hope the discovery, published in the journal Cell Reports Medicine, could help develop interventions for aging and liver damage in humans.
Dr Zania Stamataki, an assistant professor at the University of Birmingham ’ s Centre for Liver and Digestive Research, said: “This is exciting and unusual research in that it shows liver growth in the absence of liver injury.
"This research is an innovative example where we can use microbes as tools to understand biology."
Dr Darius Weidera, associate professor of stem cell biology and regenerative medicine at the University of Reading, said: “Overall, the findings could pave the way for new therapeutic approaches to treating liver diseases, such as cirrhosis.
However, given that the research was done using armadillo as a model animal, it is unclear whether and how these promising results could translate into human liver biology.
Furthermore, since the bacteria used in this study are pathogenic, a fundamental improvement of the methods is required before clinical translation. ”
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It is recommended that the relationship between liver and heart health be considered more closely in medical evaluations and further research.

Studies on genetics, such as those involving the exome, aid in developing targeted drugs that may be administered as a first-line therapy for conditions like migraines.

Title:

Content: Migraine (migraine) affects millions of people around the world.
However, identifying an effective prophylactic drug — that is, drugs that are only available by prescription and most commonly for sibling sufferers — remains a long and complex process.
Patients often switch between medications for weeks or months until a therapeutic response is achieved.
Now, after years of slow progress and advances in migraine treatments, a researcher at the Mayo Clinic Center for Individualized Medicine has discovered changes in six genes that could shed light on the causes of the debilitating condition and provide a potential step toward guiding individual treatments.
The new research, led by Fred Cotter, MD, a neurologist at Mayo Clinic, was published at Mulkioler Genetics & Genomics Medicine.
Dr. Cotter, who has been treating patients with complex headache syndromes for more than 25 years, explains: “Our study is based on the assumption that the seven chemically and therapeutically distinct types of migraine prevention drugs have a biological effect that stabilizes or compensates for the biological cause of a patient ’ s migraine attacks.
"This study is the first step towards identifying and treating each patient's biological cause."
A migraine is a headache that can cause severe pain, palpitations or a sensation of pulse, usually on one side of the head.
It is often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, severe sensitivity to light and sound.
Migraine attacks can last from hours to days, and the pain can be so severe that it hinders a person ’ s daily activities.
For the purposes of the study, Dr. Cotrer and his team compared the exomes of people whose migraine attacks were significantly reduced by verapamil, a prophylactic for migraine, with the exomes of people who received the same dose of verapamil but showed little or no improvement.
The exome is part of a patient ’ s genome — the complete set of genes — that encodes cells in a person ’ s body, including the brain where a migraine attack is likely to begin.
Dr Cotter explains: “We looked for changes in the genetic code that are present in respondents and not in non-respondents.
"We then reviewed the changes we detected by genotyping the changes in a large verification group of different study subjects, from whom we also obtained treatment response data."
The team discovered changes in six genes that they found were statistically significantly linked to the response to verapamil.
“Pathway analyses of specific changes involved alterations in the cellular function of people who responded to verapamil compared to those who did not. ”
Dr. Cotter says the findings provide vital information to understand how the drug works for migraine, and make it possible to make new treatments without unnecessary side effects.
“The results could also lead to the development of a genetic biomarker test that will instruct doctors to prescribe a preventative treatment that is likely to work for each individual patient.
We can give it to them as the first drug instead of the fourth or fifth. ”
Overall, the team analyzed genetic samples from nearly 6,000 migraine patients.
They plan to study and sequence additional samples from the Mayo Clinic ’ s migraine bio repository, the largest of its kind in the United States, to analyze other preventive anti-migraine treatments.
Personalization of medicine using pharmacogenomics
Researchers at the Mayo Clinic Center for Individual Medicine are pioneers in pharmacogenomics, which combines pharmacology and the study of genes to provide patients with safe drugs and dosages.
Richard Winchelbaum, MD, interim director of the Center for Individual Medicine, helps guide Mayo ’ s efforts toward integrating pharmacogenomics into clinical practice.
Dr. Cotter ’ s study is just one example of how the center works to improve treatments and reduce harmful side effects, he says.
Dr. Winchelbaum says: “Dr. Cotter and his team should be congratulated for their decades-long efforts to understand the role of genomes in the cause of the problem and in individual variation in response to migraine treatment.
Using a drug – verapamil in this case – as a ‘ molecular probe ’, they have taken a big step forward in our understanding and treatment of this difficult condition. ”
"In the near future at Mayo Clinic, genomic test results for most patients will be part of their electronic health record, allowing doctors to use the information to personalize care."
# # #
About Mayo Clinic
Mayo Clinic is a non-profit organization committed to innovation in clinical practice, education and research, providing empathy and expertise to those who need hospitalization and response.
For more Mayo Clinic news, visit the Mayo Clinic News Network.
For information on COVID-19, including the Mayo Clinic coronavirus map tracking tool, which has a 14-day forecast of COVID-19 trends, visit the Mayo Clinic COVID-19 Resource Center.
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Birth order theories claim one’s position among siblings can affect personality traits like leadership, perfectionism, and a fear of failure, particularly in eldest children.

Title:

Content: Psychologists: Your Order Among Your Brothers Affects Your Personality Style
Jokes are common about the order of the brothers and their connection to their personalities; the privilege and tyranny of the older brother, the oppression of the middle, and the pampering of the youngest.
Is there a side to this truth?
Is it possible that your position among your siblings affects your personality?
The position of the psychologist Alfred Adler as a second son who wished to have the favor of his older brother with his parents would enrich his personality and motivate him to develop his most famous theories.
In the suburbs of Vienna, after Adler was born in 1870, four years later and recovering from rickets and pneumonia, he decided that he had to become a doctor in order to protect himself from the disease.
At that time, he had a habit of looking to his older brother Sigmund and making constant subtle comparisons between them, because of his sense of inferiority and jealousy; while he was lying in his early years, his brother was healthy and playing around.
In his writings, he describes Yuma and his family on the beach: “He could run, jump and move around effortlessly, but any movement would have exhausted me. ”
This comparison extended to his future career, as he lived with the future psychotherapist Sigmund Freud, who gained a reputation that left a number of his successors in his shadow, and sometimes compared Adler to Freud despite his public disagreement with some of his theories and the establishment of the Society for Individual Psychology.
Adler believed that all human behavior was driven by an absolute desire for superiority driven by feelings of inferiority or inferiority.
We all have some of those feelings that are socially or psychologically related.
In his theory, Adler tells us that the social and societal aspects of a person ’ s life are just as important as their inner thoughts and emotions, and Adler ’ s interest extends to child development and birth order theory.
Yes, there are many factors that can contribute to a child's personality, such as economic status, family structure, adoption, mental or physical damage, etc. Most psychologists agree with Adler that children have their own unique personality traits depending on the order of their birth.
Adler's theory of birth order states that the position of an individual in his family will affect his life and the development of his personality, which was embraced by many psychologists, such as Dr. Kevin Lehman, who studied birth order since 1967 and wrote the book "Birth order: why you are who you are", in which he stressed that the secret of personal differences between siblings lies in the order of birth and how parents treat their children differently based on whether they are the oldest or middle. the youngest or the only child.
Some researchers have argued that this may also affect health, with their studies suggesting that if you are older, you are more likely to weigh less at birth than your siblings.
Adler explains how family environments and dynamics play a role in a child's formation, although families differ, because there are general similarities between parents' interactions with their children, as well as siblings.
Adler has mentioned the psychological birth order or your perceived position within your family as more important than the numerical birth order, which can sometimes be different, such as being average but bearing the responsibilities of the older child due to a disability or the parents' culture, vision and social background.
Adler notes that if the age difference in children is more than three years old, subgroups with different dynamics may form.
Most experts agree, but add that the age gap is five years, and that twins often receive special attention from parents, so experts note that these rules do not necessarily apply to all categories, and that the order of birth, while helping to shape personality, is not the only factor.
Many psychotherapists use this theory today, but is it based on science?
Here is a closer look at the truth and science behind the birth order.
Let ’ s take a closer look at Adler ’ s birth theory and see which traits he believes can be linked to the order of birth.
Big brother.
Parents pay attention to the older child, they are more careful about everything related to his upbringing.
The child fears the birth of his second brother, as he finds himself forced to share his parents' interest in the child.
If the time gap between them is less than three years, he will not be able to understand what has happened and if it is explained to him repeatedly in words or concepts, it will be difficult for him to accept the situation, and he sees hostility towards his younger brother for being the one who caused him to be dethroned.
An older child is usually obedient, careful, organized and conservative, with limited relationships, and a great deal of seriousness, and dominant in social circles, prone to neurosis, depression and anxiety arising from an unhealthy focus on human imperfections, or a false belief of superiority (6).
Adler attributes this to the child losing full parental attention, and trying to compensate for this by working to restore it.
The parents place really high expectations on him, perhaps even tougher on him, demanding that he set an example and take responsibility for his younger siblings.
Moving from being an only child to the oldest child, they have to learn how to share.
This is what makes the child turn to an authoritarian and strict approach, in which he feels responsible for the other siblings, and then he feels in control.
This child tends to grow up to be a leader and follow the rules, but he also seems to have a bossy attitude.
Those leadership skills may make him a leader in his work.
In the mid-1990s, American psychologist Frank J. Sulawy combed through history books in search of prominent figures from the firstborn and the rebels who were born later, and he saw among the late newborns thinkers and revolutionaries such as Charles Darwin, Karl Marx, and Mahatma Gandhi.
Among the firstborn he discovered leaders such as Joseph Stalin and Benito Mussolini.
The older brother often has a strong fear of failure, aspires to perfectionism, idealism and a tendency to excel, and because he is afraid to commit an inflexible slip and does not like change, he hesitates to step out of his comfort zone.
They also tend to complete their education with a higher degree and choose prestigious traditional professions, such as medicine or engineering.
In his efforts to please others.
Middle Brother
The second child finds that the eldest son receives the attention of his parents, feeling neglected, excluded and unloved, and that life is unfair, not only does he lose his status as the youngest child, but he does not enjoy the rights and responsibilities of the eldest brother or the privileges of the youngest.
He sees his older brother as a role model, trying to keep up and compete with him to draw attention to him and feeling the need to prove his self-worth fighting for importance and excellence and often this trend in his career work harder than those around him to be the best but may set unrealistic goals, leading to ultimate failure.
This may lead to nervousness later in life.
A 2016 research in the Journal of Human Resources found that parents do not actually offer children born later the same cognitive support as they do their firstborn children.
In the same context, the middle son is cooperative, flexible, seeks to please those around him, and has the ability to compromise, even if he refuses equality with his younger brothers, which has led psychologists to describe him as a dove of peace (7) (8).
He enjoys negotiating and bargaining and often communicates with people of all ages easily.
All this makes the child develop a very black and white attitude which makes him impatient, more balanced, rebellious at once and probably the most independent of his siblings.
The younger brother.
Most older siblings have reached different stages of development in life and are no longer dependent on their parents for everything.
Often, the rest of the family shows responsibility towards the youngest, leading the child to want to grow faster, have more control over his or her life, and become more independent.
But such care may spoil the younger child, even if he enjoys freedoms that his older siblings did not.
The younger brother may develop his or her own ways of attracting attention, and the family sometimes excessively tends for the younger child to be certain of his or her place in the family and perhaps creative, rebellious, and socially open: no wonder, then, that many famous actors and comedians are the youngest in their families.
We may feel that the younger child is too selfish, usually adventurous and risky, and early free-spirited children may be more open to unconventional experiences and physical dangers than their siblings.
The only child.
The fourth category described by Adler is the only child known to be a child without siblings.
Since there are no sibling competitors he enjoys the full attention of his parents throughout their upbringing and often being pampered can lead to a sense of entitlement and dependency even when outside the family.
However, some of these children may only feel suffocated by attention from their families and seek independence and autonomy (10).
What do studies tell us about birth order and its relationship to personality?
Many early studies challenge the validity and accuracy of this theory, due to a systematic flaw such as family size, as their size is linked to several social factors such as race, education, and wealth.
Studies show that wealthier and more educated parents have fewer children, which means that children who grow up in comfortable or lavish environments are more likely to imitate the traits of an older son (citing two houses for two children versus a house for five children: in the first, the child has 50% of being a virgin; in the second, the child has a 20% chance of being a virgin)
Despite these uncertainties, some recent studies that have been scrutinized have supported birth order theory at the biological level.
For example, a 2007 study in Norway showed that the IQ of a first-born child was two to three points higher than that of the next child.
A 2009 study found that “birth order affects our choices of friends and partners.
The firstborn is more likely to be associated with the firstborn, the middle born with the middle, and the last born with the last. ”
which means that personal factors play a significant role in their lives.
Other recent analyses of these studies have found that birth order may have some effect on a child ’ s development, though not as profound as the theory claims, as evidenced by a 2015 review finding that first-born babies actually have higher intelligence levels than babies in other birth order settings.
But the researchers found no differences between older children and others in terms of broader personality traits such as extroversion, emotional stability, or imagination.
It is clear that the issue of birth order, in which cultural and biological factors intersect survival, related to the concerns of parents for the only child or the older child, etc. A previous study showed that compared to later births, the likelihood of newborn children participating in dangerous sports is lower due to fears of physical injury.
A 1980 study of 170 females and 142 college students showed lower levels of anxiety and higher ego in older children, as measured by the Howarth Personality Questionnaire.
But at times, these investigations have used dubious methods.
Family members themselves are asked to evaluate themselves in terms of extroversion, openness to experience, discipline, tolerance, and neuroticism.
But these surveys were conducted only at the same time and only one person judged his personality and that of his siblings.
These details are important because self-perception and the perception of others can sometimes vary greatly.
In addition, test subjects may have subconsciously incorporated the clichés of older siblings and later universal births into their assessment, and thus could have achieved the expected result themselves.
Whatever your ranking in the family, and regardless of the accuracy of the descriptions shown by the studies on your case, we find that the general agreement between researchers lies in the privacy of each family, so it will be worth noting the impact of your ranking among your brothers on the formation of your personality through your understanding of the personality of your parents, and then notice how they deal with the older or younger brother or with you personally based on their fears and expectations. Then you will begin to deepen your understanding of yourself and your family problems, if any.
Finally, remember that this is a space to help yourself and your family overcome problems, not to make them up, magnify them, or throw accusations lightly.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Sources and references:
1.
Birth Order Theory: Insights Into Your Personality
2.
BIRTH ORDER
3.
Does Birth Order Affect Personality?
4.
How Birth Order May Influence Your Kid ’ s Personality Traits
5.
What to Know About Birth Order
6.
Alfred Adler Birth Order Theory Explained
7.
An Analysis of Empirical Validity of Alfred Adler ’ s Theory of Birth Order
8.
What to Know About Birth Order
9.
Birth Order and Child Personalities: A Glimpse Into Adlerian Theory and Contemporary Ideas
10.
Alderian overview of birth order characteristics
11.
Birth Order Theory: How Birth Order Affects Your Personality
12.
Does Birth Order Affect Personality?
13.
Does Your Birth Order Affect Your Personality?
Source: The Island

Eldest siblings may feel dethroned by younger siblings, which could foster bossiness, anxiety, and rule-following tendencies.

Younger children are thought to be more spoiled or free, but individual personality and circumstances still play significant roles.

Genetic diagnosis can be useful in treating illnesses such as cancer by tailoring treatments to patients' specific genetic profiles.

Title:

Content: A community.
Follow the latest news on social issues and cultural events in the Arab world and the world.
Find out about the latest community news, humanitarian stories, and video reports about community life.
Russian doctor outlines way to detect genetic cancers
© Fotolia / CrevisCancer cell in the human body
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Maria Vorontsova, deputy dean of the Faculty of Basic Medicine of Lomonosov Moscow State University and a lead researcher at the National Center for Medical Research of Endocrinology, said that modern genetic diagnosis helps to find optimal ways to treat malignant tumors that have their "individual" genetic characteristics.
Speaking on Tuesday at the session "Genetic and genomic techniques: new opportunities in diagnostics" of the Second Forum of Future Technologies in Moscow, Vorontsova noted that "we can say that malignant tumors are an individual genetic disease."
According to her, there may be many progenitor cells of cancer cell colonies that have mutations acquired during a patient's life, in tumors.
A community.
Researchers develop easy way to detect body cancer through saliva
The head of the scientific department of tumor growth biology of the National Center for Medical Research of Cancer Diseases, Yevgeny Imyanetov, noted: "Cancer arises as a result of mutations, and for this reason, if we talk about the role of genetic techniques in terms of practical application of the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, malignant tumors are undoubtedly an example of the application of such techniques."
He gave examples of work using genetic techniques being carried out at this centre.
In particular, Imianetov told how it was possible to increase the effectiveness of the treatment of metastatic ovarian cancer in women.
According to Vorontsova, this is an example of the usefulness of genetic diagnosis in the treatment of cancer.
“Without these tests, we would be like walking in the dark. ”
Vorontsova added that in this case, instead of focused treatment, methods are used that make it possible to effectively combat the disease.
Russian Doctor Identifies Genetic Types of Cancer
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Transferring human brain cells to animal models is another advanced research method used to study neurological diseases and brain function.

Title:

Content: “Waiting for a supernatural. ”
Transferring Human Brain Cells to Rats
New research shows that human neurons implanted in the brains of rats continued to grow, forming connections with the brain cells of animals and helping to guide their behavior, raising ethical and scientific questions as to whether it would result in a superorganism or an improved rat with unique abilities.
According to a study published in the journal Nature, clumps of lab-grown human brain cells were transplanted into the brains of newborn mice, showing that these cells grew and merged with rodent neural circuits, eventually making up about one-sixth of their brains.
The researchers say these animals could be used to learn more about human neurological and psychiatric disorders.
The team used organics made from skin cells.
These cells were synthesized into stem cells in the lab before being encouraged to form layers of cells similar to those found in the human cortex, the folded outer part of the brain that contains areas responsible for thought, vision, hearing, memory and sensing the environment, among other things.
This process took about two months in the lab.
The resulting three-dimensional organelles were then injected into the brains of day-old mice through an incision in the skull, the organelles were implanted into the sensory cortex, an area that plays a role in helping animals feel their environment.
Within four months, brain scans showed that the organelles had grown to about nine times their original size and made up about a third of the cerebral hemisphere.
The cells appear to have formed connections with mice ’ s brain cells and were integrated into brain circuits.
Stanford University ’ s Sergio Pashka said: “It ’ s just a very big step. ”
In another experiment, the team specifically fired human cells using optogenetics — a technique that involves shedding light on brain cells that have been genetically modified to respond to light.
By doing so, the researchers were able to influence how often the mice sought a reward.
Bashka hopes that studying human brain organelles in mice could help researchers understand human diseases.
In another experiment, his team created organelles using cells taken from people with Timothy syndrome, a rare genetic disorder that affects the brain and heart.
These neurons looked different from healthy cells, and they seemed to work differently as well.
The research team is currently testing potential new treatments for the syndrome in these mice.
But the more important question is, are mice with brain cells still mice?
The participating researchers believe they are, and Paschka says the animals showed no signs of enhanced cognition or any human-like behaviors.
Another co-researcher says the human brain is incredibly complex — far more so than rat brains, even with a fraction of human cells in it.
Julian Savulescu, a bioethicist at the National University of Singapore, who was not involved in the study, commented on the experiment, “It ’ s an important step forward in advancing toward [understanding] and treating brain diseases. ”
But evolution also raises ethical questions, he says, especially regarding what it means to “humanize ” animals.
He sees that mice, at least at the cellular level, are no longer fully mice.
However, Savulescu has no ethical concerns about the study, because only a small portion of the cells were transplanted and placed in a part of the brain that deals with sensing the environment, rather than consciousness.
But in the future, scientists should be aware of the potential effects of growing larger organoids in other areas of the brain, "it raises the possibility of creating an improved rat that may have greater cognitive abilities than the average rat," he says.
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Biohacking refers to a range of self-optimization techniques that aim to improve health, well-being, and longevity, often outside of traditional medical guidance.

Title:

Content: HKU Recruits “Sleepwalker ”! 7 Days of Housing to Earn $1200! 3 Conditions for Application
Author: The Blue Mechanical Cat
Published: Updated:
After recruiting regular stool donors, the Sleep, Self-Adjustment and Health Research Laboratory of the Department of Psychology of the University of Hong Kong is recruiting people to participate in sleep and diet research for 7 days.
Uncle's Love Story.
Dr Albert Chan, Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, is conducting a study on how loss and recovery of part of sleep affects habitual control of food motor behaviour to investigate whether partial sleep deprivation (PSD) and sleep recovery affect eating habits.
CUHK Donates Dung 2023 ｜ Donate Dung 3 times a week to earn $7,000 with 6 conditions and methods
If you can ’ t stand it and want to sign up as a research subject, then you have to see if you meet the following three criteria:
1.25-45 years old
Usually sleep between 10: 00PM and 8: 00AM for 7-9 hours per night
3. Complete a series of surveys in approximately 30 minutes and meet other eligibility criteria in the screening questionnaire
(Instagram screenshot @ Keung _ Show)
If you meet the initial screening criteria, then congratulations, you will be invited to participate in the 7-day follow-up screening process, you will need to wear an activity recorder and fill in a sleep diary for 7 consecutive days.
The entire study will be divided into two parts.
In the first part, participants will undergo 3 consecutive days of partial sleep deprivation and 2 consecutive days of sleep recovery at home, while in the second part, participants will undergo 3 consecutive days of normal sleep procedures at home.
Throughout the study, participants will visit the laboratory at the University of Hong Kong to complete questionnaires and conduct computer experiments. In addition, participants can carry out other activities as usual.
If the results at the screening stage show that you are eligible to participate in the study, the next step of screening will be possible.
After participating in the second round of screening, you will receive up to HK $1200 as a thank you if the results show that you are eligible to participate in the research.
If you are interested in a related research project, participants will also have the opportunity to participate in future research after the experiment is completed.
According to SLASH Lab HKU, participants will not have any direct risk or adverse consequences for their participation in this research project. SLASH Lab HKU also ensures that the risk of this experiment will not be greater than the risk that they encounter in their daily lives.
If you are interested in participating in this study, you can find the corresponding questionnaire on SLASH Lab HKU ’ s FaceBook page, answer the simple questions and fill in the information. They will inform the participants by email whether they are suitable for participating.

Practices include specialized physical exercises, such as moves to maintain upper body function and using posterior muscle activation for posture improvement.

Title:

Content: Alert
I swore I would never break the law before I beat the phosphate standards of 50,000 people.
Straight ball to resolve the net value crisis, Yun Taishin, Yun Taishen tonight at 10: 00 to explain
The top ten rich areas in Taiwan 's housing market exposed! "This area" ranked only ninth in Xinyi District
How to improve camel back problem?
Moni, the physical therapist: three moves to maintain the upper body shape
Physiotherapist Moni posted on the Dcard Girl page that she teaches three simple exercises: "Lower oblique square muscle induction training", "front saws muscle induction training", "neck deep flexor training", so that she can look elegant and confident, in order to maintain her upper body posture, and also has video content to provide users with a quick understanding of how to do it.
Three moves to maintain the upper body.
1. Lower oblique square muscle inducing training, using the muscles in the back.
2. Anterior Saws Induced Training
Use an area close to the underarm to push the shoulder blades outwards, keeping the chest away from the wall.
3. Deep Neck Flexor Training
Use the area of the neck near the throat to gently and forcefully extend the head upward.
After training each of the three muscles and becoming familiar with the method of exertion, you can combine the three movements:
1. Pull the shoulder blades back with force
2. Use your armpits to hold your scapula out
3. Use the posterior muscles of the throat to extend the head and neck upward.
Finally, Moni reminded each of the above muscle training, each time for 10 seconds, a total of 10 times will be effective, so that you can complete the upper body shape!
The bad side of the long hump.
Moni explains that in addition to the sore shoulders and neck, camel backs can also cause back pain, sore legs, pain in the temporal and palatal joints, breathing abnormalities, and even "changes in face shape."
As for the reason for the change in face shape, she explained that the camel back affects the position of the temporal jaw joint, causing air to be inhaled more easily from the mouth, causing mouth breathing (not through the nose), and long-term mouth breathing can cause changes in appearance.
For example, she has twin sisters, one girl who uses mouth breathing for a long time has a tooth burst phenomenon, and the other girl's normal nasal breathing, which is relatively straight.
At the end of the article, physiotherapist Moni also has detailed [video teaching], and sports commentary for netizens to refer to, and dynamic commentary is also relatively easy to understand.
Physiotherapist
Extended reading
He's been bullied by the whole house.
Women wear cool bikinis at the supermarket to taunt the store staff
Shouldn ’ t physical leave be limited to women?
He suffers from hemorrhoids and claims that "men should have physical leave too."
Kaohsiung new project 15 square meters 3 rooms 2 bathroom network fool: the bed is barely
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Some techniques are informed by genetic research, where a person’s genetic risk is determined by analyzing base pairs from saliva samples.

Title:

Content: What do you rely on, Dad?
Learn about social genetics from the synergistic effects of genetic power and golden spoon
Photo Credit: Shutterstock
What we want you to know is
As an ordinary person, I believe that talent has a great impact on whether people can succeed or not, and as a sociologist, I can say that research also shows that innate ability has an impact on worldly success, that is, the rich generation may rely not only on the father's wealth, but also on the good inheritance of parents' intelligence.
Text: Lin Meng-yong (Department of Sociology, National Taiwan University)
When we see the beautiful appearance of the second generation of stars and think of the beauty of their parents, we call it the result of “genetic power. ”
When we see the sons and daughters of famous sportsmen on the sand, we also say that they have inherited good "sports cells".
And when we talk about the rich second generation, we say that they were born with golden spoons, saying that they are “dependent on their parents. ”
Admittedly, all people in this society to succeed requires effort and luck, but if you accidentally win the lottery before birth, then these people in the society can get more benefits than others?
In general, academic literature generally shows that people with higher education and higher incomes tend to grow up in families with higher education or higher incomes.
For example, a study has shown that parents of tenured professors in the United States are 25 times more likely to be professors than the average person.
Traditional social studies say that this is the result of class replication, intergenerational cultural capital transfer, children are submerged in their interactions with their parents, and learn how to do the right thing at the right time.
But from the small exam to growing up, we usually have "freaks" around us, which means very smart talent, and it is easy to read books, and the test is always top of the list.
If these people only learn the secrets of success through their own efforts, the right way to study, and interaction with their parents and teachers, this makes us deeply suspicious of those who have been studying hard all day and all night.
As an ordinary person, I believe that talent has a great impact on whether people can succeed, and as a sociologist, I can say that research also shows that innate ability has its impact on worldly success, that is, the rich generation may not only rely on the father has money, but also may be a good inheritance of parents' intelligence.
Human beings as social animals and biological animals, we can not ignore the social and biological aspects of human beings. As we grow older, youth is no longer, we can not deny that changes in the body affect the life; as the world deepens and the experience becomes wider, our understanding of this society also allows us to deny that people are unpredictable and unpredictable.
If you don ’ t mix the two, you probably won ’ t be human.
The people who think they are doing research related to biosociology and sociogenomics are those who try to separate and interweave the biological and social aspects of people.
And I am one of them too.
If you read this, or don ’ t believe what I say, I ’ ll try to start with some examples of health, reach further into the traditional field of sociology, and finally discuss the limitations and challenges facing this field.
To see the fate of the world through your mouth.
To talk about this research, mention Francis Galton in the 19th century, who proposed eugenics, arguing that gifts are passed down through the family.
There is a notorious history of eugenics, so there is no mention of it here.
In the early 20th century, scientists began to treat twins as subjects of study, comparing the differences between identical twins and fraternal twins in various characteristics, and calculating heritability.
If a trait can be inherited, then when the environment is the same, identical twins should be more similar than identical twins, after all, identical twins are genetically identical, and identical twins are only brothers or sisters born at the same time (Note: studies usually only include identical twins of the same sex, otherwise different genders may affect the distribution of genes and how others treat them).
After James Watson and Francis Crick (and Rosalind Franklin) discovered the structure of genes, coupled with the development of molecular biology, candidate gene research became a new method for everyone to use.
These studies are usually based on genes identified by biological experiments.
For example: experimental rats with a specific MAOA gene variant and a 5-HTT gene variant are more likely to have aggressive behavior; those with a FTO gene variant are more likely to gain weight; the comparison of APOE variants will get Alzheimer ’ s and so on.
Some behavioral scientists look at these genetic variants to see if people will have the same characteristics, and if so, whether they will have different effects in different environments.
Around 2005, a new cross-generational approach to genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) was born.
Geneticists began using this method to find base pairs associated with specific traits.
Since then, social scientists have tried to study social-related traits using whole genes.
However, because there are too many base pairs considering tens of thousands at a time, there is a lot of noise, so later developed a method called polygenic fractions.
The polygenic score is the score generated by adding up the number of bases that each person is at risk. Since everyone has different bases at each base location, if someone carries an A at this location, someone carries two A's, and some people have no A's, then if A is a risk base related to obesity, then the one with 1 is here, and the two are 2, there is no. 0.
Adding up all the bases, the sum is a person ’ s genetic risk (of course, it ’ s not that simple, I ’ m just simplifying it).
How do I get everyone ’ s base pairs? The easiest way is to drop the saliva (Figure 1).
Researchers usually ask respondents to spit a few milliliters of saliva in a small box or small jar. After spitting, the lid is covered with a lid, and the liquid that stabilizes the DNA in the lid will flow into the jar, so that the DNA will not be broken down so quickly during transportation.
The genetic sequencing is then left to the laboratory personnel, and behavioral researchers only need to receive the base pairs of data before the next data analysis.
Of course, before asking people to spit, the researchers will definitely get the consent of the respondents to receive and store genetic data.
Because saliva can be stored for a longer period of time if it is frozen, researchers usually want to freeze the rest of the saliva a little longer so that it is not wasted.
In addition, in addition to collecting saliva, researchers will also interview people about other demographic or social factors, so that they can do social science analysis.
There are genes, so what?

Biohacking enthusiasts also incorporate methods to address perceived misinformation and emphasize critical evaluation of scientific claims, suggesting discernment is a core value.

Title:

Content: A Guide to Survival in the Face of False Data
In this day and age, the world is full of evil and the world is full of evil.
What is a fact?
Politicians are not afraid; what is science?
See how the media reports.
In the hands of Silicon Valley startups, the art of bullshit has sublimated; in the eyes of colleges and universities, bullshit is more rewarding than analytical thinking.
What the administration does, it seems that most of it is just a kind of high-level work to put together and reorganize.
The advertising company blinked heartily, inviting everyone to come together to debunk the true face of the bullshit.
We took the call, but instead we relaxed our guard and took the second-order bullshit they had stuffed in. By misleading the world about specific issues, bullshit can contaminate the world and make it hard to trust so-called information, so this book, though weak, represents an attempt to counter it.
The philosopher Harry Frankfurt has discovered that ubiquitous bullshit has become a key feature of our generation.
His classic article, On Bullshit (later published as a book, the Chinese version of "Bullshit!
One of the most striking features of our culture is that there is too much bullshit.
Everyone knows this, and everyone has a part to play in it.
We are all used to it.
However, we do not know exactly what nonsense is, why it has spread here, and what its effect is.
We also don ’ t have the heart to understand what the bullshit means to us.
In other words, about the bullshit, the theory of pay.
To eradicate bullshit, you need to know exactly what bullshit is, but that ’ s where things get tricky.
First of all, "bullshit" is both a noun and a verb usage.
I can not only say, “I ’ m tired of your bullshit, ” but I can also bullshit you in reverse. That ’ s pretty straightforward! In general, bullshit refers to the act of engaging in bullshit.
However, what is the noun "bullshit"? As with all the attempts to explain the concept of philosophy in everyday language, it is probably only futile to give it the most perfect and appropriate definition.
Instead, we ’ re going to give a few examples and then try to describe something that qualifies as bullshit.
* The illusion of time.
Many people think they are good at figuring out what is bullshit.
When we come across a bullshit that wins with rhetorical skills or fancy words, maybe it is. Call it “old-school bullshit. ”
Let's look at the following examples:
• Our shared mission is to leverage the capabilities of our bilateral solutions to leverage opportunities for underutilized human resources (in other words, we are a human resources dispatching company).
• We exist because of transmission.
The way to open the mystery is to be one with it (this may be called the New Century old-school bullshit).
• Like our ancestors, we look to the vast land of greatness, with determination and passion, to rekindle the spark of our people ’ s lives that have been extinguished (spare us? Tell us how exactly do you intend to bring employment back to this area?)
Although it is not yet time for the old school ghost to quit the jianghu, but when we meet the rising star of what we call the "new school ghost", we can compare it to the next.
The language of the new school of bullshit is mathematics, science, and statistics, which give the impression of rigor and precision.
Those words that do not hold up well are put on a reasonable coat through the makeup of numbers, charts, statistics, and data charts.
New school bullshit might look like this:
• Our best-performing global funds have outperformed the broader market in seven of the last nine years after adjusting for exchange rates.
How many funds are underperforming the broader market?
Also, is it the same fund that outperformed the broader market in seven out of nine years? Or are several different funds outperforming the broader market in one of those seven years?)
• Although statistically insignificant (p = 0.13), the results of this study highlight the clinically significant amount of efficacy of this target proton therapy (5-year relative survival rate = 1.3), challenging current treatment paradigms (what does a clinically important but statistically insignificant study mean? Is there any reason to imagine that this result “challenges the current therapeutic paradigm ”?)
• The team used convolutional neural network algorithms to extract basic control logic from a diverse network of human metabolites, transcripts, and proteomes (what is a diversity network? Why are these “XX bodies ” related and measured? What does the author mean by“ control logic ”? How do we know that these systems are connected by a basic control logic?
And if there is such a basic control logic, how do we know that we can actually capture it in this way?).
• According to our systematic screening, 34% of Year 2 students with disruptive behavior problems admitted to having sniffed a microphone at least once in the past year (why is this important?
What is the percentage of students who do not have disruptive behavioural problems who admit to having sniffed a microphone pen?
Probably higher!).
New school bullshit can be very persuasive, because most people see the information presented in numbers and feel they are not qualified to question it, and this is what new school bullshit people rely on.
To counter this, one must learn when and how to challenge such claims.
* Who is creating a fake?
Both of our authors are dedicated to teaching students how to think logically and quantitatively when faced with data.
From our eponymous course at the University of Washington, we hope to show you that you don ’ t have to be a professional statistician, econometrician, or data scientist to think critically about quantitative arguments, and you don ’ t have to work on huge datasets and weeks to see through the bullshit.
It is often enough to look at the problem with basic logical inferences, supplemented by information that search engines can find if necessary.
The reason why we want to help people understand the bullshit and refute the bullshit is for the benefit of citizens.
This has nothing to do with ideologies such as the left and right, who have proven themselves to be good at creating and spreading false information, regardless of whether they are on the left or the right.
It should be said (and it may sound grandiose) that we believe that full detection of bullshit is necessary to maintain a liberal democracy.
Democracy will always need voters who can think critically, but this is more important than ever in an era of fake news and foreign interference in the election process through social media.
In a 2016 New York Times op-ed, Mark Galeotti outlined what the best defense against this type of information warfare is.
In the face of leaks, instead of fighting one by one, the U.S. government should teach people to recognize that they are being manipulated by information.
Americans should be able to learn from schools, non-governmental organizations, public service outreach activities, and other channels to become a smart media consumer basic skills, including the fact of news reporting, and the fact that pictures do not necessarily have the truth.
As academics who have taught data science, statistics, and other related subjects at public universities for decades, we know how to teach these kinds of thinking methods, and we believe it can be done without political sidelines.
The optimal size of the federal government, the acceptability of government involvement in people ’ s private lives, and what a country should do on the international stage (for which you may disagree with us), but we don ’ t mind, we just want to help people of all political views resist the specter, because we feel that democracy is best when voters recognize the truth from all sides. It is.
What we want to build is not a platform that just doesn ’ t sound like it, so most of the examples in this book are not the worst of the examples we know, much less the ones that excite us. Instead, we have selected examples that can be used as a teaching tool to elicit special pitfalls and highlight appropriate coping strategies.
For this book, we hope that you can read, think, and see for yourself who is bullshitting.
About a century ago, the philosopher John.
As John Alexander Smith once said to a new student at Oxford University:
Nothing you will learn in the course of your studies will be useful to you in the future, except that, if you are diligent and conscientious, you will be able to find out who is talking indiscriminately, which, in my opinion, is the most important, if not the only, purpose of education.
Despite the success of management engineering (science, technology, engineering, medicine, collectively known as STEM) higher education, we still feel that we are not doing well in this area.
Operational stuff is usually well taught: students know how to manipulate matrices, do cell transfection, perform gene scans, run machine learning algorithms, etc., but when they focus on facts and skills like this, they sacrifice the training and practice of the art of “critical thinking. ”
Humanities and social sciences teach students to let conflicting ideas collide with each other, and try to solve them when they encounter situations of different tones, while science and engineering teaching rarely gives students paradoxes that need to be solved, and they rarely encounter situations where the form of evidence conflicts and needs to be reconciled, or false claims that need to be criticized.
As a result, college graduates are often prepared to question and recognize logical fallacies when faced with verbal arguments, but when a narrative is presented in quantitative terms, they are unexpectedly silent.
Of course, this is also true of secondary education.
By incorporating the inquiry-based teaching that is now widely used in the humanities into polytechnic education, schools will be able to shape a generation of students who can easily pick up the nonsense of statistics and artificial intelligence analysis from the bullshit of politics, ethics, art, philosophy and other fields.
For a variety of reasons, the following chapters of this book make extensive use of scientific and medical research as examples.
We all love science and we specialize in it.
And the kind of quantitative claims we deal with in this book are also based on science.
Looking at all human systems, science seems to be insulated from bullshit, but it is not.
We believe that if voters are not blind, they must first build a public understanding of science, and we hope to identify the many stumbling blocks that stand in the way of that understanding.
But we want to emphasize in particular that science is an institutionalized and effective way to understand the physical world, and nothing we can say can undermine it. In the end, science is useful despite all our complaints, so many biases, and so many problems, so much sneaking in.
With the help of science, people can fly planes, make video calls, transplant organs, eradicate infectious diseases, and understand everything from the initial state of the universe after the Big Bang to the molecular basis of life.
The emergence of new forms of information technology has changed the way humans communicate, both scientifically and socially.
Information becomes more accessible, and information overload becomes worse.
We hope this book will help readers face this vicious battle and discern the truth.
(This article is excerpted from Carl Burgstrom and Jervyn West, “The Illusion of Data: Data Reading is the Most Important Critical Literacy in the Age of Deep Fake, and Smart Decisions Aren ’ t Tricked ”, provided by CommonWealth Magazine)
Extended reading
The number of people watching YT skyrocketed to do so!
Use two techniques to absorb powder
Popular knowledge YouTuber key: 40 words to finish the point
Happy Line Exercise: How to Make Your Boss Happy?

Nutritional interventions are popular, including following restrictive diets such as gluten-free, dairy-free, and ketogenic, as well as specialized protocols like the Bulletproof Diet.

Title:

Content: The family ’ s preference for a male child causes her “uterine problems ”!
Unconscious implants "do not want to be a woman" setting
Women ’ s diseases are also linked to the “native family Trojan horse program. ”
(Illustration, not related to the subject of this article / Mennonite Hospital provided)
Written by Lee Hsin Pong
Excerpt from / Fang Zhi Publishing 《 Native Family Trojan Horse Quick Sieve 》
I have found a native family Trojan horse for a case with gynecological problems, and now I have the following tracks:
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mastitis
Among the female students who come to me, if they have chest problems, such as mastitis, breast nodules, breast cancer, etc., they usually have a condition of suppressing their emotions, especially if they have been dissatisfied with their partner, but they have not expressed their anger.
Therefore, if you have a grudge against your predecessor, current position or unbalanced resentment, you can both physically and mentally, massage more to clear the meridian, and in the heart to resolve the past resentment with love, so that it will no longer become a new cause of their future.
Uterine or pelvic problems
For example, menstrual pain, pelvic inflammation, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, uterine ovarian cancer and so on.
I have three female entrepreneurial students who have come to me to investigate the killing of Trojans.
They come from different places, different backgrounds, but have similar native family modules: they are raised in patriarchal families, and their mothers have said to them from childhood: "Men are unreliable, they have to rely on themselves, to save themselves, stand on their own, and strengthen themselves."
One more thing in common is that they are strong in their work.
The problem is that they are subconsciously set to "women are weak", so to live like men, as a result, all three of them have gynecological problems, either uterine fibroids, uterine tumors, or ovarian cancer, and the uterus and ovaries are cut off, in line with their subconscious or unconscious "do not want to be a woman" setting - denying the femininity / frequency of female organs, Start to intrude on your own gynecological site, resulting in the fact that "get sick to remove".
Therefore, I strongly recommend that if your native family also has this situation, please be sure to remove the subconscious settings, change to: as a woman can also live life force, can also have independent power.
Even if parents love their brother or brother, but our most precious is ourselves, this is the "overlooked" role of the gift is: although from a small life in an unfair environment, but we can learn early to see their value, believe in themselves, respect themselves, love themselves, do not have to fight, do not compare, but will grow more than brothers.
If the younger student has menstrual problems, and she has brothers and sisters, I will ask the above standard questions; if she feels that the elders in the family (father, mother, grandfather, grandmother, grandmother, etc.) value men and women, I will help her clean up the mark, and I will ask her to watch the documentary “Sister ”, and through this film of the Dragon Phoenix family, I will practice thinking: If you are the sister in the film, how can you not be" strongly branded "negative imprint?
The more extreme case of “male preference ” is a female who is about 35 years old and has terminal uterine and ovarian cancer. When she came to me, her uterus and ovaries had been removed, but the cancer cells had metastasized to the pelvis.
When I met her, she was already skinny. Later, after an in-depth interview with her, she found that her native family had a negative impression of "son preference" - she heard relatives say that when she was still in her mother's stomach, her mother often quarreled with her father, and her mother wanted to remove her, so she was planted in the womb "fear of not living a wooden horse", causing her subconscious feeling that she was not worth. Live and have had anorexia since childhood.
It is easy to understand that her disease occurred in gynecological areas such as the uterus and ovaries, because this was the source of her earliest fear of being imprinted, and even after the uterus and ovaries were removed, the negative imprint was still working and continued to cause cancer in her pelvic cavity.
She said that she may be because she is a girl, so her parents want to take her, perhaps her body is thus beginning to create "take away female organs" disease frequency, so that you can become a boy, parents will love her again.
Since her illness, she has often been angry with the people around her who take care of her.
I asked her, "Do you really want to survive?" She said, "Yes!" I said, "It is very important that you do not retaliate against your parents with your health, and do not yell at people who care about you with anger."
If you have decided to live a new version of life, you can use the imagination to remove the old version of yourself, and replace a new version of yourself … You can find the godfather and mother again, I am also very willing to be your sister, so that you temporarily and the original family parents of the old mark off, re-establish a second life.
If possible, I would like to give you two specific exercises:
First, go to nature every day, lie on a yoga mat or grass, and imagine that your navel has a new umbilical cord, connected to the center of the womb of Mother Earth in the earth.
At the same time, let the sun shine on the back, let the sun enter each spine, reactivate the vital energy, restore the will power to survive, and imagine yourself evaporating this poisoned old computer, directly creating a new computer - through the sky as a father, the earth as a mother.
Second, start a new life with the frequency of a "new computer", and then if you run out of any ideas, first check whether it is a new computer or an old computer.
If it is an old computer, it will be destroyed directly and replaced with a new computer frequency with unconditional love, safety, trust, health, self-confidence, strength, and happiness.
When eating, if you do not want to eat, ask yourself: Is this the frequency of the new computer or the old computer?
She listened very happy, but the next second suddenly sat next to me from the opposite side and said: Sister, you see, I have a knife here, I have a pain there..., I immediately told her: "You don't need to complain to me or people around you, tell, create your own pain here or there, to let us care about you. There are many successful examples), but this is not the truth, but the source frequency transmitter that constantly creates disease.
The module of "winning love with illness" will continue to create unbearable pain for you, so it is very important to clear the negative mark of the original family.
No matter what your condition, we will always love you unconditionally, but I want you to focus on your recovery rather than your illness, to speak in a way that determines “recovery / health ”, to live in a“ living ” way, and not to live in a “dead ” way, okay? ” she said.
I also encountered a "son preference" counterexample, that is, the parents overlove her caused by the gynecological problem: this woman about 45 years old has had her uterus, ovaries removed due to cancer, the cancer cells also spread to the large intestine, liver, pancreas, part of the large intestine has also been removed.
I asked her what she thought of her parents as a child that hurt her.
She said: "When I was a child because my parents hurt me more, my brother was very jealous, often hit me when my parents were not home, and once threw me into the door plate, causing my nose and mouth to hurt and bleed, and the door was knocked out of a big hole."
But as soon as my mother entered the house, the first time she was concerned: 'Can the door be repaired like this?' This made me very hurt and felt that I was not as valuable as a door, and from then on I could no longer feel the love of my family, and I did not have the meaning of living... 」
She did not know that the self-destruct program of her series of gynecological diseases was closely related to this door-to-door trauma.
When I wrote the equations related to these two things to her, she was surprised, and mentioned that she now has two daughters, the younger daughter is more beautiful, more favored by her, once she saw the 6-year-old daughter beating the 3-year-old daughter, she angrily beat the older daughter, but if it is the younger daughter beating the older daughter, she will scolded the older daughter why not let the younger sister.
I said to her: "Do not let the previous generation's" eccentric "module continue to brand and hurt the next generation, so that the eldest daughter will inherit the negative mark of your self-destruction of the gynecological part."
Then I asked her to tell her mother and brother how much the incident had hurt her at that time, and then she could choose to forgive them and release herself, otherwise the hatred in her heart would continue to rage against her physical health; in addition, I asked her to go home and make sure to find time to apologize to her eldest daughter, so that the tragedy would end and no longer be inherited from generation.
I ’ ve also seen several cases of uterine fibroids and pelvic inflammation, all of which share unpleasant experiences in intimate relationships that lead to feelings of guilt, fear, and rejection of “sex. ”
If there is a condition in their intimate relationship, their partner will sometimes have problems with the prostate.
The above is how I searched his / her native family for signs of Trojan horses through the clues of the case ’ s illness.
This does not mean that all of these conditions belong to the same native family Trojan, but by studying diseases or accidents, we can dig up the source of Trojan projections hidden in our subconscious or unconscious layers.
★ This article is excerpted from Fang Zhi Publishing's "Native Family Trojan Horse Quick Screening: Three Steps to Unlock and Discard the Negative Imprint of the Inheritance Family", by Li Xinbong.
The vast majority of life problems are closely related to the native family, if not cracked, cleared, all your efforts will be in vain! If you are not aware of the Trojan horse, you will only be trapped in the native family fate module to keep repeating, only quickly sift, clean and transform the Trojan horse, then life can truly belong to itself.
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Supplement intake is widespread, with a focus on individual needs such as calcium and iron, and some claim connections between nutrient supply and broader health issues.

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Content: Is the supply of calcium and iron plummeting and the lack of raw materials for cancer drugs related to coral reefs?
Health Care Network
Coral reefs, the “most important building in the ocean, ” are being hit by both global warming and man-made destruction.
Professor Chen Hsiu-hsi of the Institute of Public Health led the team to explore the marine ecological crisis in the live program of "Healthy and Smart Life Circle". Due to climate change and the destruction of the coral bottom ecosystem, the fishery production has decreased, and nutrients such as calcium, iron, and protein have decreased rapidly, and even affected several anti-cancer drug raw materials.
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Marine Ecology and Healthy Coral Reefs
Corals can provide a sound marine ecosystem, including habitats, food and nutrient sources, tourism and educational resources, and maintain the marine food chain and ecological, species and genetic diversity. Corals have an annual production value of about US $11 trillion.
The rich coral colonies in the world ’ s oceans make a huge contribution to marine ecology, especially in East Asia, which accounts for 30.1% of the world ’ s coral reefs.
For example, corals can protect land from typhoons and waves, which are better than human-made jetties.
Many of the new drugs are also sourced from the ocean, such as postagladin (PG), which has anti-cancer effects, from the sea fan extract, and moschicidin, which has viral suppression and anti-cancer effects, from the coral root.
▲ Coral related annual output is about US $11 trillion (equivalent to about NT $346.8 trillion), and the economic activities of the world 's 10 arts population depend on coral. (courtesy of TDG)
Warming, overfishing impacts fishing
However, due to human activities and global warming sea temperature anomalies, coral reef coverage in various ocean regions around the world has decreased since 2011, and algae cover has increased, affecting marine biodiversity, which in turn affects fisheries, food supply and tourism in coastal areas.
For example, in Kenting and Penghu in Taiwan, the disruption of urban development and tourism activities has also led to changes in coral reef species.
The documentary “Chasing Coral Reef ” presents the bleaching phenomenon of undersea coral reefs, exposing the ecological crisis under global warming, and trying to awaken people ’ s awareness of protecting the environment and protecting the marine ecology.
About 25% of fish depend on coral for their entire lives, but at least 500 million people around the world rely on “reef fish ” as a staple food. Without these proteins, these 500 million people would be starved of nutrients.
The series "Ocean Conspiracy" mentions that most of the current offshore fishing industry uses trawling nets to catch fish, especially giant trawls can net the entire church, 13 Boeing 747 aircraft, resulting in serious catches of sharks, whales and dolphins, and the use of bottom trawls to cause overfishing and destroy the coral and bottom marine ecological foundation.
Since 1950, the Endangered Species Index (Endangered Species Index) of the upper marine life chain (e.g. tuna, swordfish) has deteriorated by about 27%, while the shark Endangered Species Index (Endangered Species Index) has continued to deteriorate.
Calcium, Iron, Protein Supply Slide
Dr. Xu said that marine aquatic food provides a wealth of important nutrients, and seafood intake is conducive to nerve development and function, prevent coronary heart disease, and reduce the risk of diabetes.
In addition, fish provides more than 20% of the animal protein for 3 billion people worldwide, and small fisheries in developing countries such as Bangladesh, Ghana and Indonesia supply more than 50% of animal protein.
A study conducted a 10-year assessment of marine nutrition in temperate and tropical regions. It is estimated that a 4 ° C increase in global warming by 2100 will cause a 30% decrease in the nutrient supply of developing countries. If the increase is controlled at 1.5 to 2 ° C, the nutrient supply will also decrease by about 10%. For every 1 degree Celsius rise, the supply of marine nutrients will be reduced by 3 – 7%, while that of developing countries will be reduced by 2 – 3 times the global supply, with calcium supplies most severely affected.
Planet Sustainable Health Live Streaming - Sustainable Fisheries Smart Management (V) Coral Competition Survival Choice
Global Warming Is Like Chronic Disease Marine Ecology Conservation Focuses on Three Major Aspects
Professor Chen Xiuxi explained that the three major aspects of marine ecological conservation include biodiversity, marine food supply, and ocean carbon sequestration.
It was assessed that maintaining 45% of marine protected areas would increase biodiversity by 71%, carbon sequestration by 29%, and food supply by 92%.
Coral reefs and benthic flora are important elements that provide carbon sequestration and reduce ocean acidification, but under the influence of industrialization, the ocean ecology changes.
Global warming, like chronic diseases, reduces the number of fish and plants and algae when certain organisms begin to degenerate and increase, and reduces overall biodiversity, thus affecting the human environment and the more extreme climate.
In the face of climate change and climate warming, as well as human activities, the impact of overexploitation on the entire environment and ecological diversity has attracted global attention.
Sustainable biodiversity and social development pursue three main goals.
Reduce carbon emissions
Mitigate climate change and maintain global warming trends in order to maintain a livable ecological environment.
Rehabilitation and care
Maintaining sustainable ecological habitats and biodiversity.
Maintaining natural ecosystems
Support the symbiosis of human society.
Land, freshwater ecology and marine settlement biodiversity are interconnected.
Humans are part of these three ecosystems on Earth, and the impact of human activities on the environment can be divided into three levels, including extensive pristine natural habitats, support for biodiversity, and nature-social symbiosis.
Australia is committed to biodiversity conservation through a combination of native colonies and modern scientific capabilities to achieve coral conservation; the EU is also focused on restoring biodiversity and has set many goals to be achieved by 2030, such as reaching 30% of land and marine protected areas, reducing pesticide use by 50%, and restoring the free flow of 25,000 km of EU rivers.
In addition, “digital twin ” has become an important technology for international ecological sustainability. Compared to traditional methods, digital twin can consider more factors and respond to various potential situations in real time, and can also help people understand the overall ecological and evolutionary trends to achieve sustainable biodiversity.
Planet Sustainable Health Live Streaming - Marine Protected Areas (MPA) and Smart Environmental Ecology
Source: Healthnews.com https: / / www.healthnews.com.tw / readnews.php? id = 60012
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Physical routines may involve extreme exercise regimens and recovery practices like ice baths, purported to reduce inflammation and optimize bodily function.

Mental health strategies and mindfulness about familial or psychological patterns are also integrated, with attention to the impact of childhood experiences and emotional well-being.

Biohackers may seek frequent, sometimes experimental, medical screenings to personalize interventions and track health changes over time.

Medical technologies, such as communication devices for paralyzed individuals, are embraced by some in the community as part of a broader interest in human enhancement.

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Content: They developed a communication device for people who are completely paralyzed.
LONDON, March 22 (Xinhua) -- According to a study published Tuesday in the journal Nature, a team of scientists managed to make a completely paralyzed and unable to speak person communicate through brain-computer interface (BCI) devices.
The study, led by the Wyss Center for Neuroengineering (Switzerland) and the University of Tübingen (Germany), developed this approach in individuals with advanced amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
The patient, a 34-year-old man in a “completely blocked ” state, sends brain signals to the BCI and decodes them into letters that experts call the“ auditory nerve feedback system. ”
Previous work has developed similar tools that allow ALS patients to “speak ” through movement of the eye or facial muscles, but once the disease degenerates and muscle control is lost, they can no longer communicate in this way.
To overcome this problem, a team led by Jonas Zimmermann, a neuroscientist at the Wyss Center in Geneva, used this auditory feedback BCI (neurofeedback), which consists of two intra-cortical microelectrodes in the motor cortex that are surgically implanted.
Experts explained in a statement that the patient was affected by what is known as complete captivity syndrome (CLIS) — paralysis is absolute — but it was not clear until now whether he also “lost the brain ’ s ability to generate communication commands. ”
Over the course of two years of work, the man learned to generate brain activity by testing different movements that were detected by microelectrodes and then decoded by real-time machine learning models.
This AI tool “maps ” the signal so that it has a“ yes ” or “no ” meaning, and in order to decipher what participants want to communicate, the spelling program spells out the letters in the alphabet aloud.
Here, “auditory neural feedback ” comes into play, as subjects can choose between“ yes ” or “no ” to confirm or discard letters after determining the tone and frequency of the feedback, forming complete words and phrases at a rate of about one character per minute.
"Previously, successful communication was achieved in patients with paralysis through BCIs.
But we believe that our study is the first to achieve communication in subjects who have lost all mobility, so this BCI is their only means of communication, ” Zimmerman said.
Chief ha / jm / yam