Internet slang regarding pornography

BDSM

BDSM

Emoticon

Emoticon

Flaming (Internet)

Flaming (Internet)

Shock site

Shock site

Hentai

Hentai

Troll (slang)

Troll (slang)

Internet slang

Internet slang

Leet

Leet

Blog

Blog

X rating

X rating

Ilona Staller

Ilona Staller

Bondage pornography

Bondage pornography

Annie Sprinkle

Annie Sprinkle

Ecchi

Ecchi

Newbie

Newbie

Debbie Does Dallas

Debbie Does Dallas

Page 3

Page 3

Pornographic film

Pornographic film

Sex shop

Sex shop

Hardcore pornography

Hardcore pornography

LOL

LOL

Pornography addiction

Pornography addiction

Al Goldstein

Al Goldstein

Softcore pornography

Softcore pornography

Erotic art

Erotic art

34 (number)

34 (number)

Erotic literature

Erotic literature

Bambi Woods

Bambi Woods

Not safe for work

Not safe for work

Bud Lee (pornographer)

Bud Lee (pornographer)

Eternal September

Eternal September

Emoji

Emoji

Eroge

Eroge

Tijuana bible

Tijuana bible

List of pornographic actors who appeared in mainstream films

Lisa De Leeuw

Lisa De Leeuw

Tentacle erotica

Tentacle erotica

List of Internet phenomena

List of Internet phenomena

List of pornographic performers by decade

Celebrity sex tape

Celebrity sex tape

Lurker

Lurker

Kristine DeBell

Kristine DeBell

List of hentai creators

List of hentai creators

Tifa Lockhart

Tifa Lockhart

Owned (slang)

Owned (slang)

Alt porn

Alt porn

Gang bang

Gang bang

Barbara Dare

Barbara Dare

Pink TV (France)

Pink TV (France)

Pornography laws by region

Pornography laws by region

Opposition to pornography

Opposition to pornography

Rape pornography

Rape pornography

Incest pornography

Incest pornography

Désirée Cousteau

Désirée Cousteau

Constance Money

Constance Money

Catfight

Catfight

Griefer

Griefer

Pornographic magazine

Pornographic magazine

Kyōko Aizome

Kyōko Aizome

Gardevoir

Gardevoir

Erotic photography

Erotic photography

Lucario

Lucario

Internet meme

Internet meme

Reality pornography

Reality pornography

Fuck for Forest

Fuck for Forest

Outline of British pornography

Outline of British pornography

Casting couch

Casting couch

Eric Stryker

Eric Stryker

Lesbian erotica

Lesbian erotica

Esurance

Esurance

Ethnic pornography

Ethnic pornography

Maria Kekkonen

Maria Kekkonen

Melissa Hill

Melissa Hill

O RLY?

O RLY?

List of pornographic film studios

List of pornographic film studios

List of pornographic magazines

List of pornographic magazines

Playboy TV

Playboy TV

David F. Friedman

David F. Friedman

Security hacker

Security hacker

Gregory Dark

Gregory Dark

Moodyz

Moodyz

Cartoon pornography

Cartoon pornography

R34

R34

Micky Yanai

Micky Yanai

Blue Movie

Blue Movie

Maria Ozawa

Maria Ozawa

Women Against Pornography

Women Against Pornography

Teh

Teh

Bobby Vitale

Bobby Vitale

Monica Mayhem

Monica Mayhem

Billy Dee

Billy Dee

Alban Ceray

Alban Ceray

Sexualization

Sexualization

Women Against Violence in Pornography and Media

AVN Adult Entertainment Expo

AVN Adult Entertainment Expo

Gonzo pornography

Gonzo pornography

Pornography

Pornography

Centurians of Rome

Centurians of Rome

Hustler TV (American TV channel)

Hustler TV (American TV channel)

Moe anthropomorphism

Moe anthropomorphism

Kayden Kross

Kayden Kross

Darby Lloyd Rains

Darby Lloyd Rains

History of erotic depictions

History of erotic depictions

Boys in the Sand

Boys in the Sand

Erotic comics

Erotic comics

Internet sex addiction

Internet sex addiction

Juli Ashton

Juli Ashton

Bisexual pornography

Bisexual pornography

Exotic Erotic Ball

Exotic Erotic Ball

The Erotic Network

The Erotic Network

Hand fetishism

Hand fetishism

Golden Age of Porn

Golden Age of Porn

W00t

W00t

Mobile porn

Mobile porn

Bobby Hollander

Bobby Hollander

Adult movie theater

Adult movie theater

Brussels International Festival of Eroticism

Women's erotica

Women's erotica

A History of the Blue Movie

A History of the Blue Movie

XXXchurch.com

XXXchurch.com

Lolcat

Lolcat

Am Sklavenmarkt

Am Sklavenmarkt

List of actors in gay pornographic films

Harry S. Morgan

Harry S. Morgan

Tankie

Tankie

Pornography in India

Pornography in India

Derek Hay

Derek Hay

Holly One

Holly One

Imagery of nude celebrities

Imagery of nude celebrities

AVN Media Network

AVN Media Network

Freshmen (magazine)

Freshmen (magazine)

HUMP!

HUMP!

Cecil Howard

Cecil Howard

Anthony Spinelli

Anthony Spinelli

Cloistered Nun: Runa's Confession

Cloistered Nun: Runa's Confession

Candy Apples

Candy Apples

Bob Chinn (film director)

Bob Chinn (film director)

Rickrolling

Rickrolling

School Girl (film)

School Girl (film)

Bordellet

Bordellet

Effects of pornography

Effects of pornography

Anonymous (hacker group)

Anonymous (hacker group)

XXL (French TV channel)

XXL (French TV channel)

Belladonna (actress)

Belladonna (actress)

Pornographic film actor

Pornographic film actor

Patently offensive

Patently offensive

Asian Fever

Asian Fever

Usenet

Usenet

SMS language

SMS language

Fan art

Fan art

Imageboard

Imageboard

Gay pornography

Gay pornography

Michael Lucas (director)

Michael Lucas (director)

Amateur pornography

Amateur pornography

Rule 34 (disambiguation)

Rule 34 (disambiguation)

Max Hardcore

Max Hardcore

TL;DR

TL;DR

Maria Takagi

Maria Takagi

Internet pornography

Internet pornography

A Night at the Adonis

A Night at the Adonis

Pornography in Australia

Pornography in Australia

Adultery Diary: One More Time While I'm Still Wet

Simulated child pornography

Simulated child pornography

Feminist views on pornography

Feminist views on pornography

Religious views on pornography

Religious views on pornography

Anti-pornography movement in the United States

Kyōko Kazama

Kyōko Kazama

MILF pornography

MILF pornography

Sexting

Sexting

Child pornography

Child pornography

Sexually transmitted infections in the pornography industry

Feminists Fighting Pornography

Feminists Fighting Pornography

Pedobear

Pedobear

Mariko Kawana

Mariko Kawana

Churchmen's Committee for Decent Publications

Atlas21

Atlas21

Padonkaffsky jargon

Padonkaffsky jargon

Etiquette in technology

Etiquette in technology

Porn Sunday

Porn Sunday

Mike John

Mike John

Cyberbullying

Cyberbullying

Penthouse TV

Penthouse TV

Convent pornography

Convent pornography

Adultcon

Adultcon

Queer pornography

Queer pornography

Shadow banning

Shadow banning

Aylo

Aylo

Doxing

Doxing

Milly D'Abbraccio

Milly D'Abbraccio

Feminist pornography

Feminist pornography

Manniac

Manniac

Ferris Alexander trial

Ferris Alexander trial

Exxxotica Expo

Exxxotica Expo

Transgender pornography

Transgender pornography

Porn for women

Porn for women

May Ling Su

May Ling Su

Awol Marines

Awol Marines

Jincey Lumpkin

Jincey Lumpkin

Widow Blue!

Widow Blue!

Sex with a Stranger

Sex with a Stranger

No More Page 3

No More Page 3

Pornotopia

Pornotopia

Steve Cadro

Steve Cadro

Revenge porn

Revenge porn

Bobby Astyr

Bobby Astyr

Love, Lust and Violence

Love, Lust and Violence

Pornographic parody film

Pornographic parody film

The Life and Times of Xaviera Hollander

The Life and Times of Xaviera Hollander

The Marriage Vow

The Marriage Vow

Customs4U

Customs4U

Chinese Internet slang

Chinese Internet slang

Stop Porn Culture

Stop Porn Culture

List of mainstream actors who have appeared in pornographic films

Stop Bild Sexism

Stop Bild Sexism

Creepy treehouse

Creepy treehouse

Pornification

Pornification

Sonic Dreams Collection

Sonic Dreams Collection

Chuck Vincent (director)

Chuck Vincent (director)

Dick pic

Dick pic

List of viral videos

List of viral videos

Mormon pornography

Mormon pornography

Ejen Ali

Ejen Ali

Shitposting

Shitposting

Pornography in Germany

Pornography in Germany

Sealioning

Sealioning

Baizuo

Baizuo

Elsagate

Elsagate

Beate-Uhse.TV

Beate-Uhse.TV

List of pornography companies

List of pornography companies

Kyle Stone

Kyle Stone

Hurtcore

Hurtcore

Fight the New Drug

Fight the New Drug

Effects of pornography on young people

Effects of pornography on young people

Audio porn

Audio porn

Deepfake pornography

Deepfake pornography

Pornography in Austria

Pornography in Austria

Pornography in Albania

Pornography in Albania

Pornography in Armenia

Pornography in Armenia

Pornography in Belarus

Pornography in Belarus

Pornography in Belgium

Pornography in Belgium

Pornography in the Czech Republic

Pornography in the Czech Republic

Pornography in Croatia

Pornography in Croatia

Pornography in Cyprus

Pornography in Cyprus

Pornography in Finland

Pornography in Finland

Pornography in Estonia

Pornography in Estonia

Pornography in France

Pornography in France

Markus Dupree

Markus Dupree

Little Pink

Little Pink

Rule 63

Rule 63

Uwu

Uwu

Liara Roux

Liara Roux

BBC (sexual slang)

BBC (sexual slang)

Clop (erotic fan art)

Clop (erotic fan art)

Yasmeena Ali

Yasmeena Ali

Yiff

Yiff

Edgelord

Edgelord

Rule 34 (film)

Rule 34 (film)

Rage-baiting

Rage-baiting

Overwatch

Overwatch

Pokémon and pornography

Pokémon and pornography

Tumblr sexyman

Tumblr sexyman

Sissy hypno

Sissy hypno

Analysis

According to researchers Ogi Ogas and Sai Gaddam, the maxim resonated with so many people because of its apparent truth to anyone who has browsed the Internet. Ogas said that following the 2009–2010 study, the consolidation of the porn industry onto large market share video aggregators has reduced the visibility of the niche market videos. The sites favor mainstream content directly by steering users towards it and indirectly by disadvantaging small producers who cannot afford strong anti-piracy measures, bringing into doubt the ability of the rule being able to keep up with market.

Cory Doctorow concludes, "Rule 34 can be thought of as a kind of indictment of the Web as a cesspit of freaks, geeks, and weirdos, but seen through the lens of cosmopolitanism, bespeaks a certain sophistication—a gourmet approach to life."

John Paul Stadler concluded that Rule 34 reflects the codification of paraphilias into social identity structures.

video aggregators

anti-piracy

paraphilias


Enterprise software

Customer relationship management software

E-commerce

E-commerce

GnuCash

GnuCash

Fujitsu

Fujitsu

HCL Notes

HCL Notes

TMS

TMS

Balance sheet

Balance sheet

PeopleSoft

PeopleSoft

SAP R/3

SAP R/3

Compiere

Compiere

JD Edwards

JD Edwards

GNU Project

GNU Project

SAP (disambiguation)

SAP (disambiguation)

SAP

SAP

Independent Computing Architecture

Independent Computing Architecture

Quicken Interchange Format

Quicken Interchange Format

Open Financial Exchange

Open Financial Exchange

Deloitte

Deloitte

TSW

TSW

Cognizant

Cognizant

SAP Business One

SAP Business One

Komplett

Komplett

Sage 300

Sage 300

XBRL

XBRL

Analytic hierarchy process

Analytic hierarchy process

Microsoft Money

Microsoft Money

Business Application Programming Interface

Autoregressive integrated moving average

QuickBooks

QuickBooks

Custom software

Custom software

SAP NetWeaver

SAP NetWeaver

SAP R/2

SAP R/2

Microsoft BizTalk Server

Microsoft BizTalk Server

Comparison of time-tracking software

Comparison of time-tracking software

Comparison of accounting software

Comparison of accounting software

Sage 50

Sage 50

QC Record Format

QC Record Format

Oracle Applications

Oracle Applications

Microsoft Office Accounting

Microsoft Office Accounting

MYOB (company)

MYOB (company)

SAP Graphical User Interface

SAP Graphical User Interface

Demand chain

Demand chain

List of SAP products

List of SAP products

Power user

Power user

TurboCASH

TurboCASH

MySAP All-in-One

MySAP All-in-One

Remote Function Call

Remote Function Call

PowerDesigner

PowerDesigner

Coda plc

Coda plc

Procurement software

Procurement software

SAP Business Suite

SAP Business Suite

Adempiere

Adempiere

SAP IS-U

SAP IS-U

Pandora FMS

Pandora FMS

Apache OFBiz

Apache OFBiz

SAP Solution Manager

SAP Solution Manager

Benton Sans

Benton Sans

OpenText SiteScope

OpenText SiteScope

Unit4

Unit4

LedgerSMB

LedgerSMB

Workflow management system

Workflow management system

Accounting software

Accounting software

Primavera (software)

Primavera (software)

Microsoft Small Business Financials

Microsoft Small Business Financials

PSE-36

PSE-36

NetSuite

NetSuite

Transaction data

Transaction data

QFX (file format)

QFX (file format)

NolaPro

NolaPro

AME Accounting Software

AME Accounting Software

FreshBooks

FreshBooks

Singareni Collieries Company

Singareni Collieries Company

Order to cash

Order to cash

Moneyspire

Moneyspire

Transport (SAP)

Transport (SAP)

SAP Enterprise Architecture Framework

SAP Enterprise Architecture Framework

IntarS

IntarS

Acumatica

Acumatica

UK & Ireland SAP Users Group

UK & Ireland SAP Users Group

Xero (company)

Xero (company)

Iran Software & Hardware Co. (NOSA)

Iran Software & Hardware Co. (NOSA)

Institute for Federal Real Estate (Germany)

Tryton

Tryton

Plant Simulation

Plant Simulation

CGram Software

CGram Software

WorkPLAN

WorkPLAN

Database activity monitoring

Database activity monitoring

Traverse (software)

Traverse (software)

Open Systems Accounting Software

Open Systems Accounting Software

Oracle Intelligent Advisor

Oracle Intelligent Advisor

Outright

Outright

Annin Flagmakers

Annin Flagmakers

RCA open-source application

RCA open-source application

NeoLoad

NeoLoad

NewViews

NewViews

ERP5

ERP5

Pluggable Authentication Service

Pluggable Authentication Service

HeliumV

HeliumV

Database application

Database application

Canigó (framework)

Canigó (framework)

IRise

IRise

Certinia

Certinia

Controller General of Accounts (Pakistan)

Liberty Accounts

Liberty Accounts

Adaxa Suite

Adaxa Suite

Linux on IBM Z

Linux on IBM Z

Zylog Systems

Zylog Systems

SAP implementation

SAP implementation

ERPNext

ERPNext

Virtual Computing Environment

Virtual Computing Environment

Dolibarr

Dolibarr

Wave Financial

Wave Financial

Federal Systems Integration and Management Center

Danish Defence IT Agency

Danish Defence IT Agency

SAP HANA

SAP HANA

Cheqbook

Cheqbook

FreeAgent

FreeAgent

MHP Management- und IT-Beratung

MHP Management- und IT-Beratung

Gem Accounts

Gem Accounts

IDempiere

IDempiere

Aplos Software

Aplos Software

Summit Electric Supply

Summit Electric Supply

Business Information Technology Institute

Sana Commerce

Sana Commerce

Rubric (translation organisation)

Rubric (translation organisation)

Arcplan

Arcplan

Odoo

Odoo

Reckon (company)

Reckon (company)

SAP S/4HANA

SAP S/4HANA

Kuali

Kuali

Tricentis

Tricentis

Tally Solutions

Tally Solutions

Microsoft Dynamics 365

Microsoft Dynamics 365

Catherine Mturi-Wairi

Catherine Mturi-Wairi

Aurigo Software

Aurigo Software

BlackLine Systems

BlackLine Systems

Metasfresh

Metasfresh

Eclipse ERP

Eclipse ERP

Oracle Cloud Enterprise Resource Planning

ZipBooks

ZipBooks

InoERP

InoERP

Sage Business Cloud

Sage Business Cloud

Sage X3

Sage X3

Sage 200

Sage 200

Melissa Di Donato

Melissa Di Donato

MetaERP

MetaERP

Functionality

Business Processes included in SAP ERP are:
 * Operations (Sales & Distribution, Materials Management, Production Planning, Logistics Execution, and Quality Management),
 * Financials (Financial Accounting, Management Accounting, Financial Supply Chain Management),
 * Human Capital Management (Training, Payroll, e-Recruiting) and
 * Corporate Services (Travel Management, Environment, Health and Safety, and Real-Estate Management).

Distribution

Materials Management

Production Planning

Quality Management

Financial Accounting

Management Accounting

Supply Chain Management

Corporate Services

Travel Management

Environment, Health and Safety

Real-Estate


Unfinished novel by Jane Austen

British novels adapted into television shows

Unfinished literature completed by others

Jane Austen

Jane Austen

Pride and Prejudice

Pride and Prejudice

Sense and Sensibility

Sense and Sensibility

Beach

Beach

Northanger Abbey

Northanger Abbey

Emma (novel)

Emma (novel)

Excellent Women

Excellent Women

List of works published posthumously

List of works published posthumously

1817 in literature

1817 in literature

Seaside resort

Seaside resort

Persuasion (novel)

Persuasion (novel)

Worthing

Worthing

Bognor Regis

Bognor Regis

Lady Susan

Lady Susan

The Beautifull Cassandra

The Beautifull Cassandra

Pride and Prejudice (1995 TV series)

Pride and Prejudice (1995 TV series)

Elizabeth Bennet

Elizabeth Bennet

Sea bathing

Sea bathing

Francis Austen

Francis Austen

Becoming Jane

Becoming Jane

Mansfield Park

Mansfield Park

Continuator

Continuator

Thomas Langlois Lefroy

Thomas Langlois Lefroy

Love and Freindship

Love and Freindship

The Watsons

The Watsons

Mr. Darcy

Mr. Darcy

Unfinished creative work

Unfinished creative work

Women writers

Women writers

Cassandra Austen

Cassandra Austen

Catherine Hubback

Catherine Hubback

The Jane Austen Season

The Jane Austen Season

Jane Austen Centre

Jane Austen Centre

Reception history of Jane Austen

Reception history of Jane Austen

Miss Austen Regrets

Miss Austen Regrets

Timeline of Jane Austen

Timeline of Jane Austen

Jane Austen in popular culture

Jane Austen in popular culture

Janeite

Janeite

Chawton House

Chawton House

Jane Austen's House Museum

Jane Austen's House Museum

The History of England (Austen)

The History of England (Austen)

A Memoir of Jane Austen

A Memoir of Jane Austen

Newark Arts High School

Newark Arts High School

Charles Austen

Charles Austen

Charlotte (given name)

Charlotte (given name)

List of Penguin Classics

List of Penguin Classics

Hank Green

Hank Green

Styles and themes of Jane Austen

Styles and themes of Jane Austen

Georgian society in Jane Austen's novels

Eliza de Feuillide

Eliza de Feuillide

Clara (given name)

Clara (given name)

Darcy's Story

Darcy's Story

Mr William Collins

Mr William Collins

Henry Tilney

Henry Tilney

The Lizzie Bennet Diaries

The Lizzie Bennet Diaries

Edward Austen Knight

Edward Austen Knight

Bennet family

Bennet family

Plan of a Novel, according to Hints from Various Quarters

Alice Orr-Ewing

Alice Orr-Ewing

Ben Lloyd-Hughes

Ben Lloyd-Hughes

Henry Thomas Austen

Henry Thomas Austen

Penguin English Library

Penguin English Library

Jane Austen's family and ancestry

Jane Austen's family and ancestry

Bernie Su

Bernie Su

Catharine, or The Bower

Catharine, or The Bower

Anna Austen Lefroy

Anna Austen Lefroy

Crystal Clarke

Crystal Clarke

Sanditon (TV series)

Sanditon (TV series)

James Austen

James Austen

Philadelphia Austen Hancock

Philadelphia Austen Hancock

Timeline of Worthing

Timeline of Worthing

List of unfinished novels completed by others

Causes of Jane Austen's death

Causes of Jane Austen's death

The Magic of Wealth

The Magic of Wealth

Plot

The novel centres on Charlotte Heywood, the eldest of the daughters still at home in the large family of a country gentleman from Willingden, Sussex. The narrative opens when the carriage of Mr and Mrs Parker of Sanditon topples over on a hill near the Heywood home. Because Mr Parker is injured in the crash, and the carriage needs repairs, the Parkers stay with the Heywood family for a fortnight. During this time, Mr Parker talks fondly of Sanditon, a town which until a few years before had been a small, unpretentious fishing village. With his business partner, Lady Denham, Mr Parker hopes to make Sanditon into a fashionable seaside resort. Mr Parker's enormous enthusiasm for his plans to improve and modernise Sanditon has resulted in the installation of bathing machines and the construction of a new home for himself and his family near the seashore. Upon repair of the carriage and improvement to Mr Parker's foot, the Parkers return to Sanditon, bringing Charlotte with them as their summer guest.

Upon arrival in Sanditon, Charlotte meets the inhabitants of the town. Prominent among them is Lady Denham, a twice-widowed woman who received a fortune from her first husband and a title from her second. Living with Lady Denham is her niece Clara Brereton, a sweet and beautiful yet impoverished young lady. Also living in Sanditon are Sir Edward Denham and his sister Esther, nephew and niece to Lady Denham by her second husband. The siblings are poor and are thought to be seeking Lady Denham's fortune; Sir Edward is described as a silly and very florid man, though handsome.

After settling in with the Parkers and encountering various neighbours, Charlotte and Mr and Mrs Parker are surprised by a visit from his two sisters and younger brother, all of whom are self-declared invalids. However, given their level of activity and seeming strength, Charlotte quickly surmises that their complaints are invented. Diana Parker has come on a mission to secure a house for a wealthy family from the West Indies, although she has not specifically been asked to help. She also brings word of a second large party, a girls' school, which is intending to summer at Sanditon. This news causes a stir in the small town, especially for Mr Parker, whose fondest wish is the promotion of tourism there.

With the arrival of Mrs Griffiths at Sanditon, it soon becomes apparent that the family from the West Indies and the girls' school group are one and the same. The visitors consist of Miss Lambe, a teenaged Antiguan-English heiress, and the two Miss Beauforts, English girls just arrived from the West Indies. In short order, Lady Denham calls on Mrs. Griffiths to be introduced to Miss Lambe, the sickly and very rich young woman that she intends her nephew, Sir Edward, to marry.

A carriage unexpectedly arrives bearing Sidney Parker, the middle Parker brother. He will be staying in town for a few days with two friends who will join him shortly. Sidney Parker is about 27 or 28 years old, and Charlotte finds him very good-looking, with a decided air of fashion.

The book fragment ends when Mrs Parker and Charlotte visit Sanditon House, Lady Denham's residence. There Charlotte spots Clara Brereton seated with Sir Edward Denham at her side having an intimate conversation in the garden and surmises that they must have a secret understanding. When they arrive inside, Charlotte observes that a large portrait of Sir Henry Denham hangs over the fireplace, whereas Lady Denham's first husband, who owned Sanditon House, only gets a miniature in the corner — obliged, as it were, to sit back in his own house and see the best place by the fire constantly occupied by Sir Henry Denham.

bathing machines


Video game developer

Salado, Texas

Salado, Texas

Universal Pictures

Universal Pictures

The Pilgrim's Progress

The Pilgrim's Progress

List of fictional bears

List of fictional bears

Fetch

Fetch

List of computer-animated films

List of computer-animated films

Animatronics

Animatronics

List of films based on video games

List of films based on video games

The Art Institutes

The Art Institutes

List of indie game developers

List of indie game developers

List of video game designers

List of video game designers

List of novels based on video games

List of novels based on video games

Blackbird

Blackbird

Albertus (typeface)

Albertus (typeface)

Gil Kenan

Gil Kenan

Freddy (given name)

Freddy (given name)

Christian media

Christian media

List of business simulation video games

List of business simulation video games

Prankster

Prankster

1978 in the United States

1978 in the United States

Silver Reef, Utah

Silver Reef, Utah

Desura

Desura

List of horror games

List of horror games

List of animated feature films of 2002

List of animated feature films of 2002

List of animated feature films of 2003

List of animated feature films of 2003

2018 in video games

2018 in video games

Aaron Fechter

Aaron Fechter

Five Nights at Freddy's (video game)

Five Nights at Freddy's (video game)

Five Nights at Freddy's 2

Five Nights at Freddy's 2

Scott (given name)

Scott (given name)

Five Nights at Freddy's 3

Five Nights at Freddy's 3

Five Nights at Freddy's 4

Five Nights at Freddy's 4

Five Nights at Freddy's

Five Nights at Freddy's

Cawthon

Cawthon

List of PC games (F)

List of PC games (F)

Five Nights at Freddy's (film)

Five Nights at Freddy's (film)

FNaF World

FNaF World

MatPat

MatPat

List of American conservatives

List of American conservatives

Five Nights at Freddy's: Help Wanted

Five Nights at Freddy's: Help Wanted

List of American films of 2023

List of American films of 2023

List of animated series based on video games

2021 in video games

2021 in video games

Horror game

Horror game

List of Stadia games

List of Stadia games

2022 in video games

2022 in video games

2023 in video games

2023 in video games

List of Roblox games

List of Roblox games

List of multimedia franchises originating in games, toys, and merchandise

2024 in video games

2024 in video games

2025 in video games

2025 in video games

List of Five Nights at Freddy's media

List of Five Nights at Freddy's media

Five Nights at Freddy's (soundtrack)

Five Nights at Freddy's (soundtrack)

Five Nights at Freddy's (song)

Five Nights at Freddy's (song)

Funko Fusion

Funko Fusion

Culture.Internet culture
Culture.Media.Media*
Culture.Media.Video games

Video games

Cawthon submitted Five Nights at Freddy's to Steam's Greenlight system in summer 2014, releasing a trailer and later a demo. He then submitted it to IndieDB, where it gained popularity, and submitted the game a third time to Desura. The game was accepted in Steam's Greenlight in August 2014. The game was well received by critics, and became the subject of numerous popular Let's Play videos on YouTube. A sequel, Five Nights at Freddy's 2, was released later that year on Steam. Soon after the release of Five Nights at Freddy's 2, Cawthon removed all information from his personal website and replaced it with an image of the word "offline". His website later began to show teaser images promoting Five Nights at Freddy's 3, which was released in March 2015.

Five Nights at Freddy's 4 was released in 2015, with a free Halloween update following. The development of a new game, titled FNaF World, was announced, ditching the formula of the other games and instead being a role-playing video game. It was released on January 21, 2016. FNaF World received mixed reviews due to glitches and other issues, and Cawthon pulled it from Steam four days later. An altered version was released on Game Jolt for free on February 8.

On May 21, 2016, Cawthon released a teaser trailer for Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location, featuring two new animatronics as well as circus-themed variations of the Foxy and Freddy characters from the series. The game was released on October 7, 2016, and was generally well received. Cawthon released the update "Custom Night" on December 1, with "Golden Freddy Mode" being added to the update soon after.

On July 3, 2017, Cawthon announced the cancellation of a sixth main installment to Five Nights at Freddy's, after previously stating a month earlier that a sixth game was in development. He opined that he had been neglecting other aspects of his life but said that he was not planning to abandon the series and was considering developing a FNaF World-styled spin-off game in the future. However, with the release of Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator on December 4, 2017, this was confirmed to be a joke.

On June 28, 2018, the seventh main installment to the series, Ultimate Custom Night, was released on Steam for free. It features over 50 characters from the franchise. In Cawthon's Upcoming Projects post on Steam, he noted that deals for console ports have been signed, as well as announcing virtual reality and augmented reality games. On August 27, 2018, Cawthon commented on a post regarding Fredbear's true voice in Ultimate Custom Night, saying, "I have a feeling we'll be seeing more of Kellen in the FNAF universe. His work isn't done yet", hinting that he was possibly developing an eighth game.

In early 2019, Cawthon announced he had joined with video game studio Steel Wool Studios, with whom he intended to develop additional Five Nights at Freddy's games, and that he would primarily be responsible for storylines, character design, and gameplay. On May 28, 2019, Cawthon released the teased virtual reality game Five Nights at Freddy's: Help Wanted for both PC and PlayStation VR. A DLC update, Curse of Dreadbear, was released on October 23, 2019.

In September 2019, a teaser and announcement trailers were posted to Illumix's YouTube channel regarding the augmented reality game. The title was revealed to be Five Nights at Freddy's: Special Delivery. It was released for free on November 25, 2019, to iOS and Android.

On August 8, 2019, during the first game's fifth anniversary, Cawthon posted a new image on his website, teasing the tenth installment of the series. It shows a modernized shopping mall containing a laser tag arena, an arcade, a large cinema, and a Freddy Fazbear's Pizza restaurant; in the main square, '80s-style versions of Freddy Fazbear, Chica, and two new animatronics can be seen playing for an excited crowd. On September 29, 2019, Cawthon's website was updated with a new teaser featuring the character Glamrock Freddy and was followed by an updated teaser featuring the character Vanny from Five Nights at Freddy's: Help Wanted as a shadow. On March 24, 2020, another teaser featuring a brand new alligator-like character was posted, later revealed to be called Montgomery Gator. On April 21, 2020, the characters' names were leaked from Funko's list of upcoming products, and the title was revealed as Five Nights at Freddy's: PizzaPlex. A few hours later, on April 22, 2020, Scott Cawthon confirmed the leaks via Reddit, and revealed that the title was not official and that the title was only for Funko. Cawthon announced that the game was scheduled to release in late 2020. On June 12, 2020, another teaser was released, featuring the game's antagonist, an unnamed female security guard. On August 7, 2020, a teaser of Vanny was released. One day later, Cawthon revealed the characters Glamrock Chica and Roxanne Wolf through Reddit.

On August 21, 2020, Cawthon announced his plan to help fund and publish Five Nights at Freddy's games developed by fans, bundled with previous installments in their respective series. He would not be involved in any of the creative elements but would help with marketing and publishing support as well as appropriate licensing. The games that were announced to be included were One Night at Flumpty's series, the Five Nights at Candy's series, The Joy of Creation: Ignited Collection (consisting of the original The Joy of Creation, The Joy of Creation: Reborn, and The Joy of Creation: Story Mode), Popgoes Evergreen (including the prologue game Popgoes Arcade), and Five Nights at Freddy's Plus, a reimagining of the original game. Cawthon stated that these games would likely come to mobile and consoles, and may even have merchandise created for them. The first game to be released under this initiative was a port of One Night at Flumpty's for Android and iOS on October 31 and November 18, 2020, respectively. The second game to be released was a port of its sequel One Night at Flumpty's 2 on January 20, 2021, again for Android and iOS. The next game to be released was One Night at Flumpty's 3 on October 31, 2021, for PC and mobile devices, and for consoles at a later date.

On September 16, 2020, during a PlayStation 5 Showcase, it was revealed that Five Nights at Freddy's: Security Breach would come to PlayStation 5 featuring real-time ray tracing and free-roam gameplay. Its initial release was on PlayStation 5, PlayStation 4, and PC, with other platforms coming three months later. In December 2020, Cawthon posted that Five Nights at Freddy's: Security Breach was delayed to 2021, stating the game's scope was too great to be finished by the end of 2020.

On June 16, 2021, following a controversy where it was revealed that Cawthon had donated money to Republican Party anti-LGBT conservative politicians, Cawthon posted a message on his website announcing his retirement from public game development and expressing gratitude towards his followers for their ongoing support. He stated that he wished to retire in order to spend more time with his children. He intended to appoint a successor to ensure that the Five Nights at Freddy's franchise would continue, while he himself would continue to occupy a lesser role in its development.

On October 18, 2023, Cawthon released his first video game since his retirement, Freddy in Space 3: Chica in Space which was released as a supposed tie-in game for the Five Nights at Freddy's film.

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Obama–Medvedev Commission

Obama–Medvedev Commission

List of Soviet Union–United States summits

Mexican Dirty War

Mexican Dirty War

1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight

1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight

Taipei Film House

Taipei Film House

Shen Zhihua

Shen Zhihua

CIA and the Cultural Cold War

CIA and the Cultural Cold War

Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981

Melvyn P. Leffler

Melvyn P. Leffler

Russian Cultural Center

Russian Cultural Center

Effects of the Cold War

Effects of the Cold War

Consulate General of Russia, New York City

John Henry Hammond House

John Henry Hammond House

March 1949 Syrian coup d'état

March 1949 Syrian coup d'état

Tulsi Gabbard

Tulsi Gabbard

Chinese espionage in the United States

Chinese espionage in the United States

Ronald E. Powaski

Ronald E. Powaski

New START

New START

Consulate General of Russia, San Francisco

Arab Cold War

Arab Cold War

1964 T-39 shootdown incident

1964 T-39 shootdown incident

May 1947 crises

May 1947 crises

Lech Wałęsa

Lech Wałęsa

War in Vietnam (1945–1946)

War in Vietnam (1945–1946)

Yakov M. Rabkin

Yakov M. Rabkin

Assassination of Ninoy Aquino

Assassination of Ninoy Aquino

Vojtech Mastny (historian)

Vojtech Mastny (historian)

Illegals Program

Illegals Program

Russian espionage in the United States

Russian espionage in the United States

Space Flight Europe-America 500

Space Flight Europe-America 500

Exercise Grand Slam

Exercise Grand Slam

Exercise Verity

Exercise Verity

Paix et Liberté

Paix et Liberté

Greek Civil War

Greek Civil War

Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)

Bunkers in Albania

Bunkers in Albania

AirSea Battle

AirSea Battle

1973 Uruguayan coup d'état

1973 Uruguayan coup d'état

Stanford US–Russia Forum

Stanford US–Russia Forum

Incident at Pristina airport

Incident at Pristina airport

Syrian civil war

Syrian civil war

List of ambassadors of the United States to Russia

China–Russia relations

China–Russia relations

Origins of the Six-Day War

Origins of the Six-Day War

Controversies relating to the Six-Day War

Americans in China

Americans in China

Corrective Movement (Syria)

Corrective Movement (Syria)

Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

Timothy Naftali

Timothy Naftali

The Next 100 Years: A Forecast for the 21st Century

Embassy of China, Washington, D.C.

Embassy of China, Washington, D.C.

Russian ambassador's residence in Washington, D.C.

BRICS

BRICS

Duke-UNC China Leadership Summit

Duke-UNC China Leadership Summit

List of conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union

Argo (2012 film)

Argo (2012 film)

Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States

Geneva Summit (1985)

Geneva Summit (1985)

Lothrop Mansion

Lothrop Mansion

Arms race

Arms race

Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission

Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission

Tvrtko Jakovina

Tvrtko Jakovina

17 July Revolution

17 July Revolution

South Yemen civil war

South Yemen civil war

Quadrilateral Security Dialogue

Quadrilateral Security Dialogue

Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders

Jussi Hanhimäki

Jussi Hanhimäki

1989 Moldovan civil unrest

1989 Moldovan civil unrest

Call of Duty: Black Ops II

Call of Duty: Black Ops II

Embassy of the United States, Beijing

Embassy of the United States, Beijing

Albanian–Soviet split

Albanian–Soviet split

List of conflicts related to the Cold War

Magnitsky Act

Magnitsky Act

Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war

United States involvement in regime change

Stuha

Stuha

Charles Hyder

Charles Hyder

Trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu

Dima Yakovlev Law

Dima Yakovlev Law

Anti-American sentiment in Russia

Anti-American sentiment in Russia

1959 Mosul uprising

1959 Mosul uprising

Pravda

Pravda

Georgy Malenkov

Georgy Malenkov

Nikolai Bulganin

Nikolai Bulganin

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

USS Banner (AKL-25)

USS Banner (AKL-25)

David S. Painter

David S. Painter

Operation Beleaguer

Operation Beleaguer

United States military and prostitution in South Korea

Operation Blacklist Forty

Operation Blacklist Forty

Post–Cold War era

Post–Cold War era

Iran–Israel proxy conflict

Iran–Israel proxy conflict

U.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria

U.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria

Stephen Holmes (CIA)

Stephen Holmes (CIA)

Submarine incident off Kola Peninsula

Submarine incident off Kola Peninsula

Turkish straits crisis

Turkish straits crisis

Russian foreign agent law

Russian foreign agent law

Consulate General of the United States, Wuhan

Consulate General of the United States, Shanghai

Consulate General of the United States, Shenyang

Consulate General of the United States, Chengdu

Consulate General of the United States, Guangzhou

Lao Veterans of America

Lao Veterans of America

Communist insurgency in Sarawak

Communist insurgency in Sarawak

Tony Judt

Tony Judt

Hoxhaism

Hoxhaism

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

1991 Paris Peace Agreements

1991 Paris Peace Agreements

Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons

Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons

1969 Libyan revolution

1969 Libyan revolution

Eurocommunism

Eurocommunism

Cambodian genocide

Cambodian genocide

Center on Global Interests

Center on Global Interests

Al-Wadiah War

Al-Wadiah War

NDF Rebellion

NDF Rebellion

Yemenite War of 1979

Yemenite War of 1979

Red Brigades

Red Brigades

Rudolph Winnacker

Rudolph Winnacker

Jake Sullivan

Jake Sullivan

Iain Sutherland (diplomat)

Iain Sutherland (diplomat)

Russian-occupied territories in Georgia

Russian-occupied territories in Georgia

Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action

Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action

VP-44 (1951–1991)

VP-44 (1951–1991)

Russo-Ukrainian War

Russo-Ukrainian War

International reactions to the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation

Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War

Crimean speech of Vladimir Putin

Crimean speech of Vladimir Putin

Bush legs

Bush legs

Zersetzung

Zersetzung

Guantanamo List

Guantanamo List

US intervention in the Syrian civil war

US intervention in the Syrian civil war

1988 Black Sea bumping incident

1988 Black Sea bumping incident

1986 Black Sea incident

1986 Black Sea incident

1974 Suez Canal Clearance Operation

1974 Suez Canal Clearance Operation

Syrian Crisis of 1957

Syrian Crisis of 1957

1973 Afghan coup d'état

1973 Afghan coup d'état

1948 Palestine war

1948 Palestine war

Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014

Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014

Operation Atlantic Resolve

Operation Atlantic Resolve

Formation of the Eastern Bloc

Formation of the Eastern Bloc

Don Bacon

Don Bacon

Committee for Peasant Unity

Committee for Peasant Unity

Russian Embassy School in Washington, D.C.

Russian Mission School in New York

Russian Mission School in New York

Anti-American sentiment in mainland China

Pax Atomica

Pax Atomica

VQ-2

VQ-2

Russian reset

Russian reset

Russian undesirable organizations law

Russian undesirable organizations law

Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war

Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition

Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition

List of ambassadors of China to the United States

Leninsky Komsomol-class cargo ship

Leninsky Komsomol-class cargo ship

2010s oil glut

2010s oil glut

Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict

SS Metallurg Anosov

SS Metallurg Anosov

Doug Burgum

Doug Burgum

SS Leninsky Komsomol

SS Leninsky Komsomol

SS Nezhin

SS Nezhin

SS Karaganda

SS Karaganda

SS Fizik Kurchatov

SS Fizik Kurchatov

VP-44

VP-44

VP-48

VP-48

1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency

1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency

Russian irredentism

Russian irredentism

Vladislav Inozemtsev

Vladislav Inozemtsev

The U.S. Russia Investment Fund

The U.S. Russia Investment Fund

U.S. Russia Foundation

U.S. Russia Foundation

Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections

Killenworth

Killenworth

Pioneer Point, Maryland

Pioneer Point, Maryland

Elmcroft Estate

Elmcroft Estate

Steele dossier

Steele dossier

2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin

2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin

Foreign policy of the Donald Trump administration

Moscow Summit (1998)

Moscow Summit (1998)

Donald Trump's disclosures of classified information

Links between Trump associates and Russian officials

Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act

Congress of Russian Americans

Congress of Russian Americans

John Costello (historian)

John Costello (historian)

United States–China security cooperation

Havana syndrome

Havana syndrome

2017 St. Petersburg raid

2017 St. Petersburg raid

Artificial intelligence arms race

Artificial intelligence arms race

Battle of Khasham

Battle of Khasham

Russian interference in the 2018 United States elections

Trump tariffs

Trump tariffs

Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal

Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal

Maria Butina

Maria Butina

China–United States trade war

China–United States trade war

Cold War II (disambiguation)

Cold War II (disambiguation)

William B. Pickett

William B. Pickett

2018 Russia–United States summit

2018 Russia–United States summit

List of Russia–United States summits

List of Russia–United States summits

Jamaican political conflict

Jamaican political conflict

Defending American Security from Kremlin Aggression Act

Generation Z in the United States

Generation Z in the United States

Robert Scherrer

Robert Scherrer

Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru

2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism

2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism

Without Remorse (film)

Without Remorse (film)

Anti anti-communism

Anti anti-communism

List of CIA controversies

List of CIA controversies

Ken Young

Ken Young

Political positions of Tulsi Gabbard

Political positions of Tulsi Gabbard

Dissidents in the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre

Russian–Venezuelan Threat Mitigation Act

LIVE OAK (planning group)

LIVE OAK (planning group)

Triangular diplomacy

Triangular diplomacy

Concerns over Chinese involvement in 5G wireless networks

May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident

May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident

Domestic containment

Domestic containment

Russian interference in the 2020 United States elections

US-China Business Council

US-China Business Council

1960 RB-47 shootdown incident

1960 RB-47 shootdown incident

M. E. Sarotte

M. E. Sarotte

Fall of the Berlin Wall

Fall of the Berlin Wall

2010s in Syria political history

2010s in Syria political history

Yemenite War of 1972

Yemenite War of 1972

2020s in history

2020s in history

RM Broadcasting

RM Broadcasting

French-Soviet Joint Declaration of June 30, 1966

Disappearance of David Louis Sneddon

Disappearance of David Louis Sneddon

Soviet involvement in regime change

Soviet involvement in regime change

Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic

1998 kidnapping of Mormon missionaries in Saratov, Russia

1978 Somali coup attempt

1978 Somali coup attempt

Russian bounty program

Russian bounty program

Permanent Mission of Russia to the United Nations

Consulate General of China, Houston

Consulate General of China, Houston

United States sanctions against China

United States sanctions against China

Senate Intelligence Committee report on Russian interference in the 2016 United States presidential election

Ceylonese protests against the Vietnam War

Extradition case of Meng Wanzhou

Extradition case of Meng Wanzhou

Defending Elections from Threats by Establishing Redlines Act

Foreign policy of the Joe Biden administration

United States Department of Defense China Task Force

Capture of the Tuapse

Capture of the Tuapse

Gera Demands

Gera Demands

United States–China talks in Alaska

United States–China talks in Alaska

Berlin Crisis of 1958–1959

Berlin Crisis of 1958–1959

History of China–United States relations

International relations since 1989

International relations since 1989

2021 Russia–United States summit

2021 Russia–United States summit

5+2 format

5+2 format

The Battle at Lake Changjin

The Battle at Lake Changjin

Artificial Intelligence Cold War

Artificial Intelligence Cold War

Cold War in Asia

Cold War in Asia

Non-Aligned Movement

Non-Aligned Movement

AUKUS

AUKUS

2015 United States–China Cybersecurity Agreement

Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine

Northeast Asia Treaty Organization

Northeast Asia Treaty Organization

Tony Wood (historian)

Tony Wood (historian)

Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine

Back to the Cold War

Back to the Cold War

Task Force KleptoCapture

Task Force KleptoCapture

United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine

2022 Madrid summit

2022 Madrid summit

Executive Order 14071

Executive Order 14071

Arrest of Trevor Reed

Arrest of Trevor Reed

Controversy in Russia regarding the legitimacy of eastward NATO expansion

Not One Inch

Not One Inch

2022 visit by Nancy Pelosi to Taiwan

2022 visit by Nancy Pelosi to Taiwan

Closure of the Suez Canal (1967–1975)

Closure of the Suez Canal (1967–1975)

Closure of the Suez Canal (1956–1957)

Closure of the Suez Canal (1956–1957)

Millennials in the United States

Millennials in the United States

Cold War (1947–1948)

Cold War (1947–1948)

International participation in the Vietnam War

2024 G20 Rio de Janeiro summit

2024 G20 Rio de Janeiro summit

United States House Select Committee on Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party

Viktor Bout–Brittney Griner prisoner exchange

Office of China Coordination

Office of China Coordination

2023 Chinese balloon incident

2023 Chinese balloon incident

2023 Black Sea drone incident

2023 Black Sea drone incident

Neutral and Non-Aligned European States

Neutral and Non-Aligned European States

2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia

2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia

Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War

2022–2023 Pentagon document leaks

2022–2023 Pentagon document leaks

Governments of Felipe González

Governments of Felipe González

Expulsion of Soviets from Albania

Expulsion of Soviets from Albania

China and Russia

China and Russia

Lady R incident

Lady R incident

Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme

Malenkov's first government

Malenkov's first government

Malenkov's second government

Malenkov's second government

Cabinet of Bolesław Bierut and Józef Cyrankiewicz

Bulganin's government

Bulganin's government

Project 2025

Project 2025

Strategic natural gas reserve

Strategic natural gas reserve

Stalin's second government

Stalin's second government

Stalin's third government

Stalin's third government

Uruguayan intrastate war

Uruguayan intrastate war

1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt

1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt

2024 visit by Vladimir Putin to China

2024 visit by Vladimir Putin to China

History and Society.Military and warfare

History and Society.Politics and government

Introduction

A Second Cold War, Cold War II,  or the New Cold War has been said to describe heightened geopolitical tensions in the 21st century. The terms have been used to describe tense relations between the United States and China and between the United States and Russia—the successor state of the Soviet Union, which led the Eastern Bloc during the original Cold War.

The terms are sometimes used to describe tensions in multilateral relations. Some commentators have used them as a comparison to the original Cold War, while others have discouraged their use to refer to any ongoing tensions.

between the United States and China

between the United States and Russia

successor state


Toxic chemical leak in Italy in 1976

Biological warfare

Biological warfare

Carcinogen

Carcinogen

Italy

Italy

Median lethal dose

Median lethal dose

Mutagen

Mutagen

Toxin

Toxin

Toxicology

Toxicology

Venom

Venom

1976

1976

Poison

Poison

Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins

Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins

Bioaccumulation

Bioaccumulation

History of Italy

History of Italy

Bhopal disaster

Bhopal disaster

Antidote

Antidote

Minamata disease

Minamata disease

In vitro toxicology

In vitro toxicology

Times Beach, Missouri

Times Beach, Missouri

Activated carbon

Activated carbon

Hazard symbol

Hazard symbol

Roche

Roche

Environmental disaster

Environmental disaster

Lethal dose

Lethal dose

Hemodialysis

Hemodialysis

Flixborough disaster

Flixborough disaster

Chelation therapy

Chelation therapy

Cathartic

Cathartic

See You Later

See You Later

Chloracne

Chloracne

Acceptable daily intake

Acceptable daily intake

Marcus Klingberg

Marcus Klingberg

Aquatic toxicology

Aquatic toxicology

Acute toxicity

Acute toxicity

Forensic toxicology

Forensic toxicology

List of industrial disasters

List of industrial disasters

Lists of poisonings

Lists of poisonings

Biomagnification

Biomagnification

Toxicogenomics

Toxicogenomics

Toxic capacity

Toxic capacity

Chemical accident

Chemical accident

Hexachlorophene

Hexachlorophene

Gastric lavage

Gastric lavage

List of environmental disasters

List of environmental disasters

Jim Hacker

Jim Hacker

Thermal runaway

Thermal runaway

Givaudan

Givaudan

Ecotoxicology

Ecotoxicology

Seveso

Seveso

Antonello Venditti

Antonello Venditti

List of atmospheric dispersion models

List of atmospheric dispersion models

Control of Major Accident Hazards Regulations 2015

John G. Fuller

John G. Fuller

EPA list of extremely hazardous substances

Toxicity class

Toxicity class

July 1976

July 1976

Toxicant

Toxicant

Environment, health and safety

Environment, health and safety

Meda, Lombardy

Meda, Lombardy

Whole bowel irrigation

Whole bowel irrigation

Niigata Minamata disease

Niigata Minamata disease

Food safety

Food safety

Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko

Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko

The dose makes the poison

The dose makes the poison

Fixed-dose procedure

Fixed-dose procedure

1858 Bradford sweets poisoning

1858 Bradford sweets poisoning

2007 pet food recalls

2007 pet food recalls

Hemoperfusion

Hemoperfusion

Protein adulteration in China

Protein adulteration in China

Process safety

Process safety

Yushō disease

Yushō disease

Marjorie Wallace (SANE)

Marjorie Wallace (SANE)

Directive 96/82/EC

Directive 96/82/EC

1,4-Dioxin

1,4-Dioxin

Anguilcourt-le-Sart

Anguilcourt-le-Sart

History of poison

History of poison

Entomotoxicology

Entomotoxicology

Coalite

Coalite

Dioxin

Dioxin

Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds

Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds

Medical toxicology

Medical toxicology

Prima Linea

Prima Linea

Timeline of history of environmentalism

Timeline of history of environmentalism

List of food contamination incidents

List of food contamination incidents

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin

Animal efficacy rule

Animal efficacy rule

Italian economic miracle

Italian economic miracle

Tulla Blomberg Ranslet

Tulla Blomberg Ranslet

List of waste disposal incidents

List of waste disposal incidents

Seveso Directive

Seveso Directive

Irene Meichsner

Irene Meichsner

Directive 82/501/EC

Directive 82/501/EC

1976 in the environment

1976 in the environment

Bioconcentration

Bioconcentration

Occupational toxicology

Occupational toxicology

Inochi no Chikyuu: Dioxin no Natsu

Inochi no Chikyuu: Dioxin no Natsu

Directive 2012/18/EU

Directive 2012/18/EU

Jane Leighton

Jane Leighton

Consumption of Tide Pods

Consumption of Tide Pods

Laura Conti

Laura Conti

Visakhapatnam gas leak

Visakhapatnam gas leak

Fritz Gerber

Fritz Gerber

Cellatex

Cellatex

Chemical events

The accident occurred in the chemical plant's Building B. The chemical 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (2) was being produced there from 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene (1) by the nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction with sodium hydroxide. The 2,4,5-trichlorophenol was intended as an intermediate for hexachlorophene.
 * Seveso reaction.PNG

Reaction temperature was achieved by passing the steam exhaust from the onsite electricity generation turbine through an external heating coil installed on the chemical reactor vessel. The exhaust steam pressure was normally 12 bar and temperature 190 °C, which resulted in a reaction mixture temperature of 158 °C, very close to its boiling point of 160 °C. Safety testing showed the onset of an exothermic (heat-releasing) side reaction if the reaction mixture temperature reached 230 °C. Crucially, no steam temperature reading was made available to plant operators responsible for the reactor.

The chemical-release accident occurred when a batch process was stopped prior to the completion of the final step of removal of ethylene glycol from the reaction mixture by distillation. The process was stopped due to conformance with an Italian law requiring shutdown of plant operations over the weekend. Other parts of the site had already started to close down as the processing of other batches finished, which reduced power consumption across the plant, causing a dramatic drop in the load on the turbine and a consequent increase in the temperature of the exhaust steam to around 300 °C. This hotter than normal steam then heated the portion of the metal wall of the accident reactor above the level of the liquid within it to the same temperature. Not having a steam temperature reading among their instruments, operators of the reactor were unaware of the presence of this additional heating, and they stopped the batch as they normally would by isolating the steam and turning off the stirrer in the reactor vessel. The abnormally hot upper region of the reactor jacket then heated the adjacent reaction mixture. With the stirrer not running, the heating was highly localised to just the portion of the upper layers of reaction mixture adjacent to the reactor wall. The local temperature increased to above the critical temperature for the exothermic side reaction seen in testing. Additionally, the critical temperature proved to be only 180 °C, 50 °C lower than believed. At that lower critical temperature, an exothermic decomposition began, releasing more heat and leading to the onset of a rapid runaway reaction when the temperature reached 230 °C seven hours later.

The reactor relief valve eventually opened, causing the aerial release of 6 tonnes of chemicals, which settled over 18 km2 of the surrounding area. The cloud of substances released contained sodium hydroxide, ethylene glycol, sodium trichlorophenate, and approximately 15 to 30 kg of TCDD (3). At the nominal reaction temperature, TCDD is normally seen only in trace amounts of less than 1 ppm (parts per million). However, in the higher-temperature conditions associated with the runaway reaction, TCDD production apparently reached 166 ppm or more.

trichlorophenol

nucleophilic aromatic substitution

sodium hydroxide

hexachlorophene

steam

turbine

heating coil

chemical reactor vessel

bar

exothermic

side reaction

batch process

ethylene glycol

distillation

decomposition

runaway reaction

relief valve

ppm